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Thai Music
Chen Jing 49044370303
Yang Shu 49044370326
Liang Ruixin 49044370340
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Music of Thailand
1. The music of Thailand reflects its geographicposition at the intersection of China, India,Indonesia and Cambodia, and reflects traderoutes that have historically included Persia, Africa,Greece and Rome.
2. Thai musical instruments are varied and reflectancient influence from far afield including:
The klong thap and khim (Persian origin)
Thejakhe (Indian origin)
The klong jin (Chinese origin)
The klong kaek(Indonesian origin)
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Though Thailand was never colonized by Westernpowers, pop music and other forms of Europeanand American music have become extremelyinfluential.
The two most popular styles of traditional Thaimusic are
1. Luk thung
2. Mor lam
The latter in particular has close affinities with theMusic of Laos.
Aside from the Thai, ethnic minorities such as theLao, Lawa, Hmong, Akha, Khmer, Lisu, Karen andLahu peoples have retained traditional musicalforms.
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System
1. Classical music 1.1 Piphat
1.2 Khruang Sai
1.3 Mahori
2. Traditional or folk 2.1 Luk thung
2.2 Mor lam
2.3 Kantrum
3. Pop and rock 3.1 Phleng pheua
chiwit 3.2 String
4. Indie
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Classical music
Thai classical music
is synonymous with
those stylized court
ensembles and
repertoires that
emerged in its
present form within
the royal centers of
Central Thailandsome 800 years ago.
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The three primary classical ensembles:
1. the Piphat2. Khruang Sai
3. Mahori
They differ in significant ways, and all share abasic instrumentation and theoretical approach.
Each employ the small ching hand cymbals andthe krap wooden sticks to mark the primary beatreference. Several kinds of small drums (klong)are employed in these ensembles to outline thebasic rhythmic structure (natab) that is
punctuated at the end by the striking of asuspended gong (mong).
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Since the beginning of the modern Bangkokperiod, composers' names have been knownand, since around the turn of the century, many
major composers have recorded their works innotation.
Musicians
1. The composer Luang Pradit Phairau (1881
1954) used localized forms of cipher (number)notation
2. Other composers such as Montri Tramote(19081995) used standard western staffnotation.
3. King Prajatipok (Rama VII, 18831941) andKing Bhumibol Adulyadej (1927), whosecompositions have been more often for jazzbands than classical Thai ensembles.
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1. Piphat
Piphat can be performed in either a loud outdoorstyle using hard mallets or in an indoor styleusing padded hammers.
There are several types of piphat ensemblesranging in size and orchestration, each kind
typically being associated with specificceremonial purposes.
Different versions of the piphat ensemble areemployed to accompany specific forms of
traditional Thai drama such as the large shadowpuppet theater (nang yai) and the khon dancedrama.
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Piphat
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2. Khruang Sai
The Khruang Sai orchestra combines some
of the percussion and wind instruments of the
piphat with an expanded string section
including the so duang (a high-pitched two-string bowed lute), the lower pitched solaw
(bowed lute) and the three-string jhakhe (a
plucked zither).
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Khruang Sai
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3. Mahori
Mahori, traditionally played by women in the courts
of both Central Thailand and Cambodia.
Today the ensemble employs regular sized
instrumentsa combination of instruments from
both the Khruang Sai and Piphat ensembles but
excluding the loud and rather shrill oboe. The
ensemble, which is performed in three sizessmall,
medium and largeincludes the three-string sosam sai fiddle, a delicate-sounding, middle-range
bowed lute with silk strings.
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Mahori
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Traditional or folk
Luk thung
Luk thung, or Thai country music, developed in the
mid-20th century to reflect daily trials and
tribulations of rural Thais. Ponsri Woranut and
Suraphol Sombatcharoen were the genre's first big
stars, incorporating influences from, Asia. Many of
the most popular artists have come from the central
city of Suphanburi, including megastar Pumpuang
Duangjan, who pioneered electronic luk thung.
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Mor lam
Mor lam is the dominant folk music of Thailand'snorth-eastern Isan region, which has a mainlyLao population. It has much in common with lukthung, such as its focus on the life of the ruralpoor. It is characterized by rapid-fire, rhythmicvocals and a funk feel to the percussion. Thelead singer, also called a mor lam, is most oftenaccompanied by the khaen.
There are about fifteen regional variations ofmor lam, plus modern versions such as mor lam
sing. Some conservatives have criticized theseas the commercialization of traditional cultures.
