TI LIU BI DNG GVMn: TonCp: THPT(Ti liu bi dng gio vin ct cn)

H Ni, thng 7 - 2010

TI LIU BI DNG GVMn: TonCp: THPT

(Ti liu bi dng gio vin ct cn)

Nhm bin son:

- Nguyn Th Thch

- Nguyn Hi Chu

- Phm c Quang

- Phan oi Bc

LI NI U

t nc ta va tri qua 20 nm i mi v Chnh tr - Kinh t - X hi. Khi ngun cho s i mi y l cc ch trng, ng li ca ng v Nh nc, theo phng chm: Nhn thc mi T duy mi T tng mi Hnh ng mi Kt qu mi; theo nguyn l: T trc quan sinh ng n t duy tru tng ri tr li thc tin. i mi Gio dc v o to cng theo ch trng , vi vng lp: nhn thc t tng hnh ng.

o to ngi lao ng Vit Nam thi k i mi theo cc ch trng, ng li, chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc p ng hi nhp khu vc, quc t cn theo xu hng chun ha v hin i ha. Bi vy, trong lnh vc Gio dc v o to, trin khai s i mi hai ch trng: Chun kin thc-k nng trong chng trnh gio dc ph thng, T chc dy hc v kim tra, nh gi theo Chun kin thc, k nng ca mn hc thng qua phng php dy hc tch cc. Mn Ton chung sc cng cc mn hc v hot ng gio dc khc gp phn o to ngun nhn lc p ng yu cu thi i.

Nghin cu v thc hin Chun kin thc, k nng (gi tt l Chun) phi r cc quan h gia Chun vi cc lnh vc nh: Mc tiu gio dc, Chng trnh, Dy v Hc, Kim tra, nh gi, Vn bn ch o, quy phm php lut ca B Gio dc v o to lin quan dy hc mn hc, Tri nghim thc t dy hc. T , ti liu ny gm cc ni dung sau:

- Gii thiu ti liu Hng dn thc hin Chun kin thc, k nng mn Ton lp 10, 11 v 12 THPT.

- Gii thiu mt s quan im thc hin Chun

- Bi dng nng lc gio vin thc hin Chun qua tp hun thc hin v: lp k hoch bi hc, son ging (kin thc mi, luyn tp, n tp), son kim tra, nh gi; phng php dy-hc tch cc p ng yu cu i mi, ph hp vi nng lc hc tp ca hc sinh (ph hp vi nhn thc, s pht trin tr tu, tm sinh l la tui); thit b v dng dy hc (phn mm tin ch Powerpoint, Maple; My tnh cm tay).

- Hng dn tp hun.

Do thi gian c hn m yu cu ca vic bi dng nng lc gio vin mn Ton nhm i mi - hu ch - kh thi l rt cao, nn vic bin son ti liu ny khng trnh khi khim khuyt. Rt mong s ng gp ca cc bn ng nghip.

Trn trng cm n!

H Ni, thng 7 - 2010

CC TC GI

Danh mc cc t, cm t vit tt trong vn bn nyBGH: Ban gim hiuCNTT: Cng ngh thng tinCT: Chng trnh G: nh giGD-T: Gio dc v o toGDPT: Gio dc ph thngGDTrH: Gio dc trung hcGV: Gia vin HS: Hc sinh

KT-KN: Kin thc, k nngPP: Phng phopPPDH: Phng php dy hc PT: Phng tin

PTDH: Phng tin dy hc SGK: Sch gio khoa

TB: Thit bTHPT: Trung hc ph thng

TNTHPT: Tt nghip Trung hc ph thngMc lc

Trang

Li gii thiu

Phn th nht:

Nhng vn chung

Phn th hai:

T chc dy hc v KT G theo chun KT-KN thng qua cc k thut dy hc tch cc

Phn th ba:

Hng dn t chc tp hun ti cc a phng

Phn th nht:NHNG VN CHUNGGII THIU CHNG TRNH V TI LIU TP HUN GIO VINTHC HIN DY HC V KIM TRA, NH GI THEO CHUN KIN THC, K NNG TRONG CHNG TRNH GIO DC PH THNG

1 Thi gian tp hun: 3 ngy2 - Mc tiu tp hun:

2.1. Mc tiu chung

Sau khi tp hun, ngi hc s t c nhng phng din sau V kin thc:

- Hiu c ni dung CT, SGK; cc c im, cu trc ca ni dung theo chun KT-KN mn Ton.

-Hiu c cc tiu ch, cc k thut thit k bi ging, t chc iu khin qu trnh dy mn Ton trn lp theo m hnh dy hc tch cc, gii quyt vn , hng dn t hc.

-Hiu c vic ng dng CNTT trong dy hc mn Ton.

V k nng:

-Bit phn tch, tng kt, phn loi, G cc ni dung trong Chun KT-KN mn Ton thc hin vo vic:

+ Thit k, xy dng bi son v t chc dy hc trn lp.

+ KT G cht lng hc tp mn hc ca HS.

-Bit t chc, iu khin cc tit dy mn Ton trn lp theo nh hng i mi PPDH, tng cng hot ng ton hc cho HS.

-G c trnh HS xc nh khi lng KT-KN ph hp, tch hp dy hc phn ha trong dy mn hc.

-D kin c cu hi-bi tp ph hp i tng

- Vn dng linh hot, sng to cc PP, k thut dy hc, PT, dng dy hc mi.

V thi :- C thc hc hi, t nghin cu cp nht cc tri thc v k thut dy hc, ng dng CNTT trong cng vic chuyn mn v nghin cu.

-C thc v tinh thn hp tc, lm vic theo nhm.

2.2. Cc mc tiu khc:

-Rn luyn k nng vit, c; t duy ph phn; phn tch, tng hp v G cc ti liu chuyn mn.

-K nng gii quyt vn v k nng trnh by trc m ng.

-K nng x l tnh hung trong dy hc.

3. Ni dung tp hun

- Gii thiu ni dung Chun KT-KN mn Ton.

- Hng dn t chc dy hc theo Chun KT-KN ca mn Ton. p dng cc k thut dy - hc tch cc, thng qua cc tnh hung in hnh trong dy hc mn Ton, nh: Dy hc kin thc mi, dy hc bi tp, dy hc n tp v KT G, nhm rn luyn k nng phn tch, tng hp v gii quyt vn cho HS; vn dng cc k thut dy hc tch cc n l hoc tch hp, nh:1. K thut t duy: ng no; Lc t duy.

2. K thut t cu hi: 5W1H.

3. K thut hc hp tc: K thut b c; K thut bi.

4. K thut tho lun nhm: K thut XYZ.

5. K thut hc c lp: SQ3R

6. K thut G nhanh: K thut tia chp; K thut 3 ln 3.

7. Mt s k thut khc: Tranh lun, ng h phn i; Thng tin phn hi trong qu trnh dy hc; in khuyt; t tiu ; PP lin tng.

- Hng dn t chc KT, G theo Chun KT-KN.

- Hng dn t chc cng tc tp hun ti cc a phng.

4. Gii thiu ti liu tp hun

Ni dung ti liu tp hun c trnh by theo nh hng: Thng tin Nhn thc Hnh ng (k thut thc hin) Kt qu (bi son, KT), tng thch vi mong i s pht trin nhn thc, tr tu v nng lc chuyn mn nghip v.

KHI QUT V TI LIU TP HUN GIO VIN THC HIN DY HC V KIM TRA, NH GI THEO CHUN KIN THC, K NNG

TRONG CHNG TRNH GIO DC PH THNG

1. L do bin son ti liu

1.1. Qun l, ch o dy hc Ch lm vic ca GV ph thng

Theo quy nh mi nht v ch lm vic do B GD-T va ban hnh, thi gian lm vic ca GV ph thng l 42 tun/nm, trong c 35-37 tun dnh cho vic ging dy v hot ng gio dc, ty theo CT gio dc tiu hc hoc gio dc trung hc. Theo , nh mc tit dy ca GV THPT l 17 tit/tun. GV lm cng tc ch nhim, ph trch phng hc b mn, t trng b mn, GV tham gia cng tc ng, on th, kim nhim cc cng vic khc c gim 2-4 tit/tun.

Nhng m bo cht lng gio dc, B GD-T quy nh mi GV khng c kim nhim qu hai chc v trong cng mt thi gian.

GV lm cng tc thanh tra th mt bui lm vic c tnh bng 5 tit nh mc, GV dy mn chuyn c tnh 3 tit nh mc. GV c huy ng lm cng tc hng dn, tp hun chuyn mn th mt tit ging dy bng 1,5 tit nh mc.

