The 1960s…The 1960s…

But first…But first…

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Today’s activityToday’s activity

Through PPTs, your Through PPTs, your textbook, and textbook, and handouts you will handouts you will answer the three answer the three Essential questions Essential questions located in this located in this powerpoint.powerpoint.

You will write a You will write a thesis statement for thesis statement for each and each and explain explain THREE key THREE key evidence points to evidence points to defend your defend your argument.argument.

Essential Question #1Essential Question #1:: To what degree did Kennedy’s “New Frontier” domestic & To what degree did Kennedy’s “New Frontier” domestic &

foreign policy differ from Truman & Eisenhower in the foreign policy differ from Truman & Eisenhower in the 1950s?1950s?

Essential Question #2Essential Question #2:: To what degree was Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” a To what degree was Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” a

continuation of JFK’s “New Frontier” domestic agenda?continuation of JFK’s “New Frontier” domestic agenda?

Kennedy & Kennedy & the New the New Frontier Frontier

The election of 1960 between Richard Nixon & John F. The election of 1960 between Richard Nixon & John F. Kennedy was the 1Kennedy was the 1stst to use TV debates: to use TV debates:

Nixon was much better known butNixon was much better known but thethe TVTV debates helped debates helped swing undecided voters towards JFKswing undecided voters towards JFK

1960 marked the beginning of television dominance in 1960 marked the beginning of television dominance in politics politics

Image & appearance became essential traits for candidates Image & appearance became essential traits for candidates

JFK’s New FrontierJFK’s New FrontierBut, it was not the 1st time TV influenced politics…

Eisenhower used TV to campaign in 1952 & 1956

McCarthy was destroyed by TV in the Army-Senate

hearings

Nixon used to TV to defend himself in the “Checkers” speech

TN Senator Kefauver used TV to investigate

organized crime

Kennedy’ administration reflected youth, energy, & Kennedy’ administration reflected youth, energy, & sharp break from Eisenhowersharp break from Eisenhower

JFK promised a JFK promised a New FrontierNew Frontier:: Domestic reforms in education, health care, & civil rightsDomestic reforms in education, health care, & civil rights A foreign policy committed to defeating the Soviet Union & A foreign policy committed to defeating the Soviet Union &

winning the Cold Warwinning the Cold War

JFK’s New FrontierJFK’s New Frontier

The JFK era began “Camelot” comparisons with JFK as a modern-day Lancelot

JFK’s New Frontier promised a return of FDR-era liberal JFK’s New Frontier promised a return of FDR-era liberal policies:policies: But, Conservatives in Congress opposed JFK’s social But, Conservatives in Congress opposed JFK’s social

reforms in education & health carereforms in education & health care Congress did help the poorCongress did help the poor The modernization of industry, gov’t spending, & a major The modernization of industry, gov’t spending, & a major

tax cut in 1963 stimulated the economy & created jobs tax cut in 1963 stimulated the economy & created jobs

JFK’s New FrontierJFK’s New Frontier

Aid for public schools…

…the extension of Social Security…

…unemployment benefits…

…and medical insurance for the elderly were all shot down by Congress

An increase in the minimum wage

Increased funds for public housing

One long-lasting achievement of the JFK-era was One long-lasting achievement of the JFK-era was strengthening the presidency:strengthening the presidency: Eisenhower left many decisions to his staff, but JFK Eisenhower left many decisions to his staff, but JFK

demanded more direct presidential controldemanded more direct presidential control JFK transferred much of the decision-making power from JFK transferred much of the decision-making power from

the cabinet to his White House staffthe cabinet to his White House staff

JFK’s New FrontierJFK’s New Frontier

JFK appointed tough, pragmatic, & academic “New Frontiersmen” to his staff

Kennedy referred to his staff as the “the best & the brightest”

Kennedy Kennedy Intensifies the Intensifies the Cold WarCold War

Addressing U.S. foreign policy & containing Communism Addressing U.S. foreign policy & containing Communism was JFK’s top priority as president:was JFK’s top priority as president: JFK believed Ike compromised with the USSR when the JFK believed Ike compromised with the USSR when the

Cold War could have been wonCold War could have been won JFK aimed to close the “missile gap” & increase U.S. JFK aimed to close the “missile gap” & increase U.S.

defensesdefenses Looked to solve issues in Berlin, Vietnam, & CubaLooked to solve issues in Berlin, Vietnam, & Cuba

Kennedy Intensifies the Kennedy Intensifies the Cold WarCold War

“Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any

friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival & success of liberty. We will do this & more.”

