THE 18TH CENTURY REVOLUTIONS

THE 18TH CENTURY REVOLUTIONS

-From 1775 til 1763 was the American War of Independence. 1780 was an uprising called The Gordon Riots in London; they were an anti-Catholic uprising against the Papists Act of 1778.

-Then followed the French Revolution. 1789 was the fall of Bastille and 1793 was the Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. France declared war against Britain. 1804 Napoleon was crowned emperor.

-Industrial Revolution: James Watt perfected the steam engine and 1776 the first engines were in use in commercial enterprises. By 1824 over 1000 engines were produced.

- Slavery became also a great issue . John Newton, a slave treder from Liverpool said: of the English ships purchase 60000 slaves annually, upon the whole extent of the coast; the annual loss of loss of lives cannot be much less than fifteen thousand. 1807. was the abolition of the slave trade in Britain.

-In the later half of the 18th century, vast tracts of land all over England were transformed from common land into private property. Privately owned fields were divided by stone walls and hedges. Thousands of rural people were forces to abandon their homes, migrating to London or America.

-English Countryside

The poetry of Sensibility

-James Thomson(1700-1748). He came 1725 from Scotland to London. 1726 he published Winter, a descriptive poem in blank verse. 1730. was The Seasons published. It is a poetry of natural description. From 1730 till 1800 it was printed 50 times.

: Thomson amazed his contemporaries with his capacity to see well.

-Nature was also popular in the visual art and music. (Picture). Antonio Vivaldi was for example inspired by nature. We can see it in his Four Season (1725). He was inspired by the countryside of Mantua, a beautiful landscape.

-Thomas Gray (1716-1771) was an English poet. He seldom left Cambridge. Summers in the Lake District or Scotland (picture). His masterpiece is the Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard: dusk, a plowman goes slowly home, he is tired. The day is almost over and the air is still. The stillness is very important. It is a summer evening and everything is about to fall asleep. Gray creates an atmosphere without saying much. The plowman passes the graveyard and he sees yew trees. The poet focuses on the anonymous people buried in the graveyard. The poem is about the way of life that is disappearing from England. This poem has characteristics of romantic poetry.

-Oliver Goldsmith (1730-1774) was an Anglo-Irish writer, poet, and physician. The Deserted Village is one of his famous poems. It is a pastoral poem in memory of his brother. It is a reaction to the recently passed Inclosure Acts which forced a mass emigration of poor farming families from the countryside to the cities.

-George Crabbe(1754-1832) is also an English poet. His most famous work is The Village. He demythologizes in his poetry. It is about a plowman that goes to a pub, gets drunk, goes home and beats his wife and kids. They are not a happy familiy. Crabbe wanted to show the real life. All the myths about the golden age are not true and real because there is no money, no medical care, no insurance and all the people are hard-working. They have a miserable life. Crabbe is an antidote to all those mythologizing contempories.

-The features of the poetry of sensibility are: interest in nature, emotions, atmosphere, the sublime (something that appeals and terrifies at the same time)

William Blake (1757-1827)

His only formal education was in art, the Royal Academy of Arts. Poetical Sketches is his first book of poems, which he had written at the age of 26 years.

A Visionary Poet and Artist

A Revolutionary:

America: A Phropecy

The French Revolution

Revolution as the purifying violence, the imminent redemption of humanity.

Long Poems: The Four Zoas, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell.

They show a complex irony about the inadequacy of conventional moral categories. The good life consists in the sustained tension, without victory or suppression o fco-present opposites.

Two contrary states of human soul are represented through The Songs of Innocence (1789)[Introduction, The Ecchoing Green, The Lamb, The Little Black Boy, The Chimney Sweeper, The Divine Image, Holy Thursday, Nurse's Song, Infant Joy] and The Songs of Experience (1794) [Introduction, Earth's Answer, The Clod & the Pebble, Holy Thursday, The Chimney Sweeper, Nurse's Song, The Sick Rose, The Fly,The Tyger, My Pretty Rose Tree, A Sun-flower, The Garden of Love, London, The Human Abstract, Infant Sorrow, A Poison Tree, To Tirzah, A Divine Image,]

-Songs: The Lamb and The Tyger are connected. First read Lamb, then Tyger then Lamb again.

The Lamb(Songs of Innocence)

(Lamb can mean orphan)

In this song first we have nature elements: animals, love for animals (these will later become romantic symbols). We have Lamb as a symbol of innocence, Christ (these are traditional symbols. He is meek & he is mild, He became a little child- sentences connected with children.. Little Lamb God bless thee. Lamb God bless thee. like a blessing song for benediction, but it is far more complex... after reading Tyger you feel it the Lamb the beat od the Tyger and you have the feeling that the tyger is gonna get the little innocent lamb.

