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Tan J & Freathy J (2011) Consumer Decision Making and

Store Patronage eha!iour in Traditiona" Chinese Medicine

(TCM) #a""s in Singa$ore%Journal of Retailing and

Consumer Services% 1 (')% $$ 2*2+2

This is the peer reviewed version of this article

NOTICE: this is the authors version of a work that was acceted for u!lication in Journal of Retailing

and Consumer Services" Changes resulting from the u!lishing rocess# such as eer review# editing#corrections# structural formatting# and other $ualit% control mechanisms ma% not !e reflected in this

document" Changes ma% have !een made to this work since it was su!mitted for u!lication" &

definitive version was su!se$uentl% u!lished inJournal of Retailing and Consumer Services# '(O)*+# ISS , -./**01 2OI: htt$,--d.doiorg-10101/-retconser201102002

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Consumer Decision Making and

Store Patronage Behaviour in Traditional Chinese Medicine

(TCM) Halls in Singapore

By

Jaclyn Pit Ting Tan

and

Paul !reathy"

*contact author

Institute for Retail Studies Temasek Business SchoolUniversity of Stirling Temasek PolytechnicScotland 21 Tampines venue 1!"# $% Singapore &2#'&'

Tel( )$$ 1'+ $+'$1,e-mail(./p/freathy0stir/ac/uk

2
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Consumer Decision Making and Store Patronage Behaviour in

Traditional Chinese Medical Halls in Singapore

#$stract

This paper eamines ho patronises Traditional 3hinese 4edicine 5T346 halls inSingapore and for hat purpose/ 7uantitative study of $,, respondents identifiesthat T34s are used primarily for the improvement of health and ell 8eing ratherthan the treatment of more serious medical conditions/ 9hile the patronage of T34stores is not restricted to the 3hinese population: traditional 4om-and-Pop outletshave come under increasing pressure from ne market entrants/ 9hen choosing aT34 outlet: customers consider price and 7uality to 8e important factors hile trustin the store keeper as also identified as a key determinant of store choice/

%ey&ords

Traditional 3hinese 4edicine ;alls3onsumer BehaviourStore 3hoice 3riteria


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Consumer Decision Making and Store Patronage Behaviour in

Traditional Chinese Medical Halls in Singapore

' ntroduction

Traditional 3hinese medicine 5T346 is one the most idely practiced traditional

medicine systems in the orld 5=uncan and >ertefeuille 2,,


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not only operates a chain of modern retail outlets 8ut also has research facilities and a

num8er of private clinics/

The aim of this paper is to provide a 8etter understanding of ho uses T34 halls in

Singapore and to provide an insight into their 8uying 8ehaviour/ It ill look at the

type of products purchased and customer?s rationales for using T34 products/ The

research ill then attempt to ascertain the most critical store attri8utes hen selecting

an outlet and comment on likely future changes in the T34 market/

In order to achieve these outcomes: the paper is divided as follos: first a revie of

the consumer decision making process and store patronage theories helps provide a

conceptual frameork for this paper/ This ill 8e folloed 8y a 8rief overvie of the

structure of the T34 industry/ fter detailing the methodology: the paper provides an

empirical section that outlines the findings of the research/ !inally a series of

conclusions are dran/

* Buyer $ehaviour and patronage theories

Santesmases 51##+6 noted the compleity of 8uying 8ehaviour ith numerous internal

and eternal varia8les influencing the decision to purchase/ 4oreover it as

identified that decision making varied according to product type ith different

products carrying different levels of risk/ 3onsumer 8ehaviour therefore re7uires an

understanding of the actions directly involved in o8taining: consuming: and disposing

of products and services: including the decision processes that precede and follo

these actions 5Fngel et al: 2,,,6/

&


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Broadly there are to approaches for analysing consumer 8uying decisions/

Psychological modelsconcentrate upon psychological and cognitive processes such as

motivation and need recognition/ They focus upon the motives for 8uying and the

process of learning and attempt to eplain ho perceptions: 8eliefs: attitudes and the

8uying situation: affect consumer 8ehaviour/ Psychological models also dra upon an

understanding of sociological models and vie consumer 8ehaviour in the contet of

factors such as culture: social class: family: and lifestyle 5rmstrong et al 2,,'6/

second approach to understanding consumer decision making vies the process in

terms of a se7uence of cognitive stages that involves information search: alternative

evaluation: purchase decision and outcome evaluation 5Schiffman and "anuk 1##$H

Solomon 1##+6/ 3onsumer decision-making is therefore depicted as 8eing 8oth

multi-staged and comple ith several factors triggering pro8lem recognition 8efore

initiating a se7uence of actions to reach an outcome of satisfaction or dissatisfaction