Vi quy nh trn, nhng GV phi dy tha gi s c tr tin ph cp lm tha gi. Nng lc dy hc B trng B GDT va k ban hnh Thng t 30/2009/TT-BGDT, Quy nh Chun ngh nghip GV trung hc c s, GV THPT, c hiu lc thi hnh k t ngy 10 thng 12 nm 2009. Di y xin tm tt Chun v nng lc dy hc, nu ti iu 6, gm 8 tiu ch: 1. Xy dng k hoch dy hc

Cc k hoch dy hc c xy dng theo hng tch hp dy hc vi gio dc th hin r mc tiu, ni dung, PPDH ph hp vi c th mn hc, c im HS v mi trng gio dc; phi hp hot ng hc vi hot ng dy theo hng pht huy tnh tch cc nhn thc ca HS.

2. m bo kin thc mn hc

Lm ch kin thc mn hc, m bo ni dung dy hc chnh xc, c h thng, vn dng hp l cc kin thc lin mn theo yu cu c bn, hin i, thc tin.

3. m bo CT mn hc

Thc hin ni dung dy hc theo chun KT-KN v yu cu v thi c quy nh trong CT mn hc.

4. Vn dng cc PPDH

Vn dng cc PPDH theo hng pht huy tnh tch cc, ch ng v sng to ca HS, pht trin nng lc t hc v t duy ca HS.

5. S dng cc PT dy hc

S dng cc PT dy hc lm tng hiu qu dy hc.

6. Xy dng mi trng hc tp

To dng mi trng hc tp: dn ch, thn thin, hp tc, cng tc, thun li, an ton v lnh mnh.

7. Qun l h s dy hc

Xy dng, bo qun, s dng h s dy hc theo quy inh.

8. Kim tra, G kt qu hc tp ca HS

KT, G kt qu hc tp ca HS bo m yu cu chnh xc, ton din, cng bng, khch quan, cng khai v pht trin nng lc t G ca HS; s dng kt qu KT G iu chnh hot ng dy v hc.

1.2 Thc t dy hc

+ T l HS THPT yu km v hc lc chim khong 30-60%

Sng 31-3 (nm no), ti th trn Sa Pa, huyn Sa Pa (Lo Cai) din ra Hi tho 15 s Gio dc- o to min ni pha bc, vi ch "i mi qun l, nng cao cht lng gio dc", do Th trng B GDT Nguyn Vinh Hin ch tr.

15 tnh min ni pha Bc vi a bn dn tri rng l vng cao, trung du, hi o, kh hu khc nghit, iu kin pht trin kinh t - x hi cn rt nhiu kh khn; t l ng bo dn tc cao, t l i ngho c vng cao chim gn 30%, cao nht trong ton quc. Trong 15 tnh c n 34/62 huyn ngho (chim 54,8%). T , tc ng rt ln n s pht trin s nghip gio dc v o to ca cc a phng.

Qua G kt qu hc k 1 nm 2009 -2010, t l HS yu km v hc lc cn cao, nht l bc THPT; mt s tnh t l ny trn 30%, c bit c tnh 50% - 60%. Nhiu HS vng cao, vng ng bo dn tc c nhu cu ra lp nhng hin ti cc iu kin nh ni n cc em cn nhiu kh khn; t l HS thuc din ngho cao so vi cc vng khc cng l nguyn nhn tr ngi huy ng HS ra lp v nng cao cht lng gio dc trong vng.

+ Bng k kt qu tt nghip THPT cc nm 2007, 2008 v 2009 ca cc tnh c kt qu thi hai hoc ba nm dui 80%

TTn vKQ 2009KQ 2008KQ 2007Ghi ch

Ing bng Sng HngKhng c

IIng Bc

1H Giang75,9082,1757,89

2Cao Bng64,2469,1146,97

3Bc Kn60,9558,1538,74

4Yn Bi72,7472,7948,80

IIITy Bc

5Lai Chu84,7975,9965.07

6in Bin73,3283,2065,44

7Sn La39,0773,4048,33

IVBc Trung B

8Ngh An87,3576,8568,45

9Qung Bnh79,2580,9762,78

VNam Trung B

10Qung Ngi73,1679,0575,80

VITy Nguyn

11Gia Lai75,8474,3369,12

12k Lk69,1168,6062,60

13k Nng76,0976,3564,57

VIIng Nam B

14Bnh dng77,8974,7976,36

VIIIng bng Sng Cu Long

15ng Thp63,0882,6878,83

16Kin Giang59,3875,9973,79

17Hu Giang61,9561,4373,48

18Sc Trng63,5972,5466,69

19Bc Liu73.0873,0260,95

(V c bn cc tnh nu trn l nhng tnh c qui m gio dc pht trin mnh trong nhng nm gn y, lng GV tr nhiu v hn ch v s phm (cn hn ch hiu v CT, SGK, k thut dy hc, k thut G ...), i ng cn b qun l thiu n nh cha cp nht kp thi ch o ca B v yu cu pht trin gio dc bnh ng gia cc vng min. Cn tn ti s cha ng b thng nht gia cc b phn KT&KCLGD v b phn ch o dy v hc c s gio dc cc cp).

1.3. Dy, hc v thi TNTHPT mn Ton

Tnh n nay, vic thc hin i tr CT phn ban sang nm th t, c hai kha HS tt nghip THPT theo CT . Mt s nhn xt v u- khuyt xung quanh vic dy hc thi mn Ton nh sau:1. CT, SGK Ton THPT ca nc ta khng khc nhiu so vi cc nc khc.

SGK Ton THPT c bin son theo tinh thn ca CT GDPT. Ch trng s chnh xc khoa hc. SGK Ton THPT nng cao bao hm ni dung SGK Ton THPT. C th, SGK Ton THPT (chun, nng cao) m bo cc yu t:

- Hin i: a xc sut thng k;

- Hi nhp: a s phc, a my tnh cm tay;

- K tha: Khng tch hp, khng o th t logic ni dung tng ch kin thc-k nng;

- m bo tnh lin mn: a o hm xung lp 11 chun b c s ton cho HS hc mn Vt l lp 12.

im mi ca SGK mn Ton THPT (chun, nng cao):

- Sch vit cng phu, cc nh l c chng minh chnh xc. Cc tc gi b nhiu cng sc su tm cc bi tp v tm ti lch s i sng cng nh pht minh ca nhiu nh ton hc khin cho vic hc ton tr nn hp dn. In n trnh by p, t sai st.

- C ch dn dt n khi nim mi, ch gip HS tch cc hc tp (qua cu hi gia bi);

- C nhng cu gii thiu mc ch ca chng, c bi c thm;

- C p s, c hng dn gii bi tp, c cu hi trc nghim.

2. V CT, SGK mn Ton THPT d lun x hi khng c kin ln. Mt s cho rng HS ca ta khi hc theo hc CT - SGK Ton THPT nu trn, sang M th tip cn v hc ton tt, nhng sang Chu u th c mt s hn ch m nguyn nhn c bn l trong SGK ca ta cn cha nhiu nhng bi ton c yu t k thut, ng dng thc t,...

V CT - SGK Ton THPT so vi trc c a ni dung xc sut-thng k, c gim mt s tiu tit vi s rt gn ng k cc ni dung + kh ca bi tp ton, song do thi lng thc hin CT b chit gim gn mt phn ba so vi trc, do thc t dy (theo thi quen, theo yu cu ca cha m HS v do thi tuyn sinh C - H) GV vn giao cho HS lm thm cc bi tp kh vi s lng ln gp hai, ba ln so vi s lng bi tp c trong SGK, vn duy tr cc ni dung gii ton gn vi: nh l o ca du tam thc bc hai, tnh gii hn nh qui tc Lpitan, tnh ta tip im ca tip tuyn vi ng cong nh nghim kp, tm cp vect ch phng ca mt phng, tnh vect php tuyn ca mt phng nh nh thc cp 3, vit phng trnh mt phng nh chm mt phng, v.v... to nn s qu ti trong dy hc ton.

Cng nh cc nc, yu t quyt nh s thnh bi ca CT - SGK l ngi GV; CT- SGK vit chun m GV dy khng chun, th khng th c hiu qu v cht lng gio dc mong mun; Chng ta cn phi c GV truyn c ci hn, ci thn ca CT - SGK cho HS, dy cch ngh, dy cch hc, t pht trin tr tu cho HS v to ra nng lc v bn lnh ngi lao ng cho nn KT XH cng nghip ha, hin i ha. Thc t, trong thi gian qua, B GDT c nhng ch o gim sc p v thi lng khi thc hin CT-SGK nh chuyn t 35 tun ln 37 tun, tch hp mt s mn..., song vn ch l gii php tnh th.