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Kantrum
The people of Isan are also known for kantrum,
which is much less famous than mor lam. Kantrum
is played by Khmer living near the border with
Cambodia. It is a swift and very traditional dance
music. In its purest form, cho-kantrum, singers,percussion and tro (a type of fiddle) dominate the
sound. A more modern form using electric
instrumentation arose in the mid-1980s. Later in the
decade, Darkie became the genre's biggest star,
and he crossed into mainstream markets in the later1990s.
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Pop and rock
By the 1930s, however, Western classical music,showtunes, jazz and tango were popular. Soon, jazzgrew to dominate Thai popular music, and Khru EuaSunthornsanan soon set up the first Thai jazz band.
The music he soon helped to invent along withinfluential band Suntharaporn was called pleng Thaisakorn, which incorporated Thai melodies withWestern classical music. This music continued toevolve into luk grung, a romantic music that was
popular with the upper-class. King Bhumibol is anaccomplished jazz musician and composer.
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Rock
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1. Phleng pheua chiwit
By the 1960s, Western rock was popular and Thai artists began
imitating bands like Cliff Richard & the Shadows; this music wascalled wong shadow, and it soon evolved into a form of Thai popcalled string. Among the groups that emerged from this period wasThe Impossibles. The '70s also saw Rewat Buddhinan beginning touse the Thai language in rock music as well as the rise of protestsongs called phleng pheua chiwit (songs for life).
The earliest phleng pheua chiwit band was called Caravan, and theywere at the forefront of a movement for democracy. In 1976, policeand right wing activists attacked students at Thammasat University;Caravan, along with other bands and activists, fled for the rural hills.There, Caravan continued playing music for local farmers, and wrotesongs that would appear on their later albums.
In the 1980s, phleng pheua chiwit re-entered the mainstream with a
grant of amnesty to dissidents. Bands like Carabao became best-sellers and incorporated sternly nationalistic elements in their lyrics.By the 1990s, phleng pheua chiwit had largely fallen from the top ofthe Thai charts, though artists like Pongsit Kamphee continued tocommand a large audience.
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2. String
String pop took over mainstream listeners inThailand in the 90s, and bubblegum popstars like Tata Young, Bird ThongchaiMcIntyre and Asanee-Wasan became best-sellers. Simultaneously, Britpop influencedalternative rock artists like Modern Dog, Loso,Crub and Proud became popular in late1990s. In 2006, famous Thai rock bands
include Clash, Big Ass, Bodyslam and SillyFools.
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Indie
A group of independent artists and records
which produces music for non-commercial
purpose also found in Thailand: BakeryMusic(now under Sony Music); Smallroom;
FAT radio; City-Blue; Coolvoice; Dudesweet;
Idea-radio and Panda Records.
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Traditional Thai musical
instruments
In the traditional Thai system of organology,they are classified into four categories, by theaction used in playing:
Blowing (Thai: ), (wind instruments) Plucking (Thai: ), (plucked stringinstruments)
Bowing (Thai: ), (bowed string instruments)
Striking (Thai: ), (percussion instrumentsand hammered dulcimer)
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System
1. Wind
1.1 Flutes
1.2 Free-reed
1.3 Oboes
1.4 Horns
2. String
2.1 Bowed
2.2 Plucked
2.3 Struck
3. Percussion 3.1 Drums
3.2 Gong chimes
3.3 Keyboard
3.4 Gongs
3.5 Clappers
3.6 Cymbals
3.7 Shaken bamboo
3.8 Bronze drums
4. Central
5. Northeast
6. North 7. South
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Wind
Flutes
Khlui () - vertical duct flute made ofbamboo, hardwood, or plastic
Khlui lib ( or; treble); not commonlyused Khlui phiang aw (; medium) Khlui u (; bass); not commonly used
Wot () - circular panpipe used in the Isanregion of northeast Thailand
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Flutes
Khlui
Khlui lib
Khlui phiang aw
Khlui u
Wot
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Free-reed
Khaen () - mouth organ used in the Isan(northeastern) region Pi joom (; called pi saw in northern Thailand) -
free reed pipe used in the Lanna (northern) region
Gourd mouth organ - used by the Akha (called lachi),
Lisu (called fulu), and Lahu (called naw) peoples ofthe upland regions of northern Thailand Jew's harp (called jong nong () in central
Thailand and huen () in northeast Thailand) -played primarily among ethnic minorities of northernThailand, as well as by the people of the Isan region
of northeast Thailand
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Khaen
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Oboes
Pi () - quadruple- or double-reed oboe Pi chanai () - possibly derived from the Indian shehnai
Pi chawa () - used to accompany Muay Thai
Pi klang ()
Pi mon () - large double-reed oboe with detachablemetal bell; used for funeral music
Pi nai () - standard leading instrument used in the piphatensemble
