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Insight Services, Inc.
T E R R A
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99 PARK AVENUE, 16TH FLOOR, NEW YORK, NY 10016, U.S. TEL. 212.286.9197 FAX 917.591.5988
TERRA TECHNOLOGIES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY – OIL, GAS AND MINERALS
Terra Energy & Resource Technologies, Inc. (OTCBB: TEGR), through wholly owned subsidiary, Terra Insight Services, Inc. (Terra), offers exploration services using innovative technologies. Terra’s methods are applied in early exploration stages, in uncharted areas, in difficult settings, in the face of complex geological conditions and/or after conventional methods fail to produce results. The Terra Technology and services suite is a powerful set of tools that increase exploration success rates, save time and cut costs. It includes:
Sub‐Terrain Prospecting (STeP®) technology – STeP includes five independent, remote sensing and computational technologies under its heading, each based on multi‐stage modeling, processing and interpretation of satellite, cartographic, and other data to assess, quantify and locate hydrocarbon structures and mineral deposits on or offshore;
Naturally Adsorbed Gas Survey (NAGS™) – NAGS is a geochemical technology which analyzes adsorbed gases in collected samples and has been effective in determining zones of hydrocarbon and mineral accumulations;
Side View Seismic Locator (SVSL) – SVSL is a micro‐seismic technology based on the processing of scattered waves (rather than reflected) that determines zones of open fracturing in HC reservoirs, optimizes drilling location selection, improves production rates, and avoids drilling complications;
Seismic Location of Emission Centers (SLEC) – SLEC is a passive‐seismic technology which captures fluid (oil or water) saturation, oil‐to‐water contact and reservoir dynamics.
The technologies were developed over decades and applied in hundreds of projects. Their application depends on both technical science (sophisticated algorithms) and the geological experience (the analyst’s lab and field experience). Scores of successful exploration applications are on record for the world’s largest natural resource companies and governments. Separately, each of the technologies reveals important information about the subsurface. In combination, the technologies form a powerful tool suite for exploration. Terra employs two dozen scientists, PhD’s and staff with more than 400 years in combined industry experience in applied geological and exploratory innovation. In combination with, or in lieu of traditional methods, Terra substantially reduces hydrocarbon/mineral discovery cost and time:
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Natural Resources – Step by STeP®
STeP® ‐ Sub Terrain Prospecting, is a proprietary, remote sensing and analytical technology which interprets and quantifies various natural phenomena manifest at the surface using sophisticated algorithms and models, such phenomena being directly linked to subsurface hydrocarbon/mineral‐bearing geological features. Most of the data is acquired via satellite. STeP integrates tectonic, morphological, structural, and spectral models which assess and determine the presence of structures/anomalies, on or off‐shore. While Remote Earth Sensing (RES) is not new, STeP introduces an extremely effective analytical and interpretative processes that render its brand of remote sensing far more informative and accurate than the options offered by competitors. STeP provides important information relevant to determining the location, depth and, at times, thickness of subsurface hydrocarbon/mineral accumulations. STeP uses extremely sophisticated data‐mining techniques including Kohonen artificial neural nets (also known as self‐organizing maps), pattern recognition techniques and fuzzy logic. STeP consists of five remotely administered methods: A. Geodynamic analysis; B. Morphometric Analysis; C. Paleo‐reconstruction; D. Structuremetric analysis; E. Spectrometric analysis. The results of these independently operated methods are integrated into actionable, high‐value analysis and conclusions.
Geodynamic Analysis (GDA) – Determines the primary hydrocarbon/mineral generating system of any area and assesses prospectivity based on a tectonic divisibility theory which postulates predetermined and hereditary dependencies between concentric zones of deep energy and fluid discharge. Based on the mantle plumes hypothesis, GDA was transformed into a method of computational tectonic analysis. It ranks geodynamic systems (formed as a result of deep energy and fluid fluxes coming from the core‐mantle boundary to the Earth’s upper horizons via narrow fractured conduits) according to the numerical model of thermal convection in the mantle. The method constructs a computational model of the tectonic framework that represents the structural arrangement of the Earth’s entrails. These systems can be thought of as regular patterns of tectonic divisibility in the lithosphere that range from a few meters to thousands of kilometers. Having profiled many known mineral deposits of deep genesis, the model shows that such
deposits, including hydrocarbons, tend to occur at intersecting nodes of these concentric “fluid‐supplying pipes”. GDA significantly advances the studies of the mantle transforming them into a practical solution for resource prospecting.
