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Testing Machines and Systemsfor textile materials
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List of Contents
The Zwick Roell AG .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Textile materials application range and characteristic features ............................................................................... 3 Standards and testing machines .......................................................................................................................... 5 Materials testing machines - Examples of applications .................................................................................................................................. 14 - Variants ............................................................................................................................................................ 18 - Loadframes...................................................................................................................................................... 20 - Drive systems .................................................................................................................................................. 21 - Load cells ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 - Testing software testXpert® .............................................................................................................................. 22 - Specimen grips ................................................................................................................................................ 25 - Extensometers ................................................................................................................................................. 28 - Testing in hot and cool conditions .................................................................................................................... 31 Special testing machines and systems ............................................................................................................... 33 Modernization .................................................................................................................................................... 33 Services ............................................................................................................................................................. 35 Addresses .......................................................................................................................................................... 36
The Zwick Roell AG – Morethan a century of experiencein materials testing
Mechanical-technological testing isthe oldest discipline of materialstesting. As early as in the 15th and16th century, Leonardo da Vinci andGalileo Galilei were already consi-dering the flexural stressing and theelastic behaviour of materials. In thecourse of time further knowledgewas obtained. In the middle of the18th century the first testing mach-ines finally appeared in France.
Since the middle of the 19th centurythe company Amsler (formerly inSchaffhausen, Switzerland) hasbeen involved in materials testingand the company Roell & Korthaussince 1920. Since 1937 Zwick hasbeen building devices, machinesand systems for mechanical-technological materials testing.Long before that time, i.e. in 1876,Prof. Seger had already founded achemical laboratory as a scientific-technological consulting companyfor the industry of nonmetallicminerals. During the 20th century,the present company Toni Technikhas developed from these funda-
mentals and is now considered aleading expert for test systems forbuilding materials. Excellent perfor-mances were also supplied by thecompany MFL (Mohr & Federhaff) –a company that was founded in1870. By the way, Carl Benz wasone of the employees.
Since 1992, these companies haveformed the Zwick/Roell companygroup. In the next two years tofollow, the companies Dartec,Rosand, Kelsey and Indentec inGreat Britain joined the group.
Haedquarders of Zwick Roell AG and Zwick GmbH & Co. at Ulm, Germany
Photos front cover: Pyramid type roof: HOCHTIEF · Heat protection: Tempex GmbH · Airbag: Volkswagen AG
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In July 2001, the Zwick Roellcompany group was converted intoa stock corporation: the ZwickRoell AG. Part of this stock corpo-ration are the companies Zwick,Roell Amsler, Toni Technik, IndentecLtd. and Acmel Labo. Thesecompanies supply an extensiveprogram for materials, component,and functional tests - from themanually operated hardness testerup to a complex test system for theprocess-accompanying application.
Zwick has many years of experi-ence, combined with a multitude ofsupplied systems. This experienceis continuously supplemented bythe constant communication withthe users. On this solid basis, thecompany supplies a wide range ofhigh-performance products – fromthe economical standard machineup to special versions and designsfor special test jobs. Modernmechanics, high-performanceelectronics and the application-oriented software are the prere-quisite for the versatility and thehigh “intelligence” of these moderntesting machines and systems.
However, the services of the ZwickRoell AG go far beyond the supplyof products. Already in 1994 thecompany received the certificationaccording to DIN EN ISO 9001 andthus guarantees a consistently highproduct and service quality. Withaccredited DKD1)- resp. UKAS2)-calibration laboratories, thecompanies of the Zwick Roell AGare in addition entitled to verify andto calibrate test systems and todocument that with internationallyrecognized certificates.
This catalogue provides an overviewof devices, machines, and systemsof the Zwick Roell AG for the use inthe textile industry and in thecorresponding research and testinstitutes and training centers. This
is only a part of the extensive overallprogram of the Zwick Roell AG.
1) DKD: Deutscher Kalibrier-Dienst (German Calibration Service)2) UKAS: United Kingdom Accreditation Service
Modern textiles, however, are high-tech products that do not have verymuch in common any more withthese basic functions. In specificmaterial compositions they offerqualities we did not dare dreamingof a few decades ago. Here are afew examples: As garments theycan be waterproof, impermeableand breathable at the same time,they can have warmth-giving- andwarmth-regulating and recoveringqualities (so that e.g. a crease staysunharmed even after washing anddry-cleaning) or they can havetearproof qualities. As safetyclothing they protect the weareragainst heat and flames, dangeroustools as for example chain sawsand even against shots from smallarms. In conveyor belts and tiresthey are used as reinforcement. Asclimbing ropes they are light andhave high strength, at the sametime they are elastic to control the
Cloth test, stone relief from Hirzweiler, 2nd/3rd century AD, Trier, Rheinisches Landesmuseum(museum at Trier, Germany)
Textile materials applicationrange and characteristicfeatures
Textiles have been accompanyingman since thousands of years.Already in 5000 B.C. cloths werewoven in Egypt. For this purposethe people used natural rawmaterials such as cotton, flax fibres,animal hair and silk threads. Thepeople used them as garments andas protection from the cold. Astextiles for the home, they madeliving and work rooms look nicer.can be waterproof, impermeable
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Modern materials testing machine for the testing of textile materials
energy of fall. In form of safety beltsthey should only show a permanentdeformation to avoid injuriescaused by an elastic resilience. Forkites, paragliders, and parachutesthey must have a minimum weightand they must at the same time beextremely light and wind-tight. Forship ropes, the light and water-repellent, floatable version isrequired.
An example of the variety of diffe-rent requirements are geotextileswhich are used for many jobs inroad and railway construction aswell as for bank stabilization andcoastal fortifications. Essentialfunctions here consist of• the separation of different
material layers as e.g. sandand gravels
• the taking up of forces thatcannot be transmitted to otherelements
• the filtration and drainagewhenever those geotextiles areused instead of mineral filters
As different as the fields of appli-cation are also the demands on thelong-term behavior of textiles. If theyare for example used for permanentwear they must be unrottable andwithout nutritional value for insects,rodents etc. If it is however only aquestion of a temporarily limited soilstabilization for cultivation, theyshould have a longer rotting time assoon as the roots of the plants havetaken over the stabilization job.
According to the application inquestion, textiles must have specificproperties. Part of this are theirresistance to different materials,radiations, temperature influences,and other environmental conditionsas well as their mechanical resis-tance. The multitude of applications
and the high demands on thesetextiles require – particularly in thefield of research and development –sophisticated testing possibilities.With a large range of testingmachines, modern test softwareand a large range of accessoriesthe Zwick/Roell Group offers avariety of possibilities for a specific,high-precision testing of thesegeotextiles with exactly reproducibleresults.
