Team 13: All for Angkor of Figures Figure 2.1 Map of Cambodia Showing Siem Reap Location 2 Figure 2.2 Topographical map of Siem Reap Area Showing AGU Site 3 …

Team 13: All for Angkor

Project Proposal and Feasibility Study ENGR 339

12/09/05

Katie Anderson Brad Jansen Jon Larsen Andy Lynch Kirk Starnes

© 2005 Calvin College & Katie Anderson, Brad Jansen, Jon Larsen, Andy Lynch, Kirk Starnes

Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 1 2. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 2

2.1. Purpose............................................................................................................................ 2 2.2. Geography....................................................................................................................... 2 2.3. Background..................................................................................................................... 3 2.4. Feasibility........................................................................................................................ 5

3. Project Constraints .................................................................................................................. 5 3.1. Climate............................................................................................................................ 5 3.2. Soil Types ....................................................................................................................... 7 3.3. Building Codes................................................................................................................ 8 3.4. Building Usage................................................................................................................ 8 3.5. Cultural Appropriateness ................................................................................................ 8

4. Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 9 4.1. Design A Structurally Sound Building ........................................................................... 9 4.2. Site Development & Design ........................................................................................... 9 4.3. Provide Adequate Site Drainage..................................................................................... 9 4.4. Fulfill Cultural and Educational Needs........................................................................... 9

5. Design Considerations .......................................................................................................... 10 5.1. Building Materials ........................................................................................................ 10 5.2. Building Methods.......................................................................................................... 10 5.3. Storm Water Management ............................................................................................ 11 5.4. Sewage Handling .......................................................................................................... 12 5.5. Environmental Considerations...................................................................................... 12 5.6. Design Norms Considered ............................................................................................ 12

5.6.1. Cultural Appropriateness ...................................................................................... 12 5.6.2. Stewardship........................................................................................................... 13 5.6.3. Justice.................................................................................................................... 13 5.6.4. Integrity................................................................................................................. 13 5.6.5. Trust ...................................................................................................................... 13 5.6.6. Caring.................................................................................................................... 14

6. Proposed Design ................................................................................................................... 14 6.1. Introduction................................................................................................................... 14 6.2. Site Development.......................................................................................................... 14 6.3. Structural Plans ............................................................................................................. 16

7. Preliminary Budget ............................................................................................................... 18 7.1. Design and Model Budget ............................................................................................ 18 7.2. Total Construction Budget............................................................................................ 18 7.3. Engineering Fees Estimate............................................................................................ 19

8. Project Schedule.................................................................................................................... 21 9. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 22

i Team 13: All for Angkor Project Proposal and Feasibility Study

Table of Figures Figure 2.1 Map of Cambodia Showing Siem Reap Location ........................................................ 2 Figure 2.2 Topographical map of Siem Reap Area Showing AGU Site ....................................... 3 Figure 2.3 The Angkor Wat Temple.............................................................................................. 4 Figure 3.1 Monthly temperature ranges for Phnom Penh, Cambodia. .......................................... 6 Figure 3.2 Average Monthly Precipitation for Siem Reap, Cambodia.......................................... 6 Figure 5.1 Picture of a Cambodian building under construction ................................................. 11 Figure 5.2 Picture of clay bricks used in construction of concrete frame buildings.................... 11 Figure 6.1 Building Location With Respect To Proposed A.G.U. Campus Layout................... 15 Figure 6.2 Proposed Site Layout.................................................................................................. 16 Figure 6.3 Rendering of proposed Angkor Global University’s agricultural building................ 17 Table of Tables Table 3.1 Load Table for Proposed Building in Siem Reap, Cambodia........................................ 7 Table 3.2 Soil properties for Red-Yellow Podzol and Alluvial Lithosol ...................................... 7 Table 5.1 Material costs according to U.S. standards................................................................. 10 Table 5.2 Building material decision table .................................................................................. 10 Table 6.1 Design loads for the AGU building ............................................................................. 18 Table 7.1 Construction Budget .................................................................................................... 20

ii Team 13: All for Angkor Project Proposal and Feasibility Study

1. Executive Summary Team 13, comprised of Katie Anderson, Brad Jansen, Jon Larsen, Andy Lynch, and Kirk Starnes, is working in conjunction with architectural students from Handong Global University in Korea to design the first academic building for Angkor Global University in the Siem Reap region of Cambodia. The design will be divided into two parts; the structural design of the building and the design of the site on which the building will be located. The structural design will consist of steel truss design, reinforced concrete design, and footing design. The site design will entail providing utilities to the building, calculating rainfall runoff, and creating the grading layout. The design constraints that play a major role in the project are loads, rainfall data, wastewater production, soil type, and local construction methods and building materials. The effects of the constraints are as follows:

• Loads – Correct selection of structural members (size and arrangement) requires knowledge of the necessary design loads for the given region and construction materials.

• Rainfall Data – This data is important in the calculation of surface runoff, a necessary consideration in the site design. Accurate values of surface runoff based on the rainfall data must be calculated for both existing and proposed conditions. Excess runoff that may result from proposed construction requires management in order to prevent negative environmental effects.

• Existing Topographic Information – This information is required to complete surface runoff calculations mentioned in the previous section.

• Wastewater production – This must be considered in order to design a septic system for the building. The septic system will be located on site and therefore plays a large role in the site design.

• Soil type – This is a major part of both the site and structural design of the project. The soil type affects surface runoff calculations, design of the septic field, and the foundation design of the building.

• Construction Methods and Building Materials – Specific materials available in this region, along with current construction practices, will determine the type of building that will be designed and constructed.

1 Team 13: All for Angkor Project Proposal and Feasibility Study

2. Introduction

2.1. Purpose “Angkor Global University will be the ‘Global Christian University’, educating twenty-first century leaders for Cambodia and the world who embody excellence in both academics and Christian moral character”. This is the vision statement that is driving the design of a Christian university in Siem Reap, Cambodia. For senior design, team All for Angkor will be working with architecture graduate students from Handong Global University (HGU) in Korea to develop the site and complete the structural design for the first building for the new university. The first structure will be a building for the agricultural school and will be the first step in making the vision of Angkor Global University into a reality.