The Tyger (Songs of Experience)

Consists of 6 strophes. The sound is very importan tin romantic poetry and you have to experimant with it (the sound).

->The Tyger could be the tyger of British Imperialisam. Tyger is a very special type of beauty: he is beautiful but terrifying and dangerous.. (1st and 2nd strophe) .

-> The Tyger could be the tyger of Industrial Revolution. The industrial sounds(the steam engine sounds)-the economic tyger (3rd and 4th strophe).

-> Blake is mentioning the lamb again! Why?! Blake does not choose sides between good and evil ( lamb and tyger).

The Chimney Sweeper (Songs of Innocence)

Light slavery. Little children were sold, their parents could not take care of them and so they were giving them to orphanages but it was as they were giving them to lions... Children were forced to work hard, out of little girls they made prostitutes. The chimney sweeper in industrial London-little kids were used for this type of job, because they could fit into chimneys and could better clean and sweep. Sometimes their boss would light up a fire under their feet so that they work faster. In the 2nd strophe we have a litle boy Tom Dacre- he is like a lamb.. In that strophe we also can see the best example od ideology and an ideology represents sets of doctrines used to controll people and usually presents losses as gains (it is not a bad thing if they cut Tom Dacre's hair, he doesn't have to worry about his hair because without it, he's gonna easier be clean.) In the 3rd strophe we have a sentence Were all of them lock'd up in coffins of black and that sentence shows/ represents a miserable life of chimney sweepers. In the 4th strophe we have an angel with a bright key who is gonna set the chimney sweepers free.. And he opened the coffins & set them all free; Then down a green plain, leaping, laughing they run,And wash in a river and shine int he Sun.- the y are free but that is sth that they can only dream about! In the 5th strophe And the angel told Tom, if he'd be a good boy. He'd have God for his father & never want joy.- pure ideology:if you aren't living good here, you would live better in heaven. Ideology is used to controll people, kids etc.. If they have some kind of ideology they would think about God and afterlife, not about now. In the 6th strophe is said that he(chimney sweeper) should follow and obey the rules, respect the status quo and just do his duty, do whatever is expected of him and then he should fear no harm. Be obedient!

Holy Thursday (Songs od Innocence)

....is Jesus's ascension day. A Thursday 39 days after Easter. Children from the charity scholls of London were marched to a service at St. Paul's Cathedral. This poem is very ironic!

Holy Thursday (Songs of Experience)

The kids were victimized in every way! Babes reduced to misery. Fed with cold and usurous hand-exploration oft he children. The beauty of production based on somebody's misery (children's misery)( . The sun never shines for those children. Their life is difficult, without happiness and joy. They live every day in misery and nobody is caring about that.

The Chimney Sweeper (The Songs of Experience)

Different Tygers dealing with those little Lambs(kids). No one,even not their families did sth to help them! ( They all victimized them.. The parents are gone to the church to pray. But for what shall they pray?! The chimney sweepers never had the chance to go out.. The clothed me int he clothes of death, And taught me to sing the notes of woe- thaught them to sing the songs of misery... The last(3rd ) strophe says that the parents are to blame and the priest, the king and the government for children's misery.. All of those who are making mony out of children's misery are to blame! Their heaven an wonderful lives are based on those poor explorated kids...

Robert Burns (1759-1796)He was a self-educated man. He was a bohemic type of person and has found his inspiration in a country/ nature..

To a Mouse

...After a farmer plows up a mouse's nest, he apologizes to the tiny creature while assuring it that he means no harm. He also says he does not mind that the mouse occasionally steals an ear of corn. After all, the farmer reaps a bounty of food from the land; surely, he cannot begrudge the mouse a tiny harvest of its own. Finally, he tells the mouse that it is not alone in failing to build wisely for the future; men fail at that too. .

...In "To a Mouse," Robert Burns develops the theme of respect for nature's creatures, especially the small, the defenseless, the downtrodden (or, in this case, the uprooted). As a wee creature, the mouse represents not only lowly animals but also lowly human beingscommon folk who are often tyrannized by the high and the mighty.

Notice that Burns uses diminutives such as beastie and Mousie to suggest smallness and to endear the mouse to the reader.

...The time is the late eighteenth century. The place is a farm in Scotland. Burns, a farmer, was plowing a field when he uprooted the nest of a mouse. Later, he wrote "To a Mouse" to apologize to the "wee beastie" for evicting it from its home.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE SPIRIT OF THE AGE

-1816- P.B. Shelley called the French Revolution the master theme of the epoch in which we live. The major themes, plot forms, imagery and nodes of imagination and feeling were influenced by the Revolution. The revolution went from a boundless promise to a great tragedy and disappointment.