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Contents Test standard Test means/Test device Page1 General basics
Test devices: Construction, test device’s test, accuracies, environmental requirementsTensile, compression, flexure test machines ISO 7500-1, ISO 379, ASTM
D 76, ASTM E 4, EN 10002-4,ISO 9283, DIN 51220
Normal climate for conditioning and testing ISO 139, EN 20139,ASTM D 1776, EN ISO 2231
Sampling and preparationFibers, yarns and textile fabrics EN 12751yarns ASTM D 2258
2 Textile physical test methods for fibers and filamentsFiber lengthSingle fiber measurement method DIN 53808-1, ISO 6989, Auxiliary means to test standards
ASTM D 5103Cotton, comb staple method, DIN 53806 comb sorterCotton, gauge length and uniformity factor DIN 53944 Auxiliary means to test standardsWool, comb staple method, ISO 920, ASTM D 519 comb sorterFiber resp. filament fineness and diameterFiber fineness EN ISO 1973, ASTM D 1577 Fiber fineness measurement deviceMono-filament fineness EN 13392 Yarn reel or scaleFiber diameter in micro-projection DIN 53811 Microscope with scaleFiber or filament strengthSpun fibers, tensile tests EN ISO 5079, ASTM D 3822 Fiber strength test deviceSpun fibers, loop tensile test DIN 53843-2, ASTM D 3217 Fiber strength test deviceCotton fibers, bundle strength ISO 3060, ASTM D 1445 Bundle strength testerWool fiber bundle, tensile test at a ASTM D 1294 Bundle strength tester
grip to grip separation of 1 inch (25,4 mm)Wool fiber bundle, tensile test at a grip to grip ASTM D 2524 Bundle strength tester
separation of 1/8th of an inch (3,2 mm)Monofilament, tensile test EN 13895 Materials testing machine 18Shrink behaviourMonofilament, warm shrink behaviour EN 13844 Heat shrink chamberCommercial massBast fibers and hard fibers DIN 53826 Auxiliary means to test standards
Standards and Testing machines
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Contents Test standard Test means/Test device Page3 Textile physical test methods for fiber tapes and threadsNon-uniformityCapacitive measurement method DIN 53817-2 Uster TesterFiber fineness and massYarns, short length method DIN 53830-3, ISO 7211-5, Auxiliary means to test standards
ASTM D 1059Yarns, skein method EN ISO 2060 Yarn reelElasto-yarn, short length method DIN 53830-4 Auxiliary means to test standardsCotton yarn, commercial mass and fineness DIN 53824 Auxiliary means to test standardsWorsted yarn, commercial mass and fineness DIN 53823 Auxiliary means to test standardsBast and hard fiber yarns, commercial mass and DIN 53825 Auxiliary means to test standards
finenessFiber twistYarn, direct count method EN ISO 2061, ISO 7211-4, Yarn twist tester
ASTM D 1423Yarns, untwist-retwist method ISO/DIS 17202, Yarn twist tester
ASTM D 1422Fiber strengthYarn, tensile strength EN ISO 2062, ASTM 2256 Materials testing machine 18Yarns and threads, tensile tests in DIN 53834-2 Materials testing machine 18
oven dried stateYarn strands, tensile tests ISO 6939, ASTM D 1578 Materials testing machine 18Yarns and threads, knot tensile test DIN 53842-1 Materials testing machine 18Yarns, loop tensile tests DIN 53843-1 Materials testing machine 18Tensile elastic behaviourYarns and threads from elasto-fibers, multiple DIN 53835-2 Materials testing machine 18
tensile loading between constant strain limitsYarns and threads, once-off tensile loading DIN 53835-3 Materials testing machine 18
between constant strain limitsYarns and threads, once-off tensile loading DIN 53835-4 Materials testing machine 18
between constant force limitsElastomer fibers, remaining deformation ASTM D 3106 Materials testing machine 18CrimpTextured filament yarns up to 500 dtex DIN 53840-1 Reel, heating chamber
Extension measurement deviceTextured filament yarns above 500 dtex DIN 53840-2 Reel, heating chamber
Extension measurement deviceShrink behaviourSingle and plied yarns, shrink behaviour in water DIN 53866-2 Auxiliary means to test standardsYarns and threads, shrink behaviour in hot air DIN 53866-3 Auxiliary means to test standardsSingle and plied yarns, shrink behaviour in steam DIN 53866-4 Auxiliary means to test standardsYarns and threads, shrink behaviour in DIN 53866-12 Auxiliary means to test standards
gaseous and liquid mediumsYarns, shrink behaviour in boiling water, ASTM D 2259 Auxiliary means to test standards
steam or under dry heatFiber frictionYarn, friction of yarn to solid material ASTM D 3108 Auxiliary means to test standardsYarn, friction yarn to yarn ASTM D 3412 Auxiliary means to test standards
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Contents Test standard Test means/Test device Page4 Textile physical test methods for textile fabricsConstruction characteristics (mass proportion, fiber length ratios, fiber density)Fabric, mass proportion of warp and weft DIN 53856, ISO 7211-6 Auxiliary means to test standardsFabric, fiber density EN 1049-2, ISO 7211-2, Auxiliary means to test standards
ASTM D 3775Fabrics and knitted fabrics, yarn length ratios DIN 53852 Auxiliary means to test standardsKnitted fabrics, number of meshes DIN 53883 Auxiliary means to test standardsArea mass, width and lengthFabric, area mass ASTM D 3776 Auxiliary means to test standardsTextile fabrics (excepting non-wovens) ISO 3801, EN 12127 Auxiliary means to test standards
area massNon-wovens, area mass EN 29073-1, ISO 9073-1 Auxiliary means to test standardsTextile fabrics, width and length EN 1773 Auxiliary means to test standardsThickness and compressibilityTextile fabrics (excepting non-wovens), thickness EN ISO 5084 Thickness gaugeNon-wovens, thickness EN ISO 9073-2 Thickness gaugeNon-wovens, thickness ASTM D 1777 Thickness gaugeHighloft non-wovens, thickness ASTM D 5736Textile fabrics, compressibility DIN 53885 Thickness gaugeStrip testsTextile fabrics (excepting non-wovens) EN ISO 13934-1 Materials testing machine 18
strip testsNon-wovens, strip tensile tests EN 29073-3, ISO 9073-3 Materials testing machine 18Textile fabrics, grab tensile test EN ISO 13934-2 Materials testing machine 18Textile fabrics, strip tensile tests and ASTM D 1682, M&S P11 Materials testing machine 18
grab tensile test, normal climateTextile fabrics, wet strip tensile tests ASTM D 5035 Materials testing machine 18Textile fabrics, wet grab tensile test ASTM D 5034 Materials testing machine 18Textile fabrics, strip tensile tests on seams EN ISO 13935-1 Materials testing machine 18Textile fabrics, grab tensile tests on seams EN ISO 13935-2 Materials testing machine 18Burst testHydraulic method EN ISO 13938-1 Burst pressure testerPneumatic method EN ISO 13938-2 Burst pressure testerPermeabilityTextile fabrics EN ISO 9237 Permeability testerAbrasion and pilling test methodPill behaviour, pilling test box EN ISO 12945-1 ICI Pilling boxPill behaviour, Martindale method EN ISO 12945-2 Martindale abrasion testerPill behaviour, random-tumble method DIN 53867 Random-Tumble pilling testerAbrasive strength, Martindale method, EN ISO 12947-2 Martindale abrasion tester
specimen destructionAbrasive strength, Martindale method, EN ISO 12947-3 Martindale abrasion tester
mass loss
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Contents Test standard Test means/Test device PageAbrasive strength, Martindale method, EN ISO 12947-4 Martindale abrasion tester
surface changesAbrasive strength, rotary abrasion test DIN 53863-2 Schopper or Frank-Hauser
abrasion testerKnitted footwear, abrasive resistance EN 13770 Martindale abrasion testerDisplacement strengthFabric, displacement resistance DIN 53934 Materials testing machine 18Displacement resistance of yarns in fabrics, EN ISO 13936-1 Materials testing machine 18
method with a fixed seam openingDisplacement resistance of yarns in fabrics, EN ISO 13936-2 Materials testing machine 18
method with set forceSeam slippage resistance DIN 53868 Materials testing machine 18Seam slippage strength ASTM D 434, M&S P12 Materials testing machine 18Tear growth and stitch tear out behaviourTextile fabrics, Elmendorf tear growth test EN ISO 13937-1, Elmendorf tester
ASTM D 1424Non-wovens, Elmendorf tear growth test ASTM D 5734 Elmendorf testerTextile fabrics, leg tear growth test EN ISO 13937-2, Materials testing machine 18
ASTM D 2261Non-wovens, leg tear growth tests DIN 53859-4 Materials testing machine 18Textile fabrics, wing tear growth tests EN ISO 13937-3 Materials testing machine 18Textile fabrics, tongue tear growth tests EN ISO 13937-4 Materials testing machine 18Non-wovens, tongue tear growth tests ASTM D 5735 Materials testing machine 18Textile fabrics (excepting non-wovens) DIN 53859-5, ASTM D 5587 Materials testing machine 18
trapezoidal tear growth testNon-wovens, trapeze tear growth tests EN ISO 9073-4, Materials testing machine 18
ASTM D 5733Tensile, elastic behaviourTextile fabrics (excepting knitted fabrics), once-off DIN 53835-13 Materials testing machine 18
loading between constants strain limitsKnitted fabrics, once-off loading between DIN 53835-14 Materials testing machine 18
two force limitsElastic fabric, tensile stress and strain ASTM D 4964 Materials testing machine 18Elastic fabrics, -tapes, tensibility and modul Marks & Spencer, P14 Materials testing machine 18Stretch ware, elongation, modul and Marks & Spencer, P15 Materials testing machine 18
remaining elongationSpecial seam testsFabrics, failure of seams ASTM D 1683 Materials testing machine 18Stiffness and crease recoveryTextile fabrics (excepting non-wovens) DIN 53362 Cantilever tester