2.2. Geography Siem Reap is a province located by the Tonle Sap Lake in the northwest region of Cambodia (see Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1 Map of Cambodia Showing Siem Reap Location

The total area of Siem Reap covers approximately 10,300 km2 with nearly 700,000 inhabitants (as of 1998). As seen in Figure 2.2, the area of Siem Reap, including the site of Angkor Global University, AGU, is mostly low, flat plains. The elevation contour lines on the below map are at 10 meter intervals. The location of AGU is designated by a red rectangle.


Figure 2.2 Topographical map of Siem Reap Area Showing AGU Site

As of 2005, only 3.1% of the population is 65 years old or older. The median age of Cambodia is approximately 20 years old. 95% of Cambodians are Buddhist while 5% claim other religious beliefs. Currently the educational system is centered around the Buddhist temples located throughout Cambodia.

2.3. Background On April 17, 1975, the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, invaded Cambodia and took power in the capital of Phnom Penh. During Pol Pot’s rule, all institutions were prohibited including schools, religion, and family. All the people living in the cities were required to move to the countryside and were forced into labor camps. Children were separated from their parents and were made into soldiers or forced laborers. According to Yale University’s Cambodia Genocide Program, an estimated 1.7 million people died from torture, execution, and starvation. This was approximately 21% of the population of Cambodia at the time. One of the main reasons that people were killed is if they were educated. The Khmer Rouge saw educated persons as a threat to their rule. Children, as well as adults, were questioned by soldiers and if they appeared to be educated, they were killed immediately. As a result of the mass killings in Cambodia during the late 1970s, as well as other social economic reasons, nearly 30% of Cambodians are illiterate. Not only did the Khmer Rouge have implications as far as education, it also had repercussions on family and community life. Families were split apart and communities were basically demolished. Many children grew up as orphans and thus did not learn basic family values. This affects the way Cambodians relate within a village. Furthermore, they do not know how to create healthy communities. It is the belief of Professor Hakchul Kim and Team 13 that education will help with the solution of all of these problems. Through education, the Cambodians will learn how to sustain themselves through physical means and create stronger family and communal attachments. Since the early 1990’s, Cambodia has gone through a series of changes that will forever transform the country of Cambodia. In 1993, Cambodia for the first time became a constitutional


monarchy. Not only did this transformation have political implications, but it had influences in the economy and tourism. For the first time in many years, the temple of Angkor Wat, seen in Figure 2.3, opened its doors to the public.

Figure 2.3 The Angkor Wat Temple

This temple is known as one of the great mysteries of the ancient world. As a result of this, tourism to the Siem Reap area has drastically increased. Hundreds of hotels, restaurants, and shops have been built around the Angkor Wat temples. With this new wave of tourism, there is a great opportunity for the local Cambodians to prosper. Currently, 40% of the country lives below the poverty line. For this project, the goal is to disrupt the current Cambodian culture as little as possible while still increasing the quality of living by giving Cambodians the means to support themselves. The goal of Angkor Global University is to meet this need. Initially, Angkor Global University will be an agricultural school where it will meet the immediate needs of the Cambodian people by supplying them with food and the knowledge of how to support themselves. Currently, the majority of Cambodians are subsistent farmers. Since Cambodia has a wet season and a dry season, this poses a problem for farmers who must grow food year round. AGU’s first mission is to solve this problem. Later, Angkor Global University plans to open a School of Business and Tourism Management. This will allow Cambodians to profit from the growing tourism and keep the wealth in the country. The land that Angkor Global University will be built on was donated by Governor Oung Oeun of Siem Reap. Governor Oung Oeun visited Handong Global University in Korea and liked the community and educational system he witnessed. Even though Governor Oung Oeun is Buddhist, he decided he wanted a Christian University in his province. The design and construction of Angkor Global University will be completed with a number of different participating parties. As previously stated, Calvin College will be working in cooperation with Handong Global University in Korea. In January 2005, the NIBC (New International Builder’s Community) was established. Currently the NIBC is working to establish kindergarten schools throughout the country and Angkor Global University in Siem Reap. Team 13 will be working with NIBC, also known as “Not I But Christ”, to complete the site development for the University.


2.4. Feasibility It has been determined that it is feasible to complete the design for the agricultural building by May, 2006. The necessary research to accomplish both the hydraulic analysis as well as the structural design of the building is complete and has yielded promising results. The members of Team 13 have adequate experience in these two fields to accomplish the task of designing the building and determining the necessary site development. Construction is a main concern for the project because availability of the required construction materials is not known. However, the building has been designed to make use of the local construction materials as well as local construction practices. The building will be 48m x 54m, so it will require a sizeable amount of building materials. Located nearby the proposed building site are concrete mixing companies as well as several smaller metal working shops that should be able to provide the necessary resources for the project. Another concern is the local construction methods; the necessary equipment to complete the project is still largely unknown. The structure will be a large, two story building, which will most likely require some heavy machinery for construction. However most of the labor will be manual and carried out by local workers. Project cost is the final consideration. Throughout the design process, every effort will be made to reduce the cost of the building’s construction. Much of the budget, such as the costs of labor and equipment, is fixed. Therefore the most economical materials have been researched and will be utilized in the final design. The issue of communication was originally a large issue but communication has become more consistent and reliable. Email has been the basis of communicating with the architecture students from Handong University in South Korea, which is not ideal. An internet program, such as Gizmo, can be utilized for free international conversation. In the future, this will likely be the primary means of communication with the Handong students.

3. Project Constraints This project, as with any other, must be done in such a way that conforms to a set of constraints. The building must be designed for the climate, local soil types, local building codes, and to best fit the needs for which it is being designed. The details of these constraints have been difficult to find, which could potentially lead to the need to make assumptions at a later point in the design process.

3.1. Climate The climate in Siem Reap, Cambodia is drastically different from any in the United States. Cambodia is located a mere 11° north of the equator, which has implications on many aspects of the design. First, Cambodia experiences very little seasonal temperature variation. Because of this, the building can be designed to passively maintain a comfortable temperature without furnaces and air conditioners. The yearly temperature in Cambodia ranges from 21°C to 35°C as can be seen in Figure 3.1. This means that the building will have to be designed with air flow in mind in order to keep the ambient temperatures within a comfortable range.