—JFK’s inaugural address

JFK shifted from Ike’s “mutually assured destruction” to JFK shifted from Ike’s “mutually assured destruction” to a “flexible response” capable of responding to a variety a “flexible response” capable of responding to a variety of future problems:of future problems: Increased nuclear arsenal to 1,000 ICBMs & 32 Polaris subs Increased nuclear arsenal to 1,000 ICBMs & 32 Polaris subs

to create a “to create a “first-strike” capabilityfirst-strike” capability Increased the army & air forceIncreased the army & air force Expanded covert operations & created the Green Berets Expanded covert operations & created the Green Berets

Flexible ResponseFlexible Response

JFK was convinced that the USSR had more missiles, but really the U.S. had the lead with

600 B-52s, 2 Polaris subs, 2,000 warheadsTo combat Communism & to help

underdeveloped countries, JFK created the Peace Corps & the Alliance for Progress

JFK hoped to avoid another Sputnik & hoped to beat the JFK hoped to avoid another Sputnik & hoped to beat the Soviets to the moon:Soviets to the moon: JFK greatly expanded NASA & announced that the U.S. JFK greatly expanded NASA & announced that the U.S.

would get to the moon by 1970would get to the moon by 1970 The U.S. landed a man on the moon in 1969 The U.S. landed a man on the moon in 1969

The Space RaceThe Space RaceThe Apollo Program

JFK’s 1JFK’s 1stst confrontation with the Soviet Union came in confrontation with the Soviet Union came in Berlin:Berlin: Khrushchev was upset with the exodus of skilled workers Khrushchev was upset with the exodus of skilled workers

from East Germany to West Berlinfrom East Germany to West Berlin The USSR threatened to remove all U.S. influence from The USSR threatened to remove all U.S. influence from

West Berlin, but settled on building the Berlin Wall in 1961West Berlin, but settled on building the Berlin Wall in 1961

Crisis over BerlinCrisis over Berlin

“Ich bin ein Berliner”—JFK, 1963

VietnamVietnam provedproved toto bebe aa toughtough test:test: Since 1954, Communist leader Since 1954, Communist leader Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh gained gained

popularity in North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold popularity in North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold in the Southin the South

The U.S. gave aid to unpopular South leader The U.S. gave aid to unpopular South leader Ngo Dihn Ngo Dihn DiemDiem

When Diem lost control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a When Diem lost control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a coup against Diem in 1963coup against Diem in 1963

Containment in Containment in VietnamVietnam

“Strongly in our mind is what happened in China at the end of World War II, where

China was lost. We don’t want that.”—JFK

Vietnam Vietnam Viet Minh are Vietnamese communists in North Vietnam

Viet Cong are Vietnamese communists in South Vietnam

Monk Quang Duc protested Diem’s treatment of Buddhists

Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959 && developed ties developed ties with Russia with Russia The Eisenhower administration (directed by the CIA) had The Eisenhower administration (directed by the CIA) had

been training Cuban exiles for an invasion & overthrow of been training Cuban exiles for an invasion & overthrow of CastroCastro

In 1961, JFK gave the OK for the CIA to initiate the In 1961, JFK gave the OK for the CIA to initiate the Bay of Bay of Pigs invasionPigs invasion

Containing Castro: Bay Containing Castro: Bay of Pigsof Pigs

JFK blamed the Republicans for allowing a “communist satellite” to arise on “our very doorstep”

The invasion called for U.S. air support but JFK canceled the air strike; without air

support, Castro squashed the invasion

Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure of Bay of Pigs, but did not apologize for coup

To protect Cuba from another U.S. invasion, the USSR To protect Cuba from another U.S. invasion, the USSR began a secret build-up of nuclear missilesbegan a secret build-up of nuclear missiles

On Oct 14, 1962 a U-2 spy plane discovered Cuban On Oct 14, 1962 a U-2 spy plane discovered Cuban missile campsmissile camps

How would the U.S. respond?How would the U.S. respond?

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis24 medium-range & 18 short range ICBMs

Naval blockade to keep warheads out?

Diplomacy: trade nukes in Cuba for nukes in Turkey?

Immediate air strike?Full-scale invasion?Kennedy chose to “quarantine” Cuba to

keep new missiles out & an invasion of Cuba if the USSR did not remove its nukes

The Cuban Missile Crisis Kennedy announced a quarantine (blockade) to keep more missiles out & demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles already in Cuba

"We are eyeball to eyeball, and the other fellow just blinked."

—Sec of State, Dean Rusk

The standoff ended when Russia removed its Cuban The standoff ended when Russia removed its Cuban missiles & the USA vowed to never invade Cubamissiles & the USA vowed to never invade Cuba

The impact of the crisis:The impact of the crisis: SeenSeen asas aa politicalpolitical victoryvictory forfor JFKJFK Installed a “hot line” to improve US-Soviet communicationsInstalled a “hot line” to improve US-Soviet communications This near-nuclear war convinced both sides to move from This near-nuclear war convinced both sides to move from

confrontation to negotiation confrontation to negotiation

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

“Our most basic common link is the fact that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the

same air. We all cherish our children’s future. We are all mortal.”