flexural strength, cantilever methodNon-wovens, flexural strength, cantilever method EN ISO 9073-7 Cantilever testerFlexural strength, Schlenker method DIN 53364 Schlenker flexural stiffness
testerFabrics, crease recovery capability of air dried EN 22313, ISO 2313 Auxiliary means to test standards
specimen with horizontal crease edges andhanging free leg
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Contents Test standard Test means/Test device PageTextile fabrics, crease recovery capability DIN 53891-2 Auxiliary means to test standards
on wet specimen with vertical crease edgeAdhesion testsDelamination of fusible interlinings from upper fabrics DIN 54310 Materials testing machine 18Textile-Elastomer bondings, adhesion ISO 36 Materials testing machine 18Adhesion tests on bonded fabric plies ASTM D 413 Materials testing machine 18Other special test methods for fabrics and knitted fabricsBulging tendency, elbow test DIN 53860-1 Auxiliary means to test standardsKnitted fabrics, capability of being sewn DIN 53882 Sewing machinesFabrics, change in tensile force by DIN 54283 Materials testing system
retained chlorineOther special test methods for non-wovensStandard test methods ASTM D 1117 Materials testing machine a. o. 18Non-wovens for medicinal compresses EN 1644-1 Materials testing machine a. o. 18Drape coefficient EN ISO 9073-9 Materials testing machine 18Fiber migration DIN 53865 Materials testing machine 18Needle tearing out force DIN 54301 Materials testing machine 18Compression elastic behaviour DIN 54305 Materials testing machine 185 Textile physical test method for special product groups, inclusive of textile related productsFurniture materialsMinimum requirements and tests DIN V 61010 Materials testing machine a. o. 18Floor coveringsPile carpets, mass of pile per unit area, DIN 54325 Auxiliary means to test standards
thickness and densityFloor coverings, thickness DIN 53855-3 Thickness gaugeTextile floor coverings, wear DIN 54323-1 Test drumTextile floor coverings, penetration behaviour DIN 54316 Thickness gaugeTextile floor coverings, change in appearance DIN 54328 Auxiliary means to test standardsReinforcement textilesHigh modulus fibers, tensile tests ASTM D 3379 Materials testing machine 18Para-aramid filament yarns EN 12562 Materials testing machine 18Para-aramid fiber filament yarns EN 13003-2 Materials testing machine 18Carbon filament yarns EN 13002-2 Materials testing machine 18Carbon fiber yarns, tensile behaviour of EN ISO 10618 Materials testing machine 18
a resin impregnated yarnCarbon and graphite yarns, ropes, ASTM D 4018 Materials testing machine 18
rovings and cable, tensile testReinforcement yarns for plastics, tensile test DIN 65382 Materials testing machine 18Reinforcement yarns, fineness EN ISO 1889 Materials testing machine 18Reinforcement yarns, rotation EN ISO 1890 Yarn twist testerTyre cord, tyre cord fabric and technical ASTM D 885 Materials testing machine 18
filament yarnsyarns and fabrics for support structures ASTM D 5446 Materials testing machine 18
of inflatable objectsMats and fabrics, area mass ISO 3374 Auxiliary means to test standards
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Contents Test standard Test means/Test device PageTextile glass productsTextile glass yarns EN 12654-2 Standard requirementsTextile glass yarns, cut EN 12971-2 Standard requirementsTextile glass yarns, tensile test ISO 3341 Materials testing machine 18Glass threads, yarn and rovings for ASTM D 2343 Materials testing machine 18
reinforced plastics, tensile testTextile glass rovings EN 14020-2 Materials testing machine 18Textile glass rovings, manufacture of test pieces EN ISO 9163 Materials testing machine 18
and tensile tests on impregnated rovingsTextile glass fabric, thickness ISO 4603 Auxiliary means to test standardsTextile glass mats, thickness and recovery capability ISO 3616 Auxiliary means to test standardsTextile glass fabric, tensile test ISO 4606 Materials testing machine 18Textile glass mats, tensile test ISO 3342 Materials testing machine 18Coated textilesStandard test methods ASTM D 751 Materials testing machine a. o. 18Coated and laminated fabrics for ASTM D 4851 Materials testing machine 18
use in roofing systemsBonded, fused and laminated apparel materials ASTM D 2724 Materials testing machine 18Flexural strength, cantilever method DIN 53362 Cantilever testerTensile test EN ISO 1421 Materials testing machine 18Elmendorf tear growth tests EN ISO 4674-2 Elmendorf testerTrapezoid tear growth test EN 1875-3 Materials testing machine 18Tongue and leg tear growth tests EN ISO 4674-1 Materials testing machine 18Tongue tear growth test DIN 53356 Materials testing machine 18Block resistance EN 25978, ISO 5978 Auxiliary means to test standardsAdhesive strength of coatings EN ISO 2411 Materials testing machine 18Adhesion capability between rubber and fabrics ISO 4637 Materials testing machine 18Burst test, steel bal and hydraulic method ISO 3303 Materials testing machine (Meth. A) 18Burst test, steel ball method DIN EN 12332-1 Burst pressure testerBurst test, hydraulic method DIN EN 12332-2 Burst pressure testerFlexure tests at low temperatures ISO 4675, ASTM D 2136 Auxiliary means to test standardsGeo-plasticsGeo-textiles, sampling EN 963, ISO 9862,
ASTM D 4354Geo-textiles, area mass EN 965, ISO 9864, Auxiliary means to test standards
ASTM D 5261Geo-textiles, thickness, single layers EN 964-1, ISO 9863 Thickness gaugeGeo-textiles, layer thickness of multi-layer products EN ISO 9863-2 Thickness gaugeGeo-textiles, tensile tests on wide strips EN ISO 10319, ASTM D 4595 Materials testing machine 18Geo-textiles, tensile tests ASTM D 4632 Materials testing machine 18Geo-textiles, tensile tests on joinings/seams EN ISO 10321, ASTM D 4884 Materials testing machine 18Geo-textiles, geo-cells, connection point strength EN ISO 13426-1 Materials testing machine 18Geo-textiles, die penetration test EN ISO 12236 Materials testing machine 18Geo-textiles, tensile creep EN ISO 13431, ASTM D 5262 Creep testerGeo-textiles, compression creep ENV 1897, prEN 1897 Creep tester
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Contents Test standard Test means/Test device PageGeo-textiles, tear growth test, trapeze method ASTM D 4533 Materials testing machine 18Geo-textiles, pyramid drop test DIN V 60500-1 Pyramid drop testerGeo-textiles, cone drop test EN 918, ISO/DIS 13433 Cone drop testerGeo-textiles, abrasion behaviour EN ISO 13427 Abrasion testerGeo-synthetic sealing sheets, tensile tests ASTM D 4885 Materials testing machine 18
on wide stripsGeo-synthetic sealing sheets, tensile tests ASTM D 5397 Materials testing machine 18
on notched specimenGeo-synthetic sealing sheets, pyramid ASTM D 5494 Materials testing machine 18
penetration resistanceGeo-plastics, burst test EN 14151 Burst pressure testerGeo-plastics, puncture resistance ASTM D 4833 Materials testing machine 18Tapes, belting, ropes, cordageNarrow elastic fabrics, static load testing ASTM D 5278 Materials testing machine 18Flat woven lifting tapes of man-made fibers EN 1492-1 Materials testing machine 18Woven tapes of textile glass and DIN EN 61067-2 Materials testing machine 18
polyester filamentsTextile conveyor belts, tensile test ISO 283-1 Materials testing machine 18Textile conveyor belts, adhesion between the EN ISO 252-1 Materials testing machine 18
layersMountaineering equipment, tape EN 565 Materials testing machine 18Mountaineering equipment, climbing belt EN 12277 Materials testing machine 18Mountaineering equipment, rope EN 564 Materials testing machine 18Mountaineering equipment, slings EN 566 Materials testing machine 18Mountaineering equipment, dynamic climbing ropes EN 892 Materials testing machine 18Safety belt and safety line for EN 1095 Materials testing machine
use with sport boatsEquipment for paragliding, belt fixtures EN 1651 Materials testing machine 18Fiber ropes EN 919, ASTM D 4268 Materials testing machine 18Fiber ropes, manila and sisal EN 698 Materials testing machine 18Fiber ropes, hemp EN 1261 Materials testing machine 18Fiber ropes, polyamid EN 696 Materials testing machine 18Fiber ropes, polyester EN 697 Materials testing machine 18Fiber ropes, polypropylene EN 699 Materials testing machine 18Fiber ropes, polyethylene EN 700 Materials testing machine 18Fiber ropes, splices DIN 83319 Materials testing machine 18Round and spirally braided man-made fiber ropes DIN 83307 Materials testing machine 18Polypropylene fiber ropes of yarn to DIN 83329 Materials testing machine 18
bast fiber spinning methodAgricultural twinesSisal agricultural twine EN ISO 5080 Materials testing machine 18Polyolefin agricultural twine EN 906 Materials testing machine 18Sisal binding twine EN 12422 Materials testing machine 18Polypropylene binding twine EN 12423 Materials testing machine 18Net threads and netsNet yarns, tensile tests DIN 53842-2, ISO 1805 Materials testing machine 18Net yarns, strain behaviour DIN 53846, ISO 3790 Materials testing machine 18
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Contents Test standard Test means/Test device PageNet yarns, extension after immersion DIN 53845, ISO 3090 Materials testing machine
in waterFishing nets, tensile tests on net meshes DIN 53844, ISO 1806 Materials testing machineFishing nets, tensile tests on floater lines with DIN 53847 Materials testing machine
woven floatersSafety nets EN 1263-1 Materials testing machine 18Air-freight equipment, air-freight palette nets ISO 4170 Materials testing machine 18Aircraft equipment, air cargo load devices ISO 8097 Materials testing machine 18Thermal insulating materialsThermal insulating material for the building trade, EN 826, ASTM C 165 Materials testing machine 18