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Figure 3.1 Monthly temperature ranges for Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Second, Cambodia primarily has two seasons: a wet season and a dry season. The wet, monsoon season is typically from May to November while the dry, arid season is from December to April. According to the research of Matti Kumma from the Helsinki University of Technology, Figure 3.2 shows the average monthly rainfall in Siem Reap. A typical year in Cambodia brings with it between 900 mm and 1800 mm of precipitation, with a mere 12% taking place during the five month long dry season.

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Figure 3.2 Average Monthly Precipitation for Siem Reap, Cambodia.

These issues bring to light the need to consider the loads that precipitation and winds will exert on the building. According to the Siem Reap Weather Station, the average monthly wind speed varies from the wet to the dry season. Wind speeds range from 1.93 m/s to 2.58 m/s with a yearly average speed of 2.52 m/s in the Angkor area. As seen in Table 3.1, these rainfall and wind


values are used to approximate the loads that are exerted on the building. Rain loads as well as wind loads are calculated based on the maximum values seen over the past 35 years.

Table 3.1 Load Table for Proposed Building in Siem Reap, Cambodia Load Type Load Value (KN/m2)

Wind 1.325 Rain 0.7448

3.2. Soil Types The soil types in Cambodia must be considered in order to determine many aspects of the design. Everything from foundation design to drainage considerations are affected by the type of soil found on site. Without soil borings it will be impossible to determine the exact bearing strength of the soil, and will therefore require assumptions to be made. The soil on site is comprised primarily of either red-yellow podzol or alluvial lithosol, depending on the exact site location. Currently the land is being used to grow southwest wet season rice, which will prove beneficial since the building is intended to be an agricultural building and the surrounding land is fertile. Red-yellow podzol is a type of soil which is made up of numerous layers of varying properties. It gets its name from the mixing of yellow, bleached soil and red, “rusty” soils. Podzol is formed by the leaching of nutrients from the upper layer to the lower layers, leaving only quartz grains on the surface. This type of soil is commonly found in wet climates, which explains the nutrient leaching. Alluvial lithosol is a soil type which is high in alluvium, or soils deposited by flowing water such as rivers. Alluvial lithosol is often clayey, rich in nutrients, and has much more structural stability than red-yellow podzol. As can be seen in Table 3.2, it is desired for the building site to be located on this type of soil due to the structural and consistency properties of the two soils.

Table 3.2 Soil properties for Red-Yellow Podzol and Alluvial Lithosol

© 1997 Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project

Surface Red-Yellow Podzol Alluvial Lithosol

Depth 15 - 40 cm 10 - 30 cm Texture Sandy Clayey

Color Dry: pale brown or grey with pinkish tinge Moist: light brown to light grey

Dry: dark grey or black Moist: black

Consistency Dry: hard but loose Moist: loose

Dry: very hard Moist: firm

Structure None Crumb or blocky Subsoil

Texture Loamy or Clayey Clay Color Dry: light brown to light grey

Moist: light brown to grey Dry: grey to light grey Moist: grey

Consistency Dry: firm to very hard Moist: firm to hard

Dry: very hard Moist: firm

Structure A hard ironstone layer may occur Crumb or blocky


3.3. Building Codes Currently, standardized building codes for Cambodia have not been located. Since Cambodia is a small, undeveloped country, these codes are not likely to exist. Because of the lack of regional building codes, international building codes will be used for the design and analysis of this project. While regional building codes for Cambodia would allow a more efficient design of the building, the International Building Codes will provide the necessary information to design a safe building. The international building code will also be supplemented by the ASCE Bulletin 7-98.

3.4. Building Usage This building will be used as an administrative and educational building. Because of this mixed usage, it will be important to consider how to best integrate both of the building’s uses. When determining building usage, the number of occupants, number of rooms, air flow, and any other requirements (considerations for agricultural education, etc.) must be considered. The building will consist of many offices, lecture rooms, and a few laboratories, all of which will require independent consideration to determine applied loads. The first floor of the building will be comprised primarily of laboratories, offices, and research resources. Laboratories and computer rooms require calculations which take into consideration greater dead loads. This will be of great importance during the design process. The second floor of the building is primarily classrooms and meeting rooms. Because of this difference in proposed usage between the first and second floor, there will be greater live loads and smaller dead loads for the second floor to be considered during the structural design. The standard hallways in the building are proposed to be 2.6 meters wide, which should provide for comfortable flow of air and will be wide enough for numerous people to comfortably navigate. Most rooms have two windows and two doors. This abundance of windows and doors will create a very comfortable and relaxing atmosphere.

3.5. Cultural Appropriateness Several factors need to be taken into account when designing the agricultural building for AGU. The alignment, or orientation, of the building will impact the way in which the sun, wind, and other environmental factors impact the building. The building could simply be oriented in the N/S direction or could attempt to use environmental features to its advantage. The orientation also has significant religious implications for the region. Thus orientation of the building must be carefully planned. Furthermore, the foundation of the building must be designed in a manner similar to others in the region rather than simply following the standards in America or in Korea. The excessive soil water content during the rainy season could lead to damage of a traditional foundation. Thus, alternate foundation designs are being taken into account. Common practice in Cambodia is to use steel columns driven into the ground as the foundation. Another common building practice of the region is to first frame the building with concrete columns and then build the walls in between out of clay bricks one floor at a time. The bricks are then covered in mortar to finish off the wall. Many building materials common in the United States are not regularly used in Cambodia. The analysis and design of the proposed building will be based on materials that are readily available in this region. Unlike using steel in larger structures as in the United States, the agricultural building will primarily be a concrete building with clay brick walls. The possibility of most of


the project being undertaken by manual labor is also very real so the structural members will be designed with this in mind.

4. Objectives Team 13’s objective is to design an agricultural building for Angkor Global University (AGU). This includes four phases: designing a structurally sound building, site development and design, providing adequate site drainage, and fulfilling the needs of the building’s tenants. Using architectural plans that have been created by students from Handong Global University and GIS data, All for Angkor will competently design the building and construct a basic site plan.

4.1. Design A Structurally Sound Building The primary goal of this project is to design a building that is structurally sound. The agricultural building will be one of the first buildings on the campus, and Team All for Angkor would like it to remain as one of the oldest buildings on the campus for future students. In order to ensure that the building will remain useful to the university for years to come, it is important to design a building that will meet current codes. Either the Asia Building Codes or the International Building Codes, which are similar to the ASCE Bulletin 7-98, will be used to design and analyze the building. The building will be designed in such a way that it will meet the needs of the agricultural students. Team 13 must work within the architectural constraints to create an attractive, yet efficient and economical structure.