53o et al: 1#


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@ne eakness of consumer decision making models is that they do not consider ho

consumers evaluate different service channels 5Fhren8erg 1##6/ In the contet of this

study: it is important to understand the reasons and varia8les that affect T34

customer store choice selection/ s such: it remains relevant to also eamine 8riefly

the literature on store patronage 8ehaviour/

Store image is 8elieved to have strong influence on the consumer?s choice of retail

store/ 4artineau 51#&6 purported that a store is defined in the shopper?s mind: partly

8y its functional 7ualities and partly 8y an aura of psychological attri8utes/ %ind7uist

51#'$6 shares a similar vie and descri8es store choice as a com8ination of tangi8le

and intangi8le factors that reflect consumer attitudes toards individual stores/ eal

et al 51###6 and 4ay 51#16 further suggested that retailers should 8e concerned not

only ith their on image: 8ut also the image of their mall J precinct as consumers

may make their patronage decisions 8ased on the shopping environs as ell as the

individual store/

>isser and du Pree 52,,16 note that shopping orientation is a comple and

multidimensional concept that is etremely difficult to define/ s Shim and

"otsiopulos 51##26 state(

A//researchers have investigated various relationships among factors influencing 8othshopping orientations and patronage 8ehaviour: and their findings appear to 8einconsistentC 5p/$#6/

lthough comple: a num8er of previous retail and marketing studies have identified

several consumer oriented store attri8utes as 8eing potentially significant for the

consumer?s evaluation of stores/ They include merchandise assortment and 7uality:

'


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customer service: store lay-out: convenience: cleanliness and atmosphere 54aursky

K Laco8y 1#+H %evy K 9eit 2,,1 and Blackell et al/ 2,,16/ eal et al 51###6 for

eample identified the dimensions considered critical in influencing store choice

5Ta8le 16/

Ta$le ' a$out here

9hile many attri8utes are important to customers: advocators of determinant

attri8utes theory like 4yers and lpert 51#+6 and rnold et al 51#


9/37

The diagnosis of a patient?s condition in T34 consists of three activities( an etensive

intervie: pulse diagnosis: and a tongue eamination/ The prescriptions are made up

of her8s that are derived from plant: animal: and mineral su8stances/ Patients have to

8oil the com8inations of her8s and then allo the concoction to simmer for hours

8efore drinking/ The strength of T34 lies in its gentle: gradual remedies and is aimed

at evaluating and improving the physical: mental: spiritual and social circumstances of

the patient 5Sivin 1#'6/

traditional D4om-and-Pop? T34 hall is typically a shop-house that provides these

her8al remedies to customers/ Patients seek advice from the Dpharmacist? on dosages

and the duration of treatments/ The pharmacist then picks the appropriate her8al mi

for customers to take home and 8oil/ In addition: a T34 hall sells Dover the counter?

medicines for minor aliments such as flu: fever as ell as ellness improvement

products such as 8ird nests and cordyceps2/

Traditional T34 halls in Singapore are mainly family run and are passed don

through the generations/ It is a male oriented industry that operates on an apprentice -

master relationship ith the son learning from the father/ 9hile still operating in

many pu8lic housing areas: this form of T34s has 8een in decline for a num8er of

years/ @ne reason has 8een: that for the past three decades Singapore Novernment

policies have favoured a 9estern 8ased healthcare system and vieed T34 as a

secondary form of treatment for the 3hinese population/

Novernment 8acked schemes in the 1#,s such as 4edisave: 5a compulsory savings

programme 8ased on a payroll levy6 and 4edishield 5an insurance scheme6 ensured

23ordyceps is a genus of fungi that includes a8out $,, descri8ed species/

#


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that every Singaporean had access to 8asic medical care irrespective of their socio-

economic status 5Puay and Tang 2,,$H Reisman 2,,+6/ 9hile 9estern treatments

received su8stantial funding and investment: the same support as not etended to

T34/ There ere no su8sides from the Novernment for individuals seeking

healthcare through T34 and medical notes from T34 practitioners ere not

recognised 8y employers/ =espite this: traditional 3hinese medicine still managed to

maintain a loyal folloing/ By the end of the 1#,s: there ere tenty si T34

clinics and an estimated 1,,, T34 practitioners distri8uted throughout the island