compressive loadingThermal insulating material for the building trade, EN 1605 Materials testing machine 18
deformation at compression andtemperature loading
Thermal insulating material for the building trade, EN 1606 Creep testerlong-term creep behaviour at compression loading
Thermal insulating material for the building trade, EN 1607 Materials testing machine 18tensile testsvertical to the panel’s plane
Thermal insulating material for the building EN 1608 Materials testing machine 18trade, tensile tests in the panel plane
Thermal insulating material for the building EN 12089 Materials testing machine 18trade, flexural loading
Mineral fibre insulating slabs, compressive DIN 52272-1 Materials testing machine 18stress and compressive strength
Mineral fibre insulating slabs, tear strength DIN 52274 Materials testing machine 18vertical to the insulation plane
Insulating plates, load bearing capacity ASTM E 1803 Materials testing machine 18Finished parts for pipe insulation, break load ASTM C 446 Materials testing machine 18
and calculated modulus of ruptureInsulating blocks, breaking load ASTM C 203 Materials testing machine 18
and flexural strengthTextile joining systemsFasteners, closing and opening methods EN 1414 Materials testing machine 18Fasteners, peel strength EN 12242 Materials testing machine 18Fasteners, lengthwise shear strength EN 13780 Materials testing machine 18
The classification of these standards (status August 2001) has been done in cooperation with Dr. Mathias Mägel, SächsischesTextilforschungsinstitut e.V. (STFI), D-09125 Chemnitz (www.stfi.de)
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Geo-textiles Tapes and beltings Ropes and cordage
Coated textilesWovensNon-wovens
Fibers Yarns and threads Yarns and Rovings
Examples of textile materials
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Application test-curve in testXpert® Example of mounting
Filaments, Yarns, Twines
Standard: EN ISO 2062Type of test: Tensile testMaterial: Aramid yarnExtensometer: Crosshead monitorGrips: Pneumatic gripsTest speed.: 500 mm/mintestXpert®: B069001.06.10
Standard: EN ISO 2062Type of test: Tensile testMaterial: Sewing yarnExtensometer: Crosshead monitorGrips: Screw gripsTest speed.: 500 mm/mintestXpert®: B069001.06.10
Standard: DIN 53835Type of test: Elastic behaviourMaterial: Elastic yarnExtensometer: Crosshead monitorGrips: Spring loaded gripsTest speed.: 500 mm/mintestXpert®: B069005.03.10
Standard: EN ISO 2062Type of test: Tensile testMaterial: Double twineExtensometer: Crosshead monitorGrips: Pneumatic gripsTest speed.: 500 mm/mintestXpert®: B069001.06.10
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Application test-curve in testXpert® Example of mounting
Standard: DIN ISO 2062Type of test: Tensile testMaterial: Multifilament yarnExtensometer: Optical
extensometerGrips: Pneumatic gripsTest speed.: 500 mm/mintestXpert®: B069001.00.10
Fabrics
Standard: EN ISO 13934-1Type of test: Tensile testMaterial: Airbag fabricsExtensometer: Crosshead monitorGrips: Pneumatic gripsTest speed.: 100 mm/mintestXpert®: B069001.04.10
Standard: Marks & Spencer P12Type of test: Seam slippage of
woven fabricsMaterial: Outwear fabricsExtensometer: Crosshead monitorGrips: Screw gripsTest speed.: 100 mm/mintestXpert®: B069001.11.10
Standard: EN ISO 13937-2Type of test: Tear propertiesMaterial: Airbag fabricsExtensometer: Crosshead monitorGrips: Pneumatic gripsTest speed.: 100 mm/mintestXpert®: B069003.09.10
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Application test-curve in testXpert® Example of mounting
Coated fabrics
Standard: ISO 3303 Methode AType of test: Bursting strengthMaterial: Plastic-coated fabricsExtensometer: Crosshead monitorGrips: Ball burst deviceTest speed.: 300 mm/mintestXpert®: B069002.00.10
Geotextiles
Standard: EN ISO 10319Type of test: Tensile testMaterial: Geo-non-woven
materialExtensometer: Optical extensometerGrips: Hydraulic gripsTest speed.: 20 % of L0/mintestXpert®: B069001.09.10
Standard: EN ISO 12236Type of test: Static puncture testMaterial: Geo-fabricsExtensometer: Crosshead monitorGrips: Static puncture
test deviceTest speed.: 50 mm/mintestXpert®: B069002.80.10
Belts, ropes, cordage
Standard: EN 565Type of test: Tensile testMaterial: Belt sealExtensometer: Optical extensometerGrips: Roller gripsTest speed.: 500 mm/mintestXpert®: B069001.00.10
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Application test-curve in testXpert® Example of mounting
Standard: EN 919Type of test: Tensile testMaterial: Fiber ropeExtensometer: Optical extensometerGrips: Rope gripsTest speed.: 500 mm/mintestXpert®: B069001.00.10
Standard: ISO 283-1Type of test: Tensile testMaterial: Conveyer beltExtensometer: Makro extensometerGrips: Hydraulic gripsTest speed.: 100 mm/mintestXpert®: B069001.00.10
Standard: EN ISO 252-1Type of test: Adhesive strength
between constitutiveelements
Material: Conveyer beltExtensometer: Crosshead monitorGrips: Pincer gripsTest speed.: 100 mm/mintestXpert®: B069003.00.10
Thermal insulating products
Standard: EN 826Type of test: Compression testMaterial: Insulation materialExtensometer: Crosshead monitorGrips: Compression platesTest speed.: 10% of d/mintestXpert®: B069002.56.10
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Materials testing machine BasicLine Z0.5
MaterialsTesting Machines
Field of application
Zwick materials testing machinesare not only used for tensile tests onfibres, tapes, ropes, fabrics etc. orfor compression tests on floorcoverings or insulating materials,but also for tests on textile fasteningsystems as e.g. zip-fasteners andsimilar tests.
Basic concept
The Zwick program includesuniversal testing machines as table-top and floor standing designs withdifferent measurement- and controlsystems, load frames, drives andversatile function and supplemen-tary units.
However in order to be able to offerthe best machine for each require-ment, Zwick has developed a user-related concept. The user canchoose among three machine ver-sions, each of them being com-pletely different as to equipment,performance features and also asto the capability of expansion:
• BasicLine• Standard Line• Allround Line
The decisive testing machinecomponent is the measurementand control system. Its conceptionand its scope of performancedecide which drive can be controll-ed, which measurement system canbe connected to it and which func-tions can be controlled with it - andthey thus determine the range ofapplication and the testing machi-ne’s capability for future expansion.
The advantages to the user of thethree different testing machineversions are as follows:
• The BasicLine is particularlysuitable for functional tests oncomponent parts and for the sim-ple materials test
• The Standard line is ideal to solvesimple test jobs reliably. It is alow-cost, sturdy solution whichcovers many testing needs
• The Allround line is the basis for alarge spectrum of demanding testjobs and can easily be expandedwith the requirements becomingmore demanding. It is thus asolution that can be relied on forfuture requirements
Measurement and controlsystem BasicLine
The electronics taken from existingZwick machine types guarantees avery high availability and reliabilityof the test system. The measure-ment and control electronics iscompactly packed in a housing.BasicLine testing machines can beoperated in the Stand Alone modewithout a PC and they can be oper-ated directly via function keys onthe testing machine. As standard itis additionally possible to operatethe BasicLine with the test software
testXpert ®, thus profiting from allthe advantages of standardized testprograms and from the many yearsof experience on the developmentsector.
Materials testing machine BasicLine Z020
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Load frames
Zwick develops and manufacturesload frames for nominal loads of upto more than 6,000 kN. Most appli-cations in the textile industry requiretest loads of less than 250 kN (seetable “Load frames and drivesystems”)
Single-column load frame(zwicki)These load frames are designedwith very rigid aluminium high-preci-sion extruded profiles. The workingarea is freely accessible from 3sides. Thus, it is predestined for themost different function tests onsmall parts and for Zwick hardnesstesting machines. It only requires asmall floor space. Due to its lightweight, it is easy to transport.
Load framesin table-top versionThe load frames are designed withpatented aluminium high-precisionextruded profiles used for guiding.They are light, very rigid, and servesimultaneously as lead-screw guideand protection. T-shaped grooves
Material testing machine Z100 withtestControl PC variant
on the outer sides allow a simplefitting of accessories such as safetydevices without being impeded bythe crosshead.
All load frames with two profiles -except for the BasicLine – can beequipped with legs. Advantagesare:• Positioning of the working area to
an optimum height for the user• Comfortable seated operation
with absolute freedom for legmovement, also suitable forwheelchair users
Load frameas floor standing modelThese load frames are equippedwith 2 or 4 hard-chrome platedround columns and 2 precision ballscrews. They are preferably usedfor the testing of specimens withlarge extensions, large specimensor large parts and they are alsoused with larger temperature- orclimatic chambers.
One or (optionally) two workingareas are possible.