Vic thc hin CT - SGK cn gn lin vi G. G vic hc ca HS cn c vo chun kin thc k nng l qui nh php l, nhng bi c thm nht thit khng c hi trong KT v thi c; cn c s G khuyn khch nhng HS c nng lc v ham mun hc ln th hin vic gii ton bi nhng kin thc khng c trong CT - SGK.

Trong CT - SGK cn c nhiu phn s si, nhiu phn b lc b khng c hc bt k ch no. ngh, nhng phn lc b, nhng c nhiu ng dng thc t cn c phc hi nh: tnh cht ng phn gic ca tam gic; ba ng cnic; tam din thun, nghch; chiu v di ca tch vect; Vn li, lm, im un trong kho st hm s; p dng tch phn tnh di dy cung, tnh din tch trn xoay. Nu thiu s phc hi ny th HS ban KHTN s hng v kin thc c bn khi tip thu gio trnh i hc, nhng k s kh tr thnh nhng tng cng trnh s.

Phn CT, SGK lp 11 c hi nng so vi s tip thu ca HS; Bi vy, cn c s hon i gia ch xc sut-thng k vi ch hm s ly tha, m, logarit; phn gii phng trnh, h phng trnh c ni lin; cn phn xc sut cn c dy lp 12, ng vi thi im HS nng lc tip thu.

Hnh ba sch, hnh 104b trang 126 ca Hnh hc lp 10 nng cao cn thay, v dy cp cu thng xung khng phi theo hnh parabol m theo hnh dy xch.

Xem li chng minh trng hp 2 ca nh l v s bng nhau ca hai t din ca sch Hnh hc 12 nng cao.

Thc hin CT, SGK cn ch ti c im thi i CNTT, sao cho c thi lng cho nhng vn cn hc v cho HS t thn tri nghim hc suy ngh, t hc, hc sut i; cn ch ti s lin thng vi cp hc tip theo trnh lp v trnh nng, nhng ni dung hc i hc nn tr li bc i hc trnh s bin son s si cp ph thng, tng cng ni dung gio dc k nng sng tng mn hc.

Thc t cho thy hu ht trng ph thng dy theo CT chun, vic thi TN THPT v tuyn sinh H, C cng khng phn bit r vic hc theo CT no, t thc hin CT cho cc i tng c bit (HS vng kh, HS nng khiu ...), nhng kin thc nng cao tng mn hc phi c cn nhc dy phn ho bng hnh thc t chn.

Trong SGK cn cn nhc s hp l trong phn tch cu hi vi hot ng. Nn chng cc tnh hung hot ng khng cn cho dng cu hi m ch dng thng nht l cc hot ng thi.

S dng thut ng trong bi: Nu yu cu tnh th ch chp nhn gi tr ng, nu yu cu gii phng trnh hoc h phng trnh th ch chp nhn nghim ng; Nu yu cu tnh gn ng th cn quy nh ly n ch s thp phn th my hoc tnh gc n pht (hay giy).

CT-SGK tng thch th gii, a phn GV trch nhim tm huyt, nhng sn phm HS vn bt cp yu cu x hi, s hc chnh mng, b hc vn l vn nn, phi chng l k thut dy v hc cha cp nht thi i CNTT, trong lnh vc ny hu nh khng c s chuyn giao t Vin nghin cu, t cc d n cho cc v chc nng ch o t chc thc hin 3. HS ban Khoa hc x hi v nhn vn, hc theo SGK ton chun (ch chun khng ghi ln ba sch, ch ngm hiu). HS ban KHTN, hc theo SGK ton nng cao (ch nng cao c ghi ln ba sch). HS ban C bn nu chn hc nng cao mn Ton th cng hc theo SGK ton nng cao; ngoi s tit trong CT, mi tun phi thm t 1 tit n 1,5 tit, dy cc ch t chn; GV, HS chn theo BGH. Ch t chn chia lm hai loi: Ch t chn bm st v ch t chn nng cao. Km theo l ti liu, l cch thc qun l s tit hc ny. CT t chn c mc ch tng thm thi lng cho mn Ton v b p c nhng l hng kin thc cn li sau cc gi hc chnh thc. Phn phi CT do cc S Gio dc ch o thc hin; Mt s S gio dc cho php t chuyn mn tng trng ph thng c th iu chnh s tit trn mi bi hc cho ph hp vi nng lc tip thu ca HS trng mnh.4. Trong mi ch , mi kin thc thuc mn Ton, cc lp 10, 11 v 12, Chun KT-KN u nu r kt qu cn t cho HS; nhng nh hng cha th hin trong mt vi phn ca SGK ton, nu nh sau mi bi hc, sau mi chng u ghi r yu cu ti thiu v ni dung trng tm, v PP, v k nng lm ton v.v s nh hng v lm yn tm ngi dy, ngi hc; GV trnh c hoc khng dm t yu cu cao trong cc gi hc chnh thc, dn n dy thm hc thm i my v gi, lm cho HS khi tip xc bi ton c bn nht, bm st kin thc nht, th khng lm c.5. S chnh lch gia khung CT chun v nng cao, hn km nhau v lng kin thc v mc rn luyn k nng cho c ba khi lp 10, 11 v 12, cn lm r hn , khng nn nu chung mc 10 20 % nh hin nay, t , GV c th son gio n chung cho c hai CT ton, to iu kin GV thot ly c hai b SGK ton hin hnh, trnh c hin trng HS hc theo ban no th buc phi dy theo SGK ban . 6. C th khng nh rng vic hc ta hin nay l hc thi. Thi l kt qu cui cng v l khu quan trng; rt tic l n ng gn nh c lp trong vic G kt qu hc tp ca HS. Thi th no, dy v hc th y, phn tch thi tt nghip THPT mn ton nm 2009, cng nh cc nm trc , hoc ngay c thi tuyn sinh i hc mn Ton, c nhng im bt cp v thiu nht qun:

- thi qu sc tch bng nhng bi ton i hi s thc hnh cc php tnh n iu, thiu s sng to t pha ngi thi. Bao nm nh vy, hn mt li ra , dn n nhng gi dy ton, m c thy v tr c chm bm cc thao tc tnh ton. HS khng thch GV dng li gii thch nh ngha, chng minh nh l tm l HS i tr c nhng bin thi mi, tm gi tm l bm nt, Khong cch ging dy trn lp gia l thuyt v thc hnh xa nhau n mc kh chp nhn.

- thi hu khng c cu ng dng ton hc vo thc tin, trong khi vic ng dng khng phi t. iu ny lm cho GV ton gn nh b ht cc phn ng dng (nu c) sau cc bi hc. Kt cc l hc ton m khng bit g lch s ton, nt p ca ton. Ton bt ngun t u, ton dng vo vic g? C th ni rt phn gio dc. gp thc t HS trung bnh v ton, sau tt nghip THPT v vi nm i lm th th khng cn nh c v o hm, tch phn, gii phng trnh lng gic...

- thi sc tch dn n p n gn gng v n bi lm ca th sinh th ch cn thun cc php tnh, thiu lp lun, thiu logic, thiu dn nhp C nhng bi lm ca th sinh chiu theo p n c 8 im chng hn, nhng qu ngho nn v ngn ng, lp lun. Nu c tip tc ra thi ton nh th ny th kh lng trnh c s quay cp ca th sinh, bi ch ghi nguch ngoc i dng nh coppy l c im.

- thi thiu s dn dt, nh hng, tc l pht l hn l thuyt a n phng cch lm bi ton. Do , mt mt th sinh thiu im ta trong khi lm bi, mt khc lm cho nhng gi dy ton trng ph thng kh khan, thiu sinh kh, ch phc v cho nhm nh HS c nng khiu ton.7. Tn ti tnh trng GV ton bc THPT dy mc cho HS gii c ton gii ton cha vt ln cho HS hiu, sng to.G chung v thc t dy hc mn Ton my nm gn y c mt s GV c dy lm sao cho ht ni dung trong SGK, khng gim b bt k ni dung no ca SGK dn n tnh trng qu ti, HS khng hng th hc tp. CT GDPT c ban hnh v trin khai n tt c cc trng v GV ph thng. Tuy nhin, nhiu GV vn khng s hoc s dng khng c hiu qu. Tnh trng m m, qu ti v ni dung kin thc trong cc gi hc trng ph thng ang din ra. Trong qu trnh dy hc nhiu GV trong t b mn cha thng nht trong vic dy nh th no? Dy nhng ni dung g? Rn luyn nhng k nng g i vi HS...dn n tnh trng cha thng nht vi nhau v kin thc v k nng trong tng mc, bi, chng ca lp hc, cp hc. Trong KT, G kt qu hc tp ca HS, GV trong t b mn cng cha thng nht hon ton trong vic KT ni dung kin thc v khi lng cng nh mc kin thc ca cc n v KT-KN. Trong d gi GV ca GV b mn cng nh cc cp qun l gio dc cng cha thng nht trong tiu ch G GV v KT-KN ca gi dy.