-The French Revolution began on July 14, 1789 with the fall of the Bastille- freeing political prisoners. In August the new French National Assembly was paused the declaration of the Rights of Men. In October Louis XVI and Marie Antoniette arrested. 1793 they were executed. France declares war against Britain. This period is called The Reign of Terror.

-The revolution caused a religious awakening called Millenarianism 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned emperor. Beethoven had dedicated the Symphony No. 3 Eroica to Napoleon. It is a musical work sometimes cited as marking the end of the Classical Era and the beginning of musical Romanticism.

-The wars began. 1805 the French fleet was defeated by the British at Trafalgar. 1811 the Prince of Wales becomes regent for George III, who is declared incurably insane. From 1812 to 1815 was the war between Britain and the U.S. 1815 Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo.

-Revolution addresses the same issues: hereditary rule, ownership of property, interpretation of the English Constitution, the right to choose government, the right to resist power when abused, liberty of conscience in religious matters.

-E.Burke wrote Reflections on the French Revolution (1790). He was provoked by Richard Prices sermon: A Discourse on the Love of Our Country (1789), which celebrates both the American and French Revolutions. Burkes account was an aristocratic point of view. Burke described the French Revolution as : Every thing seems out of nature in this strange chaos of levity and ferocity and all sorts of crimes jumbled together with all sorts of follies.

- Burkes conservative stance: A spirit of innovation is generally the result of a selfish temper and confined view. We have an inheritable crown; an inheritable peerage; and a house of commons and a people inheriting privileges, franchises, and liberties, from a long line of ancestors.- It is good for those who have it; he is proud of the House of Commons.

-Burkes imagery: The king and this queen, and their infant children were then forced to abandon sanctuary of the most splendid palace in the world, which they left swimming in blood, polluted by massacre, and strewed with scattered limbs and mutilated carcases.

- Political imagery: I saw the queen of France, then the dauphiness, at Versailles; and surely never lighted on this orb, which she hardly seemed to touch, a more delightful vision. I saw her above the horizon, decorating and cheering the elevated sphere she just began to move in,-glittering like the morning star, full of life.- a woman is as a goddess to him. Demythologized politics

-Definition of liberty: Our liberty__________________ Their liberty is not liberal. Their science is presumptuous ignorance. Their humanity is savage and brutal.

-Thomas Paine (1737-1809) was born and lived on his first 27 years in England. He became the most effective propagandist for the American independence and he was charged with treason by the British after his response to Burkes Reflection. He wrote Rights of Men (1791). He sad that the French had no intention of spreading the revolution to England. He reminds Burke about the time he claimed there would be no revolution in France, that the French had neither the spirit to undertake. Paines argument: French Revolution cannot be compared to the English Revolution. English revolutions were against the personal despotism of the men and the French Revolution was against despotism of every office and department. In France it was a revolution generated in the rational contemplation of the rights of men.

-William Wordsworth (1770-1850) went to Cambridge and became friends with Coleridge. In 1790 during his third year at Cambridge he walked with a friend across France and the Alps, it was the 1st anniversary of the fall of Bastille. He often did long walks in Wales. During his stay in France he married the daughter of a French surgeon Anette Vallon. Wordsworth became a great supporter of the Revolution. Anettes familiy were against the supporters. When Wordsworth went back to England he and Anette drifted apart. Later he marries Mary Hutchinson a Lake Country Woman. The Prelude (1798) is his longest poem. It is written in blank verse it is the poem on the growth of his mind he said.

-The poem of my poetical Education: -> he does not tell anyone about that he will be a poet. It was decided for him by somebody else. It was not something he selected. Poets become instrument of something. This is a feature of the romantic period.

-The power of imagination: neka pjesma o imagination. Wordsworth was on the verge of an emotional breakdown. He shows disillusionment with revolution. He seeks spiritual ecstasy in nature and the innocence of childhood. This romantic disillusionment was an inspiration to him. The contemporary critic Thomas Noon Talfourd suggested, the spirit of romanticism owed less to the millenarian hopes excited by the French

. and disillusionment which followed; horror at the excesses of the Reign of Terror served to rankle and darken imagination. It can be seen a tragic sense of French revolution by Wordsworth. 1805 his favourite brother John, drowned. 1810 a bitter quarrel with Coleridge. 1812 two of his five children died. 1830 was the physical and mental decline of his sister Dorothy.