Measurement and controlsystem testControl(for standard and allround version)By using most recent technologiesand by granting highest qualitystandards testControl offers amaximum of technical performanceand a long-term investmentguarantee. These are the particularfeatures of testControl:
• Time-synchronous test dataacquisition with high resolutionand measuring frequency
• Real-time processing of the testdata in a 500 Hz cycle for themonitoring and event-related testsequence control (e.g. speedchange when reaching the yieldor proof stress) and for safety limitvalues
• Adaptive control for exactlyreproducible speeds andpositions
• The measurement and controlelectronics and the powerelectronics for the drive system inquestion are integrated in ahousing in a space-saving way.Thus, the usual cabling can bedispensed with
Materials testing machine Z2.5 (zwicki)with testControl Stand Alone variant
Material testing machine Z050 withtestControl PC variant
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Machine component or function BasicLine Standard Line Allround LineLoad frame• Type of set-up
- Table-top machine (nominal force) 500 N to 20 kN 1 to 100 kN up to 100 kN- Floor stand. machine (nominal force) - 50 to 250 kN 50 to 250 kN
• Support and guiding columns- No. of columns 2 2 or 4 2 or 4- No. of Alluminium profiles 1 (Z0.5) 1 or 2 1 or 2
• No. of working areas 1 1 or 2 1 or 2• Expanded design (higher and/or larger) no yes yesDrive system• Electro-mechanical
- No. of ball screws 1 or 2 1 or 2 1 or 2- DC-Motor yes only zwicki only zwicki- AC-Motor no yes (without zwicki) yes (without zwicki)
Measurement and control system• BasicLine (also usable without PC) yes no no• testControl PC-variant (Standard) no yes yes
testControl Stand Alone variant (Option) no optional optionalSoftware• test software testXpert® (with PC) optional optional optionalTransducer• Strain gauge load cell 1 (interchangeable) 1 (optional up to 2) 1 (optional up to 3)• Digital crosshead monitor integrated integrated integrated• Digital extensometer no optional 1 yes (optional up to 3)• Analogue Extensometer no optional 1 yes (optional up to 3)Connection of external systems• Digital extensometer no yes yes• Analogue extensometer no yes yes• Analogue reduction-in-width-monitor no yes yes• Video Capturing no yes yes• Switch Contact no yes yes• Switch Control no yes yes• Further measurement systems no yes yesControl of external systems• Specimen grips (mot., pneum., hydr.) no no yes• Extensometer systems no semi-automatic full-automaticSupplementary units for special applications (optional)• Torsion drive no no yes• Torque transducer no no yes• Multi-channel force measuring system no no yes• High-temperature testing equipment no conditional yes• Low-temperature testing equipment no conditional yes
Features of the BasicLine, Standard- and Allround-Line
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Load frames and drive systems of the Standard and Allround Line
Series Z1.0 Z2.5 Z005 Z010 Z020 Z030Type zwicki zwicki Table top Table top Table top Table topMax. load, kN 1 2.5 5 10 20 30Working area, max.- Height, short, mm - 573 - - - -normal, mm - 1073 1058 1058 1058 -
higher, mm 1373 1373 1458 1458 1458 1380 higher and larger, mm - - - 1787 1787 -- Width, normal, mm no limit no limit 440 440 440 440
larger, mm - - - 640 640 -- Depth, mm 99.5 99.5 no limit no limit no limit no limitCrosshead speed
- min., mm/min 0.001 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005- max., mm/min 1800 800 3000 2000 1000/20001) 1000Crosshead travel resolution, µm 0.00023 0.0001 0.041 0.027 0.014/0.054 0.0271Max. power consumpton, kVA 0.4 0.4 2/1.9 1.9 2.1/2.6 2.3
1) depending on the selected drive system and its powerSeries Z050 Z050 Z100 Z100 Z150 Z250Type Table top Floor stand. Table top Floor stand. Floor stand. Floor stand.Max. load, kN 50 50 100 100 150 50Working area, max.- Height, short, mm - - - - - -
normal, mm - 1824 - 1824 1715 1715higher, mm 1380 - - - - -higher and larger, mm - 1765 1360 1765 1660 1660
- Width, normal, mm 440 630 640 630 630 630 larger, mm - 1030 - 1030 1030 1030
- Depth, mm no limit no limit no limit no limit no limit no limitCrosshead speed- min., mm/min 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005- max., mm/min 600 400/20001) 200/15001) 200/10001) 900 600Crosshead travel resolution, µm 0.0163 0.0270 0.0260 0.0136 0.0123 0.0082Max. power consumption, kVA 2.3 5 6 5 5,5 6
1) depending on the selected drive system and its power
Series Z0.5 Z005 Z010 Z020Type zwicki Table top Table top Table topMax. load, kN 0.5 5 10 20Working area, max.- Height, mm 596 561/1061 1041 1041- Width, mm no limit 420 420 420- Depth, mm 99.5 no limit no limit no limitCrosshead speed- min., mm/min 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001- max., mm/min 1500 500 1000 500Crosshead travel resolution, µm 0.226 0.05 0.09 0.045Max. power consumption, kVA 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6
Load frames and drive systems of the BasicLine
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Force transducer
Strain gauge load cells are availablefor precise force measurementsfrom 0.04 N onwards. Together withthe digital measurement electronicsthey have the following advantages:
• Automatic recognition of the loadcell’s serial number
• Automatic recognition of thesetting and calibration parameters
• Overload protection• Automatic zero and sensitivity
alignment• Compensation of temperature
fluctuations• High measuring frequency• High test data resolution• Accuracy of 1% of the displayed
value (1% error limit) from 1/500and 0.5% of the displayed valueon 1/100 of the nominal load.(Type II load cell, F ≥ 500N)
• Manufacturer’s test certificate togive proof of the works calibration
Load cell with one or two sidedmounting stud and self-identifyingsensor plugs are available for nomi-nal load capacities from 10 N on.
Test software testXpert®
Range of applicationtestXpert® is the universal Zwicktest software for materials, compo-nent, and functional testing. It’s ap-plication range goes from Zwickmaterials testing machines (for ten-sile, compression, flexure and func-tional testing) to hardness testers,pendulum impact testers, extrusionplastometers, automated test sys-tems, etc. right up to the refurbish-ment of testing machines of a varie-ty of makes and models.
Duties and functionsThe essential fields of use oftestXpert® are:• verification and re-equipping the
test machine• preparation of the test or test
series• performance of the test• evaluation and documentation• data management• quality management and• data exchange between
testXpert® and other applications(Word, Excel etc.)
testXpert® supports the user for alltasks with software wizards andeditors, explanatory pictures andvideo sequences, situation-specificuser tips, warnings, error messagesand online help.
Future-oriented conceptThe testXpert® test software usesthe special properties of the object-oriented programming with respectto a clear grouping in tasks andfunctions. Structure and contentsare determined by the Zwick appli-cation and software know-how. ThetestXpert ® concept is therefore aguarantee for highest flexibility, func-tional safety as well as simpleusability.
Force transducer including sensor plug
Electro-mechanicaldrive systems
The basis of all electro-mechanicaldrive systems are backlash-free andlow-friction ball screws and digitallycontrolled drive systems (loadframes for test loads of more than600 kN are equipped with servo-hydraulic or hybrid drives). Togetherwith the digital measurement andcontrol system they have thefollowing advantages:• Extremely high, stepless speed
range• Very low speeds adjustable (from
about 0.001 mm/min on)• High-precision and exactly
reproducible positions andspeeds
The testing machines designed withsingle-column load frames (zwickiand BasicLine) are equipped withlow-cost d.c. drives, all the otherones with particularly low-inertia,brushless three-phase drives.
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The essential characteristic featuresare:• uniform basic software for all
applications• modular system for test programs• user support through software
tools
Modular systemThe test programs are compiled byZwick from a selection of severalhundred software modules. Themodules are sub-divided intoclasses such as test parameters,test sequence phases, screen viewsetc. They are continuously updatedand expanded with respect to newstates of knowledge and necessarysupplements. This makestestXpert® an intelligent software,and thus enables the realization oftest programs strictly to test stan-dards and test programs related topractical applications. Thanks to thenumerous possibilities of this sys-tem, testXpert® can be put to uni-versal use for a wide applicationalspectrum and for a variety of testingmachines.
Test programsThe test programs compiled byZwick stipulate how tests are to berun. Their basis are selected softwaremodules that are linked to oneanother and are pre-configuredthrough fixed parameters dependingupon the functions required. Thus theuser receives from Zwick a “testtemplate” in which only variableparameters must be entered.
There are three variants available fora wide range of requirements:• Master test programs• Standard test programs, and• Customized test programs
International quality standardsTo comply with international qualitystandards, each and every versionmust be transparent, documentedand archived for 10 years. The
testXpert® test software fully meetsthese requirements and even theparticularly strict guidelines of theGood Manufacturing Practices(GMP).
The entire software developmentprocess and its components arediligently documented and archivedfrom the source code through tothe software tools used, for eachand every version. This is valid foreach phase from the analysis via thespecification, design and imple-mentation up to the test. Conformityto the standard ISO 9000-3 fordevelopment of testXpert® hasbeen confirmed via audit report no.QM-F-96/1016.
Safety in detailWindows software is normally usedin offices. However, testXpert®
takes over an additional andespecially critical task: monitoringand controlling machines. Machinedamage and potential danger topersons must be ruled out. That’swhy testXpert® doesn’t use any
testXpert® – the strictly object-orientated test software is available in several languageversions; among others in english, french and german
overlapping windows in the testmode to avoid hiding importantdisplays or key fields.