—JFK

And…U.S. removal of nuclear weapons in Turkey

On Nov 22, 1963 in Dallas, JFK was assassinated & VP On Nov 22, 1963 in Dallas, JFK was assassinated & VP Lyndon Johnson became president:Lyndon Johnson became president: LBJ was a master politician with a reputation for getting LBJ was a master politician with a reputation for getting

resultsresults LBJ promised to continue Kennedy's liberal agendaLBJ promised to continue Kennedy's liberal agenda LBJ ultimately exceeded JFK’s record on providing economic LBJ ultimately exceeded JFK’s record on providing economic

& racial equality& racial equality

"Let Us Continue""Let Us Continue"

LBJ helped push through the greatest array of liberal legislation in U.S. history (“Great Society”), surpassing FDR’s New Deal

Americans were stunned this rapid succession of events

LincolnLincoln• Lincoln was elected to Congress Lincoln was elected to Congress

in 1846 & as President in 1860in 1846 & as President in 1860• He was directly concerned with He was directly concerned with

Civil RightsCivil Rights• Lincoln was shot in the head in Lincoln was shot in the head in

front of his wife on a Fridayfront of his wife on a Friday• Lincoln shot in the Ford TheatreLincoln shot in the Ford Theatre• The assassin, John Wilkes The assassin, John Wilkes

Booth, was known by three Booth, was known by three names of 15 lettersnames of 15 letters

• Booth shot Lincoln in a theater Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and fled to a warehouse (barn)and fled to a warehouse (barn)

• Booth was killed before being Booth was killed before being brought to trialbrought to trial

• There were theories that Booth There were theories that Booth was part of a greater conspiracywas part of a greater conspiracy

• Lincoln's successor was Andrew Lincoln's successor was Andrew Johnson, born in 1808Johnson, born in 1808

Kennedy Kennedy • Kennedy was elected to Congress Kennedy was elected to Congress

in 1946 & as President in 1960in 1946 & as President in 1960• He was directly concerned with He was directly concerned with

Civil RightsCivil Rights• Kennedy was shot in the head in Kennedy was shot in the head in

front of his wife on a Fridayfront of his wife on a Friday• Kennedy shot in a Lincoln (Ford)Kennedy shot in a Lincoln (Ford)• The assassin, Lee Harvey The assassin, Lee Harvey

Oswald, was known by three Oswald, was known by three names of 15 letters names of 15 letters

• Oswald shot Kennedy from a Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled to a theaterwarehouse and fled to a theater

• Oswald was killed before being Oswald was killed before being brought to trialbrought to trial

• There were theories that Oswald There were theories that Oswald was part of a greater conspiracywas part of a greater conspiracy

• Kennedy's successor was Lyndon Kennedy's successor was Lyndon Johnson, born in 1908Johnson, born in 1908

LBJ quickly pushed through Congress 2 key “Kennedy” LBJ quickly pushed through Congress 2 key “Kennedy” bills:bills: A $10 billion reduction in income taxes that led to increased A $10 billion reduction in income taxes that led to increased

consumer spending & new jobsconsumer spending & new jobs The The Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 that declared segregation in that declared segregation in

public facilities illegal & protected black voting rightspublic facilities illegal & protected black voting rights

Lyndon Johnson in Lyndon Johnson in ActionAction

The most significant legislation on race since the Reconstruction Amendments

In 1964, LBJ waged a “war on poverty in America” & In 1964, LBJ waged a “war on poverty in America” & created the Office of Economic Opportunity:created the Office of Economic Opportunity: Created the Job Corps for high school dropoutsCreated the Job Corps for high school dropouts Head Start for preschoolersHead Start for preschoolers Adult education & technical training opportunities Adult education & technical training opportunities

As a result, America had 10 million fewer poor people by As a result, America had 10 million fewer poor people by 19701970

Lyndon Johnson in Lyndon Johnson in ActionAction

In 1964, the U.S. had 35 million poor people

In 1964, LBJ ran against: In 1964, LBJ ran against: Conservative Republican Barry Goldwater rejected LBJ’s Conservative Republican Barry Goldwater rejected LBJ’s

liberal welfare programs & called for a stronger foreign liberal welfare programs & called for a stronger foreign policy stancepolicy stance

Segregationist George WallaceSegregationist George Wallace LBJ won in a landslide & the Democrats took control of LBJ won in a landslide & the Democrats took control of

Congress for 1Congress for 1stst time in 25 years time in 25 years

The Election of 1964The Election of 1964

The “Daisy” Campaign Spot

http://http://www.livingroomcandidate.www.livingroomcandidate.

