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TUGAS JURNAL FAAL Disusun Oleh: Khairita Maranti (1400013127) Dinda Khairunnisa (1400013323) Anggita Puspitasari (1400013367)

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Page 1: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

TUGAS JURNAL FAAL

Disusun Oleh:Khairita Maranti (1400013127)Dinda Khairunnisa (1400013323)Anggita Puspitasari (1400013367)

FAKULTAS PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS AHMAD DAHLAN

YOGYAKARTA 2015

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Momentary Assessment of Contextual Influences on Affective Response During

Physical Activity

Genevieve Fridlund Dunton, Yue Liao, Stephen Intille, Jimi Huh, Adam Leventhal

AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS

Genevieve Fridlund

Dunton

Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern

California

Yue LiaoDepartment of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern

California

Stephen IntilleColleges of Computer and Information Science and Health

Sciences, Northeastern University

Jimi HuhDepartment of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern

California

Adam LeventhalDepartment of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern

California

CITATION

Dunton, G. F., Liao, Y., Intille, S., Huh, J., & Leventhal, A. (2015). Momentary

assessment of contextual influences on affective response during physical activity. Health

Psychology, 34(12), 1145-1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000223

Abstract

Objective: Higher positive and lower negative affective response during physical activity

may reinforce motivation to engage in future activity. However, affective response during

physical activity is typically examined under controlled laboratory conditions. This

research used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine social and physical

contextual influences on momentary affective response during physical activity in

naturalistic settings. Method:Participants included 116 adults (mean age = 40.3 years,

73% female) who completed 8 randomly prompted EMA surveys per day for 4 days

across 3 semiannual waves. EMA surveys measured current activity level, social context,

and physical context. Participants also rated their current positive and negative affect.

Multilevel models assessed whether momentary physical activity level moderated

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differences in affective response across contexts controlling for day of the week, time of

day, and activity intensity (measured by accelerometer). Results:The Activity Level ×

Alone interaction was significant for predicting positive affect (β = −0.302,SE =

0.133, p = .024). Greater positive affect during physical activity was reported when with

other people (vs. alone). The Activity Level × Outdoors interaction was significant for

predicting negative affect (β = −0.206, SE = 0.097, p = .034). Lower negative affect

during physical activity was reported outdoors (vs. indoors). Conclusions: Being with

other people may enhance positive affective response during physical activity, and being

outdoors may dampen negative affective response during physical activity.

KEYWORDS:

positive affect, negative affect, social context, physical context, ecological momentary

assessment

Physical inactivity has been declared a global public health problem by the World Health

Organization (2008). Approximately 65% of U.S. adults report a combination of

moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity totaling at least 150 min per week

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010), yet objective evidence from

accelerometers indicates that this rate may be as low as 5% (Troiano et al., 2008). The

public health significance of the problem is underscored by evidence showing that low

physical activity increases risk of many serious health conditions, including coronary

heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, and breast and colon cancers (Lee et al., 2012). Identifying

modifiable correlates and determinants of physical activity is critical for the development

of effective programs and policies.

To address the problem of physical inactivity, much research attention has been directed

toward understanding cognitive, social, and environmental influences on this behavior

(Bauman et al., 2012). However, many of these variables (e.g., attitudes, intentions,

outcome expectancies, social support, recreational facilities) have been found to have

only modest associations with physical activity in adults (Trost, Owen, Bauman, Sallis, &

Brown, 2002). More recent models of physical activity engagement suggest that the affect

experienced during physical activity may trigger key processes underlying the reinforcing

properties of the behavior. This work is based on theories of hedonic motivation

(Higgins, 2006) and operant conditioning (Skinner, 1953) on the role of affect in

behavioral decision making. Behaviors that generate desirable affective states (i.e., high

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positive affect, low negative affect) have a greater likelihood of being performed in the

future (Loewenstein, 2000). Positive affective states experienced during health-relevant

behaviors may increase appetitive motivation (Updegraff, Gable, & Taylor, 2004). In

contrast, negative affect experienced during health behaviors may trigger a motivational

state of behavioral avoidance (Leone, Perugini, & Bagozzi, 2005). Along these lines, a

small but growing number of studies have shown that experiencing a greater reward

response (e.g., positive affect) and lower aversive response (e.g., negative affect) during

bouts of exercise predicts greater current and future physical activity participation

(Magnan, Kwan, & Bryan, 2013; Williams et al., 2008; Williams, Dunsiger, Jennings, &

Marcus, 2012).

Studies on affective responses during physical activity are typically conducted in

controlled laboratory settings where participants perform a standardized exercise task

such as riding a stationary cycle or running on a treadmill for a specific intensity for a

prescribed duration (Rose & Parfitt, 2007). This body of work has yielded the dual-mode

model of affective responses to exercise (Ekkekakis, Hall, & Petruzzello, 2005),

suggesting that individuals experience homogeneous pleasure responses at low-intensity

physical activity and homogenous displeasure responses at high-intensity physical

activity. However, there is considerable variability in positive and negative affective

response at moderate-intensity levels (Ekkekakis, Parfitt, & Petruzzello, 2011). In these

situations, contextual features of the physical activity setting may enhance or diminish the

affective response.

Two core contextual dimensions that may play a particularly important role in modulating

mechanisms involved in affective response are the physical and social features of a

setting. Attention restoration theory (Kaplan, 1995) suggests that outdoor and natural

settings offer engaging stimuli that can restore attentional fatigue and bolster

concentration, leading to positive affective responses. Supporting this hypothesis, studies

have shown that exercising outdoors is associated with greater feelings of revitalization

and positive engagement; decreases in tension, confusion, anger, and depression; and

increased energy as compared with indoor exercise (Thompson Coon et al., 2011). A

greater positive affective response may also occur when the physical activity facilitates

opportunities for social interaction (i.e., exercising with others). Plante, Gustafson,

Brecht, Imberi, and Sanchez (2011) found that exercising with a friend is more enjoyable

and offers more stress reduction benefits than exercising alone. However, these lines of

research typically use retrospective measures of affective state, which may be prone to

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errors and biases (Sato & Kawahara, 2011), and examine structured activity bouts under

experimental conditions instead of self-selected activities in free-living settings.

These methodological limitations may be addressed through real-time data capture

strategies such as ecological momentary assessment (EMA) or experience sampling

methods (Shiffman, Stone, & Hufford, 2008). EMA may reduce recall errors and biases

that threaten retrospective self-report, and EMA methods enhance ecological validity by

measuring affect and behaviors in the settings where they naturally occur (Schwarz,

2007). This strategy makes it possible to examine concurrent exposures and events

(Dunton & Atienza, 2009). To date, a small but growing number of studies have applied

EMA methodologies to examine affective responses to physical activity in adults

(Bossmann, Kanning, Koudela-Hamila, Hey, & Ebner-Priemer, 2013; Ebner-Priemer,

Koudela, Mutz, & Kanning, 2012; Kanning, Ebner-Priemer, & Brand, 2012; Kanning,

Ebner-Priemer, & Schlicht, 2013; Schlicht, Ebner-Priemer, & Kanning, 2013;Wichers et

al., 2012). EMA has also been used to test the effects of social and physical contexts on

adults’ concurrent activity levels (Liao, Intille, & Dunton, 2015). To date, there is only

one known published study capitalizing on EMA methodology to investigate how

affective responses to physical activity differ by context (Kanning, 2012). However, that

research examined the effect of activity level and context on subsequent (instead of

concurrent) affective states. It also operationalized context as the purpose of the behavior

(i.e., for work, transport, chores, leisure) and did not specifically assess where (e.g.,

indoors, outdoors) or with whom (e.g., alone, with others) activities were taking place.

The current study moves beyond prior work in this area by using EMA to examine

whether affective responses during physical activity differ across specific social and

physical contexts. The primary objective was to determine whether momentary physical

activity level (i.e., being physically active at the time of assessment) moderated

differences in affective response across contexts. Building on preliminary evidence that

exercising with people may be more enjoyable than exercising alone (Plante et al., 2011),

we hypothesized that individuals would experience higher positive affect (and lower

negative affect) when engaging in physical activity with someone as compared with being

alone. We also expected that individuals would report higher positive affect (and lower

negative affect) when physical activity was performed outdoors as compared with

indoors, expanding from initial studies on potential psychologically restorative benefits of

outdoor physical activity (Thompson Coon et al., 2011).

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Method

 

 

Participants and Recruitment

Participants included healthy adults living in and around Chino, California (a suburban

community located about 35 miles east of downtown Los Angeles). The current study

analyzed data from a longitudinal study called Project MOBILE (Measuring Our

Behaviors in Living Environments), which investigated the effects of environmental and

intrapersonal factors on health behavior decision-making processes. Recruitment

occurred through a number of channels, including posters placed at community locations,

letters sent to places of residence, and references from other research studies. Inclusion

criteria consisted of the following: (a) age 25 years or older, (b) residence in Chino or a

surrounding community, and (c) ability to answer electronic EMA surveys while at work.

Participants were excluded who (a) did not speak and read fluently in English, (b) had an

annual household income greater than $210,000, (c) regularly performed more than 150

min per week of exercise or physical activity, and (d) had physical limitations making

them unable to exercise. High-active and high-income individuals were excluded because

the goal of the larger study was to examine how neighborhood environmental features

promote physical activity initiation in individuals at elevated risk for obesity (i.e., low-

active and low-to-moderate income). Individuals who met the eligibility criteria were

scheduled for a data collection appointment at a local community site or their home. This

research was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University

of Southern California.

Study Design

Each participant completed three data collection waves of EMA (each separated by 6

months). No data collection took place from late July to August and during January

because of the extreme temperatures and weather in the study sites, which can alter

physical activity patterns.

Procedure

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EMA data were collected through a mobile phone (HTC Shadow, T-Mobile U.S.A.,

Bellevue, WA) with a custom version of the MyExperience software installed (Froehlich,

Chen, Consolvo, Harrison, & Landay, 2007). The software was programmed to display

electronic question sequences and response choices on the mobile phone screen. Each

wave of data collection lasted 4 days (Saturday–Tuesday). Eight EMA surveys were

prompted per day between the hours of 6:30 a.m. and 10 p.m. Each EMA survey was

prompted at a random time within eight preprogrammed windows to ensure adequate

spacing across the day. Upon receiving a phone signal, participants were instructed to

stop their current activity and complete a short electronic EMA question sequence. This

process required 2–3 min. If a signal occurred during an incompatible activity (e.g.,

sleeping or bathing), participants were instructed to ignore it. If no entry was made, the

phone emitted up to three reminder signals at 5-min intervals. After this point, the

electronic EMA survey became inaccessible until the next recording opportunity.

Participants were asked to wear a waist-worn accelerometer during waking hours across

the 4 monitoring days of each wave. Paper questionnaires and anthropometric

assessments were conducted at an in-person session at the beginning of each wave. All

items were administered in English. Participants were compensated up to $50 for each

wave of the study based on their compliance with the EMA procedures.

Measures

Activity level

During each EMA question sequence, participants were asked to indicate their current

activity level, “What were you DOING right before the beep went off [Choose your main

activity]?” with response options “reading/computer,” “watching TV/movies,”

“eating/drinking,” “physical activity/exercising,” and “other.” They were instructed to

indicate “physical activity/exercising” for any activity that raised their heart rate and

made them breath harder. If “physical activity/exercising” was selected, the participant

received the follow-up question, “What type of PHYSICAL ACTIVITY/EXERCISE?” If

a participant responded “other” to the initial question, he or she received the follow-up

question, “What was this OTHER activity?” with response options “talking on the

phone,” “cooking/chores,” “riding in a car,” “childcare/helping children,” and “something

else.” If he or she indicated “something else,” the question “Were you (sitting, standing,

walking, jogging/running)?” was shown. Responses indicating “physical

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activity/exercising” and “jogging/running” were coded as physical activity. All other

responses were coded as not physical activity. These EMA-reported physical activity

items have been validated again accelerometer measures (Dunton, Liao, Kawabata, &

Intille, 2012).

Social and physical context

The EMA question sequence also asked participants to indicate their current physical and

social context. Participants were asked to answer either “yes” or “no” to indicate whether

they were alone. If not alone, they received a series of follow-up questions requiring

“yes” or “no” responses to indicate whether they were with their “spouse,” “child(ren),”

“other family members,” “friend(s),” “coworkers,” “other types of acquaintances,” or

people they did not know. Responses to these items were used to create a summary

variable for social context (alone vs. not alone). Participants were also asked, “WHERE

were you just before the beep went off?” with response options, “home (indoors),” “home

(outdoors), “work (indoors),” “outdoors (not at home),” “car/van/truck, and “other.” If

“outdoors (not at home)” was selected, the participant received the follow-up question,

“WHERE were you OUTDOORS just before the beep went off?” Responses to these

items were used to create a summary item for physical context (outdoors vs. indoors). To

limit the length of each EMA survey, a randomly programmed 60% of the EMA prompts

asked the questions about social and physical context.

Positive and negative affect

The EMA affect items covered the two fundamental dimensions of affect posited by the

circumplex model: valence (ranging from pleasure to displeasure) and arousal (ranging

from activation to deactivation; Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005). To assess positive

affect, items were selected to represent activated (happy, cheerful) and deactivated (calm

or relaxed) pleasure (three items total, Cronbach’s alpha = .85). Negative affect items

represented combinations of activated (nervous or anxious, stressed) and deactivated (sad

or depressed, frustrated or angry) displeasure (four items total, Cronbach’s alpha = .84).

Participants were asked to indicate the extent to which each affective state was felt just

before the auditory EMA prompt. Response options included “not at all,” “a little,”

“moderately,” “quite a bit,” and “extremely.” To limit potential participant burden, a

randomly programmed 60% of the total EMA prompts included the affect items. Thus,

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the likelihood of receiving a context and affect question together in the same EMA survey

was .60 × .60 = .36.

Activity intensity

The Actigraph GT2M model activity monitor (firmware v06.02.00; Pensacola, FL)

provided an objective measure of physical activity intensity to be included as a covariate.

The device was worn on the right hip attached to an adjustable belt. Actigraphs were not

worn when sleeping, bathing, or swimming. A 30-s epoch was used. The moderate-to-

vigorous physical activity (MVPA) threshold was 2,020 counts per minute (equivalent to

3 metabolic equivalents [METs]), consistent with studies using national surveillance data

(Troiano et al., 2008). Activity intensity was operationalized by the minutes of MVPA

occurring in the 30 min surrounding each EMA prompt (i.e., 15 min before and 15 min

after). EMA entries with a total of zero activity counts in the 30 min surrounding each

EMA prompt were considered accelerometer nonwear and excluded from analyses.

Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference

At Wave 1, research staff measured height and weight using an electronically calibrated

digital scale (Tanita WB-110A) and professional stadiometer (PE-AIM-101) to the

nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively. BMI was calculated (kg/m2). Waist

circumference (in cm) was measured.

