LESSON 9

TELEPORTATION

Translate the following paragraph:

In 1993 an international group of six scientists, including IBM Fellow Charles H. Bennett, confirmed the intuitions of the majority of science fiction writers by showing that perfect teleportation is indeed possible in principle, but only if the original is destroyed. In subsequent years, other scientists have demonstrated teleportation experimentally in a variety of systems, including single photons, coherent light fields, nuclear spins, and trapped ions. Teleportation promises to be quite useful as an information processing primitive, facilitating longrange quantum communication (perhaps ultimately leading to a "quantum internet"), and making it much easier to build a working quantum computer. But science fiction fans will be disappointed to learn that no one expects to be able to teleportpeople or other macroscopic objects in the foreseeable future, for a variety of engineering reasons, even though it would not violate any fundamental law to do so.

1.Read the text (p.18) and answer the following questions:What is teleportation?Is teleportation possible?

2.Watch the film “Jumper” and answer the following questions:Wht is quantum entaglement?What is quantum teleportation?

3. Write a short essay in which you will expres your view and opinion on teleportation or time travel!

LESSON 10

QUANTUM MECHANICS OF ATOMS

Bohr’s model the atom- a landmark of hitory of scienceBroglie –matter wave hypothesisSchroedinger and Heisenberg-quantum mechanicsQuatum phyics deals with microscopic world of atoms and lightwe do not throw away classical theories such as Newton s laws

Fig. 8 Niels Bohr (1885-1962)

Fig. 6 A typical model of the atom is called the Bohr Model, in honor of Niels Bohr whoproposed the structure in 1913. The Bohr atom consists of a central nucleus composed of neutrons and protons, which is surrounded by electrons which “orbit” around the nucleus.

EXERCISES:

I. Answer the questions:1. In what way did Bohr’s model of the atom present a landmark of history of science?2. What do you know about quantum mechanics?3. Can quantum mechanics be applied to macroscopic phenomena?4. When do we use the theory of relativity and when quantum mechanics?

II. Complete the sentences:1. Ervin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg ……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………..2. Quantum physics deals mainly ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3. This does not mean ………………………………………………………………………………III.Translate the text (p.19)

LESSON 11

THE BEGINNING OF TIME I

-1993. “Black Hole and Baby Universes, and other essays”-has time a beginning?-has time an end?-the beginning about 15 billion years ago-the lecture in Japan-the Universe was thought to be static-singularity-the laws of physics would have broken down-events before the Big Bang are not defined

Exercises:

1.Translate the paragrapahThe time scale of the universe is very long compared to that for human life. It was therefore not surprising that until recently, the universe was thought to be essentially static, and unchanging in time. On the other hand, it must have been obvious, that society is evolving in culture and technology. This indicates that the present phase of human history can not have been going for more than a few thousand years. Otherwise, we would be more advanced than we are. It was therefore natural to believe that the human race, and maybe the whole universe, had a beginning in the fairly recent past. However, many people were unhappy with the idea that the universe had a beginning, because it seemed to imply the existence of a supernatural being who created the universe. They preferred to believe that the universe, and the human race, had existed forever. Their explanation for human progress was that there had been periodic floods, or other natural disasters, which repeatedly set back the human race to a primitive state.

Watch the film: Stephen Hawking –Does God exist?Devide into two groups and discuss the thesis given in the film.

LESSON 12

THE BEGINNINGOF TIME II

Vocabulary:

to collide- sudariti seinfinite –beskonačnoto move apart-razmaknutilight cone-konus svijetlato scatter-raspršiti seequilibrium- ravnoteža

“pecular velocities” of the galaxiessideway velocities –galaxie rushed past each othergeneral relativity predicted singularitiesthe point of the cone is at our position, at present timeIs there enough matter on our paset light cone to focus it?the Universe contains enough matter to focus our past light conethe Sun has a thermal spectrum

Exercise:Translate

the

paragraph

As we look out at the universe, we are looking back in time because light had to leave distant objects a long time ago, to reach us at the present time. This means that the events we observe lie on what is called our past light cone. The point of the cone is at our position, at the present time. As one goes back in time on the diagram, the light cone spreads out to greater distances, and its area increases. However, if there is sufficient matter on our past light cone, it will bend the rays of light towards each other. This will mean that, as one goes back into the past, the area of our past light cone will reach a maximum, and then start to decrease. It is this focussing of our past light cone, by the gravitational effect of the matter in the universe, that is the signal that the universe is within itshorizon, like the time reverse of a black hole. If one can determine that there is enough matter in the universe, to focus our past light cone, one can then apply the singularity theorems, to show that time must have a beginning

LESSON 13LESSON 13

THE BEGINNING OF TIME IIITHE BEGINNING OF TIME III

• Is the General theory of Relativity correct?• The combination of General Relativity with the Uncertainty Principle• Quantum theory introduces the idea of imaginary time• time in vertical direction, too• Imaginary time• The Euclidean space-time• The collapse is not the time reverse of the expansion• The Univere-more and more limpy and irregular• People will ger older evn after the Univere has begun to contract• The Univerwse has not existed forever• The no boundary hypothesis –the Univere wil collapse again• TIME IS NOT GOING TO GO BACKWARDS

ExercisesExercises::• 1.Answer the following questions:• Is General relativity correct? Explain!• How does Quantum theory predict the beginning of the Universe?• What is the Eucledian space-time?• Has the Universe existed forever? Explain!

• 2. Group work with newspaper articles: Observing the Beginning of time, American Scientist

• 3.Write an essey (300 words) on the theme : Is there a beginning and an end of time?

LESSON 14

A BRIEF HISTORY OF STRING THEORY

•

Vocabulary:•

string-

niz

•

supersymmetry-razmjer•

fermion-fermion

•

boson-bozon•

spin-rotacija

•

supergravity-nadgravitacija•

excitation-podražaj

•

surge-val•

to shed-baciti, proliti

•

perplexing-zbunjujući•

property-svojstvo

•

1921 the

Kaluza

–Klein

theory•

1970 the

String

theory

is born

•

1971 Supersymmetry•

1974 Gravitation

•

1976 Supergravity•

1980 Superstrings

•

1984 The

Big Year•

1991-1995 The

Duality

Revolution

•

1996 Black

Hole Entropy

Tasks:

•

What

s the

String

Theory?•

Make

an

outline

if

the

String

theory!

•

Translate

the

text

on page

24

LESSON 16LESSON 16

HOW OLD IS THE UNIVERSE?HOW OLD IS THE UNIVERSE?

There are at least 3 ways that There are at least 3 ways that the age of the Universe can be the age of the Universe can be estimated. estimated. The age of the chemical The age of the chemical elements. elements. The age of the oldest star The age of the oldest star clusters. clusters. The age of the oldest white The age of the oldest white dwarf stars. dwarf stars.

Group work: Group work: MakeMake 3 groups, work on 3 groups, work on thethe givengivenmaterials materials andand discussdiscuss themthem! ! (www.astro.ucla.edu/wright/age/html)(www.astro.ucla.edu/wright/age/html)TranslateTranslate thethe texttext on on pagepage 25.25.