Automatic acceptance ofsystem dataDifferent test jobs require differenttest machines with different andusually, interchangeable compo-nents. Their specific properties arecharacterised by the system data(nominal force, travel, speed range,mounting height, calibration factors,etc.). Organisational data alsobelong to the above, e.g. the seriesnumber or the date of the lastcalibration.
testXpert® accepts this dataautomatically directly following theprogram start• for the necessary settings• for the determination of safety
limit values• for the correct measurement
signal evaluation
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Testing machine with video camera
Furthermore testXpert® checkswhether or not• the test can be carried out with
this configuration• all settings have been made• the data have changed for the
current test
Simplest operationOperation is reduced to a one-buttonoperation, i.e. activating the startbutton, for standard applications.This is possible because testXpert®
automatically records the test data,and dependent upon this, controlsand monitors the test sequence anddetermines and documents the testresults.
Only two steps to testingPreparation of a test series requiresonly two steps:• call-up the test program foreseen
for the required application• input or selection of variable
parameters
Optimum user informationAll displays necessary for carryingout a test and a test series, can begrouped together in a clear andconcise manner in one singlescreen setting.• input fields for specimen-specific
test parameters• curve diagram (single or multiple
curves)• tables for test results• tables for result statistics
Data saving for further useDepending upon the preselection inthe test program, not only all databut also selected result data from atest or test series can be saved.Saving of all data offers the possi-bility of tracing the origin of theresult data up to configuration andsettings for the test machine. Thestandardized measurement data,i.e. the data converted to its basicunits can be repeatedly displayed inthe simulation mode and can alsobe evaluated according to othercriteria.
With video capturing the test data and the corresponding video pictures of the testconfiguration are recorded and saved (example: adhesion test of a textile-rubber compound)
Video CapturingThe test software testXpert® notonly supports the user by means of“Help” videos. It is also possible tocarry out multimedia tests by usinga video camera and a video-capturecard with the video picturesbeing recorded time-synchronouslywith the test data.• With the cursor keys, a “video
reticle” can be moved over thetest curve and the correspondingpicture can be displayed
• The pictures can be captured at apreselected distance of themeasuring points or in depen-dence on the event
• The video can also be playedalone, irrespective of testingmachine
• Distances between two pointsand angles between three points,radii, diameters and areas can bemeasured from the specimen inpictorial representation
• Optionally, the pictures can alsobe output with dimension linesand test data
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Hydraulic grips for geo-fabrics Pneumatic grips Screw grips
Specimen grips for tensile,creep, and cyclical tests
Textile materials and the specimenstaken from those materials areavailable in many different types.They are e.g. different as to• the basic materials and their com-
bination (from animal, vegetable,or synthetic products)
• shapes and dimensions (thread,tape, strip etc.)
• structure (fibres, monofil, multifil,spun, braided, woven, knitted etc.),
• treatments (impregnated, coatedetc.)
• properties (strength, stretchingability, elasticity, homogeneity)
According to this variety a largespectrum of specimen grips is re-quired to meet the individualrequirements.
For specimens from these materialstensile forces can only be transmit-ted by means of the force-holdingprinciple. The frictional forces bet-ween specimen ends and specimengrip are principally applied accor-ding to 2 principles:
Principle A – Flat clampingbetween clamping jawsThe clamping force (standard force) iseither applied by an additional, outerforce (hydraulic or pneumatic cylin-ders or screw drive) or by the deflec-tion and amplification of the test force(self-clamping via wedges, eccentricsor lever systems). The force is nearlythe same over the entire grippinglength. The frictional force acts on 2opposed sides of the specimen.
Principle B – Clamping bywrapping aroung fixed camplates or rollersThe standard force depends on thelocally acting test force and its ang-led position and increases from zeroas the gripping length increases al-so. The frictional force only acts onone specimen side.
When combining these two princip-les, the wrapping around alwayshas priority over the clamping. Itspractical realization and the shapes,dimensions and versions (frictionalbehaviour, elasticity) of the clam-ping/friction surfaces are particularlyimportant for the field of applicationof the specimen grips.
When selecting the specimen grips,the following requirements mustalso be taken into consideration:
1. Jaw break-free grippingIf the specimen breaks during thetensile test at the place where it isgripped, then smaller values aremeasured for the maximum force orthe tensile strength and the strainassigned to it. According to moststandards such tests are thereforeevaluated as non-valid tests.
The probability of jaw breaks is con-siderably higher for a gripping ac-tion according to principle A (flatclamping) than according to prin-ciple B (wrapping around), becausethe tensile force is reduced over arelatively short gripping length. Thehigh gripping force already acting atthe beginning of the gripping actionprevents a partial “slippage” of thespecimen. This can lead to a “pilingup of the force” at the beginning ofthe clamping and can thus release apremature break.
2. Accuracy of the strainmeasurementFor many applications, the straincan be measured indirectly ascrosshead travel extension,because the demands on themeasuring accuracy are not veryhigh and thus errors throughdeformation of the testing machine
26
Spring screw grips Pincer grips Double toggle grips
can be neglected. This appliesparticularly to specimen grips wherethe gripping force is applied by anadditional force.
The realization of the test force-gripping force in case of self-grip-ping specimen grips has the effectthat the bending up of the speci-men grips and the thickness reduc-tion of the specimen have to be
compensated by a considerablylarger clamping jaw tracking. Thiscan lead to an inadmissible falsifi-cation of the strain measurement.
Grip-sensitive specimens howeverrequire specimen grips where thetest force is reduced decreasinglyover larger gripping lengths, e.g. viacorrespondingly shaped camplates. This has the consequence
that the gripping length (referencesize for the strain calculation) is notexactly defined. The strain ismoreover constantly reduced in therange of the relatively long grippingarea. Therefore the strain can onlybe determined exactly if anextension measurement system isused to record the deformationdirectly on the specimen.
Forceholding Nominal
Type of Grips principle LoadHydraulic grips A 10 kN to 250 kN - - - - � � � � - - �
Pneumatic grips A 20 N to 100 kN - - � - � � � - - - �
Pneumatic grips B + A 2,5 kN to 20 kN - - � � - - � - � - -Wedge grips A 2,5 kN to 250 kN - - - - - - - - - - �
Screw grips A 20 N to 50 kN � - � - � � - - - - �
Wedge screw grips A 500 N to 250 N - - - - - - - - - - -Spring screw grips A 20 N / 50 N � � - - - - - - - - -Pincer grips A 500 N to 10 kN - - - - - - - - - - �
Toggle grips B 300 N to 2,5 kN - - - - � - - - - - -Double toggle grips B + A 500 N - � - - - - - - - - -Rope grips B + A 2,5 kN to 100 kN - - - - - - - - � - -Curved grips B + A 10 kN / 20 kN - - - - - - � - � � -Roller grips B 2,5 kN to 250 kN - - - - - - � � - � -
� - Suitable for this application� - Suitable only for cyclic tests� - Suitable only for test to determine the shear, tear or adhesive properties� - Suitable only for simple tensile tests, specimen width max. 32 mm
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Specimen grips - range of Application
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Hydraulic specimen grips• One or two-sided clamping jaw
positioning• Adjustable clamping force
(Option: can be controlled by thetest software dependant on thetest force, for specimens thatare sensitive to gripping)
• Exchangeable clamping jaws• Special version with tandem
cylinder for geo-textile speci-mens with a width of 200 mmfor a homogeneous grippingforce distribution over the entirespecimen width
• Special versions for the use intemperature/climatic chambersat -70 ºC to +250 ºC
• Hand or foot control or controlvia the test software testXpert®
Pneumatic specimen grips• One or two-sided clamping jaw
positioning• Adjustable clamping force• Exchangeable clamping jaws• Special versions for the use in
temperature-/climatic chambersat -70 ºC to +250 ºC
• Special versions with cam plates• Hand or foot control
Screw grips• Clamping force depends on the
screw moment and the elasticityof the specimen grip
• Low-cost
Spring screw grips• Clamping pressure adjustable by
pre-stressing a spring.• Thread guide for a simple,
centrical gripping.• Temperature range -
15 °C to +80 °C
Pincer grips• Temperature range
- 40 °C to +250 °C
Double toggle grips• Exact strain measurement by
adapting the distances of thedeflection pulleys to thespecimen’s elastic behaviour
• Temperature range-15 °C to +80 °C
Rope grips• With a single or multiple
wrapping around and mech.,pneum. or hydr. gripping of therope’s end
• Temperature range-70 °C to +250 °C
Curved grips• Mech. or pneum. flat clamp with
cam plate• Temperature range:
mechanical 0 °C to +100 °Cpneumatic +10 °C to +35 °C
Roller grips• Gripping by means of a multiple
wrapping around• Temperature range
-40 °C bis +250 °C
Note:The wedge and wedge screw gripsused for rigid specimens are notsuitable for tensile tests on flexible,textile specimens.
Tools for compression testsfor the determination of thecompression characteristicsof insulating materialsaccording to EN 826A lot of round, square, and rectangular compression platens areavailable in different dimensions.The lower compression platens arealways mounted rigidly. The uppercompression platens may bemounted spherically (freely movableor alignable) to transmit thecompressive force homogeneouslyover the entire compression platen.
