The use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.

Effects

The 1972 Summer Olympics Nerve Gas Attack in Tokyo1993 World Trade Center BombingSeptember 11 AttacksWorldwide Terrorist EventsOperation Enduring Freedom

Eight terrorists identifying themselves as “Black September” took eleven Israeli athletes and referees hostage on September 5, 1972.

The terrorists were linked to the Palestinian Fatah organization.

They demanded the release of 234 Palestinians and others jailed in Israel.

The West German government unsuccessfully tried to rescue the Israeli hostages.

All of the hostages were killed.Five of the eight terrorists were

also killed.The remaining three terrorists

were released from custody in October after other members of Black September hijacked a Lufthansa airliner.

The 1972 Summer Olympics: Munich Massacre

Members of the Israeli Olympic team

Nerve Gas Attack in Tokyo

On March 20, 1995, a Japanese cult named Aum Shinrikyo (Aleph) released deadly Sarin gas on a Tokyo subway, killing 12, injuring 50, and causing temporary vision problems to over a thousand people.

It was the worst attack on Japanese civilians since the World War II atomic bomb attacks of 1945.

Three of the ten attackers have never

been arrested

Tokyo subway

Sarin clean-up

•Sarin gas is colorless and odorless.•It is about 500 times more lethal than cyanide.

The World Trade Center in New York was attacked with a car bomb on February 26, 1993. Six people were killed and 1,042 were injured.

Mahmud Abouhalima, Mohammad Salameh, Nidal Ayyad, Ahmad Ajaj, Ramzi Yousef and Eyad Ismoil were convicted for the attack.

Abdul Rahman Yasin, accused of making the bomb, fled to Iraq.

The attackers were funded by Khaled Shaikh Mohammed. He was captured by the US in 2003 (far right, bottom).

1993 World Trade Center Bombing

September 11 Attacks•The worst terrorist attacks in U.S. history took place on September 11, 2001. They were suicide attacks planned by al-Qaeda, a terrorist group headed by Osama bin Laden. •Nineteen Islamist terrorists boarded four commercial passenger jet airliners.•Two of the airplanes were deliberately crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City.•A third airliner crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.•Passengers and crew attempted to retake the fourth airliner, which crashed into a field near Shanksville in rural Somerset County, Pennsylvania. There were no survivors from any of the flights.•Besides the 19 hijackers, 2,974 people died in the attacks.

al-QaedaOsama bin Laden

WTC

The Pentagon

Flight UA93 crash site

President George W.

Bush’sSpeech

October 3-4, 1993: Al-Qaeda-trained militants in Somalia kill 18 U.S. soldiers.

December 24, 1994: Al-Qaeda-connected militants attempt to crash a passenger jet into the Eiffel Tower.

November 18, 1997: Fifty-eight foreign tourists are killed in Luxor, Egypt, by al-Qaeda.

June 25, 1996: The Khobar Towers housing complex in Khobar, Saudi Arabia, is bombed, killing 19 U.S. soldiers and wounding 500.

August 7, 1998: Al-Qaeda bombs U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 213 people.

Worldwide Terrorist Events

December 24-30, 2000: Al-Qaeda-linked group conducts Christmas Eve attacks in Indonesia and the Philippines. In Indonesia, 38 bombings in 11 cities are directed against

churches. Nineteen people are killed and over 100 injured. The attacks in the Philippines kill 22 and injure 120.

September 11, 2001: The World Trade Center in New York City is destroyed by al-Qaeda.

October 6, 2002: Al-Qaeda conducts a suicide bombing against a French oil tanker, the Limburg, off the coast of Yemen.

October 12, 2000: USS Cole bombed by al-Qaeda in Yemen. Seventeen U.S. sailors are killed and 30 are wounded.

April 30, 2003: Two British citizens, Asif Hanif and Omar Sharif, attempt to bomb Mike’s Place, a cafe in Tel Aviv, Israel. Three people are killed, 65 are injured.

August 5, 2003: A suicide bomber crashes into the lobby of the J. W. Marriott Hotel in Jakarta, Indonesia, killing 16 people and wounding 150.

November 28, 2002: Al-Qaeda attacks the Paradise Hotel in Mombasa, Kenya, with three suicide bombers. Sixteen people are killed.

October 12, 2002: Bali bombings kill 202 people, 164 of whom are foreign nationals and 38 Indonesian citizens. Another 209 people are injured. Al-Qaeda-linked group is blamed.

November 8, 2003: A suicide bombing at a housing compound in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, kills 17. Most of the victims are Muslims working in Saudi Arabia.

February 27, 2004: The 10,000-ton Superferry 14 catches fire while transporting 900 people between islands in the central Philippines. About 116 people are killed. Philippine Muslim rebel group Abu Sayyaf claims responsibility for the disaster.

March 11, 2004: Multiple bombs destroy a train in Madrid, Spain, killing 191 people and injuring about 1,800 more. Bombers claim to be inspired by al-Qaeda.

September 9, 2004: A car bombing, funded by al-Qaeda, occurs outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Ten people die and over 200 are injured.

May 29, 2004: Four terrorists attack a foreign workers’ housing complex, the Oasis Compound in Khobar, Saudi Arabia. They take 50 hostages, murdering the 22 non-Muslims. The terrorists escape, possibly assisted by the Saudi security forces who had surrounded the compound.

July 7, 2005: Suicide attacks are carried out by Muslim extremists during the morning rush hour in London, killing 52 people as well as the four suicide bombers. Another 700 people are injured.

July 21, 2005: Four attempted bomb attacks disrupt part of London's public transport system.

July 23, 2005: The Egyptian resort town of Sharm el-Sheikh is attacked by three simultaneous suicide bombings. At least 88 are killed and over 150 are wounded. The group taking responsibility claims that the attack was ordered by al-Qaeda.

October 1, 2005: Three suicide bombers blow themselves up in restaurants on the island of Bali, Indonesia. Twenty-two people are killed and over 100 are injured. No group takes credit for the bombings.

October 19, 2007: Suicide bomber kills at least 139 people and injures around 400 in an attempt to assassinate Pakistan’s prime minister, Benazir Bhutto. Bhutto is later assassinated on December 27, 2007, probably by al-Qaeda.

July 2, 2007: A suicide bomber drives into a convoy of Spanish tourists visiting an ancient temple in Yemen, killing eight Spaniards and two Yemenis.

April 11, 2007: Two bombs hit Algiers, the capital of Algeria. At least 23 people are killed and 160 are injured. Al-Qaeda takes credit.

November 9, 2005: Three hotels in Amman, Jordan—the Grand Hyatt Hotel, the Radisson SAS Hotel, and the Days Inn—are simultaneously bombed. Sixty people, including three bombers, are killed and 115 others are injured.

Operation Enduring Freedom is the name used by the U.S. military for the war in Afghanistan, launched in October 2001, as well as campaigns in the Philippines, Somalia, the Trans-Sahara and Kyrgyzstan.It is part of the United States’ Global War on Terror.On October 5, 2006, NATO officially took over control of U.S. forces in Afghanistan, though the U.S. continued independent operations in Kandahar, Bagram, and Kabul.

Operation Enduring Freedom

U.S. operations in Afghanistan

U.S. and French in Somalia Muslim insurgents in Algeria

Afghanistan PhilippinesKyrgyzstan

Trans-Sahara: Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Nigeria,

and Morocco Somalia

Dutch artillery Polish tactical support

Spanish transport

British patrol

U.S. ground troops

Canadian guards

Belgian air support

Afghanmilitia

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