Pi nok ()
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Pi chanai
Pi chawa
Pi klangPi mon
Pi nok
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Pi nai
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Horns
Trae () - metal horn
Sang () - conch shell horn; also called traesang ()
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StringBowed
1. Saw duang () - higher two-string fiddle with hardwood body;used in classical music
2. Saw sam sai () - three-string spike fiddle with coconutshell body; used in classical music
3. Saw u () - lower two-string fiddle with a coconut shell body;used in classical music
4. Saw peep (or) or saw krapawng ()- two-stringfiddles with body made from a metal can; used in the Isanregion of northeast Thailand; saw krapawng is smaller
5. Saw bong () - used in the Isan region of northeast Thailand6. Salaw () - three-string spike fiddle used in the Lanna region
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Bowed
1 2
3
6
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Plucked
Grajabpi () - ancient fretted lute Jakhe () - crocodile-shaped fretted floor zither
with three strings Phin () - three-stringed lute used in the Isan region
of northeastern Thailand
Phin pia () - chest-resonated stick zither playedby the Lanna of northern Thailand Seung () - plucked lute from the Lanna region of
northern Thailand Phin hai () or hai song () - a set of
earthenware jars with rubber bands stretched overthe open mouths
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Grajabpi
Jakhe
Phin pia
Seung
Phin hai
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Struck
Khim () - hammered dulcimer
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PercussionDrums
Taphon () or klawng taphon () - sacred barrel drum; playedwith the hands and used in the piphat ensemble
Glong thad () - large drum played with sticks; usually played in apair and used in the piphat ensemble
Rammana () - frame drum; played with the hand Thon () - goblet drum; played with the hand Glong thap - goblet drum used primarily in southern Thai folk music Glong khaek () - barrel drum; played with the hands and generally
played in pairs
Glong songna - barrel drum; played with the hands Glong yao () - long drum; played with the hands Perng mang kok - set of tuned drums used in the piphat Mon
Glong seng, Glong jing, or Glong tae - large drum played with sticks;
generally played in pairs and used in competition in the Isan region ofnortheast Thailand, particularly by the Phu Thai people
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Taphon Glong thad
Rammana
Thon
Glong khaek
Glong yao
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Gong chimes
Khong wong lek () - higher gong circle; comprisesmany small tuned bossed gongs mounted in a rattanframe
Khong wong yai ()- lower gong circle; comprisesmany small tuned bossed gongs mounted in a rattan
frame Khong mon () - set of many small tuned bossed
gongs arranged in vertical curved frame; usuallyprimarily in funeral music
Khong rang () - set of eight tuned gongs suspended
horizontally in a straight frame; similar to the southernPhilippine kulintang; rare
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Khong wong lekKhong wong yai
Khong mon Khong rang
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Keyboard
Ranad () - trough-resonated keyboardpercussion instrument; generally played with twomallets and used in Thai classical and theater music Ranad ek () - higher xylophone, with bars usually
made of hardwood
Ranad thum () - lower xylophone, with bamboo orhardwood bars
Ranad ek lek () - higher metallophone Ranad thum lek () - lower metallophone Ranad kaeo () - crystallophone; very rare
Bong lang () - pentatonic log xylophone used inthe Isan region
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ranart-ek
Ranad
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Gongs
Khong chai (), also called khong hui () or khong mui () - huge hanging bossed gong used for indicating time
Khong mong () or mong () - medium-sized hangingbossed gong used in Thai ensembles
Khong meng () or khong kratae () - small bossedgong used as a signaling device and in traditional parades with
klawng yao Khong rao () - three bossed gongs (small, medium, and
large) suspended vertically in a wooden frame; rare Khong khu () - pair of small bossed gongs suspended
horizontally in a wooden box; used in theater music and music ofsouthern Thailand
Wong khong chai () - set of seven large bossed gongs
suspended vertically in a circular frame; rare
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Gongs
Khong meng
Khong rao
Khong khu
Wong khong chai
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Clappers
Krab () - clapper Krab phuong () - bundle of hardwood and
brass slats, tied together at one end
Krab sepha () - pair of bamboo or hardwoodsticks
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Cymbals
Ching () - pair of small, thick cymbals joinedby a cord; used to mark time
Chab () - pair of flat cymbals joined by acord
Chab lek () - smaller
Chab yai () - larger
ChingChab
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Shaken bamboo
Angkalung () - set of tuned bambootubes mounted in a frame and shaken;
generally played by a group. comes from
Indonesia.