5Geoh 2,,


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evidence confirming the 8eneficial effects of its flagship products/ It also introduced

ne product formulas in capsule forms: modernised its image: set up a chain of stores

in shopping malls and engaged in sales promotions/ This approach as soon adopted

8y other T34 companies such as ;ock ;ua: E T P and Bee?s Brands/

In the ake of this modernisation programme many of the traditional 4om-and-Pop

T34 halls struggled to survive/ In the late 1##,s: the Novernment introduced a

support programme that assisted shop oners to retire or restructure their 8usiness/

Those ho gave up their 8usiness received an e gratia payment of SO+,:,,,

5;ousing =evelopment Board official e8site6/ This initiative as a catalyst that sa

the num8er of traditional T34 halls fall from ,, in 1##+ 54inistry of ;ealth

e8site6 to approimately 1, in 2,, 5Singapore Gello Pages 2,,6/

9hile there has 8een a decline in the num8er of 4om-and-Pop outlets: there has also

8een a num8er of ne entrants into the T34 market/ t the premium end of the

healthcare sector: the market is dominated 8y T34 companies from 3hina/ These

have 8een esta8lished in colla8oration ith local hospitals: for eample: 4a "ang

T34 4edical Nroup has


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, Hypotheses and Methodology

Based upon the previous discussions a num8er of hypotheses may 8e formulated/

Niven the emphasis placed upon 9estern medicine 8y the Singapore Novernment: it

is likely that(

H1: Individuals will display a preference for Western health care formats when

seeking treatment for a serious illness and this preference will be displayed amongst

all respondents regardless of socio demographic background.

In contrast T34s provide the opportunity for individuals to seek traditional

treatments for relatively minor ailments/ 4oreover as the literature suggest: they are

mostly fre7uented 8y older: loer income consumers/ Therefore it may 8y

hypothesised that(

H2: Individuals seeking treatment for minor ailments will use a variety of health care

formats and the pattern of usage will vary by socio demographic background/

Previous research has suggested that T34 outlets in Singapore have traditionally

8een independently oned: family 8usinesses linked closely to the local community/

4any T34 practitioners are knon on a personal level and their advice is valued and

trusted 8y consumers/ s a conse7uence personal relationships appear to 8e of

primary importance hen choosing a T34 outlet/ Therefore(

12


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H !he choice and patronage of !"# halls will be primarily based upon relational

factors such as the knowledge displayed by store staff and the reputation of the

practitioner.

The literature also suggests that the T34 market continues to evolve ith the entry of

ne: modern chains entering the sector/ Small independent halls have come under

significant competitive pressures from larger multiple outlet retailers/ These ne

market entrants are typically located in shopping malls: operate from modernised

premises and provide ne and innovative products/ Therefore(

H$ %espondents will perceive differences in the product offer and the levels of service

provided in !"# halls depending upon the store format.

Secondary data for this research encompassed reports ritten 8y medical practitioners

on the healthcare system of Singapore: the histories of 3hinese and 9estern hospitals:

as ell as statistics from the Singapore =epartment of Statistics and the ;ousing and

=evelopment Board/

To fully understand consumer patronage 8ehaviour ithin T34 stores: the first stage

of the empirical research sought to gain a supply side perspective/ series of

eploratory intervies ere held ith practitioners from the T34 industry/ The

o8.ective of these discussions as to 8etter understand the issues involved in running

and managing a T34 outlet as ell as informing the 7uantitative research that

su8se7uently folloed/ Three oners of 4om-and-Pop stores ere intervieed:

together ith managers from four national T34 organisations/ In addition: a store

1


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manager of a ;ealth and Beauty outlet and the 3ountry 4anager of a 9estern

pharmacy chain ere also intervieed/

The net stage of the research involved a survey of $,, respondents ith racial and

age distri8utions similar to that of the Singaporean population/ The age: ethnic group:

occupation: marital status: average household monthly income: education level:

pattern of drug use 5self medication: T34 clinics: estern doctors etcH6: ependiture

per trip: information sources: preferences and reasons for choice of format ere noted/