Nhng tn ti, bt cp nu trn i hi phi sm c hng dn thc hin chun KT-KN ca CT GDPT gii quyt.

2. Mc ch bin son ti liu

- Cung cp thng tin qun l, ch o v yu cu c th v thng nht thc hin bm st Chun KT-KN mn Ton THPT trong dy hc cc trng THPT v cc cp c quan qun l gio dc, m bo dy hc chun ha v phn ha. - Khc phc tnh trng dy hc cha bm st chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT cng nh tnh trng dy hc qu ti v ni dung kin thc.

- Gip GV s dng kt hp, c hiu qu gia Chun CT GDPT, SGK, SGV v cc loi ti liu tham kho.

- To s thng nht v mc dy hc v KT-KN trong tng mc, bi, chng ca lp hc, cp hc theo i tng v vng min.

- Gp phn xy dng nhn thc v thc hin ng b, thng nht v KT, G kt qu hc tp ca HS trong nm hc cng nh trong cc k thi tuyn v thi tt nghip cc cp.3. Cu trc ti liu

Ti liu gm 3 phn

Phn th nht: Nhng vn chung

Phn th hai: T chc dy hc v KT, G theo chun KT-KN thng qua cc k thut dy hc tch cc

Phn th ba: Hng dn t chc tp hun ti cc a phng4. Yu cu ca vic s dng ti liu

- Ti liu ny c xem l mt vn bn ch o ca V GDTrH v chuyn mn, nghip v trong dy hc v KT, G, dng cho tt c cc GV v cn b ch o mn Ton THPT m bo nhn thc: Chun KT-KN ca CT GDPT va l cn c, va l mc tiu ca ging dy, hc tp, KT, G.

- S dng kt hp ti liu ny vi cc ti liu CT GDPT, Hng dn thc hin Chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT, SGK v cc loi ti liu tham kho khc.

- S dng ti liu ny trong vic thit k bi ging, nu cu hi, ra bi tp v thit k KT bo m yu cu bm st chun KT-KN trong dy hc v KT, G.

Phn th haiT CHC DY HC V KIM TRA, NH GI THEO CHUN KIN THC K NNG THNG QUA CC K THUT DY HC TCH CC

A.GII THIU MT S CC K THUT DY HC TCH CCTRONG DY HC MN TON THPTCc k thut dy hc tch cc c ngha c bit trong vic pht huy s tham gia tch cc ca HS vo qu trnh dy hc, kch thch t duy, s sng to v s cng tc lm vic ca HS. Cc k thut dy hc tch cc c trnh by sau y c th c p dng thun li trong lm vic nhm, tuy nhin, chng cng c th c kt hp thc hin trong cc hnh thc dy hc ton lp nhm pht huy tnh tch cc ca HS.

1. ng noK thut ng no do Alex Osborn (M) pht trin, da trn mt k thut truyn thng t n 1.1. Khi nim: ng no (hay cng no) l mt k thut nhm huy ng nhng t tng mi m, c o v mt ch ca cc thnh vin trong tho lun. Cc thnh vin c c v tham gia mt cch tch cc, khng hn ch cc tng (nhm to ra cn lc cc tng). 1.2. Quy tc ca ng noKhng G v ph phn trong qu trnh thu thp tng ca cc thnh vin;

Lin h vi nhng tng c trnh by; Khuyn khch s lng cc tng;Cho php s tng tng v lin tng.Cc bc tin hnh1. Ngi iu phi dn nhp vo ch v xc nh r mt vn ;2. Cc thnh vin a ra nhng kin ca mnh: trong khi thu thp kin, khng G, nhn xt. Mc ch l huy ng nhiu kin tip ni nhau;3. Kt thc vic a ra kin;4. G:La chn s b cc suy ngh, chng hn theo kh nng ng dng- C th ng dng trc tip;- C th ng dng nhng cn nghin cu thm;- Khng c kh nng ng dng.G nhng kin c la chn

Rt ra kt lun hnh ng. 1.3. ng dngDng trong giai on nhp vo mt ch ;Tm cc phng n gii quyt vn ;Thu thp cc kh nng la chn v ngh khc nhau. 1.4. u imD thc hin; Khng tn km;S dng c hiu ng cng hng, huy ng ti a tr tu ca tp th;Huy ng c nhiu kin;To c hi cho tt c thnh vin tham gia.1.5. Nhc imC th i lc , tn mn;C th mt thi gian nhiu trong vic chn cc kin thch hp;C th c mt s HS qu tch cc, s khc th ng. K thut ng no c p dng ph bin v ngui ta xy dng nhiu k thut khc da trn k thut ny, c th coi l cc dng khc nhau ca k thut ng no.

2. ng no vit

2.1. Khi nim: ng no vit l mt hnh thc bin i ca ng no. Trong ng no vit th nhng tng khng c trnh by ming m c tng thnh vin tham gia trnh by kin bng cch vit trn giy v mt ch . Trong ng no vit, cc i tc s giao tip vi nhau bng ch vit. Cc em t trc mnh mt vi t giy chung, trn ghi ch dng dng tiu hoc gia t giy. Cc em thay nhau ghi ra giy nhng g mnh ngh v ch , trong im lng tuyt i. Trong khi , cc em xem cc dng ghi ca nhau v cng lp ra mt bi vit chung. Bng cch c th hnh thnh nhng cu chuyn trn vn hoc ch l bn thu thp cc t kha. Cc HS luyn tp c th thc hin cc cuc ni chuyn bng giy bt c khi lm bi trong nhm. Sn phm c th c dng mt bn tr tu.

2.2. Cch thc hin

t trn bn 1-2 t giy ghi cc tng, xut ca cc thnh vin;Mi mt thnh vin vit nhng ngh ca mnh trn cc t giy ;C th tham kho cc kin khc ghi trn giy ca cc thnh vin khc tip tc pht trin ngh;Sau khi thu thp xong tng th G cc tng trong nhm.2.3. u imu im ca PP ny l c th huy ng s tham gia ca tt c HS trong nhm;To s yn tnh trong lp hc; ng no vit to ra mc tp trung cao. V nhng HS tham gia s trnh by nhng suy ngh ca mnh bng ch vit nn c s ch cao hn so vi cc cuc ni chuyn bnh thng bng ming;Cc HS i tc cng hot ng vi nhau m khng s dng li ni. Bng cch , tho lun vit to ra mt dng tng tc x hi c bit; Nhng kin ng gp trong cuc ni chuyn bng giy bt thng c suy ngh c bit k. 2.4. Nhc im C th HS sa vo nhng kin tn mn, lc ;Do c tham kho kin ca nhau, c th mt s HS t c s c lp.

3. ng no khng cng khaing no khng cng khai cng l mt hnh thc ca ng no vit. Mi mt thnh vin vit nhng ngh ca mnh v cch gii quyt vn , nhng cha cng khai, sau nhm mi tho lun chung v cc kin hoc tip tc pht trin.u im: mi thnh vin c th trnh by kin c nhn ca mnh m khng b nh hng bi cc kin khc.Nhc im: khng nhn c gi t nhng kin ca ngi khc trong vic vit kin ring.

4. K thut XYZ: l mt k thut nhm pht huy tnh tch cc trong tho lun nhm. X l s ngi trong nhm, Y l s kin mi ngi cn a ra, Z l pht dnh cho mi ngi. V d, k thut 635 thc hin nh sau: Mi nhm 6 ngi, mi ngi vit 3 kin trn mt t giy trong vng 5 pht v cch gii quyt 1 vn v tip tc chuyn cho ngi bn cnh;Tip tc nh vy cho n khi tt c mi ngi u vit kin ca mnh, c th lp li vng khc;Con s X-Y-Z c th thay i;Sau khi thu thp kin th tin hnh tho lun, G cc kin.