4.2. Site Development & Design Only basic site development and design will be undertaken due to the complexity of the building’s design and the time constraints of the course. Using GIS data from a program called ArcGIS, a design for the site of the future agricultural building has been proposed. This site development will aid in the design of the foundation for the agricultural building. The campus is almost entirely undeveloped at this point. As one of the first sites being developed, it is important to design with care relative to the rest of the campus. This includes being efficient with the land development of the site as well as designing the building to flow well with the future site plan. All for Angkor wants to develop the site in such a way that the students are able to easily utilize the agricultural field next to the site as well as establish a quality standard for the rest of the campus.

4.3. Provide Adequate Site Drainage Developing the site for the agricultural building will create a change in its hydrology. The necessary modeling will be completed in order to understand the effects that development of the site will have on flooding of the current site as well as the rest of the proposed campus. Using the results of the hydraulic modeling, it will be possible to accurately determine and design the drainage required by the site. The location and type of site drainage will be chosen based upon the cost and required amount of land.

4.4. Fulfill Cultural and Educational Needs Since the agricultural building is for a university, it needs to be designed in such a way that education will be promoted. It must also be designed so that the cultural needs of the building’s occupants will be fulfilled. In order to meet the needs of the future building users, Team 13 will maintain an open mind to different building techniques used in Cambodia and will keep in consideration the resources that are readily available when designing the building. The architectural plans are representative of the local style since they have been created with that in mind. The building must not be a distraction to the learning process in any way because its


primary purpose is educational. The building will be designed in such a way that it will fit with the Cambodian culture and promote an atmosphere of education.

5. Design Considerations

5.1. Building Materials There are multiple types of building materials that would suit this project. The primary building materials used in global commercial construction are concrete, steel, and wood. In order to determine the most appropriate material to use for this project two elements must be considered. These two considerations are cost and availability of material. The cost of the materials is a primary driving consideration because one of the goals of the project is to keep the final project budget to a minimum. Since information from the area is insufficient, the United States cost information will be used to make a preliminary decision. Table 5.1 shows the three building materials mentioned as well as the cost of each.

Table 5.1 Material costs according to U.S. standards Building Material Material Cost

Concrete Block Foundation Wall $1,810 / Ton Steel $1,975 / Ton Wood $811 / M.S.F.

The availability of materials in the Siem Reap area is limited in many ways. On the other hand, it is known that many large international companies have moved to the country because of the large amount of tourists the Angkor Wat temples bring in. Based upon this growth it is apparent that steel and concrete are readily available in the area. It is also known that lumber is available because of its use in the construction of the Kindergarten building. However, due to the large amount needed and the limitations in structural stability for a building this large, it is safe to assume that lumber would not be the optimum choice. Based on the above information, the best choice for building material is concrete. This decision was made by analyzing the three materials in a decision table similar to Table 5.2. As is seen in the table, three questions were asked for each material and a conclusion was determined. Based on the table, the optimum material that should be used is concrete. This is the cheapest material, readily available, and it fulfills all of the structural requirements.

Table 5.2 Building material decision table Building Material Is it the cheapest? Is it available? Does it fulfill the

requirements? Concrete Yes Yes Yes

Steel No Yes Yes Lumber No Yes No

5.2. Building Methods The standard Cambodian building method for a structure the size that is required for this project is a concrete frame and brick wall building. The first task that is performed in this process is placing the footings for the building foundation. After the foundation has been laid, reinforced concrete columns are poured to support the floor of the second level. With the columns in place,


the second floor is poured into a form which is support by numerous bamboo shoots. This can be seen in Figure 5.1 which shows typical Cambodian construction.

Figure 5.1 Picture of a Cambodian building under construction

This illustrates the concrete frame design being supported by bamboo network

Once the concrete frame is in place, clay bricks are laid to form the walls of the building. Clay bricks are used in the wall construction because they provide a shear strength the concrete frame is unable to provide. A picture of these clay bricks can be seen in Figure 5.2. From this image it is observed that the bricks are similar to those used in the United States.

Figure 5.2 Picture of clay bricks used in construction of concrete frame buildings

5.3. Storm Water Management Since the site of the proposed academic building is located in a relatively undeveloped area, there is no existing storm sewer to tie into if needed. Currently, drainage ditches are the primary means of storm water conveyance and will probably be the most feasible option for the proposed site. Depending on the results of the required hydraulic analysis, soil information, and rainfall data, it


will most likely be necessary to construct a detention basin on-site to handle the resulting excess runoff. This is because of the increased amount of impervious surface area.

5.4. Sewage Handling Once again, due to the proposed location of the academic building, there is no existing sanitary sewer to tie into. In fact, according to the Country Study for Japan’s ODA to the Kingdom of Cambodia, “the installation rate of toilets was approximately 16% in urban districts in 1995” (Takahashi, et. al.). While that number has increased since then, this region of Cambodia still lacks any sort of infrastructure capable of handling sanitary sewage. That being said, the most feasible option with regard to sewage handling for the site of proposed development is a septic tank and leach field system.

5.5. Environmental Considerations According to the Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap (APSARA Authority), efforts to develop the Siem Reap region of Cambodia must be completed in such a way as to promote harmony between the “environment, culture, and the communities” (APSARA). The three primary environmental concerns of the APSARA, as described in their Environmental Management System Policy, are water quality, air quality, and the preservation of existing forests. Of those three areas, water quality and forest preservation will be necessary considerations in our design of the proposed academic building. With regard to water quality, our design of both storm water and sewage handling systems will be designed in such a way as to prevent harmful pollutants from contaminating the groundwater supply. Certain filtration structures may be recommended in the design of storm water systems (e.g. grease traps for catch basins located in parking areas), and the installation of a detention pond will prevent sedimentation that would otherwise be carried by surface runoff. Proper design and installation of a septic system will also help prevent groundwater contamination. Forest preservation will be manifest in two aspects of the proposed design. First, and most obviously, the proposed building will be placed in a location such that the fewest number of trees as possible will require removal. Photos of portions of the site indicate that there is little existing tree cover on the site of the proposed building, which will greatly simplify such considerations. Another factor of the design that may deal with the Siem Reap forest preservation is building materials. In order to limit deforestation in Siem Reap, a steel or concrete structure should be constructed.