3onstruct validity as also taken into consideration through the use of dimensions

studied in previous 8ehavioural research/ !orty 7uestionnaires ere initially piloted

ith relevant amendments 8eing made prior to the main distri8ution/

9hile the ma.or users of T34s are 3hinese Singaporeans: reports note that other

races also patronie these outlets 5The Sunday Times: 2< 4arch 2,,6/ The research

therefore did not focus eclusively upon any one ethnic group/ team of intervieers:

made up of the four main races in Singapore ere engaged as intervieers for this

study/ ll of them ere 8i-lingual 5proficient in Fnglish and their mother tongues6

and some ere also fluent in local dialects/ 9hile all ere eperienced in market

research methods: in order to minimie intervie error: specific training as provided

8efore the survey/ !ace to face intervies ere conducted over a three eek period in

ugust at ton centres and shopping malls/ To minimie sampling 8ias: every tenth

person as intervieed until the re7uired num8er as reached/ =ata ere coded and

entered into SPSS 5v1+/,6 and in order to lessen processing errors: data entry as

undertaken 8y to persons/

1$


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The main limitation of this research is the limited industry information and academic

literature on T34/ Important varia8les may not have 8een documented/ In addition

hile it is recognised that there are differing levels of compleity in consumer

decision making: the study does not differentiate 8eteen etended: limited and

routine decision making/ The risk involved in 8uying a her8al drink may 8e different

from that of 8uying generic her8s/

- !indings

The first stage of the research as to determine a profile of ho fre7uented T34

outlets/ The survey revealed that '


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manufacturers such as Brand?s 5the oldest supplier of chicken essence in Singapore6

offer a range of products that are certified A;alalC/

The analysis also shoed that shopping at T34 outlets as not as popular amongst

the under


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;aving esta8lished a profile of the T34 consumer: the net stage of the research

sought to identify the main purposes for using a T34 outlet/ In particular it asked

respondents here they ould seek medical help from if they ere seriously ill or if

they suffered from minor aliments 5Ta8les < and $6/

Ta$les + and , a$out here

If seriously ill: the overhelming respondents 5#/+M6 either preferred to use 9estern

medicines or to see 8oth a 3hinese and 9estern doctor at the same time/ o

respondent elected to use a T34 and hen cross ta8ulated against the socio

demographic varia8les of gender: race age: marital status: occupation: housing type

and income: no significant relationship as identified


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choice as still the 9estern clinics 5&,M6: they ere more likely to use T34 halls for

self medicating medicine 52M6 rather than a 9estern pharmacy 51/M6/ @nly $/1M

of the over &,s chose to visit 3hinese clinics hen they suffered from minor aliments/

@verall the results demonstrate that hen Singaporeans fall sick: regardless of the

seriousness of the illnesses: the ma.ority ould seek help from a 9estern hospital:

clinic or pharmacy/ Such findings are unsurprising and affirm that 9estern medicine

is the primary form of health care in Singapore/

The net stage of the research as to identify the most popular products purchased

from T34 outlets/ lmost


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The findings also identified that 4om-and-Pop halls ere a8le to differentiate

themselves from the modern T34 stores ith 2$M of respondents using these

traditional outlets for Dspecial prescriptions for illness? 5typically a her8al mi6/ In

contrast only 2/1M of respondents cited this as the main product they 8ought from

modernised T34 halls/ Interestingly: the study also highlighted that only 2/'M of

T34 customers had never shopped at a 4om-and-Pop outlet 8efore 5all ere in the

2,-2# years age group6/

The net stage of the research eamined hich factors respondents considered

important hen choosing a specific T34 outlet 5Ta8le '6/

Ta$le / a$out here

T34 customers rated Staff "noledge: Quality of 4erchandise and 4erchandise

Prices 5scored $/22: $/21 and


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eigenvalues greater than one ere etracted and accounted for M of the variance/

scree test further suggested that these components ere meaningful/

Ta$le 0 a$out here

9hile relational issues and the reputation of the T34 ere 8oth identified as 8eing

important store choice factors: the research also highlighted the importance of

operational attri8utes such as price: product range: display and store location/ This

ould suggest that in order to remain competitive T34 stores need to develop a

reputation for trust and professionalism hile at the same time maintaining a

competitively priced and appropriate product range/

Niven the competitiveness of the T34 industry and the increasing num8er of ne

market entrants: the research eamined customers? perceptions of the different T34

formats 5Ta8le #6/ In particular: the research sought to identify hether respondents

perceived differences in the products and services offered 8y 4om and Pop and ne

modernised T34 halls/

The findings illustrate that modernised T34 halls ere perceived as 8etter in si out

of the ten attri8utes: hile for three factors the ma.ority of respondents felt there as

no difference/ 4om-and-Pop T34 outlets ere considered 8etter in only one

attri8ute - 4erchandise Prices 5value for money6/

Ta$le 1 a$out here

2,


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. Discussion and Conclusions