Demographic and time variables

Participants’ age, sex, ethnicity, race, and annual household income were assessed

through a self-report paper-and pencil questionnaire at Wave 1. Each EMA survey was

also coded for whether it occurred on a weekend day or weekday and the time of day that

it occurred (i.e., morning [6:30–11:59 a.m.], afternoon [12–5:59 p.m.], or evening [6–10

p.m.]).

Data Analyses

Descriptive statistics for demographic characteristics were calculated with individual

participant as the unit of analysis (Level 2); all other descriptive statistics use occasions

(i.e., EMA prompts) as the unit of analysis (Level 1). Data were analyzed with multilevel

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modeling in HLM (Version 7) using the HLM2 procedure. Multilevel models adjust the

standard errors for clustering of EMA prompts (Level 1) within people (Level 2;  Bryk &

Raudenbush, 1992). A series of multilevel logistic regression models were run to examine

whether any demographic or temporal variables were associated with EMA compliance,

operationalized as a binary outcome (0 = unanswered prompt and 1 = answered prompt).

Multilevel models also tested whether positive and negative affect were associated with

participant age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, waist circumference, number of EMA-reported bouts

of physical activity, day of the week, time of day, and data collection wave to determine

whether any of these variables should be included as model covariates.

Multilevel models tested whether momentary activity level moderated the association of

being alone (vs. with other people) and being outdoors (vs. indoors) with concurrent

affective state. Random intercepts models were estimated. Between-subjects and within-

subject versions (i.e., partitioning the variance) of the main effects were generated

(Hedeker, Mermelstein, & Demirtas, 2012). The between-subjects version represents the

individual mean deviation from the grand mean, and the within-subject version represents

deviation from one’s own mean at any given prompt (Curran & Bauer, 2011). Similarly,

the between-subjects and within-subject variation terms for binary predictors were

created using grand mean-centering (i.e., subtracting by the group mean proportion) and

person mean-centering (i.e., subtracting by the individual mean proportion) methods,

respectively. Interaction terms were created by multiplying the within-subject person-

mean centered values for the predictor variables (i.e., Positive Affect × Alone and

Positive Affect × Outdoors). Multilevel models entered the activity level by context

interaction terms together with its constituent main effects in Level 1.

All models controlled for within-subject and between-subjects variation in activity

intensity (i.e., MVPA minutes measured by accelerometer in the ±15 min surrounding the

EMA prompt). Data were collapsed across all three data collection waves. Models testing

the effects on positive and negative affect were run separately. Robust standard errors

were generated because the distribution of responses for negative affect was positively

skewed (skewness statistic = 2.089, SE = 0.040). HLM 7 calculates robust standard errors

using the Huber/White or sandwich estimator (White, 1982) to obtain corrected tests and

confidence intervals when there are nonnormally distributed outcome data. Equations 1

and 2 show the general form of the multilevel models tested, where i indicates individual

and t indicates occasion or time (i.e., EMA prompt).

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Level 1 model (Equation 1)

Level 2 model (Equation 2)

Results

 

 

Participant Characteristics

A total of 116 adults participated in the study. Of these individuals, 90 (78%) had three

waves of data, 11 (9%) had two waves of data, and 15 (13%) had one wave of data.

Demographic characteristics for the sample are shown in Table 1.

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Participants were mainly female (72%) and overweight or obese (61%). Individuals

ranged in age from 27 to 73 years, with an average age of 40.5 years (SD = 9.5). The

sample was 30% Hispanic/Latino. Twenty-four percent had an annual household income

less than $40,000. Approximately 5% participants engaged in >150 min per week of

MVPA during all three data collection waves according to the accelerometer data. The

number of waves of data available was unrelated to participants’ age, sex, ethnicity,

income, BMI, and waist circumference.

EMA Compliance

On average, participants answered 83% (range = 46–100) of EMA prompts, yielding

7,910 Level 1 observations (M = 68.19, SD = 22.20, range = 10–96 per participant). EMA

compliance rates were higher during the third wave of data collection (87%) than the first

wave (82%; β = 0.323, SE = 0.113, p = .006). EMA compliance also differed by day of

the week and time of day, with participants exhibiting higher EMA compliance on

weekdays (85%) than weekend days (82%; β = 0.201, SE = 0.079, p = .013) and in the

afternoon (85%) than the morning (82%; β = 0.251, SE = 0.080, p = .003). Individuals

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with greater BMI score (β = −0.027, SE = 0.012, p = .020) or waist circumference (β =

−0.010, SE = 0.005, p = .036) had significantly lower EMA compliance. However, EMA

compliance rates did not differ by age, sex, ethnicity, or annual household income.

Accelerometers were not worn during 1,572 of the answered EMA prompts, leaving a

Level 1 sample size of 6,338 observations. After taking into account planned EMA item

skip patterns, between 2,068 and 2,281 Level 1 observations remained for each analysis.

Descriptive Statistics

Overall, participants reported a nonphysical activity in 91.3% and a physical activity in

8.7% of EMA surveys. The breakdown of nonphysical activity was as follows: 18.1%

reading/computer, 17.4% watching TV/movies, 12.0% eating/drinking, 9.9% riding in a

car, 9.1% cooking/chores, 6.0% talking/on the phone, 4.6% childcare/helping children,

22.9% other. In total, 108 participants had at least one EMA-reported instance of physical

activity during the three waves of data collection. Across these individuals, there were a

total of 549 instances of physical activity (M = 5.2, SD = 4.2, range = 1–18 per

participant), which consisted of walking (55%); running, jogging, or using cardiovascular

equipment (7%); weight lifting or strength training (6%); bicycling (3%); and other

(29%). For EMA prompts when physical activity was reported, 37% occurred alone, 40%

occurred with one’s children present (with or without other adults), 8% occurred with

one’s spouse present (without children but with or without other adults), and 15%

occurred with other adults (without one’s children or spouse). When physical activity was

reported, 62% of EMA prompts indicated being outdoors. Specific locations for outdoor

physical activity were as follows: 22% at home outdoors, 14% at a park or trail, and 26%

in other outdoor locations. Given the small numbers that remained in each response

category after breaking down EMA-reported physical activity by type of social company,

type of outdoor location, and type of physical activity/exercise, it was not possible to run

further statistical tests to examine differences in affective response across these

categories. On average, participants engaged in 0.75 min (SD = 2.13, range = 0–30) of

MVPA in the ±15-min window surrounding each EMA prompt and a total of 22.24 min

(SD = 14.43, range = 4.39–96.20) of MVPA per day. This daily level of physical activity

is similar to the average recorded for adults using accelerometers national surveillance

studies (Troiano et al., 2008).

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Across all EMA reports (i.e., both physical activity and nonphysical activity), the average

ratings for positive and negative affect were 3.06 (SD = 0.98) and 1.44 (SD = 0.64) on a

5-point response scale, respectively. Neither positive affect nor negative affect was

associated with participant age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, waist circumference, number of

EMA-reported bouts of physical activity, or data collection wave. Positive affect was

significantly higher on weekend days as compared with weekdays (β = 0.290, SE =

0.036, p < .001), and in the afternoon (β = 0.083, SE = 0.035, p = .021) and evening (β =

0.123, SE = 0.039, p = .001) as compared with in the morning. Negative affect was lower

in the evening as compared with in the morning (β = −0.069, SE = 0.025, p = .007).

Therefore, day of the week and time of day were entered as Level 1 covariates in all

subsequent models.

Social Contextual Influences on Affective Response During Physical Activity

Table 2

shows that results of the multilevel models testing whether momentary activity level

moderated the association of being alone (vs. with other people) and being outdoors (vs.

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indoors) with concurrent affective state. Results indicated a statistically significant

interaction for Activity Level × Alone for predicting positive affect (β = −0.302, SE =

0.133, p = .024). Examination of the simple effects showed that greater positive affect

during physical activity was reported when with other people (vs. alone; see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Plot of the Activity Level × Alone interaction for predicting positive affect

based on the unstandardized regression coefficients for the within-subjects main effects

and interaction terms generated from the multilevel model. There were 2,210 Level 1

observations (n = 72 physical activity/alone, n = 123 physical activity/not alone, n = 782

not physical activity/alone, n= 1,233 not physical activity/not alone). 

The Activity Level × Alone interaction was not significant for negative affect.

Physical Contextual Influences on Affective Response During Physical Activity

The results of multilevel models examining whether momentary activity level moderated

the differences in affective states while outdoors (vs. indoors) are displayed in Table 3.

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Individuals reported greater positive affect when outdoors than when indoors (β =

0.265, SE = 0.044, p < .001; main effects data not shown). However, being physically

active did not moderate differences in positive affect while outdoors versus indoors, as

indicated by the nonsignificant coefficient for the Activity Level × Outdoors interaction.

However, the Activity Level × Outdoors interaction was significant for predicting

negative affect (β = −0.206, SE = 0.097, p = .034). Examination of the simple effects

showed that lower negative affect during physical activity was reported outdoors (vs.

indoors; see Figure 2).

Figure 2. Plot of the Activity Level × Outdoors interaction for predicting negative affect

based on the unstandardized regression coefficients for the within-subjects main effects

and interaction terms generated from the multilevel model. There were 2,092 Level 1

observations (n = 111 physical activity/outdoors, n = 62 physical activity/not

outdoors, n = 252 not physical activity/outdoors, n = 1,667 not physical activity/not

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outdoors). 

Discussion

The current study is the first known attempt to use a real-time data capture strategy to

examine how being alone and outdoors are associated with one’s affective response

during physical activity in naturalistic settings encountered in everyday life. Results

indicated that higher positive affect was reported when engaging in physical activity with

other people as compared with being alone. Also, higher negative affect was reported

when engaging in physical activity indoors as compared with outdoors. Thus, variability

in affective response during physical activity appeared to be related to where and with

whom the activity was performed.

These findings shed light on the relevance of social context to mood-enhancing effects of

engaging in physical activity. Results showed that positive affective benefits of physical

activity were greater when the behavior was performed in the presence of other people as

compared with being alone. These findings fall in line with a large body of evidence

linking social connectedness and support to affective well-being (Okun & Keith, 1998).

The nonsignificant coefficient for the between-subjects effect of being alone on positive

affect suggests that the observed results are not explained by a tendency for individuals

with lower positive affect than average to spend more time alone. Understanding the

mechanisms linking social company to augmented positive affective response during

physical activity is an important area for future work. Approximately half of the physical

activity reported through EMA in the current study consisted of walking, of which equal

proportions were performed with others and alone. One explanation is that the positive

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social interactions such as social support, empathy, companionship, or entertaining

conversations occurring while walking can boost positive affect, as has been shown in

related literature (Vranceanu, Gallo, & Bogart, 2009). Alternatively, group-oriented

physical activities such as classes and team sports may heighten positive affective

response by providing greater challenge, or more opportunities for skill-building,

cooperation, or feeling of success and accomplishment (Chow & Feltz, 2008).

Results from the current study also provide evidence that individuals experienced indoor

physical activity as more unpleasant than physical activity performed outdoors. These

findings are consistent with work on the restorative effects of nature and natural

surroundings from the environmental psychology literature.(Berman, Jonides, & Kaplan,

2008). Natural environments, including being outside in one’s own yard or garden, may

provide a sense of escape that can promote less effortful brain functioning and reduced

stress (Hartig, Böök, Garvill, Olsson, & Gärling, 1996). Results from the current study

are in line with a recent systematic review, which found that across several studies,

physical activity performed in indoor settings was associated with greater tension, anger,

and depression than physical activity performed in outdoor settings (Thompson Coon et

al., 2011). However, many of the studies included in this review had methodological

concerns such as a lack of ecological validity and recall biases. The current study lends

increased credibility to these findings through improvements in design and assessment

including the capture of free-living activity bouts and objective activity monitoring.

Despite the consistent evidence supporting the notion that outdoors settings can have

beneficial effects on affective response during physical activity, a potential alternative

explanation that warrants further investigation is whether certain types of physical

activities that are inherently less unpleasant to some people (e.g., bicycling, team sports)

need to be performed outdoors by necessity.

Despite the use of EMA and objective physical activity monitoring, the current study had

limitations. The use of affect measures consisting of three to four items is not preferable,

yet it is often necessary in EMA research to keep electronic surveys reasonably short to

limit potential participant burden. Also, the negative affect items used (i.e., stressed,

frustrated or angry, nervous or anxious, sad or depressed) may not fully capture

unpleasant feelings experienced during physical activity such as discomfort, pain,

boredom, or fatigue. In addition, the EMA-reported physical activity item captured

activities that increased breathing and heart rate. Thus, it is not entirely known how

affective responses during light-intensity physical activity (e.g., slow walking) differ

Page 19: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

across contexts. Furthermore, results reported elsewhere (Dunton et al., 2012) have

indicated that, for this sample, unanswered EMA prompts had greater MVPA (±15 min)

than answered EMA prompts (p = .029) for underweight/normal-weight participants,

indicating that activity level might influence the likelihood of responding for some

individuals. If this pattern of missing data had not existed, more instances of physical

activity may have been reported for underweight/normal-weight participants. However,

because affect scores were unrelated to BMI, we would not expect the results to be

meaningfully different. Also, contextual exposure, behavior, and affect were measured

concurrently. Therefore, reverse causational effects, such as being in a more positive

mood leading an individual to seek out companions for physical activity, cannot be fully

ruled out. However, the within-subject design reduces concerns about between-subjects

confounding effects such as individuals with greater trait-level positive affect having

more social companions than individuals with lower trait-level positive affect. Lastly,

participants were mainly low-active women recruited from suburban communities with

primarily detached single-family housing. Results may not generalize to men, highly

physically active individuals, or more dense urban outdoor environments with fewer

natural features and less greenspace (e.g., yards, parks).

Overall, the current findings suggest that being with other people is associated with

enhanced positive affective response during physical activity, and being outdoors is

associated with a dampened negative affective response during physical activity.

Identifying the conditions that optimize pleasant and diminish unpleasant responses to

physical activity may have important policy and programmatic implications, given the

reinforcing properties of these affective experiences. If physical activity is more

affectively rewarding when performed with other people and less affectively aversive

when performed outdoors, then motivation to engage in future physical activity may be

reinforced by encouraging and providing opportunities for adults to be physically active

in these settings. Examples of these types of interventions and initiatives may include

parks-based exercise programming, classes, and equipment for adults; offering personal

fitness training in outdoor locations; and using social media sites to create meet-up

physical activity events to connect individuals. Future work is needed to understand

whether individuals who perform more physical activity in the company of other people

or in outdoor locations are more likely to sustain regular patterns of physical activity over

the long term.

Page 20: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

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diseases and diabetes. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

Support for this research was provided by American Cancer Society Grants 118283-

MRSGT-10-012-01-CPPB and 5R01CA123243. We thank Jennifer Beaudin of the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology for programming the EMA protocols used in this

study and making modifications to the MyExperience tool. We also would like to

acknowledge Keito Kawabata of the University of Southern California for his assistance

with participant recruitment and data collection.