5. K thut b c: l mt k thut dng cho tho lun nhm, trong mt nhm HS ngi gia lp v tho lun vi nhau, cn nhng HS khc trong lp ngi xung quanh vng ngoi theo di cuc tho lun v sau khi kt thc cuc tho lun th a ra nhng nhn xt v cch ng x ca nhng HS tho lun.Trong nhm tho lun c th c mt v tr khng c ngi ngi. HS tham gia nhm quan st c th ngi vo ch v ng gp kin vo cuc tho lun, v d: a ra mt cu hi i vi nhm tho lun hoc pht biu kin khi cuc tho lun b chng li trong nhm. Cch luyn tp ny c gi l PP tho lun b c, v nhng ngi ngi vng ngoi c th quan st nhng ngi tho lun, tng t nh xem nhng con c trong mt b c cnh. Trong qu trnh tho lun, nhng ngi quan st v nhng ngi tho lun s thay i vai tr vi nhau.Bng cu hi cho nhng ngi quan st Ngi ni c nhn vo nhng ngi ang ni vi mnh khng? H c ni mt cch d hiu khng? H c nhng ngi khc ni hay khng? H c a ra c nhng lun im ng thuyt phc hay khng? H c cp n lun im ca ngi ni trc mnh khng? H c lch hng khi ti hay khng? H c tn trng nhng quan im khc hay khng?

6. K thut bi: l mt k thut dng trong tho lun nhm, trong HS chia thnh hai nhm ngi theo hai vng trn ng tm nh hai vng ca mt bi v i din nhau to iu kin cho mi HS c th ni chuyn vi ln lt cc HS nhm khc. Cch thc hin: Khi tho lun, mi HS vng trong s trao i vi HS i din vng ngoi, y l dng c bit ca PP luyn tp i tc;Sau mt t pht th HS vng ngoi ngi yn, HS vng trong chuyn ch theo chiu kim ng h, tng t nh vng bi quay, lun hnh thnh cc nhm i tc mi.

7. Tranh lun ng h phn i Tranh lun ng h phn i (tranh lun chia phe) l mt k thut dng trong tho lun, trong cp v mt ch c cha ng xung t. Nhng kin khc nhau v nhng kin i lp c a ra tranh lun nhm mc ch xem xt ch di nhiu gc khc nhau. Mc tiu ca tranh lun khng phi l nhm nh bi kin i lp m nhm xem xt ch di nhiu phng din khc nhau. Cch thc hin: Cc thnh vin c chia thnh hai nhm theo hai hng kin i lp nhau v mt lun im cn tranh lun. Vic chia nhm c th theo nguyn tc ngu nhin hoc theo nguyn vng ca cc thnh vin mun ng trong nhm ng h hay phn i. Mt nhm cn thu thp nhng lp lun ng h, cn nhm i lp thu thp nhng lun c phn i i vi lun im tranh lun.Sau khi cc nhm thu thp lun c th bt u tho lun thng qua i din ca hai nhm. Mi nhm trnh by mt lp lun ca mnh: Nhm ng h a ra mt lp lun ng h, tip nhm phn i a ra mt kin phn i v c tip tc nh vy. Nu mi nhm nh hn 6 ngi th khng cn i din m mi thnh vin c th trnh by lp lun. Sau khi cc lp lun a ra th tip theo l giai on tho lun chung v G, kt lun tho lun.

8. Thng tin phn hi trong qu trnh dy hcThng tin phn hi trong qu trnh dy hc l GV v HS cng nhn xt, G, a ra kin i vi nhng yu t c th c nh hng ti qu trnh hc tp nhm mc ch l iu chnh, hp l ho qu trnh dy v hc. Nhng c im ca vic a ra thng tin phn hi tch cc l: C s cm thng; C kim sot;c ngi nghe ch i;C th;Khng nhn xt v gi tr;ng lc;C th bin thnh hnh ng;Cng tho lun, khch quan.Sau y l nhng quy tc trong vic a thng tin phn hi:Din t kin ca ng/B mt cch n gin v c trnh t (khng ni qu nhiu);C gng hiu c nhng suy t, tnh cm (khng vi v);Tm hiu cc vn cng nh nguyn nhn ca chng;Gii thch nhng quan im khng ng nht;Chp nhn cch thc G ca ngi khc;Ch tp trung vo nhng vn c th gii quyt c trong thi im thc t;Coi cuc trao i l c hi tip tc ci tin;Ch ra cc kh nng la chn. C nhiu k thut khc nhau trong vic thu nhn thng tin phn hi trong dy hc. Ngoi vic s dng cc phiu G, sau y l mt s k thut c th p dng trong dy hc ni chung v trong thu nhn thng tin phn hi.

9. K thut tia chpK thut tia chp l mt k thut huy ng s tham gia ca cc thnh vin i vi mt cu hi no , hoc nhm thu thng tin phn hi nhm ci thin tnh trng giao tip v khng kh hc tp trong lp hc, thng qua vic cc thnh vin ln lt nu ngn gn v nhanh chng (nhanh nh chp!) kin ca mnh v cu hi hoc tnh trng vn . Quy tc thc hin:C th p dng bt c thi im no khi cc thnh vin thy cn thit v ngh;Ln lt tng ngi ni suy ngh ca mnh v mt cu hi tho thun, v d: Hin ti ti c hng th vi ch tho lun khng?Mi ngi ch ni ngn gn 1-2 cu kin ca mnh;Ch tho lun khi tt c ni xong kin.

10. K thut 3 ln 3K thut 3 ln 3 l mt k thut ly thng tin phn hi nhm huy ng s tham gia tch cc ca HS. Cch lm nh sau: HS c yu cu cho kin phn hi v mt vn no (ni dung bui tho lun, PP tin hnh tho lun...). Mi ngi cn vit ra: - 3 iu tt;- 3 iu cha tt;- 3 ngh ci tin.Sau khi thu thp kin th x l v tho lun v cc kin phn hi.

11. Lc t duy 11.1. Khi nimLc t duy (cn c gi l bn khi nim) l mt s nhm trnh by mt cch r rng nhng tng mang tnh k hoch hay kt qu lm vic ca c nhn hay nhm v mt ch . Lc t duy c th c vit trn giy, trn bn trong, trn bng hay thc hin trn my tnh. 11.2. Cch lmVit tn ch trung tm, hay v mt hnh nh phn nh ch .T ch trung tm, v cc nhnh chnh. Trn mi nhnh chnh vit mt khi nim, phn nh mt ni dung ln ca ch , vit bng CH IN HOA. Nhnh v ch vit trn c v v vit cng mt mu. Nhnh chnh c ni vi ch trung tm. Ch s dng cc thut ng quan trng vit trn cc nhnh.T mi nhnh chnh v tip cc nhnh ph vit tip nhng ni dung thuc nhnh chnh . Cc ch trn nhnh ph c vit bng ch in thng.Tip tc nh vy cc tng ph tip theo. 11.3. ng dng ca lc t duyLc t duy c th ng dng trong nhiu tnh hung khc nhau nh:Tm tt ni dung, n tp mt ch ;Trnh by tng quan mt ch ;Chun b tng cho mt bo co hay bui ni chuyn, bi ging;Thu thp, sp xp cc tng;Ghi chp khi nghe bi ging. 11.4. u im ca lc t duyCc hng t duy c m ngay t u;Cc mi quan h ca cc ni dung trong ch tr nn r rng;Ni dung lun c th b sung, pht trin, sp xp li;HS c luyn tp pht trin, sp xp cc tng.B.T CHC DY HC THEO CHUN KIN THC K NNGTHNG QUA CC K THUT DY HC TCH CC

1. Nhng nguyn tc nh hng dy hc theo chun KT-KN trong Chng trnh GDPT thng qua cc k thut dy hc tch cc1.1. Nguyn tc chung nhn thc v ni dung nghin cu, hc tp, tp hun:

1 - Khi nim Chun KT-KN

Chun KT-KN ca mt cp hc, lp hc, mn hc l cc yu cu ph thng, c bn v KT-KN m HS cn phi v c th t c sau khi hon thnh CT gio dc ca tng cp hc, lp hc v mn hc tng ng.

Chun KT-KN l cn c bin son SGK, v cc ti liu hng dn dy hc, KT, G; ng thi cng l cn c xc nh mc tiu ca mi gi hc, mc tiu ca qu trnh dy hc, m bo cht lng gio dc.