Tools for compression testsThe suitable test configuration maybe selected from a large range ofdifferent bending tables with rigidand movable supports and bendingfins to meet the requirements ofnearly every application.
Curved grips with pneumatic end clamping Rope grips with mechanical end clamping Roller grips
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Long stroke extensometer Macro extensometer Video extensometer
Optical extensometer
Extensometer
Crosshead travel monitor
Standard equipment of all universaltesting machines are digital cross-head travel monitors for a highlyaccurate and exactly reproduciblemeasurement of the crossheadtravel extension. Thus, the straincan be measured indirectly formany applications (without additio-nal transducer directly on the speci-men). This applies practically for alltear propagation, separation, peel,shear, and compression tests andfor many tensile tests.
Direct strain measurement
Some test standards as e.g.EN ISO 10319, tensile test on largespecimen strips and ISO 283-1,tensile test on textile conveyor belt-dumbbell specimens, require thestrain measurement to be carriedout directly on the specimen toavoid any measuring errors that arecaused by machine deformation,clamping jaw tracking, partial slip-page of the specimen out of thegripping position. This applies parti-
cularly to the use of specimen gripswhere the specimens are gripped inthe wrap-around principle. Thestrain is defined as extension of theinitial gauge length. The extensioncan be measure in 2 different ways:
1. Contact measurementTwo sensor arms are attached tothe specimen at the distance of theinitial gauge length; they record theextension of the gauge length up tothe break (the end points of thegauge length are not marked).
The force to move the sensor armsmust be “applied” by the specimenand influences the force measure-ment. In order to measure alsosmall test forces with a sufficientaccuracy, it is necessary to keep thedragging force for the sensor armsas low as possible.
At the specimen break, the energywhich is elastically stored in thespecimen parts, is converted to akinetic energy. All of a sudden, thestretched, flexible specimen partsrebound to nearly their initial lengthjust to get bent at a high speed orto deflect laterally. This “whip effect”
can damage or even destroy thesensor arms. The longer the speci-men parts stretch, the higher theeffect. This danger is particularlylarge when using specimen gripswith wrap-around principle.
2. Contact-free measurementThe initial gauge length is markedon the specimen with measurementmarks. The travel extension of themarks is recorded optically. Themeasuring system cannot bedamaged.
Extension measurementsystemsA simple, safe and economicextension measurement is onlypossible by means of a relativelylarge technical effort. In addition toelectronic or optical test datatransducers, also motor-drivensensor arms, measuring slides,control devices, microcomputersand programs, i.e. completesystems might – according to thefunction principle – also be required.
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Application Extensometers Clamping the specimen
between clamping jaws by wrapping around plates or rollers
Materials characteristicsto be determined andthe related standardsTensile modul• EN ISO 10618 - � - - � - - - - - - -• EN 12562, EN 13002-2, � � - - � - � � - - � - EN 13003-2
Secant rigidity andstrain at max. force• EN ISO 10319 - - - � � � - - - � � �
Strain at x% of max. force• ISO 283-1 - � - - � - - - - - - -
Strain at break• ISO 283-1 - � � � � � - - - - - -
Strain at max. force and break• EN ISO 10618 - � - - � - - - - - - -• EN 12562, EN 13002-2, � � - - � - � � - - � -
EN 13003-2• EN ISO 5079, ASTM D 38229, � - - - - - - - - - - -
ASTM D 3379• EN ISO 2062, DIN 53834-2, � � � � � - � � � � � -
ASTM D 2256• ASTM D 885, cords - - - - - - � � � � � -• ASTM D 885, fabrics � � � � � � - � � � � �
• ISO 6939, ASTM D 1578 � � � � � - � � � � � -• ISO 3341 � � - - � - � � - - � -• EN ISO 9163 � � � � � - � � � � � -• EN 13844 - - - - - - � � � � � �
• EN ISO 13934-1, ASTM D 1682 � � � � � � - � � � � �
• EN 29073-3, EN 4606, EN 3342� � � � � � - - - - - -• EN ISO 1421 � � � � � � - � � � � �
• EN 1492-1 - - - - - - - � � � � �
• EN 61067-2, EN 565 - � � � � � - � � � � �
• EN 919, ASTM D 4268, EN 892 - - - - - - - - - � � �
• EN 564 - - - - - - - � � � � �
� - Suitable for this application� - Suitable for this application if the deflection in the specimen grips is max. 180°� - Suitable for this application if there is no risk that the sensor arms get damaged due to specimen parts rebounding at specimen break� - Is used if a higher measuring accuracy without clamping influence is required. Mechanical measuring systems can only be used
if there is no risk that they get damaged at specimen break. When using contactless measuring systems, a specimen marking is required
1) The objectives of the video measuring system cannot be changed during the test. Optionally the determination of variations in width are also possible
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Extensometers – Help for choice
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Macro Long strokeextensometer extensometer
Measurement system Incremental IncrementalGauge length L0 10 to 100/205 mm 10 to 1000 mm, manual settingMeasuring range 80/120/160 mm 1000 mm – L0
Resolution 0.3/0.6/0.9/1.2 µm 5 µmAccuracy Class 1 acc. to EN 10002-4, 1% of reading or 0.01 mm,
better than ISO 5893, grade A whatever is greaterInertia force < 0.05 N < 0.2 NSpecial features motorized senor attachment motorized senor attachment
motorized gauge length setting(allround version)
Applications textiles and compounds textiles and compoundsWith low or medium strain with max. forces > 20 N
Advantages • robust and simple to use • robust and simple to use• low inertia force • strain measurement until fracture• crosshead contact protection without lifting the sensor arms• exchangeable sensor arms for (rotatable knife edges)
different measuring ranges • exchangable sensor arms• convenient for measurements convenient for measurements
in temperature chambers in temperature chambers
Non-Contacting Extensometer – Technical data / special features
Optical Laser Videoextensometer extensometer extensometer
Measurement system Incremental, Rotation laser, Digital video camera with2 cameras 0.5 W He/Ne image processing system
Gauge length L0 10 to 900 mm 10 mm (tension) min. 5 mm20 mm (compression)
L0-marking circular reflectors line reflectors line reflectorsMeasuring range 1000 mm – L0 ca. 400 mm Field of view1):
i.e. 50/200/1000 mmResolution 5 µm 12 µm 0.5 / 2 / 10 µm1)Accuracy 1% of reading or 0.03 mm Class 1 acc. to EN 10002-4, Class 1 acc. to EN 10002-4,
Whatever is higher better than ISO 5893, grade A1 better than ISO 5893, grade A1for extensions > 5 mm (depends on lenses)
Advantages • simple-to-use measurement • convenient for measure- • Very adaptable for differentfor materials with high strain ments in temperature materials and test procedures
• secure and accurate chambers through a heated • automatic gauge lengthmeasurement until fracture optical glass window recognition
• convenient for measure- • convenient for measure-ments in temperature ments in temperaturechambers through a heated chambers through a heatedoptical glass window optical glass window
• automatic gauge lengthrecognition
Extensometer with sensor arms – Technical data / special features
1) Measuring range and resolution depends on lenses
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Temperature chamber
Used withTable top and floor standing machine Only floor standing machinesHeight normal higher normal higherWidth normal normal larger largerDimensions (external/internal)Height, mm 650/500 850/700 800/650 1000/850Width, mm 400/260 400/260 600/450 600/450Depth, mm 825/360 825/360 1150/645 1150/645Temperature range (from/to)No cooling amb./250 °C2) 3) amb./250 °C2) 3)
Cooling with• CO2 -60/250 °C3) -60/250 °C3) -60/250 °C1) 3) -60/250 °C1) 3)
• LN2 -80/250 °C3) -80/250 °C3) -80/250 °C3) -80/250 °C3)
• Air cooled refrig. unit -40/250 °C3) -40/50 °C3) -40/250 °C3)
-40/250 °C3)
-70/250 °C3) -70/250 °C3) -70/250 °C3) -70/250 °C3)
•Water cooled refrig. unit -40/250 °C3) -40/250 °C3) -40/250 °C3)
-40/250 °C3)
-70/250 °C3) -70/250 °C3) -70/250 °C3) -70/250 °C3)
1) The depth of the chamber is 1080/540 mm2) Without opening for mechanical or optical extensometers, without removeable sliders3) Chambers with further temperature ranges on request
Maximum tensile force depending on the relative humidity of air for a viscose fabric
Temperature andclimatic chambers
Temperature / climate
Many textile and textile-relatedmaterials strongly change theirmechanical properties dependingon the humidity of air and ambienttemperature. One of these influen-ces is illustrated by the followinggraphic. It shows how themaximum tensile force of a viscosefabric is reduced as the relativehumidity of air increases.
According to the later use of thematerial, particularly in the geotech-nical, automobile, and aeronauticsindustry, it may be very important toknow the behaviour of materialsunder different environmentalconditions.
The mechanical properties of textileand textile-related materials in anextended temperature and climaticrange are predominantly tested forresearch and developmentpurposes.