Portions of this paper were presented at the 2013 American Public Health Association

Annual Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, November 2013.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Genevieve Fridlund

Dunton, Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern

California, 2001 North Soto Street, Third Floor, Room 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA

90033-9045 

Email: [email protected]

Genevieve Fridlund Dunton , Yue Liao , Stephen Intille , Jimi Huh , Adam Leventhal

Page 29: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

afiliasi penulis

Genevieve Fridlund Dunton Departemen Kedokteran Pencegahan , University of

Southern California

Yue Liao Departemen Kedokteran Pencegahan , University of Southern California

Stephen Intille Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi dan ,

Northeastern University

Jimi Huh Departemen Kedokteran Pencegahan , University of Southern California

Adam Leventhal Departemen Kedokteran Pencegahan , University of Southern California

KUTIPAN

Dunton , GF , Liao , Y. , Intille , S. , Huh , J. , & Leventhal , A. ( 2015 ) . Penilaian sesaat

pengaruh kontekstual pada respon afektif selama aktivitas fisik . Psikologi kesehatan , 34

( 12 ) , 1145-1153 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000223

ABASTRAK

Objective:Higher positive and lower negative affective response during physical activity

may reinforce motivation to engage in future activity

Tujuan : respon afektif Tinggi positif dan negatif yang lebih rendah selama aktivitas fisik

dapat memperkuat motivasi untuk terlibat dalam aktivitas masa depan.

Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J., & Martin, B. W.(2012).

Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not?

[Review]. The Lancet, 380, 258–271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1

However, affective response during physical activity is typically examined under

controlled laboratory conditions.

Namun, respon afektif selama aktivitas fisik biasanya diperiksa di bawah kondisi

laboratorium yang terkontrol.

Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J., & Martin, B. W.(2012).

Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not?

[Review]. The Lancet, 380, 258–271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1

This research used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine social and

physical contextual influences on momentary affective response during physical activity

in naturalistic settings.

Penelitian ini menggunakan penilaian sesaat ekologi ( EMA ) untuk memeriksa pengaruh

kontekstual sosial dan fisik pada respon afektif sesaat selama aktivitas fisik dalam

Page 30: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

pengaturan naturalistik .Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J., & Martin, B. W.(2012).

Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not?

[Review]. The Lancet, 380, 258–271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1

Method:Participants included 116 adults (mean age = 40.3 years, 73% female) who

completed 8 randomly prompted EMA surveys per day for 4 days across 3 semiannual

waves

Metode : Peserta termasuk 116 orang dewasa ( usia rata-rata = 40,3 tahun , 73 %

perempuan ) yang menyelesaikan 8 acak diminta survei EMA per hari selama 4 hari di 3

gelombang setengah tahunan

EMA surveys measured current activity level, social context, and physical context.

Participants also rated their current positive and negative affect.

Survei EMA diukur tingkat saat aktivitas , konteks sosial , dan konteks fisik . Peserta juga

dinilai positif mereka saat ini dan negatif mempengaruhi .

Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J., & Martin, B. W.(2012).

Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not?

[Review]. The Lancet, 380, 258–271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1

Multilevel models assessed whether momentary physical activity level moderated

differences in affective response across contexts controlling for day of the week, time of

day, and activity intensity (measured by accelerometer).

Model multilevel menilai apakah tingkat aktivitas fisik sesaat moderator perbedaan dalam

respon afektif di konteks mengendalikan hari dalam seminggu , waktu hari , dan

intensitas aktivitas ( diukur dengan accelerometer ) .

Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E. E., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2005). Variation and homogeneity in

affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities: An alternative perspective

on dose–response based on evolutionary considerations [Review].Journal of Sports

Sciences, 23, 477–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021492

Page 31: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Results:The Activity Level × Alone interaction was significant for predicting positive

affect (β = −0.302,SE = 0.133, p = .024). Greater positive affect during physical activity

was reported when with other people (vs. alone).

Hasil: Tingkat Aktivitas × interaksi Sendiri signifikan untuk memprediksi pengaruh

positif ( β = -0,302 , SE = 0,133 , p = 0,024 ) . Positif yang lebih besar mempengaruhi

selama aktivitas fisik dilaporkan ketika dengan orang lain ( vs sendiri ) .

Kanning, M. (2012). Using objective, real-time measures to investigate the effect of

actual physical activity on affective states in everyday life differentiating the contexts of

working and leisure time in a sample with students. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 602.

The Activity Level × Outdoors interaction was significant for predicting negative affect

(β = −0.206, SE = 0.097, p = .034). Lower negative affect during physical activity was

reported outdoors (vs. indoors).

Kegiatan Tingkat × Outdoors interaksi signifikan untuk memprediksi dampak negatif ( β

= -0,206 , SE = 0,097 , p = 0,034 ) . Lebih rendah negatif mempengaruhi selama aktivitas

fisik dilaporkan luar ( vs di dalam ruangan ) .

Magnan, R. E., Kwan, B. M., & Bryan, A. D. (2013). Effects of current physical activity

on affective response to exercise: Physical and social–cognitive mechanisms.Psychology

& Health, 28, 418–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2012.733704

Conclusions: Being with other people may enhance positive affective response during

physical activity, and being outdoors may dampen negative affective response during

physical activity.

Kesimpulan : Menjadi dengan orang lain dapat meningkatkan respon afektif positif

selama aktivitas fisik , dan berada di luar ruangan dapat meredam respon afektif negatif

selama aktivitas fisik .

Magnan, R. E., Kwan, B. M., & Bryan, A. D. (2013). Effects of current physical activity

on affective response to exercise: Physical and social–cognitive mechanisms.Psychology

& Health, 28, 418–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2012.733704

KEYWORDS:

Page 32: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

positive affect, negative affect, social context, physical context, ecological momentary

assessment

KATA KUNCI :

mempengaruhi positif , negatif mempengaruhi , konteks sosial , konteks fisik , penilaian

sesaat ekologi

Physical inactivity has been declared a global public health problem by the World Health

Organization (2008). Approximately 65% of U.S. adults report a combination of

moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity totaling at least 150 min per week

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010), yet objective evidence from

accelerometers indicates that this rate may be as low as 5% (Troiano et al., 2008). 

Aktivitas fisik telah dinyatakan sebagai masalah kesehatan masyarakat global oleh

Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (2008 ) . Sekitar 65 % orang dewasa AS melaporkan

kombinasi aktivitas fisik moderat dan kuat intensitas total setidaknya 150 menit per

minggu ( Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit , 2010) , namun bukti objektif

dari accelerometers mengindikasikan bahwa tingkat ini mungkin serendah 5 % ( Troiano

et al . , 2008) .

Lee, I. M., Shiroma, E. J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S. N., & Katzmarzyk, P. T.(2012).

Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: An

analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. The Lancet, 380, 219–

229.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9

The public health significance of the problem is underscored by evidence showing that

low physical activity increases risk of many serious health conditions, including coronary

heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, and breast and colon cancers (Lee et al., 2012).

Pentingnya kesehatan masyarakat dari masalah ini ditegaskan oleh bukti yang

menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas fisik yang rendah meningkatkan risiko banyak kondisi

kesehatan yang serius , termasuk penyakit jantung koroner , diabetes tipe 2 , dan

payudara dan kanker usus besar ( Lee et al . , 2012) .

World Health Organization. (2009). 2008–2013 action plan for the global strategy for the

prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: Prevent and control

Page 33: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. Geneva,

Switzerland: Author.

Identifying modifiable correlates and determinants of physical activity is critical for the

development of effective programs and policies.

To address the problem of physical inactivity, much research attention has been directed

toward understanding cognitive, social, and environmental influences on this behavior

(Bauman et al., 2012).

Mengidentifikasi berkorelasi dimodifikasi dan faktor-faktor penentu aktivitas fisik sangat

penting untuk pengembangan program dan kebijakan yang efektif .

Untuk mengatasi masalah kurangnya aktivitas fisik , banyak penelitian perhatian telah

diarahkan menuju pemahaman kognitif , sosial , dan pengaruh lingkungan terhadap

perilaku ini ( Bauman et al . , 2012) .

Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H.

(2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a

greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A

systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 1761–

1772.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102947t

However, many of these variables (e.g., attitudes, intentions, outcome expectancies,

social support, recreational facilities) have been found to have only modest associations

with physical activity in adults (Trost, Owen, Bauman, Sallis, & Brown, 2002). 

Namun, banyak dari variabel-variabel ini ( misalnya , sikap, niat , harapan hasil ,

dukungan sosial , fasilitas rekreasi ) telah ditemukan hanya memiliki asosiasi sederhana

dengan aktivitas fisik pada orang dewasa ( Trost , Owen , Bauman , Sallis , & Brown ,

2002) .

Schlicht, W., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Kanning, M. (2013). Ecological momentary

assessment and intervention in physical activity and well-being: Affective reactions,

social–cognitive factors, and behaviors as determinants of physical activity and

exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00916

More recent models of physical activity engagement suggest that the affect experienced

during physical activity may trigger key processes underlying the reinforcing properties

of the behavior. 

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Model yang lebih baru dari keterlibatan aktivitas fisik menunjukkan bahwa

mempengaruhi alami selama aktivitas fisik dapat memicu proses kunci yang mendasari

sifat memperkuat perilaku .

Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cognitive benefits of interacting

with nature. Psychological Science, 19, 1207–1212.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-

9280.2008.02225.x

This work is based on theories of hedonic motivation (Higgins, 2006) and operant

conditioning (Skinner, 1953) on the role of affect in behavioral decision making.

Behaviors that generate desirable affective states (i.e., high positive affect, low negative

affect) have a greater likelihood of being performed in the future (Loewenstein, 2000).

Karya ini didasarkan pada teori-teori motivasi hedonis ( Higgins , 2006) dan

pengkondisian operan ( Skinner , 1953) tentang peran mempengaruhi dalam pengambilan

keputusan perilaku . Perilaku yang menghasilkan negara afektif diinginkan ( yaitu ,

mempengaruhi tinggi positif, negatif rendah mempengaruhi ) memiliki kemungkinan

lebih besar dari yang dilakukan di masa depan ( Loewenstein , 2000) .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). State indicator report on physical

activity, 2010. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Positive affective states experienced during health-relevant behaviors may increase

appetitive motivation (Updegraff, Gable, & Taylor, 2004). In contrast, negative affect

experienced during health behaviors may trigger a motivational state of behavioral

avoidance (Leone, Perugini, & Bagozzi, 2005).

Negara afektif positif yang dialami selama perilaku kesehatan yang relevan dapat

meningkatkan motivasi appetitive ( Updegraff , Gable , & Taylor , 2004) . Sebaliknya ,

negatif mempengaruhi alami selama perilaku kesehatan dapat memicu keadaan motivasi

penghindaran perilaku ( Leone , Perugini , & Bagozzi , 2005) .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). State indicator report on physical

activity, 2010. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Along these lines, a small but growing number of studies have shown that experiencing a

greater reward response (e.g., positive affect) and lower aversive response (e.g., negative

affect) during bouts of exercise predicts greater current and future physical activity

Page 35: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

participation (Magnan, Kwan, & Bryan, 2013; Williams et al., 2008; Williams, Dunsiger,

Jennings, & Marcus, 2012).

Sepanjang jalur tersebut , sejumlah kecil namun tumbuh dari penelitian telah

menunjukkan bahwa mengalami respon yang lebih besar pahala ( mempengaruhi

misalnya , positif ) dan respon permusuhan yang lebih rendah ( misalnya , dampak negatif

) selama serangan latihan memprediksi partisipasi aktivitas fisik yang lebih besar saat ini

dan masa depan ( Magnan , Kwan, & Bryan , 2013 ; . Williams et al , 2008 ; Williams ,

Dunsiger , Jennings , & Marcus , 2012 ) .

Dunton, G. F., & Atienza, A. A. (2009). The need for time-intensive information in

healthful eating and physical activity research: A timely topic. Journal of the American

Dietetic Association, 109, 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.019

Studies on affective responses during physical activity are typically conducted in

controlled laboratory settings where participants perform a standardized exercise task

such as riding a stationary cycle or running on a treadmill for a specific intensity for a

prescribed duration (Rose & Parfitt, 2007).

Studi tentang tanggapan afektif selama aktivitas fisik biasanya dilakukan dalam

pengaturan laboratorium yang terkendali di mana peserta melakukan tugas latihan standar

seperti mengendarai siklus stasioner atau berlari di treadmill untuk intensitas tertentu

untuk jangka waktu yang ditentukan ( Rose & Parfitt , 2007) .

Wichers, M., Peeters, F., Rutten, B. P., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., . . . van

Os, J. (2012). A time-lagged momentary assessment study on daily life physical activity

and affect. Health Psychology, 31, 135–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025688

This body of work has yielded the dual-mode model of affective responses to exercise

(Ekkekakis, Hall, & Petruzzello, 2005), suggesting that individuals experience

homogeneous pleasure responses at low-intensity physical activity and homogenous

displeasure responses at high-intensity physical activity.

Ini tubuh bekerja telah menghasilkan model dual-mode tanggapan afektif untuk latihan

( Ekkekakis , Hall, & Petruzzello , 2005) , menunjukkan bahwa individu mengalami

respon kesenangan homogen di aktivitas fisik intensitas rendah dan tanggapan

ketidaksenangan homogen di aktivitas fisik intensitas tinggi .

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Williams, D. M., Dunsiger, S., Jennings, E. G., & Marcus, B. H. (2012). Does affective

valence during and immediately following a 10-min walk predict concurrent and future

physical activity? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 44, 43–

51.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9362-9

However, there is considerable variability in positive and negative affective response at

moderate-intensity levels (Ekkekakis, Parfitt, & Petruzzello, 2011). In these situations,

contextual features of the physical activity setting may enhance or diminish the affective

response.

Namun, ada variabilitas yang cukup besar dalam respon afektif positif dan negatif pada

tingkat intensitas sedang ( Ekkekakis , Parfitt , & Petruzzello , 2011) . Dalam situasi ini ,

fitur kontekstual dari pengaturan aktivitas fisik dapat meningkatkan atau mengurangi

respon afektif .

Williams, D. M., Dunsiger, S., Ciccolo, J. T., Lewis, B. A., Albrecht, A. E., &Marcus, B.

H. (2008). Acute affective response to a moderate-intensity exercise stimulus predicts

physical activity participation 6 and 12 months later. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9,

231–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.002

Two core contextual dimensions that may play a particularly important role in modulating

mechanisms involved in affective response are the physical and social features of a

setting.

Dua dimensi kontekstual inti yang mungkin memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam

modulasi mekanisme yang terlibat dalam respon afektif adalah fitur fisik dan sosial dari

pengaturan .

Schlicht, W., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Kanning, M. (2013). Ecological momentary

assessment and intervention in physical activity and well-being: Affective reactions,

social–cognitive factors, and behaviors as determinants of physical activity and

exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00916

Attention restoration theory (Kaplan, 1995) suggests that outdoor and natural settings

offer engaging stimuli that can restore attentional fatigue and bolster concentration,

leading to positive affective responses.

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Teori restorasi perhatian ( Kaplan , 1995) menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan luar ruangan

dan alam menawarkan rangsangan menarik yang dapat mengembalikan atensi kelelahan

dan meningkatkan konsentrasi, menyebabkan respon afektif yang positif .