Cn c vo chun KT-KN, cc c quan qun l gio dc v cc trng xc nh mc tiu KT, G i vi tng bi KT, bi thi; G kt qu gio dc tng mn hc, lp hc, cp hc; ch o, qun l, thanh tra, KT vic thc hin dy hc.

2 - Gii thiu chung v Chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT I. Gii thiu chung v Chun

Chun l nhng yu cu, tiu ch (gi chung l yu cu) tun th nhng nguyn tc nht nh, c dng lm thc o G hot ng, cng vic, sn phm ca lnh vc no v khi t c nhng yu cu ca chun th cng c ngha l t c mc tiu mong mun ca ch th qun l hot ng, cng vic, sn phm .

Yu cu l s c th ha, chi tit, tng minh ca chun, ch ra nhng cn c G cht lng. Yu cu c th c o thng qua ch s thc hin. Yu cu c xem nh nhng im kim sot v G cht lng u vo, u ra cng nh qu trnh o to.

Nhng yu cu c bn ca Chun:

- Chun phi c tnh khch quan, rt t l thuc vo quan im hay thi ch quan ca ngi s dng chun.

- Chun phi c hiu lc tng i n nh c v phm vi ln thi gian p dng, khng lun lun thay i. Tuy nhin chun phi c tnh pht trin, khng tuyt i c nh.

- m bo tnh kh thi, c ngha l chun c th t c (l trnh hay mc dung ha, hp l gia yu cu pht trin mc cao hn vi nhng thc tin ang din ra)

- m bo tnh c th, tng minh v t ti a chc nng nh lng

- m bo mi lin quan, khng mu thun vi cc chun khc trong cng lnh vc hoc nhng lnh vc gn gi khc.

II. Chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT

Chun KT-KN v yu cu v thi trong CT GDPT c th hin c th trong CT cc mn hc hay hot ng gio dc (gi chung l mn hc) v cc CT cp hc.

i vi mi mn hc, mi cp hc, mc tiu ca mn hc, cp hc c c th ha thnh chun KT-KN ca CT mn hc, CT cp hc.

1. Chun KT-KN ca CT mn hc l cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v KT-KN ca mn hc m HS cn phi v c th t c sau mi n v kin thc (mi bi, ch , ch im, m un).

Chun KT-KN ca mt n v kin thc l cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v KT-KN ca n v kin thc m HS cn phi v c th t c.

Yu cu v KT-KN th hin mc cn t v KT-KN.

Mi yu cu v KT-KN c th c chi tit hn bng nhng yu cu v KT-KN c th, tng minh hn; bng nhng v d th hin c c ni dung KT-KN v mc cn t v KT-KN (thng gi l minh chng).

2. Chun KT-KN ca CT cp hc l cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v KT-KN ca cc mn hc m HS cn phi v c th t c sau tng giai on hc tp trong cp hc.

2.1. Chun KT-KN CT cc cp hc, cp ti nhng yu cu ti thiu v KT-KN m HS cn v c th t c sau khi hon thnh CT gio dc ca tng lp hc v cp hc. Cc yu cu ny cho thy ngha quan trng ca vic gn kt, phi hp gia cc mn hc nhm t c mc tiu gio dc ca cp hc.

2.2. Vic th hin Chun KT-KN cui CT cp hc th hin hnh mu mong i v ngi hc sau mi cp hc v cn thit cho cng tc qun l, ch o, o to, bi dng GV.

2.3. CT cp hc th hin Chun KT-KN khng phi i vi tng mn hc m i vi tng lnh vc hc tp. Trong vn bn v CT ca cc cp hc, Chun KT-KN c bin son theo tinh thn:

a) Chun KT-KN khng c vit cho tng mn hc ring bit m vit cho tng lnh vc hc tp nhm th hin s gn kt gia cc mn hc v hot ng gio dc trong nhim v thc hin mc tiu ca cp hc.

b) Chun KT-KN v yu cu v thi c th hin trong CT cp hc l Chun ca cp hc, tc l nhng yu cu c th m HS cn t c cui cp hc. Cch th hin ny to mt tm nhn v s pht trin ca ngi hc sau mi cp hc, i chiu vi nhng g m mc tiu ca cp hc ra.

III. Chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT c nhng c im: 3.1. Chun c chi tit, tng minh bi cc yu cu c th, r rng v KT-KN.

3.2. Chun c tnh ti thiu, nhm m bo mi HS cn phi v c th t c nhng yu cu c th ny.

3.3. Chun KT-KN l thnh phn ca CT GDPT.

Trong CT GDPT, Chun KT-KN v yu cu v thi i vi ngi hc c th hin, c th ho cc ch ca CT mn hc theo tng lp v cc lnh vc hc tp; ng thi, Chun KT-KN v yu cu v thi cng c th hin phn cui ca CT mi cp hc.

Chun KT-KN l thnh phn ca CT GDPT m bo vic ch o dy hc, KT, G theo chun s to nn s thng nht trong c nc; lm hn ch tnh trng dy hc qu ti, a thm nhiu ni dung nng n, qu cao so vi chun vo dy hc, KT, G; gp phn lm gim tiu cc ca dy thm, hc thm; to iu kin c bn, quan trng c th t chc KT, G v thi theo chun.

IV. Cc mc v KT-KN Cc mc v KT-KN c th hin c th, tng minh trong Chun KT-KN ca CT GDPT.

V kin thc: Yu cu HS phi bit, hiu, vn dng cc kin thc c bn trong CT, SGK, l nn tng vng vng c th pht trin nng lc nhn thc cp cao hn.

V k nng: Bit p dng cc kin thc c hc tr li cc cu hi, gii bi tp, thc hnh; c k nng tnh ton, v hnh, dng biu ,...

KT-KN phi da trn c s pht trin nng lc, tr tu HS cc mc , t n gin n phc tp; ni dung bao hm cc mc khc nhau ca nhn thc.

Mc cn t c v kin thc, theo cch phn loi ca S.Bloom, c th xc nh theo 6 mc sau y:

1. Nhn bit: L s nh li cc d liu, thng tin c trc y; ngha l c th nhn bit thng tin, ghi nh, ti hin thng tin, nhc li mt lot d liu, t cc s kin n gin n cc l thuyt phc tp. y l mc , yu cu thp nht ca trnh nhn thc th hin ch HS c th v ch cn nh hoc nhn ra khi c a ra hoc da trn nhng thng tin c tnh c th ca mt khi nim, mt s vt, mt hin tng.

mc ny HS c th pht biu ng mt nh ngha, nh l, nh lut nhng cha gii thch v vn dng c chng.

C th c th ho mc nhn bit bng cc yu cu:

Nhn ra, nh li cc khi nim, nh l, nh lut, tnh cht.

Nhn dng (khng cn gii thch) c cc khi nim, hnh th, v tr tng i gia cc i tng trong cc tnh hung n gin.

Lit k, xc nh cc v tr tng i, cc mi quan h bit gia cc yu t, cc hin tng.

2. Thng hiu: L kh nng nm c, hiu c ngha ca cc khi nim, hin tng, s vt; gii thch c, chng minh c; l mc cao hn nhn bit nhng vn l mc thp nht ca vic thu hiu s vt, hin tng, n lin quan n ngha ca cc mi quan h gia cc khi nim, thng tin m HS hc hoc bit. iu c th th hin bng vic chuyn thng tin t dng ny sang dng khc, bng cch gii thch thng tin (gii thch hoc tm tt) v bng cch c lng xu hng tng lai (d bo cc h qu hoc nh hng).

C th c th ho mc thng hiu bng cc yu cu:

Din t bng ngn ng c nhn v khi nim, nh l, nh lut, tnh cht, chuyn i c t hnh thc ngn ng ny sang hnh thc ngn ng khc (v d: t li sang cng thc, k hiu, s liu v ngc li)

Biu th, minh ho, gii thch c ngha ca cc khi nim, hin tng, nh ngha, nh l, nh lut.

La chn, b sung, sp xp li nhng thng tin cn thit gii quyt mt vn no .

Sp xp li cc tr li cu hi hoc li gii bi ton theo cu trc logic.

3. Vn dng: L kh nng s dng cc kin thc hc vo mt hon cnh c th mi (vn dng hiu bit thng tin gii quyt vn t ra); l kh nng i hi HS phi bit vn dng kin thc, s dng PP, nguyn l hay tng gii quyt mt vn no trong hc tp hoc ca thc tin. y l mc cao hn mc thng hiu trn.