5.6. Design Norms Considered Design norms are moral principles that should be considered in the design process in order to ensure an appropriate balance between technical and ethical concerns. When working on a design project, it is easy to focus too heavily on the functional aspect of the project. The design norms are important for remembering the project’s relation to people, society, and Christian calling. The chief design norms that will be considered in this project are cultural appropriateness and stewardship. 5.6.1. Cultural Appropriateness A culturally appropriate design is one that focuses on how the design fits into the civilization in which it is placed. This includes materials used, project scale, social impact, and aesthetics. As mentioned above, this is especially important for this project. As American engineering students working with Korean architecture students building a structure in Cambodia, it will be difficult to


ensure that the structure fits with the Cambodian culture. One way that cultural appropriateness is taken into account in the design is that the building has been designed as an open structure. Because of the warm temperatures and the lack of climate controls systems, an open structure will provide additional ventilation for the building. Not only must the actual structure be considered but the construction methods and materials used to build the structure. The methods used in the United States for construction projects of a similar scale are likely to be different than those implemented in Cambodia. While the construction methods that will be implemented in the future are not yet known, it is likely to involve more manual labor and less machinery. The materials used to construct the building may also be different than those used in the United States. In order to appear similar to Cambodian architecture, the building will be constructed out of concrete and clay bricks. These materials are readily available and similar to materials currently used. 5.6.2. Stewardship Stewardship includes not only careful use of environmental resources but also appropriate use of human and economic resources. This is important for our senior design project for two reasons. First of all, there is a classroom budget that must be considered. The second reason that stewardship must be incorporated into the design is the actual construction of the building. In order to make the design a viable option for Siem Reap, the building must be economically feasible. As a result of these two reasons, material usage will be minimized in both the classroom modeling and the design for the actual construction. 5.6.3. Justice Justice is considering the rights of those that are affected by the design. For the project this will include students and professors at Handong Global University, NIBC, future students of Angkor Global University, and those who live in the area around the future university. In order to make a just design, the design must have limited repercussions on those surrounded by it. In order to limit the negative effects that Angkor Global University has on its surroundings, studies will be completed to determine site runoff volumes. Adequate detention methods will then be put into place to eliminate this runoff. Another way that the design incorporates justice is by providing a means for food production. As stated previously, a large portion of Cambodians are farmers and are unable to farm during the dry season. By building an agricultural school, the design will further justice by decreasing the number of starving citizens of Cambodia. 5.6.4. Integrity Integrity refers to the project as a whole and its complete implementation. This includes how different aspects of the design affect the others as well as how the design as a whole affects the surrounding. Integrity of a design should be considered before the design is completed. In the design, this will include how the building will impact the proposed university site. As a result of this, future expansion will be incorporated into the design. 5.6.5. Trust Trust is important in every aspect of life but it is especially important when working on a design project. It is important that project stakeholders know that project updates and the final design are trustworthy. This includes being truthful about the progress of the design as well as what the final outcome will be. To exercise the design norm of trust, team All for Angkor will periodically update project participants.


5.6.6. Caring Through the design of the structure, it is important to show caring to those affected here, as well as overseas. Particularly in the design of a university, it is necessary to consider how the design will affect those living in the area of Siem Reap. The future Angkor Global University will have several positive impacts on the Siem Reap inhabitants including food, increased economic prosperity, and education.

6. Proposed Design

6.1. Introduction As stated earlier in the report, this project consists of both the site development and structural design of the Angkor Global University (AGU) agricultural building. AGU will be the first Christian educational facility in the area. The goal of AGU is to educate future leaders and instruct the local populace how to farm more efficiently so that they can grow a sufficient amount of produce to provide for themselves during both wet and dry seasons. This will eliminate the need to import overpriced food from neighboring countries and help build a more stable economy in the area.

6.2. Site Development The site development aspect of this project consists of three primary parts. These parts are as follows: surface runoff calculations, site grading, and utilities. The first task in the site development is to calculate the surface runoff of the site before and after construction. This information will indicate the impact that the proposed impervious surfaces will have on the flow of water for the site and surrounding areas. If the surface runoff increases too much during a 25 yr storm then a runoff storage system will have to be considered to reduce the impact of the storm. If this becomes an issue, one possible as mentioned previously would be the addition of a detention pond to the site. This solution would be relatively simple to design and due to the sandy soil, it would be easy to implement. The next consideration for the site is the grading. The grading will help ensure that the surface runoff flows to the desired locations and that it flows away from the agricultural building. Grading could also entail designing a detention basin for runoff if the hydraulic study shows that flooding could be an issue for the site and the surrounding areas. Since the building is a Global University, the standards will have to meet international standards. Therefore utility hook up is mandatory. The desired utilities can be broken down into four areas: water, sanitary, electric, and internet/cable. At this point concrete information about the first three utilities is vague, if not completely absent. If this is the case, alternatives must be found. It is possible that water be pumped from a well or treated from some nearby water body. The sanitary sewage can be sent to an onsite septic field. Internet/cable can be wired from a long distance or acquired via satellite. As for the electric in the area, there are documents that indicate that there is an Asian power grid that is in the process of connecting parts of Asia. This grid happens to run right through Siem Reap, which means that it is likely the site can be connected to an existing grid in the area. If this is not the case then power can be generated by an on site diesel generator. The proposed site is located several kilometers away from the city of Siem Reap. As previously stated sanitary hookup to an existing system is not an option and therefore a septic system will be


needed. Septic tank sizing was based on a building occupancy of one hundred students and an average of ten gallons of sewage per student per day, as well as a residence time in the tank of five days. As a result, four tanks, each with a volume of approximately six cubic meters, have been selected to provide a means of sewage handling for the proposed academic building (see Appendix C for septic tank sizing calculations). Figure 6.1 shows the buildings location with respect to the entire campus, and Figure 6.2 is a proposed site layout that illustrates the proposed location of the septic tank and detention basin.