-Lyrical Ballads (1798-1800)- Wordsworth contributed most of the poems. Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. It was published anonymously: neither poet had much of reputation. Some of the best regarded poets are: Anna Barbauld, Charlotte Smith, Mary Robinson. The first edition was in 1798, it was an advertisement of a poetic experiment in middle and lower class language. Subsequent edition was in 1800 and 1802. it exemplifying the principles of good poetry. This is the purpose of Lyrical Ballads.

-Preface to Lyrical Ballads is a poetic revolutionary manifesto. It rejects the hierarchy of literary genres and the principles of decorum (specific style and language for specific genres). The incidents are from common life. This is the subject matter. The protagonists are: peasants, children, outcasts, criminals and idiot boys. The language is the language really used by men. The poet He is a man speaking to men. A good poetry: all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. It means being spontaneous in the act of creation.

-Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) went to Cambridge bur left without degree. He planned to establish an ideal democratic society in America. he later became very conservative in religion and politics. Collaboration with Wordsworth -Literary Theory Biographia Literania. He disagreed with Wordsworths theory of poetic diction. He distinguishes between fancy and imagination and between mechanical and organic forms. Poetry The Rime of the Ancient Mariner was first published in Lyrical Ballads (1798). Kubla Khan: Or a vision in a Dream A Fragment

Late Romantics

The Romantics

Wordsworths contemporaries did not think of themselves as Romantics. The term was first applied about a half a century after his death.

Romantic Diversity

Romantics do not fit a single definition. Byron despised both Coleridges metaphysics and Wordsworths theory and practice of poetry. Shelley and Keats were at opposite sides stylistically and philosophically. Blake was not like any of them.

The Lake School

-represented through William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey.

The Cockney School-is a derogatory term for the Londoners: Leigh Hunt, William Hazlitt, John Keats.

The Satanic School

-Lord Byron, Percy Shelley and their followers.

George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)

is the only Romantic poet who was instantly famous. Descended from 2 aristocratic families. He was raised in Aberdeen and his mother was Scottish.

Byron's Early Years and Education

At the age of 10 he becomes the sixth Lord Byron. He went to Trinity College, Cambridge. He had good looks and deformed foot. He was avid for athletics prowess: cricet, boxing, fencing, horsemanship and swimming.

A Young Don Huan

He was sexually precocious. When he was only 7 years old, he fell violently in love with his little cousin, Mary Duff. 1809 he travelled through Portugal and Spain to Malta and then to Albania, Greece and Asia Minor.

An Outcast

He had a sequence of relationships with ladies of fashion and finally he married Annabella Milbanke. She discovered his incestuous relationship with his half-sister, Augusta Leigh. Byron was ostracized and forced to leave England for good on April 25, 1816 (he went to Italy).

Life in Italy

Associated with Percey and Mary Shelley. It was a period of frenzied debauchery in Venice (200 women). And it was the period of Byron's greatest poetic creativity.

Death in Greece

Byron organized an expedition to assist the Greek war for independence from the Turks. He died after series of feverish attacks at the age 36. He became a Greek national hero.

When a man hath no freedom to fight for at home

In this song he describes why he went to a Greek war. He was looking for possibility of freedom. He wanted to find sth worth living for. In this song he is a little bit ironic, especially int he first strophe, he tells that this war seems to be worth fighting. In the second strophe he is litlle humorous and ironic, he shows us that the romantics are inspired by the experience of life.

International Reputation

Byron influenced great authors like Goethe, Balzac, Stendhal, Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Melville. He also influenced painters such as Delacroix and comporsers such as Beethoven and Berhoz.

Don Juan

is Byron's longest satirical poem (a mock epic) in English, unfinished. Written int he fashion of Aristo's Orlando Furioso(1532). Byron's hero and homme fatal is more acted upon than active. Lit. advirsers said that the poem is unacceptably immoral.

The Byronic Hero

is/was sketched in Childe Harold and Manfred. Characteristics of the Byronical hero:

-he is an alien, mysterious and gloomy spirit. He is also superior in his passion and powers. He has a torturing memory of an enormous guilt and he is driven to inevitable doom. He is absolutely self-reliant in his isolation.

(Satan in Milton's Paradise Lost)

Typical Byronic Heroes

-Heathcliff in Wuthering Hights.

- Captain Ahab in Moby Dick

- Eugene Onegin in Pushkin's E. Onegin

Titanic Cosmic Self-Assertion

.was praised in Bertrand Russel's History of Western Philosophy. Byron,not a systematic thinker but he helped to form Nietzche's concept of the Superman, the hero who is not subject to the ordinary criteria of good and evil.

