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Teaching Modules for Steel Instruction. Advanced Flexure Design COMPOSITE BEAM THEORY SLIDES. Developed by Scott Civjan University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Composite Beams. Composite action accounts for the steel beam and floor slab working together to resist bending moments. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1Composite Beam Theory
Developed by Scott CivjanUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst
Composite action accounts for the steel beam and floor slab working together to resist bending moments.
Advantages over non-composite design:Increased strengthIncreased stiffness
For given load conditions can achieve:Less steel requiredReduced steel depth
2Composite Beam Theory
Composite Beams
Non-Composite•Slip at Interface•Two Neutral Axes•Mn= Mnconcrete+Mnsteel
•I = Iconcrete + Isteel
c
cc
T T
NA Steel
NA Composite
NA ConcreteT
Fully Composite•Assumed no slip at Interface•One Neutral Axes•Mn >> Mnconcrete+Mnsteel
•I >> Iconcrete+Isteel
•Shear at interface transferred by shear connectors.
3Composite Beam Theory
Composite Behavior
Composite Metal Deck Slabs – most commonly used today.Advantages:
Stay in place form.Slab shoring typically not required.Metal deck serves as positive reinforcement.Metal deck serves as construction platform.
Flat Soffit Slabs – typically, older construction.
4Composite Beam Theory
Slabs
beff = effective width of the slabFunction of: Span length
Distance to nearest beamDistance to edge of slab
s1 s2s3
beff
edge edge
5Composite Beam Theory
Effective Width of Slab
beff
ts, slab thickness
6Composite Beam Theory
beff
Flat Soffit Slabs
7Composite Beam Theory
beff
hrtc
Metal Deck Slab - Ribs Parallel to Beam Span
A
A
hr = height of decktc = thickness of concrete above the deck
8Composite Beam Theory
beff
hr
A
A
Metal Deck Slab - Ribs Perpendicular to Beam Span
tc
REFERENCES: COMPOSITE BEAMS
Steel Deck Institute web pagesNelson Headed Studs web pagesSteel Deck Manufacturer Catalogs
These can be found on-line
9Composite Beam Theory
Slab/Deck Span
GirderColumn
Bea
m
10Composite Beam Theory
Typical Framing
PLAN
INSERT PHOTOS:
AISC Four Story Office BuildingPhoto Slide ShowsMetal Decking SlidesShear Studs Slides
11Composite Beam Theory
Flexural Strength
12Composite Beam Theory
Positive Moment
The strength is determined as the plastic stress distribution on the composite section.
Negative Moment
It typically is assumed that the concrete carries no tensile forces and reinforcement is minimal, therefore strength is identical to a bare steel section.
13Composite Beam Theory
Flexural Strength
Fully Composite: The strength of either the floor slab in compression or the steel beam in tension is transferred at the interface.
Partially Composite: The force transfer between the slab and beam is limited by the connectors.
Positive Moment
14Composite Beam Theory
Flexural Strength
Lateral Torsional Buckling is prevented by the slab (continuous bracing).
Local Flange Buckling is minimized by the slab.
In general, strength is controlled by Mp.
15Composite Beam Theory
Flexural Strength
Positive Moment
INSERT INFORMATION: STRENGTH OF FULLY COMPOSITE BEAM SECTION CALCULATIONS
Handout on Calculations: FullyCompositeCalcs.PDF
16Composite Beam Theory
The bare steel section must support the temporary construction loads (before the concrete has set), or the steel beam must be shored until the composite section is effective.
17Composite Beam Theory
Flexural Strength
Shear Transfer Between Slab and Beam
Typically, provided by headed shear studs.
Shear flow, is calculated along the interface between slab and beam.
Minimal slip allows redistribution of forces among shear studs. Therefore, studs are uniformly distributed along the beam.
The total shear flow, must be provided on each side of Mmax.
18Composite Beam Theory
19Composite Beam Theory
Shear Transfer Between Slab and Beam
Compression Force
Tension Force
20Composite Beam Theory
Shear Transfer Between Slab and Beam
Compression Force
Tension Force
21Composite Beam Theory
Shear Transfer Between Slab and Beam
= shear flow
= shear flow to be transferred by shear studsV = Shear at the location consideredQ = first moment of inertia of area above the interfaceItr = moment of inertia of the transformed cross section
νtr
VQ
I
22Composite Beam Theory
Shear Transfer Between Slab and Beam
Consider when fully composite strength is greater than required. This may occur when:
The shape is based on construction loads.The shape is based on architectural constraints.The lightest shape has excess strength.
23Composite Beam Theory
Partially Composite Beam
INSERT INFORMATION: STRENGTH OF PARTIALLY COMPOSITE BEAM SECTION CALCULATIONS
Handout on Calculations: PartiallyCompositeCalcs.PDF
24Composite Beam Theory
For composite section deflections: Transform section into equivalent steel section.Compute center of gravity of transformed section.Compute Itr of transformed section.
25Composite Beam Theory
Serviceability
26Composite Beam Theory
beff
tchr
Composite Beam
beff/n
tc
hr
Transformed Beam
Serviceability
Note:modular ratio, n = Es/Ec
It typically is assumed that the slab carries no shear forces, therefore composite strength is identical to that of a bare steel section.