Figure 6.1 Building Location With Respect To Proposed A.G.U. Campus Layout


Figure 6.2 Proposed Site Layout

6.3. Structural Plans The structural aspect of the project will primarily entail analyzing the architectural plans provided by students from HGU and designing the required structural aspects of the proposed AGU building. Due to the lack of any formal building code in the Siem Reap area, the International Building Codes will be used for this design. Figure 5.1 is an example of the architectural drawings received from the Handong students which can be found in Appendix A.


Two Stories Total Area: 3600 m2 Materials:

Brick Walls Concrete Columns

Figure 6.3 Rendering of proposed Angkor Global University’s agricultural building

The first step of the structural design process is determining building materials and their mechanical properties. This is crucial to the design because it will affect the bulk of the structural analysis as well as the amount of materials used. As indicated in Figure 6.3, the building is a concrete frame building with brick walls. It has been decided by Team 13 that the roof will be designed with a steel truss design in order to support the size of the roof. Since the building materials were known, it was possible to calculate the building loads. The building loads are the pressures that the building is designed to withstand. These are the core of the structural calculations and directly affect the concrete thickness and member sizes throughout the building. The building loads are calculated based on the International Building Codes which references ASCE Bulletin 7-98. All of the loads are fairly easy to calculate with respect to this project with the exception of wind loads. This building is unique with respect to the wind load in that it has an open corridor that runs through the middle of the building as well as an opening in the middle of the roof, as seen in Figure 6.3. Since the building is partially open, the wind load calculation becomes more challenging because, theoretically, now the wind applies two forces on the building. The first is the standard forces on the building’s exterior, while the second is the force it applies to the underside of the roof. Depending on the direction of the wind, it can either apply a slight uplift force on the roof, or create a vacuum in the building which will add to the downward dead load force. With these affects in mind, the wind load for the building was computed to be 1.325 KN/m2 which can be seen in Table 6.1. For all load case calculations refer to Appendix B.


Table 6.1 Design loads for the AGU building Load Type Load Value (KN/m2)

Dead Loads, D 12.397 Earthquake Loads, E 0

Live Loads, L 4.79 Roof Live Load, Lr 0.576

Rain Load, R 0.7448 Snow Load, S 0 Wind Load, W 1.325

At this point, it is possible to design the building using the load case information shown in Table 6.1. This is done by applying all of the loads to the entire building. The next step is to start analyzing and designing the roof. Analysis continues downward until the building footings. This will place constraints on the minimum size and thicknesses of materials used in the structure of the building, as well as provide the total load that has to be dissipated by the footings. The footings are the final step in the structural design process. This is a calculation that is based on the load that needs to be supported and the bearing capacity of the soil. At this point, the support load will be known and according to the International Building Codes, if there is no soil boring information available for the area, a bearing capacity of 95.8 KN/m2 (1 ton/ft2) is to be assumed.

7. Preliminary Budget This project consists of two separate budgets. The first is the budget of the team, and the second is that of the actual proposed agricultural building. The classroom budget is set at approximately $300.00 and can be used for items that are necessary to complete the project. The total construction budget will be an estimate of the cost to construct the building as designed by Team 13.

7.1. Design and Model Budget The design and model budget will likely be comprised of two primary expenses. The first will be the software rights to a computer modeling program. The student license will be approximately $50.00, depending on how this license is acquired. The second expenditure is a physical scale model. This will consist of buying the materials and tools necessary to complete a model. We are unsure at this time exactly how much such a model will cost, but total costs will be well below the budgeted $300.00.

7.2. Total Construction Budget Currently, a very rough estimate of a construction budget has been determined. The items in the estimate are based on assumptions made about the preliminary architectural plans and known construction techniques in the Siem Reap region of Cambodia. It was assumed that the entire site will be excavated to approximately 3 meters and that the volume of poured concrete for the footings would be about 10% of that value. The floor slabs were assumed to be approximately 15 cm thick. Information from Professor De Rooy indicates that the structure would be framed with concrete columns and then the walls would be filled in with clay bricks covered in mortar. It is also assumed that the columns will be approximately 15x15 cm and the building will require about 100 columns. It is assumed that the floor will be carpeted and ceiling tiles will be used. No estimate has been determined for the mechanical and electrical portions of the building. A 40% contingency has been applied to the project budget at this point due to the uncertain nature of the cost of materials and required items. Most estimated units costs are from Building Construction Cost Data from 2002. It is assumed that if there is a large discrepancy in the cost of construction


the whole project cost can be scaled down using the base United States prices. The total estimated cost of construction for the project is about $1.38 million (see Table 7.1 for detailed budget).

7.3. Engineering Fees Estimate This project assumes that the time each team member record working on the project will be charged at the professional engineering rate of $100 per an hour. Using the current project schedule as a reference, it is estimated that billable engineering work on this project will come to 888 hours. The estimated engineering fee is $88,800.


Table 7.1 Construction Budget Category Description Unit Quantity Unit Cost Cost Foundation Footing and Foundation

Poured Concrete and Footings C.M. 710 $ 98.10 $ 69,651.00

Excavation and Backfill

Site Preparation for Concrete and Footings - Using Dozer C.M. 7110 $ 4.16 $ 29,577.60

Structure Slab on Grade Reinforced Concrete C.M. 805 $ 124.26 $ 100,029.30 Super Structure Column 15x15 cm C.M. 22.5 $ 7.85 $ 176.63 Roof Metal Deck 18 Gage S.M. 2330 $ 53.82 $ 125,400.60 Exterior Closure Walls Clay Brick S.M. 1710 $ 86.11 $ 147,248.10 Doors Wood EA 80 $ 70.00 $ 5,600.00 Windows Glass EA 64 $ 300.00 $ 19,200.00 Roofing Roof Coverings Asphalt Shingles S.M. 2320 $ 6.46 $ 14,987.20 Plywood $ - Insulation Composite S.M. 1675 $ 3.55 $ 5,946.25 Interior Construction Partitions Clay Brick S.M. 2500 $ 86.11 $ 215,275.00 Wall Finishes Paint S.M. 2500 $ 4.41 $ 11,025.00 Wall Finishes Mortar S.M. $ - Floor Carpet S.M. 3400 $ 47.84 $ 162,656.00 Ceiling Tile S.M. 3400 $ 10.76 $ 36,584.00 Mechanical Plumbing Urinal EA 20 $ 500.00 $ 10,000.00 Plumbing Toilet EA 32 $ 430.00 $ 13,760.00 Plumbing Sink EA 16 $ 200.00 $ 3,200.00 Fire Protection 4 Section Alarm EA 1 $1,200.00 $ 1,200.00 Electrical Lighting and Power

