TEACHING EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTON QUANTUM MECHANICS

Svetlana Lukishova, Carlos Stroud, Jr, Luke Bissell, Wayne Knox

OSA Annual Meeting Special Symposium “Quantum Optics and Quantum Engineering for Undergraduates , 23 October 2008,

Rochester NY

The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester NY

Generation and detection of single and entangled photons using modern photon counting instrumentation

photon count

Quantum Information Processing

Metrology

Medical Physics

MilitarySpace Applications

Electronics

Biotechnology

Meteorology

detector calibration

primary radiometric

scales

quantum standards

lighting

displays

IR detectors

lidar

quantum cryptography

quantum computing

single photon sources

entertainment

robust imaging devices

nuclear

radioactivity

medical / non interactive imaging

remote sensing

night vision

security

single molecule detection

medical imaging

bioluminescence quantum imaging

hyper-spectral imaging

neutrino/ cherenkov/ dark matter detection

environmental monitoring chemical – bio agent detection

Photon counting applications

photon count

Quantum Information Processing

Metrology

Medical Physics

MilitarySpace Applications

Electronics

Biotechnology

Meteorology

detector calibration

primary radiometric

scales

quantum standards

lighting

displays

IR detectors

lidar

quantum cryptography

quantum computing

single photon sources

entertainment

robust imaging devices

nuclear

radioactivity

medical / non interactive imaging

remote sensing

night vision

security

single molecule detection

medical imaging

bioluminescence quantum imaging

hyper-spectral imaging

neutrino/ cherenkov/ dark matter detection

environmental monitoring chemical – bio agent detection

Photon counting applications

Areas of applications of photon counting instrumentation [prepared by organizers of second international workshop “Single Photon: Sources, Detectors, Applications and Measurements Methods” (Teddington, UK, 24-26 October 2005)].

Students Anand C. Jha, Laura Elgin, Sean White contributed to the development of these experiments and to the alignment of setups

In this talk the results of the following students (Fall 2008) are used:

Kristin Beck, Jacob Mainzer, Mayukh Lahiri, Roger Smith, Carlin Gettliffe

Lab. 1: Entanglement and Bell inequalities; Lab. 2: Single-photon interference: Young’s double slit experiment and Mach-Zehnder interferometer; Lab. 3: Confocal microscope imaging of single-emitter

fluorescence; Lab. 4: Hanbury Brown and Twiss setup. Fluorescence antibunching and fluorescence lifetime measurement.

Teaching course “Quantum Optics and Quantum Information Laboratory” consists of four experiments:

Lab 1 is also part of the Advanced Physics Laboratory course of the Department of Physics and Astronomy

Lab. 1. Entanglement and Bell inequalities

In quantum mechanics, particles are called entangled if their state cannot be factored into single-particle states.

Any measurements performed on first particle would change the state of second particle, no matter how far apart they may be.

This is the standard Copenhagen interpretation of quantum measurements which suggests nonlocality of the measuring process .

The idea of entanglement was introduced into physics by Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen GEDANKENEXPERIMENT (Phys. Rev., 47, 777 (1935)).

A B A B

Entangled

1966: Bell Inequalities – John Bell proposed a mathematical theorem containing certain inequalities. An experimental violation of his inequalities would suggest the quantum theory is correct.

In the mid-sixties it was realized that the nonlocality of nature was a testable hypothesis (J. Bell (Physics, 1, 195 (1964)), and subsequent experiments confirmed the quantum predictions.

Creation of Polarization Entangled Photons: Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion

isi

is HHeVV

Lab. 1. Entanglement and Bell inequalities

Type I BBO crystals

Downconverted light cone with λ = 2 λinc from 2mm thick type I BBO crystal

1. D. Dehlinger and M.W.Mitchell, “Entangled Photon Apparatus for the Undergraduate Laboratory,” Am. J. Phys, 70, 898 (2002).

2. D. Dehlinger and M.W.Mitchell, “ Entangled Photons, Nonlocality, and Bell Inequalities in the Undergraduate Laboratory”, Am. J. Phys, 70, 903 (2002).

Lab. 1. Entanglement and Bell inequalities

Initial experiment of P.G. Kwiat, E. Waks, A.G. White, I. Appelbaum, P.H. Eberhand, ”Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons”, Phys. Rev. A. 60, R773 (1999).

isi

is HHeVV

Experimental SetupLaser

Quartz Plate

Mirror

BBO Crystals

Experimental Setup

APD

APD

Beam Stop

Filters and Lenses

Polarizers

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Dependence of Coincidence Counts on Polarization Angle

The probability P of coincidence detection for the case of 45o incident polarization and phase compensated by a quartz plate, depends only on the relative angle β-α: P(α, β) ~ cos2 (β-α).

isi

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Dependence of Coincidence Counts on Polarization Angle

Calculation of Bell’s Inequality

Bell’s inequalities define the sum S. A violation of Bell’s inequalities means that |S|>2.