She Walks in Beauty

This song begins with the poetry of sensibility. The poetry of sensibility foreshadows what Romantics do esthetically and what philosophically. ''She's like the night'' dust, night are more interesting than a day (in poetry of sensibility). We see much more than what is perceived with senses. And all that's best of dark and bright/ Meet in her aspect and her eyes- > Sublime: mixing the dark and the bright and creating a new type of beauty. You do not see this beauty during the day, this beauty cannot be seen with the senses. She must be a dark lady, not the perfection of beauty but he loves/likes her. Emphasis of quiteness is a sign of beauty. Physical features are nit emphasized. Beauty is sth intellectual, not based only on senses and seeing

When we two parted

Romantic way of describing love and dissappointments of love.

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)

was an aristocrat by birth. 1810 he was expelled from Oxford after 6 months of study. He was expelled from Oxford because he (and his friend Thomas Jefferson Hogg- to sam ime kao zapamtila kada sam itala Northon :P ) wrote The Necessity of Atheism. In this work he wrote that there is no empirical proof for God's existence.

Shelley's Early Life

He eloped with Harriet Westbrook and married at the age of 18. She was 16. He has thought that the marriage is a tyrannical institution. He fell in love with Mary Wollstonecraft, went to live with her in France and invited Harriet to join them.

Tragic Life of an Outcast

Harriet committed suicide. Shelley became an outcast, married Mary and went to live in Italy. Both of their children died.

Life and Death in Pisa

1820 they settled in Pisa. Shelley's 'Pisan Circle' : Byron, Edward Williams. On July 8, 1822 he and Williams sailing on their boat, named the Don Juan, he drowned.

His ashes were interred in The Protestant Cementry in Rome.

A Song: Men of England

Shelley's hope for a proletarian revolution after the Napoleonic Wars. This is a hymn of the British labor movement. Men of England wherefore plough

Prometheus Unbound

.is a symbolic drama about the origin of evil and the possibility of overcoming it. It is based on the Prometheus Boung by Aeschylus. Both evil and the possibility of reform are the responsibility of people. External political reform impossible without internal reform of individuals.

A Defence of Poetry

Poetry the expression oft he Imagination. Man is an instrument over which a series of external and internal impressions are driven, like the aliterations o fan everchanging wind over an Aeolican lyre, which move it by their motion to everchanging melody.

The Purpose of Poetry

The cultivation of poetry is never more to be desired than at periods when, from an excess of the selfish and calculation principle, the accumulation of the materials of external life exceed the quantity of the power of assimilating them to the internal laws of human nature.

Hymn to Intellectual beauty/ the chasm and the sacred river

The poet is interested ins th that is unseen. Almost od the landscape of Khubla Khan internialized. Plenty of mistery in this song (the first Strophe).

John Keats (1795-1821)

His father was a stableman. Keats was parentless from the age of 14. He apprenticed to apothecary surgeon. Abandons medical studies for poetry.

Poetic Accomplishments

Keats strated writing poetry at the age of 18.

Ut pictura poesis/Sister Arts

Ekphrasis a graphic, and very often dramatic,verbal description of a visual work of art.

(Ut pictura poesis means : as the picture does, so does the poetry.)

(Sister arts from Muses, they are daughtres of Memory).

Ode on a Grecian Urn (1819)

He is looking at this urn and describes almost Metamorphasis, Greek mythology Gods

The Victorian Age (1837-1901)

The last Monarch oft he house of Hannover was almost entirely of German descent his name was Prince Albert and he had 9 children.

Timeline

-1832- First Reform Bill (allows upper middle class to vote)

-1845-1846 Potato famine in Ireland. Mass emigration to North America.

-1847-Ten Hours Factory Act (working day restricted to 10 hours a day).

-1851- Great Exhibition of industry and science at the Crystal Place (Crystal Palace was made of glass and steel)

-1861-1865- American Civil War

-1867- Second Reform Bill (lower middle class allowed to vote)

-1868- Opening of Suez Canal

-1877- Queen Victoria made empress of India.

Evolution

1859- Charles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species .

Industrialism / Technology

1830 Liverpool and Manchester Railway

-1836 First train in London

-1878 Electric street lighting in London

- 1890 First subway line in London

Education

1889- Compulsory education

1891 Free elementary education

(uneducated voters can be dangerous because they can be manipulated and the government educated them because oft hat, but also through education they can be manipulated).

The Woman Question

Until the Married Woman's Property Act 1870-1908 women could not own or handle their property. They could divorce their husbands only on grounds of cruelty, bigamy, incest or bestiality.