Morphometric Analysis – Identifies the tectonic structure of an area and delineates the contours of local and regional positive tectonic features whose slopes and crests can be attributed to hydrocarbon deposits. The method postulates that exogenous relief‐forming processes progress via the “gravity‐potential‐differential”, which is a function of respective geological structures and the Earth’s crustal movements. One key result is to represent the geomedium as several paleogeographic base levels and uncover the intensity and direction of crustal block movements as well as the appearance/disappearance/burial of related geological structures (anticlines, synclines, horsts, grabens, flexures, etc.). Paleo‐Reconstruction or Relief‐Plasticity – Determines the locations of hydrocarbon/mineral generation, such as depocenters, and pathways of migration on local, regional and global levels.
Via its algorithms, the method converts static two‐dimensional elevation data (topographic, DEM, satellite) of palegeographic levels or isoline maps into a paleo‐channel model. Represented in the model are respective strata levels showing the geomedium’s character and trend of movement. By revealing inferred oil‐saturation in channels/systems, paleo‐reconstruction reliably identifies oil‐bearing structures and other geological features, such as impact depressions and paleo deltas, indicative of resource prospectivity. In early exploration phases, these “channel maps” are especially helpful in determining hydrocarbon/mineral migration direction(s), locating accumulation zones, determining the genetic dependency between offset production and the area of interest, and increasing the efficiency of the overall work program.
Natural Resources – Step by STeP®
Structuremetric analysis ‐ Locates geological objects by analyzing stress fields evident on the surface. Every geo‐medium has its own acoustic density characteristics, and any geological object under the influence of tectonic forces causes a specific pattern of interference (stress) within its surrounding. Hydrocarbon‐bearing microfractured zones form specific paleo stress that can be detected on the surface via Terra’s special process, manifested as the contours of a contact zone between a hydrocarbon deposit and its surrounding rock. Utilizing proprietary algorithms which incorporate the principals of proportionality (Harmonic Division) and the golden ratio principle, the application transforms the aforementioned two‐dimensional image
into a multidimensional vector model showing pertinent existing subsurface objects, their respective depths and morphological distinctions. Spectrometric analysis – Discovers special structures called Geo‐Informational Anomalies (GIA) by processing multi‐spectral satellite images via proprietary algorithms. GIAs may be viewed as snapshot representations of hydrocarbon/mineral accumulations’ impact on the surface. GIA’s are based on the phenomena of “small circles”, which are produced by hydrocarbon/mineral deposits via “passive seismic” effects. Images are processed in an innovative, multistage methodology, in different aspects of the spectrum, to produce horizontal and vertical cross‐section maps of GIA density. The natural resource exploration services offered by Terra using STeP are accurate, cost‐effective, fast, and efficient. Because STeP incorporates tectonic, structural, and geomorphological paradigms, it is particularly helpful in dealing with complicated geology, “seeing” into seismically blind horizons, screening large, virgin areas and identifying those specific blocks that merit additional, more costly work such as geophysical studies or scout‐drilling.