@ver the last to decades: Singaporeans have itnessed the closure of numerous

4om-and-Pop oned T34 halls/ =ue to the Novernment?s promotion of 9estern

medical care since the 1#,s: T34 is no longer considered the primary form of health

care for the 3hinese population/ 4oreover: the introduction of shopping malls in

Singapore has changed the 8uying ha8its of consumers ho prefer to shop in air-

conditioned centres rather than in local housing estates/ t the same time hoever:

there has 8een a successful introduction of modernised T34 stores ith updated

practices and procedures/ =espite changes in the eternal environment therefore:

T34 continues to en.oy a certain level of popularity in Singapore/

The use of T34 ould appear to cut across gender: age and income/ The research

identified slightly more female than male customers in most of the demographic

categories/ The ma.ority of T34 customers ere over


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users as having specific demographic characteristics. !or eample: respondents ere

more likely to 8e older 5over the age of &,6 ith an income under O


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AThe oner of the T34 shop ill not cheat me/ I am assured of the 7uality of the

product as e have lived in the same neigh8ourhood for over 2, years/C

These findings ould suggest that T34 decision making is trust orientated and that

the level of trust placed in individual halls is still sufficiently important to affect store

choice/ This finding ould seem to indicate that an offer 8ased upon price alone

ould 8e insufficient in the Singaporean T34 market/ ny value proposition ould

need to 8e accompanied 8y a reputation for trustorthiness on the part of the retailer/

Therefore the hypothesis(

H !he choice and patronage of !"# halls will be primarily based upon relational

factors such as the knowledge displayed by store staff and the reputation of the

practitioner.

is partly supported as the research identified that hile relational factors remain

important: store choice cannot 8e divorced from other operational criteria such as

range: 7uality and price/

The third and final finding dran from the research as that respondents did perceive

differences 8eteen traditional and modern T34 halls/ 9hile the product mies ere

seen to 8e similar and 8oth formats competed for customers in the to most popular

product categories 5tonics and her8al drinks6: the ma.ority of respondents considered

the modernised outlets to stock 8etter 7uality merchandise and offer a ider range of

products in a more physically attractive environment/ The research also identified

that despite the poor physical image of many 4om-and-Pop stores: a num8er of T34

2


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shoppers did epress a preference for these outlets: most nota8ly: older T34

customers ho placed less importance on aesthetic factors/ The fourth hypothesis

ould therefore appear to 8e supported/

H$ %espondents will perceive differences in the product offer and the levels of service

provided in !"# halls depending upon the store format.

!inally: 8y understanding the 8ehaviour: store choice criteria and epectations of

respondents in Singapore: it is possi8le to comment upon the future challenges and

threats to the traditional T34 hall/ @ne of the distinctive features that differentiate

4om-and-Pop stores from that of more modern outlets is the provision of specialised:

hand-picked her8al prescriptions/ 9hile some modern T34 stores also offer this

service: it has remained a core strength of the more traditional outlet/ ;oever: as

Schaum8urg 52,,'6 notes: many Singaporeans are no more concerned ith

convenience and value and these traits ould seem to have etended to the T34

market/ Some 3hinese clinics have recognised this and have 8egun to offer a 8reing

service that removes the need to ait for her8al remedies to 8e picked: mied and

cooked at home/

The study also noted that T34 halls face competition from a num8er of ne market

entrants/ 9estern pharmacies: supermarkets and convenience stores have all 8egun to

stock T34 products and although the range is currently limited 5primarily essences

and tonics6 the category as a hole is seen as having significant groth potential/ In

discussions ith the 3ountry 4anager of one chain of 9estern pharmacies: it as

noted that the company intended to increase its range of 3hinese health products/