C th c th ho mc vn dng bng cc yu cu:

So snh cc phng n gii quyt vn

Pht hin li gii c mu thun, sai lm v chnh sa c

Gii quyt c nhng tnh hung mi bng cch vn dng cc khi nim, nh l, nh lut, tnh cht bit.

Khi qut ho, tru tng ho t tnh hung quen thuc, tnh hung n l sang tnh hung mi, tnh hung phc tp hn.

4. Phn tch: L kh nng phn chia mt thng tin ra thnh cc phn thng tin nh sao cho c th hiu c cu trc, t chc ca n v thit lp mi lin h ph thuc ln nhau gia chng.

Yu cu ch ra c cc b phn cu thnh, xc nh c mi quan h gia cc b phn, nhn bit v hiu c nguyn l cu trc ca cc b phn cu thnh. y l mc cao hn vn dng v n i hi s thu hiu c v ni dung ln hnh thc cu trc ca thng tin, s vt, hin tng.

C th c th ho mc phn tch bng cc yu cu:

Phn tch cc s kin, d kin tha, thiu hoc gii quyt c vn .

Xc nh c mi quan h gia cc b phn trong ton th.

C th ho c nhng vn tru tng.

Nhn bit v hiu c cu trc cc b phn cu thnh.

5. Tng hp: L kh nng sp xp, thit k li thng tin, cc b phn t cc ngun ti liu khc nhau v trn c s to lp mt hnh mu mi.

Yu cu to ra c mt ch mi, mt vn mi. Mt mng li cc quan h tru tng (s phn lp thng tin). Kt qu hc tp trong lnh vc ny nhn mnh vo cc hnh vi sng to, c bit l trong vic hnh thnh cc m hnh hoc cu trc mi.

C th c th ho mc tng hp bng cc yu cu:

Kt hp nhiu yu t ring thnh mt tng th hon chnh.

Khi qut ho nhng vn ring l c th.

Pht hin cc m hnh mi i xng, bin i, i ngu hoc m rng t m hnh bit ban u.

6. nh gi: L kh nng xc nh gi tr ca thng tin, nh bnh xt, nhn nh, xc nh c gi tr ca mt t tng, mt ni dung kin thc, mt PP. y l mt bc mi trong vic lnh hi kin thc c c trng bi vic i su vo bn cht ca i tng, s vt, hin tng. Vic G da trn cc tiu ch nht nh. c th l cc tiu ch bn trong (cch t chc) hoc cc tiu ch bn ngoi (ph hp vi mc ch).

Yu cu xc nh c cc tiu ch G (ngi G t xc nh hoc c cung cp cc tiu ch) v vn dng c G. y l mc cao nht ca nhn thc v n cha ng cc yu t ca mi mc nhn thc trn.

C th c th ho mc G bng cc yu cu:

Xc nh c cc tiu ch G v vn dng G thng tin, hin tng, s vt, s kin.

G, nhn nh gi tr ca cc thng tin, t liu theo mt mc ch, yu cu xc nh.

Phn tch nhng yu t, d kin cho G s thay i v cht ca s vt, s kin.

Nhn nh nhn t mi xut hin khi thay i cc mi quan h c.

Cc cng c G c hiu qu phi gip xc nh c kt qu hc tp mi cp ni trn a ra mt nhn nh chnh xc v nng lc ca ngi c G v chuyn mn lin quan. Tuy nhin, i vi HS ph thng nc ta, Chun ch s dng vi 3 mc nhn thc u l nhn bit, thng hiu v vn dng V. Chun KT-KN ca CT GDPT va l cn c va l mc tiu ca dy hc, KT, G, thi

Chun KT-KN v yu cu v thi ca CT GDPT bo m tnh thng nht, tnh kh thi, ph hp ca CT GDPT; bo m cht lng v hiu qu ca qu trnh gio dc.

1. Chun KT-KN l cn c:

- Bin son SGK v cc ti liu hng dn dy hc, KT, G, i mi PPDH, i mi KT, G.

- Ch o, qun l, thanh tra, KT thc hin dy hc, KT, G, sinh hot chuyn mn, o to, bi dng cn b qun l v GV.

- Xc nh mc tiu ca mi gi hc, mc tiu ca qu trnh dy hc m bo cht lng gio dc.

- Xc nh mc tiu KT, G i vi tng bi KT, bi thi; G kt qu gio dc tng mn hc, lp hc, cp hc.

2. Ti liu Hng dn thc hin chun KT-KN ca CT GDPT ny bin son theo hng chi tit cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v KT-KN ca chun KT-KN bng cc ni dung chn lc trong SGK v theo cch nu trong mc II.

Ti liu ny gip cc cc b ch o chuyn mn, cn b qun l gio dc, GV, HS nm vng v thc hin ng theo chun KT-KN.

3 - Yu cu dy hc bm st chun KT-KN ng thi vi i mi PPDH 3.1. Yu cu chung

a) Cn c chun KT-KN xc nh mc tiu bi hc. Ch trng dy hc nhm t c cc yu cu c bn v ti thiu v KT-KN, m bo khng qu ti v khng qu l thuc hon ton vo SGK; mc khai thc su KT-KN trong SGK phi ph hp vi kh nng tip thu ca HS.

b) Sng to v PPDH pht huy tnh ch ng, tch cc, t gic hc tp ca HS. Ch trng rn luyn PP t duy, nng lc t hc, t nghin cu; to nim vui, hng khi, nhu cu hnh ng v thi t tin trong hc tp cho HS.

c) Dy hc th hin mi quan h tch cc gia GV v HS, gia HS vi HS; tin hnh thng qua vic t chc cc hot ng hc tp ca HS, kt hp gia hc tp c th vi hc tp hp tc, lm vic theo nhm.

d) Dy hc ch trng n vic rn luyn cc k nng, nng lc, tng cng thc hnh v gn ni dung bi hc vi thc tin cuc sng.

e) Dy hc ch trng n vic s dng c hiu qu PT, TB dy hc c trang b hoc do GV, HS t lm; quan tm ng dng CNTT trong dy hc.

f) Dy hc ch trng n vic ng vin, khuyn khch kp thi s tin b ca HS trong qu trnh hc tp; a dng ni dung, cc hnh thc, cch thc G v tng cng hiu qu vic G.

3.2. Yu cu i vi cn b qun l c s gio dc

a) Nm vng ch trng i mi GDPT ca ng, Nh nc. Nm vng mc ch, yu cu, ni dung i mi th hin c th trong cc vn bn ch o ca ngnh, trong CT, SGK, PPDH, s dng PT, TBDH, hnh thc t chc dy hc v G kt qu gio dc.

b) Nm vng yu cu dy hc bm st chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT, ng thi to iu kin thun li cho GV, ng vin, khuyn khch GV tch cc i mi PPDH.

c) C bin php qun l, ch o t chc thc hin i mi PPDH trong nh trng mt cch hiu qu; thng xuyn, KT, G cc hot ng dy, hc theo nh hng dy hc bm st chun KT-KN ng thi vi tch cc i mi PPDH.

d) ng vin, khen thng kp thi nhng GV thc hin c hiu qu ng thi vi ph bnh, nhc nh nhng ngi cha tch cc i mi PPDH, dy qu ti do khng bm st chun KT-KN.

3.3. Yu cu i vi GV a) Bm st chun KT-KN thit k bi ging; mc tiu ca bi ging l t c cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v KT-KN. Dy khng qu ti v khng qu l thuc hon ton vo SGK; vic khai thc su KT-KN phi ph hp vi kh nng tip thu ca HS.

b) Thit k, t chc, hng dn HS thc hin cc hot ng hc tp vi cc hnh thc a dng, phong ph, c sc hp dn ph hp vi c trng bi hc, vi c im v trnh HS, vi iu kin c th ca lp, trng v a phng.

c) ng vin, khuyn khch, to c hi v iu kin cho HS c tham gia mt cch tch cc, ch ng, sng to vo qu trnh khm ph, pht hin, xut v lnh hi kin thc; ch khai thc vn kin thc, kinh nghim, k nng c ca HS; to nim vui, hng khi, nhu cu hnh ng v thi t tin trong hc tp cho HS; gip cc em pht trin ti a nng lc, tim nng ca bn thn.

d) Thit k v hng dn HS thc hin cc dng cu hi, bi tp pht trin t duy v rn luyn k nng; hng dn s dng cc TBDH; t chc c hiu qu cc gi thc hnh; hng dn HS c thi quen vn dng kin thc hc vo gii quyt cc vn thc tin.

e) S dng cc PP v hnh thc t chc dy hc mt cch hp l, hiu qu, linh hot, ph hp vi c trng ca cp hc, mn hc; ni dung, tnh cht ca bi hc; c im v trnh HS; thi lng dy hc v cc iu kin dy hc c th ca trng, a phng.