Fluorescent Fixtures, Receptacles, Switches? $ -

Special Electrical

Alarm, Communication, Emergency Light? $ -

Site Work Utilities Septic Tank - 5750 L EA 4 $4,000.00 $ 16,000.00 Overhead Contingency 40% $ 395,006.67 Total $1,382,523.35


ID Task Name Duration Start

1 Evaluation of Feasibility 4 days Tue 10/25/05

2 Budget 4 days Wed 11/2/05

3 Project Schedule 5 days Thu 11/3/05

4 Project Proposal and Feasibility Study 8 days Wed 11/30/05

5 Research 10 days Mon 11/21/05

6 Regional Design Guidelines 3 days Mon 11/21/05

7 Cost of Material and Labor 2 days Tue 11/22/05

8 Local Materials Availability 2 days Tue 11/22/05

9 Common Building Practice 2 days Tue 11/22/05

10 Local Culture 2 days Tue 11/22/05

11 Architectural Plans 8 days Wed 11/23/05

12 Site Information 2 days Tue 11/22/05

13 Soil 2 days Tue 11/22/05

14 Topography 2 days Tue 11/22/05

15 Brush Cover 2 days Tue 11/22/05

16 Wetlands 2 days Tue 11/22/05

17 Dry vs. Wet Seasons 2 days Tue 11/22/05

18 School's Plan for Site Design 2 days Tue 11/22/05

19 Communication 30 days Wed 10/19/05

20 Land Development 14 days Thu 1/5/06

21 Hydraulic Analysis 4 days Thu 1/5/06

22 Soil Specifications 4 days Wed 1/11/06

23 Grading 3 days Tue 1/17/06

24 Utilities 3 days Fri 1/20/06

25 Structural Design 26 days Tue 1/3/06

26 STAAD / RAM Steel Analysis 25 days Tue 1/3/06

27 Roof Design 5 days Tue 1/3/06

28 Truss Design 5 days Tue 1/10/06

29 Column Design 5 days Tue 1/17/06

30 Concrete Slab Design 5 days Mon 1/30/06

31 Footing Design 5 days Mon 2/6/06

32 Hand Calculations 26 days Tue 1/3/06

33 Roof Design 5 days Tue 1/3/06

34 Truss Design 5 days Tue 1/10/06

35 Column Design 5 days Tue 1/17/06

36 Concrete Slab Design 6 days Mon 1/30/06

37 Footing Design 5 days Tue 2/7/06

38 AutoCAD Plans 21 days Wed 2/1/06

39 Presentations 8 days Mon 10/17/05

40 Model 28 days Mon 3/6/06

41 Physical 3D Model 15 days Mon 3/6/06

42 Computer Model of Building 13 days Mon 3/27/06

43 Learning Program 3 days Mon 3/27/06

44 Creating Model 7 days Thu 3/30/06

45 Debugging Model 3 days Mon 4/10/06

46 Final Report Writing 18 days Tue 1/3/06

47 Senior Design Night 5 days Mon 5/1/06

48 Prepare Presentation 5 days Mon 5/1/06

49 Present 1 day Fri 5/5/06

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Project: Task Timeline.mppDate: Thu 12/8/05

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8. Project Schedule

9. Conclusion Due to the turbulent past of Cambodia, the country is currently in need of the education that was purged from the people during the Pol Pot massacres. This building design will be one of many attempts currently going on to aid in the restoration and education of the country of Cambodia. Also, this building will serve to glorify God while promoting His good word into a region of the world where Christianity is scarce. This project has tremendous potential to do a lot of good for many people. This design project is feasible from both design and economic standpoints. The proposed design is straightforward enough to be completed within the existing time constraints and with the current experience of Team 13. The current estimated construction budget is roughly $1.4 million, which is reasonable for a building of this scale; however the expected cost of the building from the standpoint of AGU is as of yet unknown. Efforts will continually be made throughout the design process to bring down the cost of the building further yet. The design will provide a building which will fulfill all of the needs set out by AGU, while remaining within the design norms discussed earlier.


Special Thanks To: Roger Lamer, P.E., Industrial Consultant Professor David Wunder, P.E., Team Advisor Professor Leonard P. De Rooy P.E., Project Consultant Professor Sang Ki Lee, Handong University Professor Hakchul Ezra Kim, Handong University

References: "Cambodia." The World Factbook. 1 Nov. 2005. CIA. 21 Nov. 2005 <www.cia.gov>. Coutsoukis, Photius. "Cambodia Geography 2000." Cambodia. 2000. 21 Nov. 2005 <www.photius.com>. Kummu, Matti. "The Natural Environment and Historical Water Management of Angkor,

Cambodia." Department of Water Resources, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland. 08 Dec. 2005 http://users.tkk.fi/~mkummu/publications/WAC5_paper_kummu.pdf.

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.. Wastewater Engineering. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991. "Septic Tank - Soil Absorbtion Systems." Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet. Sept 1999.

EPA. 7 Dec. 2005 <http://epa.gov>. "Siem Reap." Wikipedia. 21 Nov. 2005 <http://en.widipedia.org>. Takahashi, Yukio. "Country Study for Japan's ODA to the Kingdom of Cambodia." Section 7.

The Environment. 08 Dec. 2005 http://www.jica.go.jp/english/resources/publications/study/country/pdf/cambodia_15.pdf.