Hartig, T., Böök, A., Garvill, J., Olsson, T., & Gärling, T. (1996). Environmental

influences on psychological restoration. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 37, 378–

393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1996.tb00670.x

Supporting this hypothesis, studies have shown that exercising outdoors is associated

with greater feelings of revitalization and positive engagement; decreases in tension,

confusion, anger, and depression; and increased energy as compared with indoor exercise

(Thompson Coon et al., 2011).

Mendukung hipotesis ini , penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa berolahraga di luar

ruangan dikaitkan dengan perasaan yang lebih besar dari revitalisasi dan keterlibatan

positif ; penurunan ketegangan , kebingungan , kemarahan , dan depresi ; dan

peningkatan energi dibandingkan dengan olahraga dalam ruangan ( Thompson Coon et al.

, 2011) .

Ekkekakis, P., Parfitt, G., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2011). The pleasure and displeasure

people feel when they exercise at different intensities: Decennial update and progress

towards a tripartite rationale for exercise intensity prescription [Review].Sports

Medicine, 41, 641–671. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000

A greater positive affective response may also occur when the physical activity facilitates

opportunities for social interaction (i.e., exercising with others). Plante, Gustafson,

Brecht, Imberi, and Sanchez (2011) found that exercising with a friend is more enjoyable

and offers more stress reduction benefits than exercising alone.

Sebuah respon afektif positif yang lebih besar juga dapat terjadi ketika aktivitas fisik

memfasilitasi kesempatan untuk interaksi sosial ( yaitu , berolahraga dengan orang lain ) .

Plante , Gustafson , Brecht , Imberi , dan Sanchez ( 2011) menemukan bahwa berolahraga

dengan teman lebih menyenangkan dan menawarkan lebih manfaat pengurangan stres

daripada berolahraga saja .

Schlicht, W., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Kanning, M. (2013). Ecological momentary

assessment and intervention in physical activity and well-being: Affective reactions,

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social–cognitive factors, and behaviors as determinants of physical activity and

exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00916

However, these lines of research typically use retrospective measures of affective state,

which may be prone to errors and biases (Sato & Kawahara, 2011), and examine

structured activity bouts under experimental conditions instead of self-selected activities

in free-living settings.

Namun , garis-garis ini penelitian biasanya menggunakan langkah-langkah retrospektif

negara afektif , yang mungkin rentan terhadap kesalahan dan bias ( Sato & Kawahara ,

2011) , dan memeriksa serangan kegiatan terstruktur di bawah kondisi percobaan bukan

kegiatan yang dipilih sendiri dalam pengaturan hidup bebas .

Chow, G. M., & Feltz, D. L. (2008). Exploring the relationships between collective

efficacy, perceptions of success, and team attributions. Journal of Sports Sciences,26,

1179–1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410802101827

These methodological limitations may be addressed through real-time data capture

strategies such as ecological momentary assessment (EMA) or experience sampling

methods (Shiffman, Stone, & Hufford, 2008).

Ini keterbatasan metodologis dapat diatasi melalui real-time strategi data capture seperti

penilaian ekologi sesaat ( EMA ) atau metode pengalaman sampling ( Shiffman , Batu , &

Hufford , 2008) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

EMA may reduce recall errors and biases that threaten retrospective self-report, and EMA

methods enhance ecological validity by measuring affect and behaviors in the settings

where they naturally occur (Schwarz, 2007).

EMA dapat mengurangi kesalahan recall dan bias yang mengancam laporan diri

retrospektif , dan metode EMA meningkatkan validitas ekologi dengan mengukur

mempengaruhi dan perilaku dalam pengaturan di mana mereka secara alamiah terjadi

( Schwarz , 2007) .

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Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

This strategy makes it possible to examine concurrent exposures and events (Dunton &

Atienza, 2009). To date, a small but growing number of studies have applied EMA

methodologies to examine affective responses to physical activity in adults (Bossmann,

Kanning, Koudela-Hamila, Hey, & Ebner-Priemer, 2013; Ebner-Priemer, Koudela, Mutz,

& Kanning, 2012; Kanning, Ebner-Priemer, & Brand, 2012; Kanning, Ebner-Priemer, &

Schlicht, 2013; Schlicht, Ebner-Priemer, & Kanning, 2013;Wichers et al., 2012).

Strategi ini memungkinkan untuk memeriksa eksposur bersamaan dan peristiwa ( Dunton

& Atienza , 2009) . Sampai saat ini , sejumlah kecil namun tumbuh dari penelitian telah

diterapkan metodologi EMA untuk memeriksa respon afektif untuk aktivitas fisik pada

orang dewasa ( Bossmann , Kanning , Koudela - Hamila , Hey , & Ebner - Priemer , 2013

; Ebner - Priemer , Koudela , Mutz , & Kanning , 2012; Kanning , Ebner - Priemer , &

Brand, 2012; Kanning , Ebner - Priemer , & Schlicht , 2013 ; Schlicht , Ebner - Priemer ,

& Kanning , 2013 ; . Wichers et al , 2012) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

EMA has also been used to test the effects of social and physical contexts on adults’

concurrent activity levels (Liao, Intille, & Dunton, 2015). To date, there is only one

known published study capitalizing on EMA methodology to investigate how affective

responses to physical activity differ by context (Kanning, 2012).

EMA juga telah digunakan untuk menguji efek dari konteks sosial dan fisik pada orang

dewasa ' tingkat aktivitas bersamaan ( Liao , Intille , & Dunton , 2015 ) . Sampai saat ini ,

hanya ada satu yang dikenal penelitian yang diterbitkan memanfaatkan metodologi EMA

untuk menyelidiki bagaimana tanggapan afektif untuk aktivitas fisik berbeda dengan

konteks ( Kanning , 2012) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

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However, that research examined the effect of activity level and context on subsequent

(instead of concurrent) affective states. It also operationalized context as the purpose of

the behavior (i.e., for work, transport, chores, leisure) and did not specifically assess

where (e.g., indoors, outdoors) or with whom (e.g., alone, with others) activities were

taking place.

Namun, penelitian yang meneliti efek dari tingkat aktivitas dan konteks pada berikutnya

(bukan bersamaan ) negara afektif . Hal ini juga dioperasionalkan konteks sebagai tujuan

perilaku (yaitu , untuk bekerja , transportasi , pekerjaan , rekreasi ) dan tidak menilai

secara khusus di mana ( misalnya , di dalam ruangan , luar ruangan ) atau dengan siapa

( misalnya , sendirian , dengan orang lain ) kegiatan yang berlangsung .

Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H.

(2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a

greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A

systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 1761–

1772.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102947t

The current study moves beyond prior work in this area by using EMA to examine

whether affective responses during physical activity differ across specific social and

physical contexts. The primary objective was to determine whether momentary physical

activity level (i.e., being physically active at the time of assessment) moderated

differences in affective response across contexts.

Studi saat ini bergerak di luar pekerjaan sebelumnya di daerah ini dengan menggunakan

EMA untuk menguji apakah respon afektif selama aktivitas fisik berbeda di seluruh

konteks sosial dan fisik tertentu . Tujuan utama adalah untuk menentukan apakah tingkat

aktivitas fisik sesaat ( yaitu , aktif secara fisik pada saat penilaian ) dimoderasi perbedaan

dalam respon afektif di konteks .

Wichers, M., Peeters, F., Rutten, B. P., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., . . . van

Os, J. (2012). A time-lagged momentary assessment study on daily life physical activity

and affect. Health Psychology, 31, 135–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025688

Building on preliminary evidence that exercising with people may be more enjoyable

than exercising alone (Plante et al., 2011), we hypothesized that individuals would

experience higher positive affect (and lower negative affect) when engaging in physical

activity with someone as compared with being alone.

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Membangun bukti-bukti awal yang berolahraga dengan orang-orang mungkin lebih

menyenangkan daripada berolahraga saja ( Plante et al . , 2011) , kita hipotesis bahwa

individu akan mengalami berdampak positif yang lebih tinggi ( dan rendah negatif

mempengaruhi ) ketika terlibat dalam aktivitas fisik dengan seseorang dibandingkan

dengan menjadi sendirian.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). State indicator report on physical

activity, 2010. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.

We also expected that individuals would report higher positive affect (and lower negative

affect) when physical activity was performed outdoors as compared with indoors,

expanding from initial studies on potential psychologically restorative benefits of outdoor

physical activity (Thompson Coon et al., 2011).

Kami juga diharapkan bahwa individu akan melaporkan berdampak positif yang lebih

tinggi ( dan rendah negatif mempengaruhi ) ketika aktivitas fisik dilakukan di luar

ruangan dibandingkan dengan di dalam ruangan , memperluas dari studi awal tentang

potensi manfaat psikologis restoratif aktivitas fisik di luar ruangan ( Thompson Coon et al

. , 2011) .

Kanning, M. (2012). Using objective, real-time measures to investigate the effect of

actual physical activity on affective states in everyday life differentiating the contexts of

working and leisure time in a sample with students. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 602

Method

Participants and Recruitment

Metode    

Peserta dan Rekrutmen

Participants included healthy adults living in and around Chino, California (a suburban

community located about 35 miles east of downtown Los Angeles). Peserta termasuk

orang dewasa sehat yang tinggal di dalam dan sekitar Chino , California ( sebuah

komunitas pinggiran kota yang terletak sekitar 35 mil sebelah timur pusat kota Los

Angeles ) .

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The current study analyzed data from a longitudinal study called Project MOBILE

(Measuring Our Behaviors in Living Environments), which investigated the effects of

environmental and intrapersonal factors on health behavior decision-making processes.

Penelitian ini menganalisis data dari studi longitudinal disebut Project MOBILE

( Mengukur Perilaku kami di Living Lingkungan ) , yang meneliti efek dari faktor

lingkungan dan intrapersonal pada perilaku kesehatan - proses pengambilan keputusan

Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2011). The disaggregation of within-person and between-

person effects in longitudinal models of change. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 583–

619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100356

Recruitment occurred through a number of channels, including posters placed at

community locations, letters sent to places of residence, and references from other

research studies. Inclusion criteria consisted of the following: (a) age 25 years or older,

(b) residence in Chino or a surrounding community, and (c) ability to answer electronic

EMA surveys while at work.

Rekrutmen terjadi melalui sejumlah saluran , termasuk poster ditempatkan di lokasi

masyarakat , surat yang dikirim ke tempat-tempat tinggal , dan referensi dari studi

penelitian lainnya . Kriteria inklusi adalah sebagai berikut : ( a) usia 25 tahun atau lebih

tua , ( b ) tinggal di Chino atau masyarakat sekitar , dan ( c ) kemampuan untuk

menjawab survei EMA elektronik di tempat kerja .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Participants were excluded who (a) did not speak and read fluently in English, (b) had an

annual household income greater than $210,000, (c) regularly performed more than 150

min per week of exercise or physical activity, and (d) had physical limitations making

them unable to exercise.

Peserta dikeluarkan yang ( a) tidak berbicara dan membaca dengan lancar dalam bahasa

Inggris , ( b ) memiliki pendapatan tahunan rumah tangga lebih besar dari $ 210.000 ,

( c ) secara teratur dilakukan lebih dari 150 menit per minggu latihan atau aktivitas fisik ,

dan ( d ) memiliki keterbatasan fisik membuat mereka tidak mampu untuk berolahraga.

Williams, D. M., Dunsiger, S., Ciccolo, J. T., Lewis, B. A., Albrecht, A. E., &Marcus, B.

H. (2008). Acute affective response to a moderate-intensity exercise stimulus predicts

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physical activity participation 6 and 12 months later. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9,

231–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.002

High-active and high-income individuals were excluded because the goal of the larger

study was to examine how neighborhood environmental features promote physical

activity initiation in individuals at elevated risk for obesity (i.e., low-active and low-to-

moderate income).

Individu tinggi - aktif dan berpenghasilan tinggi dikeluarkan karena tujuan dari penelitian

yang lebih besar adalah untuk mengkaji bagaimana fitur lingkungan lingkungan

mempromosikan inisiasi aktivitas fisik pada individu yang berisiko tinggi untuk obesitas

(yaitu , rendah - aktif dan rendah sampai sedang pendapatan ) .

World Health Organization. (2009). 2008–2013 action plan for the global strategy for the

prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: Prevent and control

cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. Geneva,

Switzerland: Author.

Individuals who met the eligibility criteria were scheduled for a data collection

appointment at a local community site or their home. This research was reviewed and

approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Southern California.

Individu yang memenuhi kriteria kelayakan dijadwalkan untuk janji pengumpulan data di

sebuah situs komunitas lokal atau rumah mereka . Penelitian ini ditinjau dan disetujui

oleh Institutional Review Board di University of Southern California .Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data

analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Study Design

Each participant completed three data collection waves of EMA (each separated by 6

months). No data collection took place from late July to August and during January

because of the extreme temperatures and weather in the study sites, which can alter

physical activity patterns.

Studi Desain

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Setiap peserta menyelesaikan tiga gelombang pengumpulan data EMA ( masing-masing

dipisahkan oleh 6 bulan ) . Tidak ada pengumpulan data berlangsung dari akhir Juli

hingga Agustus dan selama Januari karena suhu ekstrim dan cuaca di lokasi penelitian ,

yang dapat mengubah pola aktivitas fisik .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Procedure

EMA data were collected through a mobile phone (HTC Shadow, T-Mobile U.S.A.,

Bellevue, WA) with a custom version of the MyExperience software installed (Froehlich,

Chen, Consolvo, Harrison, & Landay, 2007). 

Prosedur

Data EMA dikumpulkan melalui ponsel ( HTC Shadow, T - Mobile USA , Bellevue ,

WA ) dengan versi kustom dari perangkat lunak MyExperience diinstal ( Froehlich ,

Chen , Consolvo , Harrison , & Landay , 2007) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

The software was programmed to display electronic question sequences and response

choices on the mobile phone screen. Each wave of data collection lasted 4 days

(Saturday–Tuesday). 

Perangkat lunak ini diprogram untuk menampilkan urutan pertanyaan elektronik dan

pilihan respon di layar ponsel . Setiap gelombang pengumpulan data berlangsung 4 hari

(Sabtu - Selasa) .

Froehlich, J., Chen, M., Consolvo, S., Harrison, B., & Landay, J. (2007,

June).MyExperience: A system for in situ tracing and capturing of user feedback on

mobile phones. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on

Mobile Systems, Applications and Services, New York, NY.

Page 45: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Eight EMA surveys were prompted per day between the hours of 6:30 a.m. and 10 p.m.

Each EMA survey was prompted at a random time within eight preprogrammed windows

to ensure adequate spacing across the day. Upon receiving a phone signal, participants

were instructed to stop their current activity and complete a short electronic EMA

question sequence.