2$


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Similarly the Store 4anager of a ;ealth and Beauty retailer mentioned that T34

products have 8ecome etremely popular in certain 8ranches and demand as 8eing

closely monitored/ T34 outlets may therefore face increased competition from these

channels in the coming decade/

In conclusion therefore: this study has provided an understanding of consumer

8ehaviour ith respect to T34 in Singapore/ It has identified ho purchases from

these outlets and the types of products that are 8ought/ 4oreover it has detailed the

reasons hy individuals choose one type of T34 retailer over the other and

commented upon the nature of competition ithin the sector/

2&


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2e3erences

rmstrong: N/: "otler: P/:da Silva: N/: 2,,'/ 4arketing( n introduction( n sianPerspective: Prentice ;all: Singapore

rnold: S/L/: @um: T/;/: Tigert: =/L/: 1#


27/37

%ee: T/%/ 2,,+/ 3omplementary and lternative 4edicine: and Traditional 3hinese4edicine( Time for 3ritical Fngagement: nnals cademy of 4edicine:


28/37

Shen: "/G/: 3hu S/S/: 3hoo P/%/: 2,,&/ Regulatory 3ontrol of 3hinese Proprietary4edicines in Singapore: ;ealth Science uthority: Singapore: 1' 526 pp 1


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Ta8le 1/ 3ritical Store ttri8utes

Dimension o3 Store

mage

Components

4erchandise Quality: selection: style :price

Service %ay-8y-plan: sales personnel: easy return: credit:delivery

3lientele 3ustomers

Physical facilities 3leanliness: store layout: shopping ease: attractiveness

3onvenience %ocation: parking

Promotion dvertising

Store tmosphere 3ongeniality: fun: ecitement: comfort

Institutional Store reputation

Post transaction Satisfaction

Source( eal et al 51###6

2#


30/37

Ta8le 2( Profile of respondents: T34 shoppers

Characteristics Category TCM Shoppers4

Pro3ile

(n)

TCM Shoppers4

Pro3ile

(5)Nender 4ale 122 $1/

!emale 1', &/2

ge 1# K 8elo $, 1


31/37

Ta8le < Preferred ;ealthcare !ormat 5Serious Illnesses6

Serious llness 6 Percentage 2anking

9estern 3linic J 9estern ;ospital 2


32/37

Ta8le &( 3hi S7uared test for significance: preferred format for minor illnesses

>aria8le >alue sig 3ramers >

Nender 1,/ /,1


33/37

Ta8le +/ 4ost fre7uently purchased product category

Mom7and Pop

TCM Halls

5 Modernised

TCM Halls

5 8estern

Pharmacy

5

Product

category

Tonic


34/37


35/37

Ta8le / Principal 3omponent nalysis for Store 3hoice !actors$

3omponent !actors !actor loading

@perations

=isplays allo Brosing /'#$%ocated in Shopping 3entres /'1

Range of 4erchandise /+##

;aving 4any @utlets /&'

4erchandise Prices /$1

Reputation

3lass of 3lientele /'+$

Store Reputation /'


36/37

Ta8le #( Respondents perception of T34 8y format

TCM Halls

Mom7and7

Pop

5

Modernised

5

6o

di33erence

5

4erchandise prices 5value for 4oney6 .,, 21/# 1


37/37

!igure ' Singapore TCM Market Structure

@riginal !ormats e Fntrants

T34;ospitals K3linics

T34 !ree3linic

"ong 9ai Shui ;ospital3hung ;a 4edical InstitutionBuddhist !ree 3linicsThe Pu8lic !ree 3linicThye ;a "an ;opsitalumerous Individual 3linics

T34 outletslocated in

;=B estates

umerous independent retailers

Provision Shopsselling medical

oils: tonicsand essences

T34 3linicsin colla8orationith 9esternhospitals

Bao Ehong Tong K SingaporeNeneral ;ospitalTong Ren Tang K leandra;ospitalFu Gan Sang K 3hangi Neneral;ospital3hung ;a 4edical K 3hangiNeneral ;ospital

T34 3hainclinics4a "uang ;ealthcare Nroup

3hien Qi Tao

Fu Gan Sang;ock ;ua

ETPBees? Brand

T34 3hains locatedIn shopping malls

9estern Pharmacies

Selling T34packaged products

Nuardian PharmacyUnity TU3 ;ealthcare

N3ature?s !arm

9atson Pharmacy

Supermarkets and3onvenience storesselling medical oil Kessence of chicken

Supermarkets(Niant

3old StorageTU3 !airPrice

3arrefourShop SaveSheng Siong

3onvenience Stores(3heers

'-Fleven

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