Women Education

In 1837 none of England's three universities was open to women. 1848 first women's college in London was opened. The end of Victoria's reign, women could enroll at 12 universities, even at Oxford and Cambridge ( but not earn degrees there) .

Employment for Women

Women from upper classes could marry(to a welathy man), and had nothing to do.

Lower classes :

Industry

Emigration

Prostitution (is not a social problem, they thought that that was a moral problem, because these women were prostitutes because they had loose character)

A governess

Suffrage Movement

Mary Willstonecraft has written A Vindication oft he Rights of Women (1792)

Women were allowed to vote/to participate in local elections int he 1860s.

1918- women over the age of 30 were allowed to vote in national elections.

John Stuart Mill ( 1806-1873)

1866 introduced the first parlamentary motion extending the franchise to women.

1869 he wrote The Subjection of Women (this work was quite an accomplishment!)

Women Slaves as Natural

Slave natures (can't do nothing else, born like that) and master natures.

In Ancient Greece the women had the same status as slaves.

The South oft he US.

Rule over Women

By force. Accepted voluntarily. Women make no complaint, and are consenting parties. (natural what is habitual)

Ultimate Subjection

Men do not want solely the obedience of women, they want their sentiments. Neither does it avail anything to say that nature of the two sexes adapts them to their present functions and position, and renders these appropriate to them.

The Novel Novella a little new thing ( Boccaccio's Decameron) .

Roman the term use din European languages.

Novelle or novelette prose fiction of middle lenght.

Novel- an extended work of fiction written in prose and has a variety of characters, complication of plot ( or plots ) and ample development of milieu.

Predecessirs

The picaresque narrative emerged in sixteen-century Spain / Don Quixote (1605) quasi picaresque.

Picaro spanish for rouge .

It(picaresque) has/ shows adventures of a rascal, it is realistic in manner and episodic in structure.

Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia is a prose romance. Shows the 17th century Character.

French romances / Madame de La Fayette's La Princesse de Cleves ( 1678 ).

Daniel Defoe

He wrote Robinson Crusoe (1719) and Moll Flanders (1722). Those two are picturesque narratives. They are episodic in structure, involving one person.

Novel of Character or Psychological Novel

Samuel Richardson's Pamela: or Virtue Rewarded (1740). Epistolary novel the narrative conveyed entirely by an exchange of letters.

Henry Fielding

Joseph Andrews ( written 1742) is a burlesque and parody of Richardson's Pamela. Tom Jones (1749)- a picaresque.

Charles Dickens (1812-1870)

Hard Times (1854)

Victorian Publications

Perfected printing press and paper production. Proliferation of journals. Novels first published in installments in weekly journals.

Hard Times

Written from 1 April 1854 till 12 August 1854 (from 1 April until 12 August it was published in installments in weekly journal). Weekly serial, Household Words.

Pressing Issues oft he Victorian Age

Education

Industrialization

Women's Question

Education at Coketown

Now, what I want is Facts (odmah na poetku prva reenica pa do) .. Stick to the facts, Sir !'' very specific worldview of life. Human beings are reasoning animals.

The scene was a plain, bare, monotonous valut pa do. The emphasis was helped by the speakers mouth, which was wide, thin and hart set! '' - best example of characterization. Facts no mistery, nothing hidden, everything rational!

Dehumanized Education

Girl number twenty,.'' a girl (Sissy Jupe) is only a number

( With the industrialisation and the envolment of machines and mechanization people are also turned into machines, without emotions, feelings, without imagination, the whole life started to be very mechanistic).

Blitzer's Definition of a Horse

Sissy is unable to define a horse but Blitzer defined the horse by its mechanical side, he tells nothing about horse as a noble animal or about its character.. Humans were also defined from their mechanical side, without telling abot their feelings or character or sth else..

Phenomen Called Fancy

Louisa and Tom were peeping through a hole into circus.. Mr Gradgring (their father) was furious when he saw them but his anger was described in a very mechanistic way..

Mr Josiah Bounderby

From rages to riches he always spoke how he was abandoned as a child and live din poverty but he raised his social staus and became rich.. / Mrs. Peglar is his mother, she didn't abandoned him, he was raised sourrounded with love an attention and his mother saved money for his education but when he became rich he had forbbiden her to visit him/ Bounderby lied about his childhood.

Social changes / Bounderby vs Mrs. Sparsit

Social unrests(socijalni nemiri) / Stephen Blackpool vs Slackbridge

-We see in Bounderby a change in society in which money rules!