Zwick offers a complete productrange of temperature devicescorresponding to the multitude ofdifferent requirements.
Temperature chambers
Zwick temperature chambers showthe following characteristics:• Aperture for sensor arms on the
rear left side (45°)
• Eurotherm temperature controllerwith digital display for actual andset value
• Illumination inside the chamber• Front door with insulated window* Sliders for removing the chamber
without dismounting the grips• Insulation and electrical design
according to the CE safetyregulations
Rel. air humidity in %
Max
. for
ce in
N
Average of the max. forcewith minimum and maximum
Regression curve of the max. force
Regression coefficient = 0,9999
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Temperature chamber mounted on guide rails Sliders for removing the chamber withoutremoving the grips
Climatic chambersTemperature chambers with controlof the relative humidity of air arecalled climatic chambers. Since therequirements for the humidity andtemperature range strongly vary,climatic chambers are specified onrequest.
Available optionsSeveral options are availableaccording to the specification of thetesting machine and the needs ofthe laboratory.• heatable optical glass insert to
ensure a homogeneoustemperature distribution whenusing optical extensometers
• guiding rails or trolley to move thechamber out of the test area
• recording and control of thetemperature by the testXpert(r)-Software via RS 232-interface
• direct temperature measurementand control on the specimen
• liquid nitrogen tank, 100 litres,with pressure device, controlvalve, filling level indicator andsafety device
Cooling with liquid nitrogen(LN2) or carbon dioxide (CO2)This type of cooling is used if testsbelow room temperature are to becarried out from time to time. Thecooling effect generated byvaporizing the liquid nitrogen orcarbon dioxide. These gases arenon-toxic. A sufficient ventilation ofthe testing laboratory is required,however.
The optional 100 litres liquidnitrogen tank (3/8"-connection) issufficient for several hours of tests.
Cooling by use of arefrigeration unitCooling is generated by a com-pressor. This method is used if testsbelow room temperature arefrequently required, if procurementof liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxideis too difficult or if the use of liquidnitrogen or carbon dioxide isforbidden for safety reasons.
The energy transmission can berealized by the use of air-cooledheat exchangers (the energy staysin the room) or by a water-cooledheat exchanger (the energy doesnot heat up the laboratory, but moreexpensive since cooling water isneeded). Refrigeration units gene-rate more noise than vaporizingsystems.
Temperature chamber with pneumatic grips(door opend)
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Special testing machinesand systems
These testing machines are deve-loped according to the field of appli-cation in question in closecooperation with the customer.They are mainly based on thecomponents of standard testingmachines.
Examples of special testingmachines for textileapplications
Materials testing machine Zwick Z010 withunit for the determination of the unrollingresistance of medical bandages.
Fully automatic materials testing system withcirculating specimen magazine for up to 200strip-shaped specimens
ZMART –Zwick Modernization andRetrofit Technology
Modernization packagesWith the two modernization linesZMART.KIT( and ZMART.PRO) bothelectromechanical and hydraulicmaterials testing machines of diffe-rent manufacturers can be up-graded and brought to the mostrecent state-of-the-art.
A modernization guarantees spareparts supply for modernized com-ponents, and makes available themost recent version of the testsoftware testXpert®, as well as theentire accessory program of exten-someters and specimen grips.
The decision whether to purchase anew machine or a modernizationdepends primarily on the value andtechnical condition of the machinecomponents to be taken over. Dueto the fact that in addition to theload frame other components can
Modernization of an electro mechanicalmaterials testing machine withZMART.PRO testControl-M
Materials testing machine in horizontalposition for hill climbing ropes, test loads upto100 kN and a test travel up to 3.7 m, withoptical extensometer
Materials testing machine in horizontalposition for conveyor belts, test loads up to2,500 kN, test travel up to 1. 5 m, grippinglength up to 10 m
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Special features or services ZMART.KIT ZMART.PROtestControl®- Allround (DUPS)M H M H I
Connection to• Electro-mechanical testing machines � � - � - -• Quasi-static hydraulic testing machines - - � - � �
• Can also be used without Personal Computer (PC) � � � - - -• Up to 3 hydraulic testing machines - - - - � -Test data acquisition and display• test force and crosshead or piston travel resp. � � � � � �
Further connection of• Analog extensometers (inductive) - � � � � �
• Analog extensometers (strain gauge system) - � � � � �
• Incremental extensometers - � � � � �
• Several load cells (Changeover via testXpert ®) - � � � � �
Test data storage and processing• Display of max. force and travel when reaching � � � - - -
the test end criteria (without PC)• Optional display of test force or stress, travel � � � � � �
and/or deformation or strain (only with PC)• Output of XY-curves with the coordinates force/stress, � � � � � �
travel and /or deformation/strain or test time (only with PC)• Automatic determination and documentation of materials � � � � � �
characteristics data and statistical data (only with PC)Test sequence control and test speed control• Automatic recognition of the test end (specimen break, force-,� � � � � -
travel- or time-limit value or number of test cycles reached)• Automatic stop at test end or return to start position � � � � � -• Automatic speed changes according to the test program � � � � � -
(only with PC)• Test speed control in dependence on the measured force or � � � � � -
deformation (“closed loop” control (only with PC andoptional program)
Monitoring of satety limit values• Test force � � � � � -• Crosshead resp. piston travel � � � � � -
also be used furthermore, as e.g.:load cell and extensometer, thecosts for a modernization remainrelatively low compared to the costsincurred for the purchase of a newmachine.
The modernization packages arecomposed of the followingcomponents:
• Digital measurement and controlelectronics
• Test software testXpert ®
• Maintenance-free AC-drives• Proportional valves or servovalves
and hydraulic units for hydraulictesting machines
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Services
Customer satisfaction is given toppriority at Zwick/Roell. Therefore,nearly one third of the employeesare active in the service field. Exten-sive services guarantee the bestuse possible and a high availabilityof the supplied testing machinesand -systems.
Advice and supportOur technically competent andexperienced service personnelsupport the user directly at site orby phone, fax or e-mail. Detailedinformation may also be looked upin the internet or may be down-loaded in case of need.
Maintenance and repairA service contract with individuallyagreed service intervals for a carefuland thorough maintenance andcalibration guarantees the correctand trouble-free operation of thesupplied testing machines andsystems. Whereby it is not impor-tant which manufacturer suppliedthe testing machine. In case of amalfunction, a service-engineer or– technician is quickly available atsite. Modern auxiliary means suchas a telediagnostic service viamodem allow a quick and exactfault localization at an early stage.Different reaction models guaranteethe availability of a technician withinthe shortest period of time possible.
Calibration serviceaccording to ISO 9000The Zwick/Roell maintenance- andcalibration service is accredited asDKD1)- and as UKAS2)-calibrationlaboratory resp. Thus, it is autho-rized to check the testing machinesand -systems at the place of instal-lation and to issue DKD- or UKAScalibration certificates for themeasured quantities force, exten-sion, energy and hardness. Thesecalibration certificates are not only
recognized within the EuropeanUnion, but also in almost everycountry of the world.
Particular advantage:The technicians of the calibrationservice can, on the occasion of theirservice visit, not only service, adjustand calibrate the Zwick/Roell testingmachines and systems, but also themachines and systems of othermanufactures. This saves time andcosts.
The regular maintenance andcalibration of the testing machinesis also a prerequisite for a qualitymanagement system according toQS-9000 and VDA 6.1.
Hotline – Quick assistance incase of malfunctionsFor Zwick/Roell, the perfect functio-ning of the testing machine is veryimportant. Should, in spite of thehigh quality standard, any malfunc-tions occur on the machine or with-in the software, then competentspecialists are available on the freehotline.
Creation and adaptationof test programsWith the test software of the Zwick/Roell Group already many differenttest programs can be acquired. Thetest requirements are however notalways standardized. Experts willadapt your existing test programsindividually or will create a new testprogram which is tailor-made tocomply with your requirements.
SeminarsStudies have shown that more thanhalf of the problems with technicalsystems are not caused by thetechnology itself, but rather by theuser. A good training of the usershelps to avoid troubles and, as aresult, to reduce the costs.
The Zwick/Roell seminars inform
about theory and practice of thematerials- and component parttesting, the evaluation and thevaluation of the test data, testresults and the operation andmaintenance of the testing devices.These seminars either take placedirectly at the user’s place or at thelocations of Zwick/Roell companiesor representations.
Support line – Assistance foroperation and applicationAlternatively to the visit of a seminaror to the service visit of a technicianat site, you can talk to our expertson the support line – against charge– whenever you have any questions.They will assist you with the adap-tation of the test software, with thecreation of test programs, whenhaving questions regarding theoperation of the software or themachine and they will give you anapplication-specific support.
Spare partsStandard components are mostlyavailable on stock and will be sentto you by courier service on the dayof order. Special components, notbeing carried on stock, will bemanufactured “just in time” bymeans of the latest productiontechnology.
1) DKD= Deutscher Kalibrier-Dienst(German Calibration Service)
2) UKAS = United KingdomAccreditation Service