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Bronze drums
Mahorathk () - bronze drum; datesback to the Dong Son culture of antiquity and
today very rare
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CentralSaw sam sai
The saw sam sai (Thai: ; also spelled sawsamsai, and occasionally called simply sam sai;literally "three stringed fiddle") is a traditional bowedstring instrument of Thailand. Its body is made froma special type of coconut covered on one end withanimal skin, and it has three silk strings. Typically,the player glues a jewel onto the skin before playing,to reduce the skin's resonance.photo
The saw sam sai is in the saw family of Thai fiddles,which also includes the saw u and saw duang.
It is the hardest to play among the 4 types of ThaiSaw: Saw U, Saw Duang, and Sa Lor. This isbecause the bow is not attached, and one must"break" their wrist back and forth to change strings-not tilting the bow. Because of this, it is frequentlyused as a prop in pictures to show knowledge or ahigh social status.
It is related to a very similar Cambodian instrumentcalled tro Khmer.
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Central
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Saw duang
The saw duang (Thai:
) is a bowed string
instrument used in Thai
music. It has ahardwood soundbox
covered on the playing
end with python skin. It
is held vertically and
has two silk strings thatare played with a bow.
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Saw u
The saw u (Thai: ; alsospelled saw ou) is a Thaibowed string instrument.It hasa lower pitch than the sawduang. Its soundbox is madefrom a coconut shell that iscovered on the front end bycowskin. It is held vertically
and has two silk strings thatare played with a bow whosehair passes between thestrings.
The saw u is similar to theCambodian tro u and theChinese yehu, although the
latter instrument has a woodenrather than skin face.
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Jakhe
The jakhe (Thai: , deriving from the word jorakhe, ,meaning "crocodile") is a plucked zither used in Thai music. It ismade of wood in a stylized crocodile shape and is approximately20 cm high and 140 cm long. Its highest two strings are made of
silk yarn or nylon and lowest is made of brass. It has raised fretsmade of bamboo, which are affixed to the fretboard with wax orglue.
The player uses his or her left hand on the fretboard whileplucking the string by his right hand with a tapered plectrummade from ivory or water buffalo horn, which is tied to theplayer's index finger. The instrument has a buzzing sound due tothe fact that the strings are raised just off the flat bridge by asliver of bamboo or other thin material such as plastic.
The jakhe is similar to the Cambodian krapeu (takhe), theBurmese mi gyaung. and the Mon kyam.
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Khlui
The khlui () is a vertical duct
flute from Thailand. It is generallymade of bamboo, thoughinstruments are also made fromhardwood or plastic. The khlui isvery similar to the Cambodiankhloy, though there are
differences in tuning between thetwo instruments.
It comes in three sizes: khlui lib(; small), khlui phiang aw(; medium), and khlui u (; large).
The khlui once had a buzzingmembrane similar to the Chinesedi mo, but this is not used today.
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Ranat ek
The ranad ek (Thai: )alto xylophone is a Thai xylophone. It has 21 or22 wooden bars suspended by cords over a boat-shaped trough resonator,and is played with two mallets. It is used as a leading instrument in thepiphat ensemble.
The Ranat ek is played by two types of mallets. The hard mallets create thesharp bright sound when they keys are hit.The hard mallets are used formore faster playing. The soft mallets create a mellow and more softer tonewhich is used for slower songs.
Ranat ek bars are typically made from rosewood (Dalbergia oliveri; Thai: ; mai ching chan), although in rare instances instruments with bamboobars can be found.
Some ranat ek players are able to play two instruments at the same time,placed at right angles to each other.
The ranat ek is very similar to a Cambodian xylophone called roneat ek.
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Khong wong yai
The khong wong yai (Thai:) is a gong circleused in the music ofThailand. It has 16 tunedbossed gongs in a rattan
frame and is played withtwo beaters. It is used inthe piphat ensemble toprovide the skeletalmelody the other
instruments of theensemble elaborate.