, where:

The above calculation of S requires a total of sixteen coincidence measurements (N), at polarization angles α and β:

α β α β α β α β-45 -22.5 0 -22.5 45 -22.5 90 -22.5-45 22.5 0 22.5 45 22.5 90 22.5-45 67.5 0 67.5 45 67.5 90 67.5-45 112.5 0 112.5 45 112.5 90 112.5

We used Bell’s inequality in the form of Clauser, Horne, Shimony and Holt, Phys. Rev. Lett., 23, 880 (1969)

Entanglement and Bell’s inequalities

A. Zeilinger. Oct. 20, 2008. “Photonic Entanglement and Quantum Information” Plenary Talk at OSA FiO/DLS XXIV 2008, Rochester, NY.

QUEST = QUantumEntanglement in Space ExperimenTs (ESA)

Concepts addressed:• Interference by single photons• “Which-path” measurements• Wave-particle duality

Lab. 2. Single-photon interference

M.B. Schneider and I.A. LaPuma, Am. J. Phys., 70, 266 (2002).

laserSpatial filter

Polarizer APolarizer C

PBS

NPBS

Polarizer B

Polarizer D

mirror

mirror

screen

Path 1

Path 2

|H>

|V>

Polarizer D at 45 Fringes

Polarizer D, absent No Fringes

Lab. 2. Single-photon interference

Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Photograph of Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Setup

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Single-photon Interference Fringes

Young’s Double Slit Experiment with Electron Multiplying CCD iXon Camera of Andor Technologies

0.5 s 1 s 2 s

3 s 4 s 5 s

10 s 20 s

Labs 3-4: Single-photon Source

To Hanbury Brown –Twiss setup

Fluorescence light

Interference filterObjective

PZT stage

To Hanbury Brown –Twiss setup

Fiber

Fluorescence light

Dichroic mirror

Interference filter

Sample with single emitters

PZT stage

532 nm/1064 nm, 8 ps, ~100 MHz

laser

To Hanbury Brown –Twiss setup

Fluorescence light

Interference filterObjective

PZT stage

To Hanbury Brown –Twiss setup

Fiber

Fluorescence light

Dichroic mirror

Interference filter

Sample with single emitters

PZT stage

532 nm/1064 nm, 8 ps, ~100 MHz

laser

Fluorescent light

Single photon counting avalanche photodiode modules

Nonpolarizing beamsplitter

Start

Stop

PC data acquisition card

Fluorescent light

Single photon counting avalanche photodiode modules

Nonpolarizing beamsplitter

Start

Stop

PC data acquisition card

Lab. 3. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of single-emitter

Lab. 4. Hanbury Brown and Twiss setup. Fluorescence antibunching

Single-photon Source (Labs 3-4)

• Efficiently produces photons with antibunching characteristics;

• Key hardware element in quantum communication technology

Single photon

Alice

Bob

Eva

To produce single photons, a laser beam is tightly focused into a sample area containing a very low concentration of emitters, so that only one emitter becomes excited. It emits only one photon at a time.

To enhance single photon efficiency a cavity should be used

Confocal fluorescence microscope and Hanbury Brown and Twiss setup

76 MHz repetition rate, ~6 ps pulsed-laser excitation at 532 nm

We are using cholesteric liquid crystal 1-D photonic bandgap microcavity

Po

Planar-alignedcholesteric

Transmitted LH light

Incident unpolarized light

Reflected RH light

Po

Planar-alignedcholesteric

Transmitted LH light

Incident unpolarized light

Reflected RH light

o= navPo, = on/nav ,

where pitch Po = 2a (a is a period of the structure);

nav= (ne + no)/2; n = ne - no .

Selective reflection curves of 1-D photonic bandgap planar-aligned dye-doped cholesteric layers

(mixtures of E7 and CB15)

Blinking of single colloidal quantum dotsin photonic bandgap liquid crystal host (video)

Confocal microscope raster scan images of single colloidal quantum dot fluorescence in a 1-D photonic bandgap liquid crystal host

Histogram showing fluorescence antibunching (dip in the histogram)

Antibunching is a proof of a single-photon nature of a light source.

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interphoton times (ns)

g2(

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interphoton times (ns)

g2(

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Values of a second order correlation function g(2)(0)

g(2)(0) = 0.18 ± 0.03

g(2)(0) = 0.11 ±0.06

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support by the National Science Foundation Awards DUE-0633621, ECS-0420888, the University of Rochester Kauffman Foundation Initiative, and the Spectra-Physics division of Newport Corporation. The authors thank L. Novotny, A. Lieb, J. Howell, T. Brown, R. Boyd, P. Adamson for advice and help, and students A. Jha, L. Elgin and S. White for assistance.

Future plans for new teaching experiments

• Using a new UV argon ion laser we are planning to make some new experiments on entangled photon generation in a spontaneous parametric down conversion process

• Development of the experiments on spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime measurements of colloidal quantum dots in microcavities for single-photon source applications.

• Development of a simple single-photon source setup By courtesy of S. Trpkovski (QCV)