1

teori & sejarah desain arsitektur 1

4a

setiadi sopandi

2.1geometri (dan struktur) sebagai (dasar) pembentuk ruang arsitektur

arsitektur romanesk

middle ages

from

the fall of roman empire

5th century

to

early modern/ renaissance period

16th century

early middle ages (3rd-10th century)the rise of christianity“migration period” – wandering invading “barbarians”gradual rejection of classical antiquityabolition of republicrising monarchy“germanization” – “barbarianization”the rise of islamthe disruption of mediteranean & land trade routeswestern & eastern roman empirepre-romanesque, early christian, carolingian, merovingian, ottonian, asturian architecturebyzantine architecturehigh middle ages (10th-13th century)german empire - holy roman empirerobust population increasepowerful roman catholic church & the crusadesromanesque & gothic cathedral architecturescholasticism & monasticismthe great faminethe black deathlate middle ages (13th-15th century)the great schism (the fall of catholic church)renewed interest in classical antiquitythe capture of constantinople by ottomanage of exploration (america, india, africa)early global/ colonial economy ~ merchant classrising urbanisationhumanismgothic architecture

2

the rise of christianity

0 – 4th century

3

catacombs

early christian symbolism

ichtus

as secret code

greek inscription

x = chi

p = rho

“kris-tos”

“pax”

“pax romana”

christian symbolism during constantine

4

marble sacred cross

knossos, crete

ankh

egyptian symbol of life

used in christian context as

‘crux ansata’ (handled cross)

coptic cross

symbolizes the four nails used in christ’crucifixion

emperor diocletian split roman empire in 285

constantine caesar converted into christian in 313

constantine refounded byzantium as constantinople in 330

western roman empire

rome

eastern roman empire

constantinople

4th century

5

latin crosscrux ordinaria

western roman empire

rome

greek cross4th century

eastern roman empire

constantinople

“the cross”

latin crosscrux ordinaria

western roman empire

rome

6

romanesque architecture9th – 13th century

karl agung/ charles/ charlemagne

crowned in 25 dec 800 by pope leo III

holy roman empire

to re-established old western roman empire

aachen as the capital

monasticism

monasteries as living communities

monasteries as seats of power

sometimes had bodies of secular clergy

feudalism & the crusades

building and re-building of churches

saints

pilgrimage

nave

transepttransept

apse

altar

crossing

chancel

nave‘navis’ (latin)‘naval’‘ship’central approach to the altar

apse‘absis’

‘apsis’

‘arch’

‘vault’

semicircular recess covered with hemispherical vault

often in raised platform

covering the sanctuary

subsidiary apses with altar/ throne function as tribunes/ focus of iconography

apse

nave

apse

altar

7

developments

apse

navenave

aisleaisle

transept

apseapse

apse

8

aisleaisle

apse

transept

nave

apsesecondary apsessecondary apsesapsidioles

ambulatory

towers

western apse

eastern apse

developments

choir/ quirechoir/ quire

developments

9

eastern apsewestern apse

developments

bell tower

apse

secondary apse

developments

chancel

‘cancelli’ (latin) ~ lattice

restricted to priests

open to choir

10

11

general characteristics

contained

sombre

weighty

strong

general characteristics

contained

sombre

weighty

strong

12

senanque abbey

1148

provence, france

fleche

senanque abbey senanque abbey

13

monastery of st. gall, 820, switzerland

angouleme cathedral, st. pierre

vaulting evolution ~ spatial development

barrel vault

14

vaulting evolution ~ spatial development

barrel vault barrel vault

barrel vault barrel vault

15

bentuk denah salib latin pokoknya berkembang di eropa barat!

dicatat selanjutnya dalam sejarah sebagai arsitektur romanik (romanesque), lalu berkembangsebagai arsitektur gotik (gothic)

(kuliah selanjutnya)