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Khong wong lek
The khong wong lek (Thai:) is a gong circleused in Thai classicalmusic. It has 18 tunedbossed gongs, and issmaller and higher in pitch
than the khong wong yai.Both instruments areplayed in the same manner,the khong wong lek plays afaster and more ornatevariation on the principal
melody, with less use oftwo-note chords.
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Thon rammana
The thon rammana (Thai: ) are hand drums played asa pair in Central Thai classicalmusic and Cambodian classicalmusic. It consists of two drums:the thon (a goblet drum with aceramic or wooden body) andthe rammana, a small framedrum. They are used usually inthe khruang sai ensemble. Thethon gives a low pitch and therammana gives a high pitch.
Earlier in the 20th century, the
thon and rammana weresometimes played separately.
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Glong khaek
Glong khaek (Thai: ) is a type ofdouble-headed barrel drum used in Thai
music. The instrument's name comes from
glong (meaning "drum") and khaek(meaning "Indian" or "Malay"). There aretwo types of glong khaek: glong khaektua phu (which is considered to be male)(Thai: ) and glong khaek tuamia (female) (Thai: ). They arealways played in a pair, usually by twoplayers, although if two players are notavailable a single player may play bothdrums. The two drums fit their beatstogether in hocket, or interlocking form.
Both drumheads are played with thehands, like the glong songna. The glongkhaek tua phu has a higher pitch andthe glong khaek tua mia has a lowerpitch.
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Glong songna
Glong songna (Thai: ) is aThai barrel drum. Songna means
"two faces," and the drum has two
heads that are played with the hands.
It is used primarily in the piphat
ensemble.
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Northeast
Huen - This drum is shaped like a drum that is used in thepuangmangkog set. It is always played with a piphat ensemble.
Khaen - mouth organ
Wot - a circular panpipe made of 6-9 various lengths of smallbamboo pipes (mai-ruak or mai-hia, mai-ku-khan)
Phin - a fretted, plucked lute
Pong lang - log xylophone played by two players with hard stick. Itsshape is like a xylophone consisting of 15 wooden bars stringed
together Jakhe (Kabue) - one of the important instruments in the mahori
khamen ensemble. It has three strings
Grajabpi - The krachappi is a plucked stringed instrument. Its turtleshape sound box is made of jackfruit wood
Saw kantrum - a bowed string instrument with a wooden soundbox,the head of which is covered with snakeskin.
Glong kantrum - a single-headed drum Pi salai - a double-reed oboe accompanied with kantrum ensemble
Krab khoo - Krab khoo: A pair of hard wooden bars two pairs madea set, played with both hands as percussion in "Kantrum ensemble".
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North
Salaw - a bowed fiddle with three strings and a free bow. The resonator
is made of coconut shell cut off on one side. Sueng - is a plucked string instrument, made of teak or hardwood. A
round sound hole is cut on the top soundboard.
Khlui - The same as the Central Thai khlui.
Pi joom (called pi saw in northern Thailand) - a free reed pipe made ofbamboo, with a single metal reed
Pi nae - a double reed oboe that resembles the saranai or chani but
larger in size; it is made of wood and usually accompanies the largegong.
Phin pia - or sometimes simply called "pia" or "phia". The body is madefrom a coconut shell.
Glong teng thing - Klong Teng-thing is a two faced tabular drum andused as one of percussive instrument.
Ta lod pod - or Ma-lod-pod is a two-faced tubular drum of 100centimeters long.
Glong ting nong - The biggest and longest drum with onc face made ofhide about 3-4 metres long.
Glong sa bad chai - The most famous drum in northern, hanging on thedouble wooden bars carried by men
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South Thap - The goblet-shaped drum used for providing the changes
of rhythm and also for supporting rhythm of the Nora (Southerndance drama).
Glong nora - Klong nora or Klong nang: a barrel-shaped drumused to accompany the Nora dance or the Nang talung (Shadowpuppet) performance
Mong ching - Mong and Ching: two important percussion
instruments used fo accompanying the Nora dance (dancedrama) and the Nang talung (shadow puppet) performance.
Khong khu - pair of small bossed gongs suspended horizontallyin a wooden box; used in theater music and music of southernThailand
Pi - a quadruple-reed oboe type with six finger holes producing at
least three octaves of pitches range. Trae rapoung - Trae phuang or Krab phung: a percussion used
to provide rhythmic punctuation of the Nora ensemble
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Thanks for Your Attention