Delapan survei EMA yang diminta per hari antara jam 06:30 dan 10:00 Setiap survei

EMA diminta pada waktu acak dalam delapan jendela diprogram untuk memastikan jarak

yang memadai di seluruh hari. Setelah menerima sinyal telepon , peserta diminta untuk

menghentikan kegiatan mereka saat ini dan menyelesaikan urutan pertanyaan EMA

elektronik singkat .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

This process required 2–3 min. If a signal occurred during an incompatible activity (e.g.,

sleeping or bathing), participants were instructed to ignore it. If no entry was made, the

phone emitted up to three reminder signals at 5-min intervals..

Proses ini diperlukan 2-3 menit . Jika sinyal terjadi selama kegiatan yang tidak

kompatibel ( misalnya , tidur atau mandi ) , peserta diminta untuk mengabaikannya . Jika

tidak ada entri dibuat , telepon dipancarkan hingga tiga sinyal pengingat pada 5 - menit

interval .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

After this point, the electronic EMA survey became inaccessible until the next recording

opportunity. Participants were asked to wear a waist-worn accelerometer during waking

hours across the 4 monitoring days of each wave

Setelah titik ini , survei EMA elektronik menjadi tidak dapat diakses sampai kesempatan

rekaman berikutnya . Peserta diminta untuk memakai accelerometer pinggang dipakai

selama bangun jam melintasi 4 hari pemantauan setiap gelombang.

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Page 46: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Paper questionnaires and anthropometric assessments were conducted at an in-person

session at the beginning of each wave. All items were administered in English.

Kuesioner kertas dan penilaian antropometri dilakukan pada sesi di-orang pada awal

setiap gelombang . Semua item yang diberikan dalam bahasa Inggris . Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data

analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Participants were compensated up to $50 for each wave of the study based on their

compliance with the EMA procedures.

Peserta kompensasi sampai $ 50 untuk setiap gelombang studi berdasarkan kepatuhan

mereka dengan prosedur EMA .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Measures

Activity level

During each EMA question sequence, participants were asked to indicate their current

activity level, “What were you DOING right before the beep went off [Choose your main

activity]?” with response options “reading/computer,” “watching TV/movies,”

“eating/drinking,” “physical activity/exercising,” and “other.

tindakan

Tingkat aktifitas

Selama setiap urutan pertanyaan EMA , peserta diminta untuk menunjukkan tingkat

aktivitas mereka saat ini , " Apa yang kamu MELAKUKAN tepat sebelum bunyi bip

pergi [ Pilih aktivitas utama Anda ] ? " Dengan pilihan jawaban " membaca / komputer , "

" menonton TV / film , " " makan / minum , " " aktivitas / berolahraga fisik , " dan "

lainnya .

Page 47: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

” They were instructed to indicate “physical activity/exercising” for any activity that

raised their heart rate and made them breath harder" Mereka diperintahkan untuk

menunjukkan " aktivitas fisik / berolahraga " untuk setiap kegiatan yang mengangkat

denyut jantung mereka dan membuat mereka lebih sulit napas .

Williams, D. M., Dunsiger, S., Ciccolo, J. T., Lewis, B. A., Albrecht, A. E., &Marcus, B.

H. (2008). Acute affective response to a moderate-intensity exercise stimulus predicts

physical activity participation 6 and 12 months later. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9,

231–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.04.002

. If “physical activity/exercising” was selected, the participant received the follow-up

question, “What type of PHYSICAL ACTIVITY/EXERCISE?” If a participant

responded “other” to the initial question, he or she received the follow-up question,

“What was this OTHER activity?” with response options “talking on the phone,”

“cooking/chores,” “riding in a car,” “childcare/helping children,” and “something else.

Jika " aktivitas fisik / berolahraga " terpilih , peserta menerima pertanyaan tindak lanjut ,

jika peserta menjawab " lain" untuk pertanyaan awal " jenis FISIK KEGIATAN /

LATIHAN ? Apa " , ia menerima pertanyaan lanjutan , " Apa kegiatan lAINNYA ini? "

dengan pilihan jawaban " berbicara di telepon , " " memasak / tugas , " " naik mobil , " "

anak / membantu anak-anak , " dan " sesuatu yang lain .

Schlicht, W., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Kanning, M. (2013). Ecological momentary

assessment and intervention in physical activity and well-being: Affective reactions,

social–cognitive factors, and behaviors as determinants of physical activity and

exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00916

.” If he or she indicated “something else,” the question “Were you (sitting, standing,

walking, jogging/running)?” was shownThese .

" Jika ia menunjukkan " sesuatu yang lain , " pertanyaan" Apakah Anda ( duduk , berdiri ,

berjalan , jogging / berjalan ) ? " Ditunjukkan .

Page 48: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Schlicht, W., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Kanning, M. (2013). Ecological momentary

assessment and intervention in physical activity and well-being: Affective reactions,

social–cognitive factors, and behaviors as determinants of physical activity and

exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00916

Responses indicating “physical activity/exercising” and “jogging/running” were coded

as physical activity. All other responses were coded as not physical activity.

Tanggapan menunjukkan " aktivitas fisik / berolahraga " dan " joging / menjalankan "

diberi kode aktivitas fisik . Semua tanggapan lain diberi kode aktivitas fisik tidak .

Magnan, R. E., Kwan, B. M., & Bryan, A. D. (2013). Effects of current physical activity

on affective response to exercise: Physical and social–cognitive mechanisms.Psychology

& Health, 28, 418–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2012.733704

EMA-reported physical activity items have been validated again accelerometer measures

(Dunton, Liao, Kawabata, & Intille, 2012).

EMA - melaporkan item kegiatan fisik ini telah divalidasi langkah lagi accelerometer

( Dunton , Liao , Kawabata , & Intille , 2012) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Social and physical context

The EMA question sequence also asked participants to indicate their current physical and

social context.

Konteks sosial dan fisik

Urutan pertanyaan EMA juga meminta peserta untuk menunjukkan konteks fisik dan

sosial mereka saat ini .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Participants were asked to answer either “yes” or “no” to indicate whether they were

alone.

Peserta diminta untuk menjawab baik " ya" atau "tidak " untuk menunjukkan apakah

mereka sendirian .

Page 49: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

If not alone, they received a series of follow-up questions requiring “yes” or “no”

responses to indicate whether they were with their “spouse,” “child(ren),” “other family

members,” “friend(s),” “coworkers,” “other types of acquaintances,” or people they did

not know. 

Jika tidak sendirian , mereka menerima serangkaian pertanyaan tindak lanjut yang

membutuhkan " ya" atau "tidak " tanggapan untuk menunjukkan apakah mereka dengan "

pasangan , " mereka " anak ( ren ) , " " anggota keluarga yang lain , " " teman ( s ) , " "

rekan kerja , " " jenis lain kenalan , " atau orang-orang yang mereka tidak tahu .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Responses to these items were used to create a summary variable for social context (alone

vs. not alone). Participants were also asked, “WHERE were you just before the beep went

off?” with response options, “home (indoors),” “home (outdoors), “work (indoors),”

“outdoors (not at home),” “car/van/truck, and “other.

Tanggapan untuk item ini digunakan untuk membuat variabel ringkasan untuk konteks

sosial ( sendiri vs tidak sendirian ) . Peserta juga diminta , " MANA yang Anda sebelum

bunyi bip pergi ? " Dengan pilihan respon , " rumah ( dalam ruangan ) , " " rumah ( di

luar ruangan) , " bekerja ( dalam ruangan ) , " " di luar ( tidak di rumah ) , " " mobil /

van / truk , dan " lainnya .Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data

analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

” If “outdoors (not at home)” was selected, the participant received the follow-up

question, “WHERE were you OUTDOORS just before the beep went off?” Responses to

these items were used to create a summary item for physical context (outdoors vs.

indoors).

" Jika " di luar ruangan ( tidak di rumah ) " terpilih , peserta menerima pertanyaan tindak

lanjut , " MANA yang Anda OUTDOORS sebelum bunyi bip pergi ? " Tanggapan untuk

Page 50: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

item ini digunakan untuk membuat item ringkasan untuk konteks fisik ( luar vs di dalam

ruangan ) .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

To limit the length of each EMA survey, a randomly programmed 60% of the EMA

prompts asked the questions about social and physical context.

Untuk membatasi panjang setiap survei EMA , secara acak diprogram 60 % dari

petunjuk EMA ditanya pertanyaan tentang konteks sosial dan fisik .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Positive and negative affect

The EMA affect items covered the two fundamental dimensions of affect posited by the

circumplex model: valence (ranging from pleasure to displeasure) and arousal (ranging

from activation to deactivation; Posner, Russell, & Peterson, 2005). Positif dan negatif

mempengaruhi

EMA yang mempengaruhi item tertutup dua dimensi fundamental mempengaruhi

mengemukakan oleh circumplex Model : valensi ( mulai dari kesenangan untuk

ketidaksenangan ) dan gairah ( mulai dari aktivasi untuk penonaktifan ; Posner , Russell ,

& Peterson , 2005) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

To assess positive affect, items were selected to represent activated (happy, cheerful) and

deactivated (calm or relaxed) pleasure (three items total, Cronbach’s alpha = .85). 

Untuk menilai positif mempengaruhi , item dipilih untuk mewakili diaktifkan ( senang ,

ceria ) dan dinonaktifkan ( tenang atau santai ) kesenangan ( tiga item total, alpha

Cronbach = 0,85 ) .

Page 51: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Negative affect items represented combinations of activated (nervous or anxious,

stressed) and deactivated (sad or depressed, frustrated or angry) displeasure (four items

total, Cronbach’s alpha = .84).

Negatif mempengaruhi item diwakili kombinasi diaktifkan ( gugup atau cemas , stres )

dan dinonaktifkan ( sedih atau depresi , frustrasi atau marah ) ketidaksenangan ( empat

item total, alpha Cronbach = 0,84 ) .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models:

Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Participants were asked to indicate the extent to which each affective state was felt just

before the auditory EMA prompt. Response options included “not at all,” “a little,”

“moderately,” “quite a bit,” and “extremely.

Peserta diminta untuk menunjukkan sejauh mana setiap negara afektif dirasakan sebelum

EMA cepat pendengaran . Pilihan respon termasuk " tidak sama sekali, " " sedikit, " "

cukup , " " sedikit , " dan " sangat .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

” To limit potential participant burden, a randomly programmed 60% of the total EMA

prompts included the affect items. Thus, the likelihood of receiving a context and affect

question together in the same EMA survey was .60 × .60 = .36.

" Untuk membatasi beban peserta potensial, secara acak diprogram 60 % dari total

petunjuknya EMA termasuk mempengaruhi item . Dengan demikian , kemungkinan

menerima konteks dan mempengaruhi pertanyaan bersama-sama dalam survei EMA yang

sama adalah 0,60 × 0,60 = 0,36 .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Page 52: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Activity intensity

The Actigraph GT2M model activity monitor (firmware v06.02.00; Pensacola, FL)

provided an objective measure of physical activity intensity to be included as a covariate.

The device was worn on the right hip attached to an adjustable belt.

intensitas aktivitas The Actigraph GT2M aktivitas model monitor ( firmware v06.02.00 ;

Pensacola , FL ) memberikan ukuran yang obyektif dari intensitas aktivitas fisik untuk

dimasukkan sebagai kovariat . Perangkat ini dipakai di pinggul kanan melekat pada sabuk

disesuaikan .

Magnan, R. E., Kwan, B. M., & Bryan, A. D. (2013). Effects of current physical activity

on affective response to exercise: Physical and social–cognitive mechanisms.Psychology

& Health, 28, 418–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2012.733704

Actigraphs were not worn when sleeping, bathing, or swimming. A 30-s epoch was used.

The moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) threshold was 2,020 counts per

minute (equivalent to 3 metabolic equivalents [METs]), consistent with studies using

national surveillance data (Troiano et al., 2008).

Actigraphs tidak dipakai ketika tidur , mandi , atau berenang . A 30 - s zaman digunakan .

Aktivitas fisik ( MVPA ) ambang batas moderat - untuk - kuat adalah 2020 hitungan per

menit ( setara dengan 3 setara metabolik [ MET ] ) , konsisten dengan penelitian

menggunakan data surveilans nasional ( Troiano et al . , 2008)

Magnan, R. E., Kwan, B. M., & Bryan, A. D. (2013). Effects of current physical activity

on affective response to exercise: Physical and social–cognitive mechanisms.Psychology

& Health, 28, 418–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2012.733704

Activity intensity was operationalized by the minutes of MVPA occurring in the 30 min

surrounding each EMA prompt (i.e., 15 min before and 15 min after)..

Intensitas aktivitas yang dioperasionalkan oleh menit dari MVPA terjadi di 30 menit

sekitarnya setiap EMA prompt ( yaitu , 15 menit sebelum dan 15 menit setelah ) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

EMA entries with a total of zero activity counts in the 30 min surrounding each EMA

prompt were considered accelerometer nonwear and excluded from analyses.

Entri EMA dengan total nol jumlah aktivitas dalam 30 menit sekitarnya setiap EMA

Page 53: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

cepat dianggap accelerometer nonwear dan dikeluarkan dari analisis .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference

At Wave 1, research staff measured height and weight using an electronically calibrated

digital scale (Tanita WB-110A) and professional stadiometer (PE-AIM-101) to the

nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively. BMI was calculated (kg/m2). Waist

circumference (in cm) was measured.

Indeks massa tubuh ( BMI ) dan lingkar pinggang

Pada Gelombang 1 , staf peneliti mengukur tinggi dan berat badan menggunakan skala

elektronik dikalibrasi digital ( Tanita WB - 110A ) dan stadiometer profesional ( PE -

AIM - 101 ) hingga 0,1 kg dan 0,1 cm , masing-masing. BMI dihitung ( kg / m2 ) .

Lingkar pinggang ( dalam cm ) diukur .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Demographic and time variables

Participants’ age, sex, ethnicity, race, and annual household income were assessed

through a self-report paper-and pencil questionnaire at Wave 1.

Variabel demografis dan waktu

Usia peserta , jenis kelamin, suku, ras , dan pendapatan rumah tangga tahunan dinilai

melalui laporan diri kertas dan pensil kuesioner pada Gelombang 1 .Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data

analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

 Each EMA survey was also coded for whether it occurred on a weekend day or weekday

and the time of day that it occurred (i.e., morning [6:30–11:59 a.m.], afternoon [12–5:59

p.m.], or evening [6–10 p.m.]).

Setiap survei EMA juga kode untuk apakah itu terjadi pada hari akhir pekan atau hari

Page 54: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

kerja dan waktu hari itu terjadi ( yaitu , pagi [ 6 : 30-11 : 59 am ] , sore [ 05/12 : 59 pm ] ,

atau malam [ 10/06 pm ] ) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Data Analyses

Descriptive statistics for demographic characteristics were calculated with individual

participant as the unit of analysis (Level 2); all other descriptive statistics use occasions

(i.e., EMA prompts) as the unit of analysis (Level 1). 

Analisis Data

Statistik deskriptif untuk karakteristik demografi dihitung dengan peserta individu

sebagai unit analisis ( Level 2 ) ; semua statistik deskriptif lainnya menggunakan

kesempatan ( yaitu , EMA meminta ) sebagai unit analisis ( Level 1 ) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Data were analyzed with multilevel modeling in HLM (Version 7) using the HLM2

procedure. Multilevel models adjust the standard errors for clustering of EMA prompts

(Level 1) within people (Level 2; Bryk & Raudenbush, 1992).