Victorian Marriage

Mr and Mrs Gradgrind -> not a happy marriage

Stephen Blackpool (and Rachael) -> Stepehn cannot marry Rachel because he is already married to a woman which is an alcoholc

Mr Bounderby and Louisa (James Harthouse and Tom)- Bounderby is too old for Louisa, she doesn't love him (Harthouse wants to seduce Louisa, Tom has grown into a selfish and not good person)

Victorian Poetry

Victorians and the Romantics

Victorians are belated Romantics. By 1837 all major Romantic poets, except Wordsworth, were death.

Strong Romantic influences.

Victorian Escapism (Escapism- an activity, entertainment that helps you to forget about boring things; running freom reality/ real life)

Matthew Arnold thought/ said that poets should use heroic materials oft he past ( poets should become escapists). He gave up writing poetry because his age lacked the culture necessity to support great poetry.

Major Features of Victorian Poetry

Long Narrative

Dramatic Monologue

A lyric poemi n the voice of a speaker ironically distinct from the poet's

Visual images ( very common int he late Victorian poetry )

Alfred, Lord Tennyson ( 1809-1892 )

He was The Poet od the People . 1850 he became Poet Laureate. The earnings from his poetry sometimes over 10000 pounds a year.

Victorian Family

He was born in Victorian family. He was the fourth son in a family of 12 children. He went to Cambridge. one of his brothers was ina n insane asylum, another one was addicted to opium, another had violent quarrels with his father.

( Insanity became a significant problem of the Victorian age)

The Lotos-Eaters

An excerpt from the Odyssey (9.82-9.7)

(IN Odyssey : after 10 years of war Odyssey and his soldiers/ friends are on their way home- > heroic quest. The objective is to get home. On their way home they have many obstacles. This type of quest, homeward journey, is important for the Victorian poetry).

Analyses:

In which it seemed always afternoon setting: the afternoon. Afternoon is a lazy time, not too hot, not to cold, perfect for doing nothing..

All roun the coast the languid air did swoom. / Breathing like one that hath a weary dream Balasted Romanticsm, building the atmosphere, like it is a slow motion place.

The charmed sunset lingered low adown/ In the red West sunset time, again pointing West. Read this strophe metaphorically. Form of escapism!

Fali nam jedna strana, tj jedan dio koji je ovako analiziran : Those guys don't want to go home. Home does not make sense any more after 10 years of war. They do not seem to fit int his world anymore- > form of escapism. They have children, wives at home but they do not care about that anymore. Odyssey cared and because oft hat he came home, but they do not care. They refuse to go home. This stop at the heroic quest will turn the whole heroic quest in totally different direction ( in modernism- modernist quest: HOw to leave home! ).

Robert Browning (1812-1889)

was known as Mrs Browning Husband

He had no public recognition until 1860s. He was admired as wise philosopher (especially by Ezra Pound- an American modernist poet) and religious teacher. Ezra POund said that Browning knew how poetry should be written.

(Many of Browning's poems were about Italian artists)

Ekphrasis (poetry and art can be interchangeable; picture/painting can be verbally described)

My Last Duchess Duke tells his visitor what kind of a woman his Duchess was, he is showing him a picture of her, because she is death. She has a mysterious smile on that picture, she was always smiling. Duke is angry because she smiled at everything and everyone because that smile was reserved only for him because he made duchess out of her/ he married her and so gave her the name Duchess..

The voice oft he speaker ironically distinct feom the poet's.

Aesthetic theory / the commentator reveals his own character(you learn more about the critic and his character than about a painting..)

Porphyria's Lover

Porphyria : Greek word meaning purple.

Porphyry- a word that is often used by poets and means a very beautiful purple stone similar to marble.

In medicine, Acute Intermittent Porphyria is sometimes characterized by mental confusions, hallucinations.

Analysis:

When no voice replied,

She put my arm about her waist he isnt moving, he is like a corpse, she is making him to embrace her.

And made her smooth white shoulder bare,

And all her yellow hair displaced,

And, stooping, made my cheek lie there,

And spread, o'er all, her yellow hair she is trying to make love with him but he does not do anything... in Victorian poetry the yellow long hair was very important!

at last I knew

Porphyria worshiped me: surprise

Made my heart swell, and still it grew

While I debated what to do. he knows that she loves him but he is still thinking what to do..

That moment she was mine, mine, fair,

Perfectly pure and good: I found

A thing to do, and all her hair

In one long yellow string I wound

Three times her little throat around,

And strangled her. he is a possessive lover, he wants her all, so he kills her and now she is only his... The threat is in the hair! Uses her hair to kill her! Uses her strength to kill her! A womans power is represented in her hair and he feels threaten with that power and so he kills her...

(In Victorian era they used metaphors for sex. They did not speak open about that theme, it was a tabu..).