White, P.F. . "The Soils Used for Rice Production in Cambodia." 1997. Cambodia-IRRI-

Australia Project. 08 Dec. 2005 http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/regionalSites/cambodia/docs/Soils%20Used%20In%20Cambodia.pdf.


www.cia.gov

www.photius.com

http://users.tkk.fi/%7Emkummu/publications/WAC5_paper_kummu.pdf

http://epa.gov/

http://en.widipedia.org/

http://www.jica.go.jp/english/resources/publications/study/country/pdf/cambodia_15.pdf

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/regionalSites/cambodia/docs/Soils%20Used%20In%20Cambodia.pdf

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/regionalSites/cambodia/docs/Soils%20Used%20In%20Cambodia.pdf

Appendix A

Agricultural Faculty Building of Angkor Global University

(AGU)

~Concept Drawings as of November 29, 2005


Two Stories Total Area: 3600 m2 Materials

Brick Walls Concrete Columns

Figure A-1: 3-Dimensional Rendering of First Agricultural Building Figure A-1: 3-Dimensional Rendering of First Agricultural Building


Courtyard

2nd Floor Opening

Figure A-2: 3-Dimensional Drawing Showing Building Openings, Including Open Courtyard


Figure A-3: First Floor Plan


Figure A-4: Second Floor Plan


Figure A-5: Third Floor Plan


Figure A-6: Roof Plan



Figure A-7: Elevation A


Figure A-8: Elevation B


Figure A-9: Elevation C


Figure A-10: Elevation D



Figure A-11: Section 1





1. Classification of Buildings and Other Structures for Flood, Wind, Snow, and Earthquake Loads

Classified as a Type III building:Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to human life in the event of

failure inclusing, but not limited to:> Buildings and other structures where more than 300 people congregate in one area> Buildings and other structures with a capacity greater than 500 for colleges or adult education facilities

While these standards are most likely higher than the actual requirements, because of limited information,currently, we will design to meet this building type.

2. Combinations of Loads

Load Values [kN/m2]Dead Loads, D: 12.379Earthquake Load, E: 0

Flood Load, Fa: 0

Live Load, L: 4.79Roof Live Load, Lr: 0.576Rain Load, R: 0.7448Snow Load, S: 0Self-straining force, T: 0Wind load, W: 1.325

Basic Load Combinations:1. 1.4(D+F) 17.33062. 1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(Lr or S or R) 22.89123. 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S of R)+(0.5L or 0.8W) 17.106484. 1.2D+1.6W +0.5L +0.5(Lr or S or R) 19.74225. 1.2D+1.0E+0.5L+0.2S 17.24986. 0.9D+1.6W+1.6H 13.26117. 0.9D+1.0E+1.6H 11.1411

Greatest Load Combination:

See following pages for calculations of above mentioned loads.

Load Calculations Using ASCE 7-98Appendix B

Load due to fluids with well-defined pres. and max heights F:

Load due to lateral earth pres., ground water pres., or pres. of bulk materials, H:

0

0

38

DEAD LOADS:

Min Densities for Design LoadsMin Design LoadsColumns: [kN/m3] [kN/m2] Concrete, reinforced (slag) 21.7 4.34

Walls: Brick, masonry (medium absorption) 18.1 2.715

Roof: Asphalt shingles 0.3 1.5" metal deck (acoustical), 18 gage 0.14 2 layers 12 mm plywood 0.144 Mech/elect 0.2 Miscellaneous: 0.2

total roof: 0.984

Floor: Concrete, reinforced (slag) (.2 m) 21.7 4.34

TOTAL DEAD LOAD: 12.379

39

LIVE LOADS:

Roof Live Loads: Lr=0.96*R1*R2 0.576 kN/m2

for A>55.74 m 2 R1=.6 0.6for F<4 R2=1 1

At=49.4*54-8.1*9.1 2593.89 m2

F=.12*(5/17)*100 3.53

Interior Live Loads: Load, [kN/m2] Laboratories: 4.79 Libraries: 2.87 Classrooms: 1.92 Officies: 2.4 Courtyard: 4.79 Conference Room: 4.79 Computer Room: 2.87 First Floor Corridors: 4.79 Second Floor Corridors: 3.83 Exterior Balconies: 4.79 Rest Rooms: 2.87

Live Load Element Factor, K LL

(would be used for live load reduction factor)L=Lo(0.25+4.57/(KLLAT).5)

40

RAIN LOADS:

Design Storm: 180 mm/hr

A (largest drainage area, single drain): 232.815 [m2]Q 0.023300 [m3/s]

dh (based on 152 mm drain): 76 [mm]

ds: 0 [mm]

R=0.0098*(ds+dh) 0.7448 [kN/m2]

41

WIND LOADS:Walls:

z Kz: qz [N/m2]:0 0.85 3.9886

6.1 0.9 4.22327.6 0.94 4.41099.1 0.98 4.598612.2 1.04 4.880113.1 1.06 4.9740

Kz: 0.955Kzt: 1 flat groundV: 2.58 m/sI: 1.15 Type III

windward, q=q z :design wind pressure for windward wall, p: P (N/m2) P (N/m2)

p0-4.6 -3.118 8.542p6.1 -2.958 8.702p7.6 -2.831 8.829p9.1 -2.703 8.957

p12.2 -2.512 9.148p13.1 -2.448 9.212

qh: 10.6G: 0.85 for rigid structure

Cp: 0.8Gcpi for partially open : 0.55 -0.55

p, N/m2 p, N/m2

design wind pressure for leeward wall, p: -10.335 1.325Cp: -0.5

p, N/m2 p, N/m2

design wind pressure for side walls, p: -12.137 -0.477Cp: -0.7

Roof: p, N/m2 p, N/m2

design wind pressure for windward roof, p: -10.335 1.325h/L: 0.3Cp: -0.5

q=qh

p, N/m2 p, N/m2

design wind pressure for leeward roof, p: -10.335 1.325Cp: -0.5

q=qh

42

Using Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse By Metcale and Eddy, Inc

Using pg 19, Table 2-4

User Unit Range TypicalSchool, day w/o cafeteria or gym

To size the septic tank, the typical value of 10 gal/student*day was chosen.

At this point, the exact occupancy of the proposed building is unknown.Currently, the septic tanks will be designed for use by 100 students.

Total water-use value:100 students @ 10 gal/student*day = 1000 gal/day

For an average retention time in the tank of 5 days, the septic tanks will need to be able to hold a total of 5000 galsIn order to account for redundancy, several tanks will be chosen instead of one large tank.

Design for: 4 tanks 1500 gal

This will be able to hold 6000 gals. This accounts for present needs, contingency, and room for expansion.

1500 gals = 5.678 m3

Appendix CSizing of Septic Tank:

Flow, gal/unit*d

5-15 10student

43

Documents

Team 13: All for Angkor of Figures Figure 2.1 Map of Cambodia Showing Siem Reap Location 2 Figure 2.2 Topographical map of Siem Reap Area Showing AGU Site 3 …