Data dianalisis dengan pemodelan multilevel di PLH ( Versi 7 ) menggunakan prosedur

HLM2 . Model multilevel menyesuaikan kesalahan standar untuk pengelompokan

petunjuknya EMA ( Level 1 ) dalam orang ( Level 2 ; Bryk & Raudenbush , 1992) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

A series of multilevel logistic regression models were run to examine whether any

demographic or temporal variables were associated with EMA compliance,

operationalized as a binary outcome (0 = unanswered prompt and 1 = answered prompt).

Page 55: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Serangkaian model regresi logistik multilevel dijalankan untuk menguji apakah variabel

demografis atau temporal yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan EMA , dioperasionalkan

sebagai hasil biner ( 0 = cepat terjawab dan 1 = menjawab prompt) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Multilevel models also tested whether positive and negative affect were associated with

participant age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, waist circumference, number of EMA-reported bouts

of physical activity, day of the week, time of day, and data collection wave to determine

whether any of these variables should be included as model covariates.

Model multilevel juga menguji apakah positif dan negatif mempengaruhi dikaitkan

dengan usia peserta , jenis kelamin, etnis , BMI , lingkar pinggang , jumlah serangan

EMA - melaporkan aktivitas fisik , hari dalam seminggu , waktu hari , dan gelombang

pengumpulan data untuk menentukan apakah variabel tersebut harus dimasukkan sebagai

model kovariat .

Dunton, G. F., Liao, Y., Kawabata, K., & Intille, S. (2012). Momentary assessment of

adults’ physical activity and sedentary behavior: Feasibility and validity. Frontiers in

Psychology, 3, 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00260

Multilevel models tested whether momentary activity level moderated the association of

being alone (vs. with other people) and being outdoors (vs. indoors) with concurrent

affective state. Random intercepts models were estimated. 

Model multilevel menguji apakah tingkat aktivitas sesaat dikelola asosiasi sendirian ( vs

dengan orang lain ) dan berada di luar ruangan ( vs di dalam ruangan ) dengan negara

afektif bersamaan . Acak penyadapan model diperkirakan .

Kanning, M., Ebner-Priemer, U., & Brand, R. (2012). Autonomous regulation mode

moderates the effect of actual physical activity on affective states: An ambulant

assessment approach to the role of self-determination. Journal of Sport & Exercise

Psychology, 34, 260–269.

Between-subjects and within-subject versions (i.e., partitioning the variance) of the main

effects were generated (Hedeker, Mermelstein, & Demirtas, 2012). Antara - subyek dan

dalam subjek versi ( yaitu , partisi varians ) dari efek utama yang dihasilkan ( Hedeker ,

Page 56: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Mermelstein , & Demirtas , 2012) .

Chow, G. M., & Feltz, D. L. (2008). Exploring the relationships between collective

efficacy, perceptions of success, and team attributions. Journal of Sports Sciences,26,

1179–1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410802101827

The between-subjects version represents the individual mean deviation from the grand

mean, and the within-subject version represents deviation from one’s own mean at any

given prompt (Curran & Bauer, 2011).

Antara - subyek versi mewakili deviasi mean individu dari mean , dan versi dalam

subyek merupakan penyimpangan dari seseorang berarti sendiri setiap cepat diberikan

( Curran & Bauer , 2011) .

Chow, G. M., & Feltz, D. L. (2008). Exploring the relationships between collective

efficacy, perceptions of success, and team attributions. Journal of Sports Sciences,26,

1179–1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410802101827

Similarly, the between-subjects and within-subject variation terms for binary predictors

were created using grand mean-centering (i.e., subtracting by the group mean proportion)

and person mean-centering (i.e., subtracting by the individual mean proportion) methods,

respectively.

Demikian pula, antara - subyek dan dalam subjek hal variasi untuk prediktor biner yang

dibuat menggunakan mean - centering ( yaitu , mengurangi oleh kelompok berarti

proporsi ) dan orang berarti - centering ( yaitu , mengurangkan dengan proporsi rata-rata

individu ) metode , masing-masing .Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data

analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Interaction terms were created by multiplying the within-subject person-mean centered

values for the predictor variables (i.e., Positive Affect × Alone and Positive Affect ×

Outdoors). Istilah interaksi diciptakan dengan mengalikan dalam - subjek orang - rata

nilai berpusat untuk variabel prediktor ( yaitu , Positif Mempengaruhi × Sendiri dan

Positif Mempengaruhi × Outdoors ) .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

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Multilevel models entered the activity level by context interaction terms together with its

constituent main effects in Level 1.

Model multilevel memasuki tingkat aktivitas dengan konteks istilah interaksi bersama

dengan efek utama konstituen di Level 1.Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data

analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

All models controlled for within-subject and between-subjects variation in activity

intensity (i.e., MVPA minutes measured by accelerometer in the ±15 min surrounding the

EMA prompt). Data were collapsed across all three data collection waves.

Semua model dikendalikan untuk dalam - subjek dan antara subjek - variasi dalam

intensitas kegiatan ( yaitu , MVPA menit diukur dengan accelerometer di ± 15 menit

mengelilingi EMA prompt) . Data runtuh di semua tiga gelombang pengumpulan data .

Chow, G. M., & Feltz, D. L. (2008). Exploring the relationships between collective

efficacy, perceptions of success, and team attributions. Journal of Sports Sciences,26,

1179–1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410802101827

Models testing the effects on positive and negative affect were run separately. Robust

standard errors were generated because the distribution of responses for negative affect

was positively skewed (skewness statistic = 2.089, SE = 0.040).

Model menguji efek positif dan negatif mempengaruhi dijalankan secara terpisah .

Kesalahan standar yang kuat yang dihasilkan karena distribusi tanggapan untuk negatif

mempengaruhi adalah positif miring ( kemiringan statistik = 2,089 , SE = 0,040 ) .

Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative

framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169–

182.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2

HLM 7 calculates robust standard errors using the Huber/White or sandwich estimator

(White, 1982) to obtain corrected tests and confidence intervals when there are

nonnormally distributed outcome data.

HLM 7 menghitung kesalahan standar kuat menggunakan Huber / Putih atau sandwich

estimator ( Putih , 1982) untuk mendapatkan tes dikoreksi dan interval kepercayaan

Page 58: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

ketika ada nonnormally didistribusikan data hasil .

Posner, J., Russell, J. A., & Peterson, B. S. (2005). The circumplex model of affect: An

integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and

psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 715–

734.http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050340

Equations 1 and 2 show the general form of the multilevel models tested,

where i indicates individual and t indicates occasion or time (i.e., EMA prompt).

Persamaan 1 dan 2 menunjukkan bentuk umum dari model multilevel diuji , di mana saya

menunjukkan individu dan t menunjukkan kesempatan atau waktu ( yaitu , EMA prompt)

Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008). Ecological momentary

assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 1–

32.http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415

.

Level 1 model (Equation 1)

Level 1 Model ( Persamaan 1 )

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Level 2 model (Equation 2)

Level 2 Model ( Persamaan 2 )

Results

Participant Characteristics

A total of 116 adults participated in the study. Of these individuals, 90 (78%) had three

waves of data, 11 (9%) had two waves of data, and 15 (13%) had one wave of data.

Demographic characteristics for the sample are shown in Table 1.

hasil

Karakteristik peserta

Sebanyak 116 orang dewasa berpartisipasi dalam studi . Dari individu-individu , 90 ( 78

% ) memiliki tiga gelombang data , 11 ( 9 % ) memiliki dua gelombang data , dan 15 ( 13

% ) memiliki satu gelombang data . Karakteristik demografi untuk sampel ditunjukkan

pada Tabel 1 .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

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Participants were mainly female (72%) and overweight or obese (61%). Individuals

ranged in age from 27 to 73 years, with an average age of 40.5 years (SD = 9.5). The

sample was 30% Hispanic/Latino.

Peserta terutama perempuan ( 72 % ) dan kelebihan berat badan atau obesitas ( 61 % ) .

Individu berkisar di usia 27-73 tahun , dengan usia rata-rata 40,5 tahun ( SD = 9,5 ) .

Sampel adalah 30 % Hispanik / Latino .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Twenty-four percent had an annual household income less than $40,000. Approximately

5% participants engaged in >150 min per week of MVPA during all three data collection

waves according to the accelerometer data.

Dua puluh empat persen memiliki pendapatan rumah tangga tahunan kurang dari $

40.000 . Sekitar 5 % peserta terlibat dalam > 150 menit per minggu MVPA selama tiga

gelombang pengumpulan data sesuai dengan data accelerometer .

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Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

The number of waves of data available was unrelated to participants’ age, sex, ethnicity,

income, BMI, and waist circumference.

Jumlah gelombang data yang tersedia tidak berhubungan dengan usia, jenis kelamin ,

etnis , pendapatan , BMI , dan lingkar pinggang peserta .Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data

analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

EMA Compliance

On average, participants answered 83% (range = 46–100) of EMA prompts, yielding

7,910 Level 1 observations (M = 68.19, SD = 22.20, range = 10–96 per participant). EMA

Kepatuhan Rata-rata , peserta menjawab 83 % ( kisaran 46-100 = ) dari EMA

petunjuknya , menghasilkan 7.910 Level 1 pengamatan ( M = 68,19 , SD = 22,20 ,

kisaran = 10-96 per peserta ) .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

EMA compliance rates were higher during the third wave of data collection (87%) than

the first wave (82%; β = 0.323, SE = 0.113, p = .006). 

Tingkat kepatuhan EMA lebih tinggi selama gelombang ketiga pengumpulan data ( 87

% ) dari gelombang pertama ( 82 % ; β = 0,323 , SE = 0,113 , p = 0,006 ) .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

EMA compliance also differed by day of the week and time of day, with participants

exhibiting higher EMA compliance on weekdays (85%) than weekend days (82%; β =

0.201, SE = 0.079, p = .013) and in the afternoon (85%) than the morning (82%; β =

0.251, SE = 0.080, p = .003).

Kepatuhan EMA juga berbeda dengan hari minggu dan waktu hari , dengan peserta

menunjukkan kepatuhan EMA lebih tinggi pada hari kerja ( 85 % ) dari hari akhir pekan (

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82 % ; β = 0,201 , SE = 0,079 , p = 0,013 ) dan di sore hari ( 85 % ) dari pagi hari ( 82 % ;

β = 0,251 , SE = 0,080 , p = 0,003 ) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

 Individuals with greater BMI score (β = −0.027, SE = 0.012, p = .020) or waist

circumference (β = −0.010, SE = 0.005, p = .036) had significantly lower EMA

compliance. However, EMA compliance rates did not differ by age, sex, ethnicity, or

annual household income.

Individu dengan besar nilai BMI ( β = -0,027 , SE = 0,012 , p = 0,020 ) atau lingkar

pinggang ( β = -0,010 , SE = 0,005 , p = 0,036 ) memiliki kepatuhan EMA signifikan

lebih rendah . Namun, tingkat kepatuhan EMA tidak berbeda dengan usia, jenis kelamin ,

etnis , atau pendapatan rumah tangga tahunan .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Accelerometers were not worn during 1,572 of the answered EMA prompts, leaving a

Level 1 sample size of 6,338 observations. After taking into account planned EMA item

skip patterns, between 2,068 and 2,281 Level 1 observations remained for each analysis.

Accelerometers tidak dipakai selama 1572 dari petunjuk EMA menjawab , meninggalkan

Level 1 ukuran sampel dari 6.338 pengamatan . Setelah memperhitungkan direncanakan

EMA barang melewatkan pola , antara 2068 dan 2281 Level 1 pengamatan tetap untuk

setiap analisis .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Descriptive Statistics

Overall, participants reported a nonphysical activity in 91.3% and a physical activity in

8.7% of EMA surveys. The breakdown of nonphysical activity was as follows: 18.1%

reading/computer, 17.4% watching TV/movies, 12.0% eating/drinking, 9.9% riding in a

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car, 9.1% cooking/chores, 6.0% talking/on the phone, 4.6% childcare/helping children,

22.9% other.

Statistik deskriptif

Secara keseluruhan , peserta melaporkan kegiatan nonfisik di 91,3 % dan aktivitas fisik di

8,7 % dari survei EMA . Rincian kegiatan nonfisik adalah sebagai berikut : 18,1 %

membaca / komputer , 17,4 % menonton TV / film , 12,0 % makan / minum , 9,9 % naik

di mobil , 9,1 % memasak / tugas , 6,0 % berbicara / di telepon , 4.6 % anak / membantu

anak-anak , 22,9 % lainnya .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

In total, 108 participants had at least one EMA-reported instance of physical activity

during the three waves of data collection. Across these individuals, there were a total of

549 instances of physical activity (M = 5.2, SD = 4.2, range = 1–18 per participant),

which consisted of walking (55%); running, jogging, or using cardiovascular equipment

(7%); weight lifting or strength training (6%); bicycling (3%); and other (29%).

Secara total , 108 peserta memiliki setidaknya satu contoh EMA - melaporkan aktivitas

fisik selama tiga gelombang pengumpulan data . Di -orang , ada total 549 kasus aktivitas

fisik ( M = 5.2 , SD = 4,2 , kisaran = 1-18 per peserta ) , yang terdiri dari berjalan ( 55 % )

; lari, jogging , atau menggunakan peralatan kardiovaskular ( 7 % ) ; angkat berat atau

latihan kekuatan ( 6 % ) ; bersepeda ( 3 % ) ; dan lainnya ( 29 % ) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

For EMA prompts when physical activity was reported, 37% occurred alone, 40%

occurred with one’s children present (with or without other adults), 8% occurred with

one’s spouse present (without children but with or without other adults), and 15%

occurred with other adults (without one’s children or spouse).

Untuk EMA meminta ketika aktivitas fisik dilaporkan , 37 % terjadi saja , 40 % terjadi

dengan anak-anak seseorang hadir ( dengan atau tanpa orang dewasa lainnya ) , 8 %

terjadi dengan pasangan kita saat ini ( tanpa anak-anak tetapi dengan atau tanpa orang

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dewasa lainnya ) , dan 15 % terjadi dengan orang dewasa lainnya ( tanpa anak-anak satu

atau pasangan ) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

When physical activity was reported, 62% of EMA prompts indicated being outdoors.

Ketika aktivitas fisik dilaporkan , 62 % dari EMA petunjuknya ditunjukkan berada di luar

ruangan .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Specific locations for outdoor physical activity were as follows: 22% at home outdoors,

14% at a park or trail, and 26% in other outdoor locations.

Lokasi tertentu untuk kegiatan fisik di luar ruangan adalah sebagai berikut : 22 % di luar

rumah , 14 % di sebuah taman atau jejak , dan 26 % di lokasi outdoor lainnya .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Given the small numbers that remained in each response category after breaking down

EMA-reported physical activity by type of social company, type of outdoor location, and

type of physical activity/exercise, it was not possible to run further statistical tests to

examine differences in affective response across these categories.