Naturally Adsorbed Gas Survey (NAGS) – Discovers anomalies in the adsorbed gases content of rock samples collected just below the soil level indicative of hydrocarbon/mineral prospectivity. NAGS is based on the concept of the gas field of the Earth, a natural flux of gases composed of all of the light homologs of methane as well as other inorganic gases, described as “the background gas field”. As these gases ascend to the surface and interact with hydrocarbon/mineral deposits, they undergo alteration in several ways (mechanically, physically, and chemically), and resulting anomalies in the distribution of gases become manifest at the surface. Such anomalies, which are a computational result of the analysis of adsorbed gases in rock samples near the surface, only occur when hydrocarbon/mineral
deposits are present in the subsurface. These anomalies are relational constructs developed in the NAGS model and appear as ring‐shaped and crest‐and‐ring‐shaped structures present on the Earth’s surface in terms of the distribution of gas components, various gas proportions, ratios, contrast curves, etc. Contrary to other gas‐geochemical technologies that profile subsoil atmosphere and hydrosphere gases (which are highly mobile and not informative), NAGS performs studies of gases firmly enclosed in rock material and stable at surface temperature and pressure. Known as “adsorbed gases”, they accumulate in rocks during the course of migration of gas‐saturated fluids at the maturation stage of regional geology. Hence, their characteristics are significantly more informative in contrast to the free gases of other, well known geochemical studies. NAGS profiles gas‐concentration anomalies as well as changes in the surface
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Natural Resources – Step by STeP®
composition of gases. Contrary to the traditional view that surface geochemical anomalies are a result of the migration of hydrocarbon gases from their source deposits, NAGS also accounts for the diffusion process (change in the gas field). Just like STeP, NAGS determines areas prospective for hydrocarbon/mineral accumulation as well as oil‐to‐water‐contact. The analytical processes and results of the five STeP components, as well as those of NAGS, are completely independent, yet synergistic in their hydrocarbon/mineral predictive capability. Agreement in the conclusions of the respective methodologies of STeP and NAGS applied to hydrocarbon/mineral exploration has proved indicative of significantly higher probabilities for drilling success. SVSL (Side‐View Seismic Locator) – Determines reservoir quality by identifying zones of open fracturing which are known for superior productive potential. It is principally a new method of micro‐seismic exploration designed to study fracturing in potential reservoirs. There is a fundamental difference between SVSL and conventional seismic exploration (CSEM). CSEM is based primarily on the use of reflected waves while SVSL is based on the analysis of scattered waves. Acoustic impedance of an open fracture is an order higher than that of other subsurface geological features, causing scattered waves to provide specific information pertaining to open fracturing. To identify low‐power scattered waves in man‐made seismic wave fields, SVSL uses synchronous stacking of scattered wave signals at 104 and suppression of reflected waves via special observation geometry and proprietary Focusing Transformation Algorithms. SVSL can reprocess both 2D and 3D‐seismic data, or it can be applied real‐time in the field using conventional energy sources but through a proprietary acquisition process. The method is best applied in carbonate and other types of fractured reservoirs.
Seismic Location of Emission Centers (SLEC) – Directly determines the presence and nature of fluids in the subsurface. SLEC’s result is a video that shows the presence and movement of oil, gas and water within a given reservoir. It is a passive seismic technology allowing the study of 4D distribution of open fracture dynamics. SLEC’s process detects natural seismic emission (SE) waves generated during a cycle of opening and collapse of microfractures known to occur in the Earth’s subsurface which appears to be related to gravitational changes. SE waves are identified in the measured wave field by applying the proprietary Focusing Transformation Algorithm, which helps locate emission centers where open fractures are formed. The behavior of SE characterizes oil, water or dry saturation in the respective horizon. SLEC is a real time technology that allows the continuous measurement and processing of the seismic‐wave‐field to determine an area’s fluid type/fluid saturation, hydrocarbons
distribution, oil‐to‐water‐contact, fluid migration and reservoir dynamics for each horizon. With these capabilities, besides being useful for vertical wells, it can also be applied to plan horizontal drilling and injection wells, as well as monitor hydraulic fracturing and water advance in production. In the last 10 years, the STeP, NAGS, SVSL and SLEC studies have been applied in over 100 oil and gas exploration areas ranging in size from 10 to 14,000 sq. km all around the world: Africa (Egypt National Oil Company, Gerald Metals, Government of Mauritania, Semmeous Lion Mining du Niger), Argentina (YPF, TGS, YPF), Brazil (Petrobras), Cambodia, Chile, Indonesia (Pertamina), Jordan (NRA), Kazakhstan (Nurmunai Petrogaz), Russia (Northern Oil, Nobil Oil, TNK, PetroSakh, Slavneft, Surgutneft, Tatneft), South Korea, Tasmania, USA, etc. Success stories and references are available upon request.