27Composite Beam Theory
Shear Strength
28
Developed by Scott CivjanUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Chapter I: Composite Member Design
29
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Slab effective width, be
To each side of the beam, be is limited by:one-eighth beam spanone-half distance to adjacent beamdistance to edge of slab
Lowest value controls.
30
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Metal Deck Slab
wr ≥ 2”
tc ≥ 2”
hr ≤ 3”
31
≥1.5”
≥0.5”
wr = average deck widthhr = height of decktc = thickness of concrete above the deck
steel beam
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Fully Composite Beam: Bending Strength
32
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
b = 0.90 (b = 1.67)
33
Bending Strength
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
POSITIVE MOMENT
For h/tw
The strength is determined as the plastic stress distribution of the composite section. (*Note: All current ASTM A6 W, S and HP shapes satisfy this limit.)
yF
E.763
NEGATIVE MOMENT
It is typically assumed that the concrete carries no tensile forces and reinforcement is minimal, therefore strength is identical to a bare steel section.
34
Bending Strength
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
INSERT INFORMATION: STRENGTH OF FULLY COMPOSITE BEAM SECTION CALCULATIONS
Handout on Calculations: FullyCompositeCalcs.PDF
35
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Fully Composite Strength can be determined by using Table 3-19.
Y2 - Calculated per handout
Y1 = 0 if PNA in the slab,Calculated per handout if PNA in the beam flange or web.
36
Bending Strength
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Table 3-19 Nomenclature(Pg. 3-14)
be
aYcon
a/2
Y2
Location of effective concrete flange force (Qn)
TFL(pt.1)
BFL(pt.5)6
7 Y1 = Distance from top of steel flange to any of the seven tabulated PNA locations4
Eq.
spa
ces 1
2
3
4
5
TFL
BFL
tf
37
Beam Flange Enlarged Detail
15
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
To reach fully composite strength,shear studs must transfer Qn for Y1 = 0 (maximum value) listed in Table 3-19.
This is equivalent to value C* in calculations (handout).
38
Bending Strength
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Shear Stud Strength
39
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
limits value to strength of individual shear studs.
Strength of each stud, QnEquation I8-1
usapgccsan FARR'EfA.Q 50
limits value to crushing of concrete around the shear stud.
usapg FARR
40
ccsa 'EfA.50
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Asa = cross sectional area of shear studEc = modulus of elasticity of concreteFu = shear stud minimum tensile strength
(typically 65ksi)
Rg accounts for number of studs welded in each deck rib and wr/hr.Values are 1.0, 0.85 or 0.7.
Rp accounts for deck rib orientation with respect to the beam, stud engagement in the concrete above the rib, and weak or strong stud location.
Values are 0.75 or 0.6.
41
usapgccsan FARR'EfA.Q 50
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Strength, Qn, for one shear studTable 3-21
42
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Limitations on shear stud placementfor shear studs placed in metal decking:
Center-Center Spacing: > 4 times diameter≤ 8 times slab thickness≤ 36 inches
Shear Stud Diameter: ≤ 3/4”≤ 2.5 times flange thickness unless over web
43
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Composite strength requires that shear studs transfer Qn to each side of the maximum moment in the span.
If Qn strength of the shear studs is inadequate to provide fully composite action, the beam is partially composite.
44
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Partially Composite Beam: Bending Strength
b = 0.90 (b = 1.67)
45
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
INSERT INFORMATION: STRENGTH OF PARTIALLY COMPOSITE BEAM SECTION CALCULATIONS
Handout on Calculations: PartiallyCompositeCalcs.PDF
46
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Partially Composite Strength can be determined by using Table 3-19.
Y1 - Calculated per handout
47
Y2 - Calculated per handout
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Partially Composite Action is limited by the total strength of shear studs.
Qn listed in Table 3-19.
This is equivalent to value C* in calculations (handout).
48
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Composite Beam: Shear Strength
49
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
SHEAR STRENGTH
It typically is assumed that the slab carries no shear forces. Therefore, strength is identical to a bare steel section.
50
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Composite Beam Deflection Calculations
51
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Deflection CalculationsFully Composite
Itr = transformed section moment of inertia
Lower bound values of Itr are found in Table 3-20.Values assume concrete area equal to Qn/Fy rather than actual area.
52
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Deflection Calculations Partially Composite
Equation C-I3-4 strf
nrseff II
C
QII
Ieff = effective moment of inertiaIs = moment of inertia of steel section onlyItr = fully composite moment of inertiaΣQnr= partially composite shear transferCf = fully composite shear transfer
53
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Deflection Calculations Partially Composite
Equation C-I3-5 strf
nrseff SS
C
QSS
Seff = effective elastic section modulusSs = elastic section modulus of steel section onlyStr = fully composite elastic section modulusΣQnr= partially composite shear transferCf = fully composite shear transfer
54
Composite Beam - AISC Manual 14th Ed
Deflection Calculations Partially Composite
Table 3-20 can be used for lower bound values of Ieff.
55