Mengingat jumlah kecil yang tersisa di setiap kategori respon setelah mogok aktivitas

fisik EMA - dilaporkan oleh jenis perusahaan sosial , jenis lokasi outdoor, dan jenis

aktivitas fisik / olahraga , itu tidak mungkin untuk menjalankan tes lebih lanjut statistik

untuk menguji perbedaan tanggapan afektif di kategori ini .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

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On average, participants engaged in 0.75 min (SD = 2.13, range = 0–30) of MVPA in the

±15-min window surrounding each EMA prompt and a total of 22.24 min (SD = 14.43,

range = 4.39–96.20) of MVPA per day.

Rata-rata , peserta terlibat dalam 0.75 min ( SD = 2,13 , rentang = 0-30 ) dari MVPA di

jendela ± 15 - menit sekitarnya setiap cepat EMA dan total 22,24 menit ( SD = 14,43 ,

kisaran 4,39-96,20 = ) dari MVPA per hari .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

This daily level of physical activity is similar to the average recorded for adults using

accelerometers national surveillance studies (Troiano et al., 2008).

Tingkat ini setiap hari aktivitas fisik mirip dengan rata-rata tercatat untuk orang dewasa

menggunakan accelerometers penelitian surveilans nasional ( Troiano et al . , 2008) .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Across all EMA reports (i.e., both physical activity and nonphysical activity), the average

ratings for positive and negative affect were 3.06 (SD = 0.98) and 1.44 (SD = 0.64) on a

5-point response scale, respectively.

Di semua laporan EMA (yaitu , baik aktivitas fisik dan aktivitas nonfisik ) , peringkat

rata-rata untuk positif dan negatif mempengaruhi adalah 3,06 ( SD = 0,98 ) dan 1,44 ( SD

= 0,64 ) pada skala respon 5 - titik , masing-masing.

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Neither positive affect nor negative affect was associated with participant age, sex,

ethnicity, BMI, waist circumference, number of EMA-reported bouts of physical activity,

or data collection wave. 

Baik berdampak positif maupun negatif mempengaruhi dikaitkan dengan usia peserta ,

jenis kelamin, etnis , BMI , lingkar pinggang , jumlah serangan EMA - melaporkan

aktivitas fisik , atau gelombang pengumpulan data .

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Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Positive affect was significantly higher on weekend days as compared with weekdays (β

= 0.290, SE = 0.036, p < .001), and in the afternoon (β = 0.083, SE = 0.035, p = .021) and

evening (β = 0.123, SE = 0.039, p = .001) as compared with in the morning.

Positif mempengaruhi secara signifikan lebih tinggi pada hari-hari akhir pekan

dibandingkan dengan hari kerja ( β = 0,290 , SE = 0,036 , p < 0,001 ) , dan pada sore hari

( β = 0,083 , SE = 0,035 , p = 0,021 ) dan sore ( β = 0,123 , SE = 0,039 , p = 0,001 )

dibandingkan dengan di pagi hari .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Negative affect was lower in the evening as compared with in the morning (β =

−0.069, SE = 0.025, p = .007). Therefore, day of the week and time of day were entered

as Level 1 covariates in all subsequent models.

Negatif mempengaruhi lebih rendah pada malam hari dibandingkan dengan di pagi hari

( β = -0,069 , SE = 0,025 , p = 0,007 ) . Oleh karena itu , hari minggu dan waktu hari itu

dimasukkan sebagai Level 1 kovariat dalam semua model berikutnya .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Social Contextual Influences on Affective Response During Physical Activity

Table 2

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Pengaruh kontekstual sosial pada Affective Response Selama Aktivitas Fisik

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shows that results of the multilevel models testing whether momentary activity level

moderated the association of being alone (vs. with other people) and being outdoors (vs.

indoors) with concurrent affective state. 

menunjukkan bahwa hasil pengujian model multilevel apakah tingkat aktivitas sesaat

dikelola asosiasi sendirian ( vs dengan orang lain ) dan berada di luar ruangan ( vs di

dalam ruangan ) dengan negara afektif bersamaan .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). State indicator report on physical

activity, 2010. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Results indicated a statistically significant interaction for Activity Level × Alone for

predicting positive affect (β = −0.302, SE = 0.133, p = .024).

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan interaksi yang signifikan secara statistik untuk Kegiatan

Tingkat × Sendiri untuk memprediksi mempengaruhi positif ( β = -0,302 , SE = 0,133 , p

= 0,024 ) .

Pemeriksaan efek sederhana menunjukkan bahwa positif yang lebih besar mempengaruhi

selama aktivitas fisik dilaporkan ketika dengan orang lain ( vs sendiri ; lihat Gambar 1 ) .

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Examination of the simple effects showed that greater positive affect during physical

activity was reported when with other people (vs. alone; see Figure 1).

Figure 1. Plot of the Activity Level × Alone interaction for predicting positive affect

based on the unstandardized regression coefficients for the within-subjects main effects

and interaction terms generated from the multilevel model. 

Gambar 1. Plot Tingkat Kegiatan × interaksi Sendiri untuk memprediksi positif

mempengaruhi berdasarkan koefisien regresi unstandardixed untuk dalam - pelajaran efek

utama dan istilah interaksi yang dihasilkan dari model multilevel .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

There were 2,210 Level 1 observations (n = 72 physical activity/alone, n = 123 physical

activity/not alone, n = 782 not physical activity/alone, n= 1,233 not physical activity/not

alone). 

Ada 2.210 Level 1 pengamatan ( n = 72 aktivitas fisik / saja , n = 123 aktivitas fisik /

tidak sendirian , n = 782 aktivitas fisik tidak / saja , n = 1.233 aktivitas fisik tidak / tidak

sendirian ) .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Page 70: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

The Activity Level × Alone interaction was not significant for negative affect.

Kegiatan Tingkat × interaksi Sendiri tidak signifikan untuk mempengaruhi negatif .

Physical Contextual Influences on Affective Response During Physical Activity

The results of multilevel models examining whether momentary activity level moderated

the differences in affective states while outdoors (vs. indoors) are displayed in Table 3.

Pengaruh Kontekstual fisik pada Affective Response Selama Aktivitas Fisik

Hasil model multilevel memeriksa apakah tingkat aktivitas sesaat moderator perbedaan di

negara-negara afektif sedangkan di luar ruangan ( vs ruangan ) ditampilkan pada Tabel 3 .

Individuals reported greater positive affect when outdoors than when indoors (β =

0.265, SE = 0.044, p < .001; main effects data not shown).

Individu dilaporkan positif yang lebih besar mempengaruhi ketika di luar rumah daripada

ketika di dalam ruangan ( β = 0,265 , SE = 0,044 , p < 0,001 ; Data efek utama tidak

ditampilkan ) .

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Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

However, being physically active did not moderate differences in positive affect while

outdoors versus indoors, as indicated by the nonsignificant coefficient for the Activity

Level × Outdoors interaction.

Namun, menjadi aktif secara fisik tidak perbedaan moderat positif mempengaruhi

sementara di luar ruangan dibandingkan , seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh koefisien tidak

signifikan untuk Kegiatan Tingkat × Outdoors interaksi.

Kanning, M. (2012). Using objective, real-time measures to investigate the effect of

actual physical activity on affective states in everyday life differentiating the contexts of

working and leisure time in a sample with students. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 602.

However, the Activity Level × Outdoors interaction was significant for predicting

negative affect (β = −0.206, SE = 0.097, p = .034). Examination of the simple effects

showed that lower negative affect during physical activity was reported outdoors (vs.

indoors; see Figure 2).

Namun, Tingkat Aktivitas × Outdoors interaksi signifikan untuk memprediksi dampak

negatif ( β = -0,206 , SE = 0,097 , p = 0,034 ) . Pemeriksaan efek sederhana menunjukkan

bahwa negatif yang lebih rendah mempengaruhi selama aktivitas fisik dilaporkan luar ( vs

di dalam ruangan ; lihat Gambar 2 ) .

Kanning, M. K., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Schlicht, W. M. (2013). How to investigate

within-subject associations between physical activity and momentary affective states in

everyday life: A position statement based on a literature overview. Frontiers in

Psychology, 4, 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00187

Figure 2. Plot of the Activity Level × Outdoors interaction for predicting negative affect

based on the unstandardized regression coefficients for the within-subjects main effects

and interaction terms generated from the multilevel model.

Gambar 2. Plot Kegiatan Tingkat × Outdoors interaksi untuk memprediksi negatif

mempengaruhi berdasarkan koefisien regresi unstandardixed untuk dalam - pelajaran efek

utama dan istilah interaksi yang dihasilkan dari model multilevel .

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Okun, M. A., & Keith, V. M. (1998). Effects of positive and negative social exchanges

with various sources on depressive symptoms in younger and older adults.The Journals of

Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,53, P4–

P20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/53B.1.P4

There were 2,092 Level 1 observations (n = 111 physical activity/outdoors, n = 62

physical activity/not outdoors, n = 252 not physical activity/outdoors, n = 1,667 not

physical activity/not outdoors). 

Ada 2.092 Level 1 pengamatan ( n = 111 aktivitas fisik / di luar ruangan, n = 62 aktivitas

fisik / tidak di luar ruangan, n = 252 aktivitas fisik tidak / luar , n = 1.667 aktivitas fisik

tidak / bukan di luar ruangan ) .

Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H.

(2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a

greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A

systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 1761–

1772.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102947t

Discussion

The current study is the first known attempt to use a real-time data capture strategy to

examine how being alone and outdoors are associated with one’s affective response

during physical activity in naturalistic settings encountered in everyday life.

Page 73: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Diskusi

 

Penelitian saat ini adalah upaya pertama diketahui menggunakan real- time strategy data

capture untuk memeriksa bagaimana sendirian dan di luar ruangan yang berhubungan

dengan respon seseorang afektif selama aktivitas fisik dalam pengaturan naturalistik

ditemui dalam kehidupan sehari-hari .

Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H.

(2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a

greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A

systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 1761–

1772.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102947t

Results indicated that higher positive affect was reported when engaging in physical

activity with other people as compared with being alone.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa positif lebih tinggi mempengaruhi dilaporkan ketika

terlibat dalam aktivitas fisik dengan orang lain dibandingkan dengan sendirian .

Wichers, M., Peeters, F., Rutten, B. P., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., . . . van

Os, J. (2012). A time-lagged momentary assessment study on daily life physical activity

and affect. Health Psychology, 31, 135–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025688

Also, higher negative affect was reported when engaging in physical activity indoors as

compared with outdoors. Thus, variability in affective response during physical activity

appeared to be related to where and with whom the activity was performed.

Juga , lebih tinggi negatif mempengaruhi dilaporkan ketika terlibat dalam aktivitas fisik

di dalam ruangan dibandingkan dengan di luar ruangan . Dengan demikian , variabilitas

respon afektif selama aktivitas fisik tampaknya berkaitan dengan di mana dan dengan

siapa kegiatan itu dilakukan .

Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H.

(2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a

greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A

systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 1761–

1772.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102947t

Page 74: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

These findings shed light on the relevance of social context to mood-enhancing effects of

engaging in physical activity.

Temuan ini menjelaskan relevansi konteks sosial untuk efek meningkatkan suasana hati

terlibat dalam aktivitas fisik .

Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York, NY: Free Press.

Results showed that positive affective benefits of physical activity were greater when the

behavior was performed in the presence of other people as compared with being alone.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa manfaat afektif positif dari aktivitas fisik yang lebih

besar ketika perilaku itu dilakukan di hadapan orang lain dibandingkan dengan sendirian .

Sato, H., & Kawahara, J. (2011). Selective bias in retrospective self-reports of negative

mood states. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24, 359–

367.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.543132

These findings fall in line with a large body of evidence linking social connectedness and

support to affective well-being (Okun & Keith, 1998).

Temuan ini jatuh sejalan dengan tubuh besar bukti yang mengaitkan hubungan sosial dan

dukungan untuk afektif kesejahteraan ( Okun & Keith , 1998) .

Schlicht, W., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Kanning, M. (2013). Ecological momentary

assessment and intervention in physical activity and well-being: Affective reactions,

social–cognitive factors, and behaviors as determinants of physical activity and

exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00916

The nonsignificant coefficient for the between-subjects effect of being alone on positive

affect suggests that the observed results are not explained by a tendency for individuals

with lower positive affect than average to spend more time alone.

Koefisien tidak signifikan untuk antara subyek - efek sendirian di mempengaruhi positif

menunjukkan bahwa hasil pengamatan tidak dijelaskan oleh kecenderungan individu

dengan rendah berdampak positif daripada rata-rata menghabiskan lebih banyak waktu

sendirian .

Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008). Ecological momentary

assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 1–

32.http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415

Page 75: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

Understanding the mechanisms linking social company to augmented positive affective

response during physical activity is an important area for future work. 

Memahami mekanisme yang menghubungkan perusahaan sosial untuk augmented respon

afektif positif selama aktivitas fisik merupakan area yang penting untuk pekerjaan di

masa depan .

Higgins, E. T. (2006). Value from hedonic experience and engagement.Psychological

Review, 113, 439–460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.3.439

Approximately half of the physical activity reported through EMA in the current study

consisted of walking, of which equal proportions were performed with others and alone.

Sekitar setengah dari aktivitas fisik dilaporkan melalui EMA dalam penelitian ini terdiri

dari berjalan , yang proporsi yang sama dilakukan dengan orang lain dan sendirian .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

One explanation is that the positive social interactions such as social support, empathy,

companionship, or entertaining conversations occurring while walking can boost positive

affect, as has been shown in related literature (Vranceanu, Gallo, & Bogart, 2009).

Salah satu penjelasan adalah bahwa interaksi sosial yang positif seperti dukungan sosial ,

empati , persahabatan , atau percakapan menghibur terjadi saat berjalan dapat

meningkatkan berdampak positif , seperti yang telah ditunjukkan dalam literatur terkait

( Vranceanu , Gallo , & Bogart , 2009) .

Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative

framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169–

182.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2

Alternatively, group-oriented physical activities such as classes and team sports may

heighten positive affective response by providing greater challenge, or more opportunities

for skill-building, cooperation, or feeling of success and accomplishment (Chow & Feltz,

2008).

Atau , kegiatan fisik kelompok yang berorientasi seperti kelas dan tim olahraga dapat

meningkatkan respon afektif yang positif dengan memberikan tantangan yang lebih besar,

atau lebih banyak kesempatan untuk membangun keterampilan , kerjasama , atau

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perasaan keberhasilan dan prestasi ( Chow & Feltz , 2008) .

Schlicht, W., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Kanning, M. (2013). Ecological momentary

assessment and intervention in physical activity and well-being: Affective reactions,

social–cognitive factors, and behaviors as determinants of physical activity and

exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00916

Results from the current study also provide evidence that individuals experienced indoor

physical activity as more unpleasant than physical activity performed outdoors.

Hasil dari penelitian ini juga memberikan bukti bahwa individu mengalami aktivitas fisik

dalam ruangan karena lebih menyenangkan daripada aktivitas fisik yang dilakukan di luar

ruangan .

Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H.

(2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a

greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A

systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 1761–

1772.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es102947t

These findings are consistent with work on the restorative effects of nature and natural

surroundings from the environmental psychology literature.(Berman, Jonides, & Kaplan,

2008).

Temuan ini konsisten dengan pekerjaan pada efek restoratif alam dan alam sekitarnya

dari psikologi sastra lingkungan . ( Berman , Jonides , & Kaplan , 2008) .

Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cognitive benefits of interacting

with nature. Psychological Science, 19, 1207–1212.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-

9280.2008.02225.x

Natural environments, including being outside in one’s own yard or garden, may provide

a sense of escape that can promote less effortful brain functioning and reduced stress

(Hartig, Böök, Garvill, Olsson, & Gärling, 1996).

Lingkungan alam , termasuk berada di luar di halaman sendiri atau taman , dapat

memberikan rasa melarikan diri yang dapat mempromosikan fungsi otak kurang effortful

dan mengurangi stres ( Hartig , buku , Garvill , Olsson , & Gärling , 1996) .

Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Koudela, S., Mutz, G., & Kanning, M. (2012). Interactive

Page 77: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

multimodal ambulatory monitoring to investigate the association between physical

activity and affect. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 596.

Results from the current study are in line with a recent systematic review, which found

that across several studies, physical activity performed in indoor settings was associated

with greater tension, anger, and depression than physical activity performed in outdoor

settings (Thompson Coon et al., 2011).

Hasil dari penelitian ini sejalan dengan tinjauan sistematis terbaru , yang menemukan

bahwa di beberapa penelitian , aktivitas fisik yang dilakukan dalam pengaturan ruangan

dikaitkan dengan ketegangan yang lebih besar , kemarahan , dan depresi dari aktivitas

fisik yang dilakukan dalam pengaturan luar ruangan ( Thompson Coon et al . 2011 ) .

Updegraff, J. A., Gable, S. L., & Taylor, S. E. (2004). What makes experiences

satisfying? The interaction of approach-avoidance motivations and emotions in well-

being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 496–

504.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.3.496

However, many of the studies included in this review had methodological concerns such

as a lack of ecological validity and recall biases.

Namun, banyak dari penelitian yang termasuk dalam ulasan ini memiliki keprihatinan

metodologis seperti kurangnya validitas ekologi dan mengingat bias .

Vranceanu, A. M., Gallo, L. C., & Bogart, L. M. (2009). Depressive symptoms and

momentary affect: The role of social interaction variables. Depression and Anxiety,26,

464–470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20384

The current study lends increased credibility to these findings through improvements in

design and assessment including the capture of free-living activity bouts and objective

activity monitoring. 

Studi saat meminjamkan meningkat kredibilitas temuan ini melalui perbaikan dalam

desain dan penilaian termasuk penangkapan hidup bebas serangan kegiatan dan

pemantauan aktivitas objektif.

Higgins, E. T. (2006). Value from hedonic experience and engagement.Psychological

Review, 113, 439–460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.113.3.439

Despite the consistent evidence supporting the notion that outdoors settings can have

beneficial effects on affective response during physical activity, a potential alternative

Page 78: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

explanation that warrants further investigation is whether certain types of physical

activities that are inherently less unpleasant to some people (e.g., bicycling, team sports)

need to be performed outdoors by necessity.

Meskipun bukti yang konsisten mendukung gagasan bahwa pengaturan di luar ruangan

dapat memiliki efek menguntungkan pada respon afektif selama aktivitas fisik ,

penjelasan alternatif potensial yang menjamin penyelidikan lebih lanjut adalah apakah

jenis tertentu kegiatan fisik yang secara inheren kurang menyenangkan bagi sebagian

orang ( misalnya , bersepeda, tim olahraga ) perlu dilakukan di luar ruangan dengan

kebutuhan .

Schlicht, W., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Kanning, M. (2013). Ecological momentary

assessment and intervention in physical activity and well-being: Affective reactions,

social–cognitive factors, and behaviors as determinants of physical activity and

exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00916

Despite the use of EMA and objective physical activity monitoring, the current study had

limitations. 

Meskipun penggunaan EMA dan pemantauan aktivitas fisik obyektif , penelitian ini

memiliki keterbatasan .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

The use of affect measures consisting of three to four items is not preferable, yet it is

often necessary in EMA research to keep electronic surveys reasonably short to limit

potential participant burden. 

Penggunaan mempengaruhi langkah-langkah yang terdiri dari 3-4 item tidak disukai ,

namun seringkali diperlukan dalam penelitian EMA untuk menjaga survei elektronik

yang cukup singkat untuk membatasi beban peserta potensial .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Also, the negative affect items used (i.e., stressed, frustrated or angry, nervous or anxious,

sad or depressed) may not fully capture unpleasant feelings experienced during physical

activity such as discomfort, pain, boredom, or fatigue.

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Juga , negatif mempengaruhi item yang digunakan ( yaitu , stres , frustasi atau marah ,

gugup atau cemas , sedih atau depresi ) mungkin tidak sepenuhnya menangkap perasaan

menyenangkan yang dialami selama aktivitas fisik seperti ketidaknyamanan , nyeri ,

kebosanan , atau kelelahan .

Sato, H., & Kawahara, J. (2011). Selective bias in retrospective self-reports of negative

mood states. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24, 359–

367.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.543132

In addition, the EMA-reported physical activity item captured activities that increased

breathing and heart rate.

Selain itu, item aktivitas fisik EMA - dilaporkan ditangkap kegiatan yang meningkatkan

pernapasan dan denyut jantung .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

Thus, it is not entirely known how affective responses during light-intensity physical

activity (e.g., slow walking) differ across contexts.

Oleh karena itu, tidak sepenuhnya diketahui bagaimana tanggapan afektif selama aktivitas

fisik ringan - intensitas ( misalnya , lambat berjalan ) berbeda di seluruh konteks .

Kanning, M. (2012). Using objective, real-time measures to investigate the effect of

actual physical activity on affective states in everyday life differentiating the contexts of

working and leisure time in a sample with students. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 602.

Furthermore, results reported elsewhere (Dunton et al., 2012) have indicated that, for this

sample, unanswered EMA prompts had greater MVPA (±15 min) than answered EMA

prompts (p = .029) for underweight/normal-weight participants, indicating that activity

level might influence the likelihood of responding for some individuals.

Selanjutnya , hasil yang dilaporkan di tempat lain ( Dunton et al. , 2012) telah

menunjukkan bahwa , untuk sampel ini , petunjuk EMA terjawab memiliki MVPA lebih

besar ( ± 15 menit ) dari menjawab petunjuknya EMA ( p = 0,029 ) bagi peserta

underweight / berat badan normal , menunjukkan bahwa tingkat aktivitas mungkin

mempengaruhi kemungkinan merespons untuk beberapa individu .

Hedeker, D., Mermelstein, R. J., & Demirtas, H. (2012). Modeling between- and within-

Page 80: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

subject variance in ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data using mixed-effects

location scale models. Statistics in Medicine, 31, 3328–3336.

If this pattern of missing data had not existed, more instances of physical activity may

have been reported for underweight/normal-weight participants. However, because affect

scores were unrelated to BMI, we would not expect the results to be meaningfully

different.

Jika pola ini dari data yang hilang tidak ada , lebih banyak contoh aktivitas fisik mungkin

telah dilaporkan untuk peserta underweight / berat badan normal . Namun, karena

mempengaruhi nilai yang berhubungan dengan BMI , kita tidak akan mengharapkan hasil

menjadi bermakna berbeda .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Also, contextual exposure, behavior, and affect were measured concurrently. 

Juga , paparan kontekstual , perilaku , dan mempengaruhi diukur secara bersamaan .

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and

data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Therefore, reverse causational effects, such as being in a more positive mood leading an

individual to seek out companions for physical activity, cannot be fully ruled out. 

Oleh karena itu , membalikkan efek causational , seperti berada dalam suasana hati yang

lebih positif mengarah individu untuk mencari teman untuk aktivitas fisik , tidak dapat

sepenuhnya dikesampingkan .

Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J., & Martin, B. W.(2012).

Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not?

[Review]. The Lancet, 380, 258–271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1

However, the within-subject design reduces concerns about between-subjects

confounding effects such as individuals with greater trait-level positive affect having

more social companions than individuals with lower trait-level positive affect.

Namun, desain dalam subyek mengurangi kekhawatiran tentang antara - subyek

membingungkan efek seperti individu dengan lebih sifat -level positif mempengaruhi

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memiliki sahabat lebih sosial daripada individu dengan rendah sifat - tingkat

mempengaruhi positif .

Chow, G. M., & Feltz, D. L. (2008). Exploring the relationships between collective

efficacy, perceptions of success, and team attributions. Journal of Sports Sciences,26,

1179–1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410802101827

Lastly, participants were mainly low-active women recruite from suburban communities

with primarily detached single-family housing.

 Terakhir, peserta perempuan terutama rendah - aktif direkrut dari masyarakat pinggiran

kota dengan terutama terpisah perumahan keluarga tunggal .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). State indicator report on physical

activity, 2010. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Results may not generalize to men, highly physically active individuals, or more dense

urban outdoor environments with fewer natural features and less greenspace (e.g., yards,

parks).

Hasilnya mungkin tidak menggeneralisasi untuk pria , individu yang sangat aktif secara

fisik , atau lingkungan luar kota lebih padat dengan fitur alami yang lebih sedikit dan

kurang greenspace ( misalnya , pekarangan , taman ) .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). State indicator report on physical

activity, 2010. Atlanta, GA: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Overall, the current findings suggest that being with other people is associated with

enhanced positive affective response during physical activity, and being outdoors is

associated with a dampened negative affective response during physical activity. 

Secara keseluruhan, temuan saat ini menunjukkan bahwa menjadi dengan orang lain

dikaitkan dengan peningkatan respon afektif positif selama aktivitas fisik , dan yang luar

dikaitkan dengan respon afektif negatif dibasahi selama aktivitas fisik .

Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Koudela, S., Mutz, G., & Kanning, M. (2012). Interactive

multimodal ambulatory monitoring to investigate the association between physical

activity and affect. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 596.

 Identifying the conditions that optimize pleasant and diminish unpleasant responses to

physical activity may have important policy and programmatic implications, given the

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reinforcing properties of these affective experiences.

Mengidentifikasi kondisi yang mengoptimalkan menyenangkan dan mengurangi respon

menyenangkan untuk aktivitas fisik mungkin memiliki kebijakan yang penting dan

implikasi program , mengingat sifat memperkuat dari pengalaman-pengalaman afektif .

Kanning, M. (2012). Using objective, real-time measures to investigate the effect of

actual physical activity on affective states in everyday life differentiating the contexts of

working and leisure time in a sample with students. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 602.

 If physical activity is more affectively rewarding when performed with other people and

less affectively aversive when performed outdoors, then motivation to engage in future

physical activity may be reinforced by encouraging and providing opportunities for adults

to be physically active in these settings. 

Jika aktivitas fisik lebih afektif menguntungkan bila dilakukan dengan orang lain dan

kurang afektif permusuhan bila dilakukan di luar ruangan , maka motivasi untuk terlibat

dalam aktivitas fisik yang akan datang dapat diperkuat dengan mendorong dan

memberikan kesempatan bagi orang dewasa secara fisik aktif dalam pengaturan ini .

Kanning, M. K., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., & Schlicht, W. M. (2013). How to investigate

within-subject associations between physical activity and momentary affective states in

everyday life: A position statement based on a literature overview. Frontiers in

Psychology, 4, 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00187

Examples of these types of interventions and initiatives may include parks-based exercise

programming, classes, and equipment for adults; offering personal fitness training in

outdoor locations; and using social media sites to create meet-up physical activity events

to connect individuals.

Contoh jenis intervensi dan inisiatif mungkin termasuk pemrograman taman berbasis

olahraga , kelas , dan peralatan untuk orang dewasa ; menawarkan pelatihan kebugaran

pribadi di lokasi outdoor ; dan menggunakan situs media sosial untuk menciptakan

bertemu- up peristiwa aktivitas fisik untuk menghubungkan individu .

Liao, Y., Intille, S. S., & Dunton, G. F. (2015). Using ecological momentary assessment

to understand where and with whom adults’ physical and sedentary activity

occur. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 51–61.

Future work is needed to understand whether individuals who perform more physical

activity in the company of other people or in outdoor locations are more likely to sustain

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regular patterns of physical activity over the long term.

Pekerjaan di masa depan diperlukan untuk memahami apakah individu yang melakukan

aktivitas fisik lebih banyak di perusahaan orang lain atau di lokasi outdoor lebih mungkin

untuk mempertahankan pola teratur aktivitas fisik dalam jangka panjang .

Wichers, M., Peeters, F., Rutten, B. P., Jacobs, N., Derom, C., Thiery, E., . . . van

Os, J. (2012). A time-lagged momentary assessment study on daily life physical activity

and affect. Health Psychology, 31, 135–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025688

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World Health Organization. (2009). 2008–2013 action plan for the global strategy for the

prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: Prevent and control

cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. Geneva,

Switzerland: Author.

Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia. ( 2009) . 2008-2013 rencana aksi untuk strategi global

untuk pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit tidak menular : Mencegah dan

mengendalikan penyakit kardiovaskular , kanker , penyakit pernapasan kronis dan

diabetes . Jenewa , Swiss : Penulis .

Support for this research was provided by American Cancer Society Grants 118283-

MRSGT-10-012-01-CPPB and 5R01CA123243. We thank Jennifer Beaudin of the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology for programming the EMA protocols used in this

study and making modifications to the MyExperience tool. We also would like to

acknowledge Keito Kawabata of the University of Southern California for his assistance

with participant recruitment and data collection.

Dukungan untuk penelitian ini disediakan oleh American Cancer Society Grants 118.283

- MRSGT - 10-012-01 - CPPB dan 5R01CA123243 . Kami berterima kasih kepada

Jennifer Beaudin dari Massachusetts Institute of Technology untuk pemrograman

protokol EMA yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dan membuat modifikasi pada alat

MyExperience . Kami juga ingin mengakui Keito Kawabata dari University of Southern

California untuk bantuan dengan perekrutan peserta dan pengumpulan data .

Portions of this paper were presented at the 2013 American Public Health Association

Annual Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, November 2013.

Bagian dari makalah ini dipresentasikan pada pertemuan 2013 Amerika Public Health

Association Tahunan , Boston , Massachusetts , November 2013 .

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Genevieve Fridlund

Dunton, Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, University of Southern

California, 2001 North Soto Street, Third Floor, Room 302E, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA

90033-9045 

Email: [email protected]

Korespondensi mengenai artikel ini harus ditujukan kepada Genevieve Fridlund Dunton ,

Departemen Preventive Medicine dan Psikologi , University of Southern California ,

Page 94: Terjemahan Jurnal Faal(1)

2001 Utara Soto Street, Third Floor , Room 302E , MC 9239 , Los Angeles , CA 90033-

9045

Email : [email protected]