And we sit together now,

And all night long we have not stirred,

And yet God has not said a word! he is a completely mad, insane person! Everythin was perfect and he had a perfect lover and perfect situation and he wanted to keep that like that forever and so he killed his perfect lover in order to make the whole situation/state immortal..

And yet God has not said a word! no moral punishment .

The Pre-Raphaelists

...are: Dante Gabriel Rosetti, John Everett Millas, William Holman Hunt. They were poets and painters. The revival of the simplicity and the pure colors od pre-Renaissance art. Repudiated the established academic style.

Sister Arts different arts were patronized by different muses who were the daughters of Mnemozine (Memory).

The picture of The Blassed Damozel- she looks down from heaven

Again the picture of The Blassed Damozel she is not happy on this picture, an angel with lilies is there..

In the poem The Blessed Damozel we have the mixture of those two pictures!

Analyses:

Ending in heaven is Christian heroic quest.

At the beginning she is behind the bars/ barrows (From the gold bar of heaven), she is leaning, she is looking in a wrong direction, she is looking back- that is not good. Three lilies, seven stars Biblical symbolism in numbers and images. She is dressed in white and that is a symbol od purity but she has long yellow hair which is very dangerous in Victorian poetry. She was supposed to leave her body, emotions, hair behind, but there is still the heat, the warmth, she didnt leave her body... she is supposed to be a blessed soul looking at God, but she has kept her body- that is wrong. The blessed souls are not supposed to cry/weap in heaven! When you are in heaven you have to be happy because you are enjoying the presence of God, but she isnt happy and she isnt enjoying anything...

Walter Pater (1839-1894)

(he was a notorious homosexual)

As schoolboy he read john Ruskins Modern Painters. Pater went to and remained in Oxford.

Aesthetic Movement

An art-centric movement influenced by Walter Pater and his essays.

Origins in Keats and Shelley.

Life has to be lived intensely by following an ideal of beuty.

Art for arts sake (separating the art in aesthetics from the world of ethics, art is supposed to give you pleasure).

There is no connection between art and morality.

Oscar Wilde was Paters student.

The Renaisscance

Rejects Ruskins abstract, universal definition of beauty in art. Beauty is relative. The aim of the students of aesthetics is to define beauty in the most concrete terms.

What is this song or picture, ..........pa sve do.......... How is my nature modified by its presence, and under its influence? if it hasnt got any positive effect on you it is not good. Determines what beauty is about.

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder

The art critics duty : to educate the temperament.

La Gioconda (Leonardos mysterious lady and his masterpiece. Pater describes that painting, ore better to say that woman on the painting and through that description we know more abou him than her).

The best traditions and techniques converge in this Leonardos painting.

Expressive of what in the ways of thousand years men had come to desire.

All the thoughts and experience of the world (.) as a Saint Anne, the mother of Mary (page 1642) men desire for a woman that is a whore and a saint at the same time. A saintly whore , she is a saint and a vampire.

Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)

The Importance of Being Earnest

Oscar Wilde was a Walter Paters student. He was firstly a journalist in Dandy and then a social critic. (He dressed himself very flamboyantly.. He was a poet, wrote novels The Picture of Dorian Gray , playwright).

The Master of Paradox

(One of his paradoxes : art influences the shapes of the nature, and not vice versa)

The Picture of Dorian Gray - > young man painted, while the young man never ages, his picture does. Confusion between aesthetic and real life.

De Profundus (his autobiographies, and one of the best autobiographies, wilde admitted that he confused the life of aesthetics and ethics and he lived by the rules of aesthetics)

(Homosexuallity was not allowed in Victorian age, Wilde was tried because of that, went to prison for 2 years. After those years he went to Paris and died there).

The Importance of Being Earnest (1895)

(great comedy and a satire)

In this work he is mixing ethics and aesthetics.

Algernon and Lane

Lady Bracknell (how undecorous) (she came in the room and saw Jack o his knees, he was proposing Gwendolen, but Lady Bracknell didi not know that, and that didnt look beautiful to her and she said how undecorous).

Romantic Love

Gwendolen and Jack (he says that he fell in love with her when he saw her fore the first time, and she says she fell in love with him before she met him, she fell in love with his name).

Cecily and Algernon she was already engaged with him in her imagination, she wrote in her diary an imaginar romance between them although she never saw him before, she fell in love with his name, and stories about his wickedness)

Witicism and Puns

Lady Bracknells interview

(Question about jacks parents. He lost them both. Lady Bracknell says: To lose one parent is acceptable but to lose both of them is unforgivable. She was pleased because Jack smokes cigarettes)

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