org/commercials/1964/org/commercials/1964/peace-little-girl-daisy peace-little-girl-daisy

Once elected, LBJ initiated his “Once elected, LBJ initiated his “Great SocietyGreat Society” domestic ” domestic agenda:agenda: Medicare & Medicaid extended health insurance to the Medicare & Medicaid extended health insurance to the

elderly & the poorelderly & the poor Extended $1 billion to improve public & parochial schoolsExtended $1 billion to improve public & parochial schools The The Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned literacy tests & banned literacy tests &

provided for federal registrars for pollsprovided for federal registrars for polls

The Great Society The Great Society

By 1965, Congress passed 89 laws or reforms as part of By 1965, Congress passed 89 laws or reforms as part of LBJ’s social agenda:LBJ’s social agenda: The Great Society was the most comprehensive agenda of The Great Society was the most comprehensive agenda of

social reform since FDRsocial reform since FDR But…the American people did not respond well to LBJBut…the American people did not respond well to LBJ Soon…events in Vietnam, would taint his presidencySoon…events in Vietnam, would taint his presidency

The Triumph of ReformThe Triumph of Reform

Johnson Johnson Escalates the Escalates the Vietnam WarVietnam War

LBJ continued JFK’s strong foreign policy positions too:LBJ continued JFK’s strong foreign policy positions too: He supported CIA-sponsored coups in Brazil, Panama, & the He supported CIA-sponsored coups in Brazil, Panama, & the

Dominican RepublicDominican Republic LBJ continued Eisenhower & JFK policies towards VietnamLBJ continued Eisenhower & JFK policies towards Vietnam

But in doing so, LBJ found himself under attack from But in doing so, LBJ found himself under attack from Congress, the media, & universitiesCongress, the media, & universities

LBJ Escalates the LBJ Escalates the Vietnam WarVietnam War“I am not going to lose Vietnam. I am

not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.”

—LBJ

During the Gulf of Tonkin affair in Aug 1964, the military During the Gulf of Tonkin affair in Aug 1964, the military bombed North Vietnam in retaliation for an attack on the bombed North Vietnam in retaliation for an attack on the USS MaddoxUSS Maddox

The The Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionGulf of Tonkin Resolution gave LBJ the authority to: gave LBJ the authority to: Defend Vietnam at any costDefend Vietnam at any cost Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s

discretiondiscretion

LBJ Escalates the LBJ Escalates the Vietnam WarVietnam War

The Vietnam War

1965 marked the beginning of full-scale1965 marked the beginning of full-scale U.S.U.S. involvement in Vietnaminvolvement in Vietnam LBJ was informed that “LBJ was informed that “without U.S. action, defeat is without U.S. action, defeat is

inevitableinevitable”” LBJ authorized bombing raids into North Vietnam & LBJ authorized bombing raids into North Vietnam &

requested 50,000requested 50,000 U.S.U.S. soldierssoldiers sentsent toto AsiaAsia LBJ never explained to the American people how the LBJ never explained to the American people how the

gov’t planned to win the war in Vietnam gov’t planned to win the war in Vietnam

EscalationEscalation

LBJ’s advisors wanted 100,000 troops in 1965 & a plan for 100,000 more in 1966; Estimations

were 500 U.S. deaths per month

LBJ took middle road of limited U.S. intervention: not a withdrawal & not a full-scale invasion of North Vietnam

By 1968, 500,000 U.S. troops stationed to keep Vietnam By 1968, 500,000 U.S. troops stationed to keep Vietnam from falling to Communismfrom falling to Communism U.S. bombings & “search & destroy” attacks were U.S. bombings & “search & destroy” attacks were

ineffectiveineffective Soviet & Chinese weaponry freely flowed into North Soviet & Chinese weaponry freely flowed into North

VietnamVietnam Reckless bombings killed thousands of innocent civiliansReckless bombings killed thousands of innocent civilians

The bloody stalemate & media depictionThe bloody stalemate & media depiction ofof thethe warwar ledled toto protestsprotests

StalemateStalemate

Image of the “My Lai Massacre,” 1968

The early 1960s under JFK represented consumer The early 1960s under JFK represented consumer spending, a strong stance on the Cold War, & more spending, a strong stance on the Cold War, & more social reforms at homesocial reforms at home

The transition to LBJ in 1963 brought success at home The transition to LBJ in 1963 brought success at home (civil rights & the Great Society)(civil rights & the Great Society)

But, heightened involvement in Vietnam signaled the But, heightened involvement in Vietnam signaled the

onset of the counter-cultureonset of the counter-culture movementmovement byby 19681968

ConclusionsConclusions

1968: Year in pictures and 1968: Year in pictures and videovideo