4 - Yu cu KT, G bm st chun KT-KN G kt qu hc tp ca HS thc cht l vic xem xt mc t c v nhn thc thng qua hot ng hc ca HS so vi mc tiu ra i vi tng mn hc, tng lp hc, cp hc, bi hc. Mc tiu ca mi mn hc c c th ha thnh cc chun KT-KN; t cc chun ny, khi tin hnh KT, G kt qu hc tp mn hc cn phi thit k thnh nhng tiu ch nhm KT c y c v nh tnh v nh lng kt qu hc tp ca HS.

4.1. Yu cu KT, G

a) Phi cn c vo chun KT-KN ca tng mn hc tng lp; cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu cn t v KT-KN ca HS sau mi giai on, mi lp, mi cp hc.

b) Ch o, KT vic thc hin CT, k hoch ging dy, hc tp ca nh trng; tng cng i mi khu KT, G thng xuyn, nh k; phi hp gia G ca GV v t G ca HS, gia G ca nh trng v G ca gia nh, cng ng. m bo cht lng KT, G thng xuyn, nh k: chnh xc, khch quan, cng bng; khng hnh thc, i ph nhng cng khng gy p lc nng n.

c) G kp thi, c tc dng gio dc v ng vin s tin b ca HS, gip HS sa cha thiu st. Cn c nhiu hnh thc v phn ho trong G phi cao; ch hn ti G c qu trnh lnh hi tri thc ca HS, quan tm ti mc hot ng tch cc, ch ng ca HS trong tng tit hc tip thu tri thc mi, n luyn cng nh cc tit thc hnh, th nghim.

d) G hot ng dy hc khng ch G thnh tch hc tp ca HS m cn bao gm G qu trnh dy hc nhm ci tin qu trnh dy hc. Ch trng KT, G hnh ng, tnh cm ca HS: ngh v lm; nng lc vn dng vo thc tin, th hin qua ng x, giao tip. Ch trng PP, k thut ly thng tin phn hi t HS G qu trnh dy hc. e) G kt qu hc tp ca HS, thnh tch hc tp ca HS khng ch G kt qu cui cng m ch c qu trnh hc tp. To iu kin cho HS cng tham gia xc nh tiu ch G kt qu hc tp vi yu cu khng tp trung vo kh nng ti hin tri thc m ch trng kh nng vn dng tri thc trong vic gii quyt cc nhim v phc hp. Cn c v c im ca tng mn hc v hot ng gio dc mi cp hc, cn c qui nh G bng im kt hp vi nhn xt ca GV hoc G ch bng nhn xt ca GV.

f) Tng bc nng cao cht lng KT, thi m bo va G c ng chun KT-KN, va c kh nng phn ha cao. i mi ra KT 15 pht, 1 tit, hc k theo hng KT KT-KN c bn, nng lc vn dng kin thc ca ngi hc, ph hp vi ni dung chng trnh, thi gian quy nh.

g) p dng cc PP phn tch hin i tng cng tnh tng ng ca cc KT, thi. Kt hp tht hp l gia cc hnh thc KT, thi vn p, t lun v trc nghim nhm hn ch li hc t, hc vt, ghi nh my mc; pht huy u im v hn ch nhc im ca mi hnh thc.

4.2. Cc tiu ch ca KT, G a) m bo tnh ton din: G c cc mt KT-KN, nng lc, thc, thi , hnh vi ca HS.

b) m bo tin cy: Tnh chnh xc, trung thc, minh bch, khch quan, cng bng trong G, phn nh c cht lng thc ca HS, ca cc c s gio dc.

c) m bo tnh kh thi: Ni dung, hnh thc, cch thc, PT t chc KT, G phi ph hp vi iu kin HS, c s gio dc, c bit l ph hp vi mc tiu theo tng mn hc.

d) m bo yu cu phn ho: Phn loi c chnh xc trnh , mc , nng lc nhn thc ca HS, c s gio dc; cn m bo di phn ho rng, cho phn loi i tng.

e) m bo hiu qu: G c tt c cc lnh vc cn G HS, c s gio dc, thc hin c y cc mc tiu ra.

Tho lun:Cu hi 1: Ni dung trnh by trn c gii p c vic nghin cu, hc tp v thc hin Chun khng? phn nh c cc quan h: Chun vi Mc tiu gio dc, CT, Dy v Hc, KT, nh ga, vi Vn bn ch o qui phm php lut ca B GD&T ? Qua thc t cng tc ca bn thn, bn thy cn c nhng vn no cn lm r?

Cu hi 2: Theo bn s ging nhau, khc nhau c bn gia Chun v Nng lc dy hc l g?Cu hi 3: Qua thc t hc tp ca HS, dy hc ca bn thn v s hiu bit v Chun, bn c d nh g thc hin tc ng chuyn bin cht lng dy hc b mn? 1.2. Dy hc theo chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT thng qua cc k thut dy hc tch cc, i vi tng lp hc, theo quan im ch o sauNHNG VN CHUNG V KHUNG PHN PHI CT THPT

Khung Phn phi chng trnh (KPPCT) ny p dng cho cc lp cp THPT t nm hc 2009-2010.

1. V khung Phn phi CT

KPPCT quy nh thi lng dy hc cho tng phn ca CT (chng, phn, bi hc, mun, ch ,...), trong c thi lng dnh cho luyn tp, bi tp, n tp, th nghim, thc hnh v thi lng tin hnh KT nh k tng ng vi cc phn .

Thi lng ni trn quy nh ti KPPCT p dng trong trng hp t chc dy hc 1 bui/ngy (thi lng dnh cho KT l khng thay i, thi lng dnh cho cc hot ng khc l quy nh ti thiu). Tin thc hin CT khi kt thc hc k I v kt thc nm hc c quy nh thng nht cho tt c cc trng THPT trong c nc. Cn c KPPCT, cc S GDT c th ho thnh PPCT chi tit cho tng bi ca mn hc v hot ng gio dc, bao gm c ch t chn nng cao (nu c) cho ph hp vi a phng, p dng chung cho cc trng THPT thuc quyn qun l. Cc trng THPT c iu kin b tr GV v kinh ph chi tr gi dy vt nh mc (trong c cc trng hc nhiu hn 6 bui/tun), c th ngh S GDT ph chun iu chnh PPCT tng thi lng dy hc cho ph hp (lnh o S GDT ph duyt, k tn, ng du).2. V Phn phi CT dy hc t chn

a) Mn hc t chn nng cao (NC) ca ban C bn c th thc hin bng 1 trong 2 cch: S dng SGK NC hoc s dng SGK bin son theo CT chun kt hp vi ch t chn nng cao (CNC) ca mn hc . CNC ca 8 mn phn ha ch dng cho ban C bn. Thi lng dy hc CNC ca mn hc l khong chnh lch gia thi lng dnh cho CT chun v CT NC mn hc trong K hoch gio dc THPT. Cc S GDT quy nh c th PPCT dy hc cc CNC cho ph hp vi mch kin thc ca SGK bin son theo CT chun mn hc . Ti liu CNC s dng cho GV v HS.

b) Dy hc ch t chn bm st (CBS) l n tp, h thng ha, khc su KT-KN, khng b sung kin thc NC mi. Hiu trng cc trng THPT lp K hoch dy hc CBS (chn mn hc, n nh s tit/tun cho tng mn, tn bi dy) cho tng lp, n nh trong tng hc k trn c s ngh ca cc t trng chuyn mn v GV ch nhim lp.

B GDT ban hnh ti liu CBS lp 10, dng cho GV, tham kho, khng ban hnh ti liu CBS lp 11, 12. GV chun b k hoch bi ging CBS vi s h tr ca t chuyn mn.

c) Vic KT, G kt qu hc tp CNC, CBS cc mn hc thc hin theo quy nh ti Quy ch G, xp loi HS Trung hc c s v HS THPT ca B trng B GDT.

Lu : Cc bi dy CNC, CBS b tr trong cc chng nh cc bi khc, c th c im KT (di 1 tit) ring nhng khng c im KT 1 tit ring, im CNC, CBS mn hc no tnh cho mn hc . 3. i mi PPDH v i mi KT, Ga) Ch o i mi PPDH:

- Nhng yu cu quan trng trong i mi PPDH l:

+ Pht huy tnh tch cc, hng th hc tp ca HS v vai tr ch o ca GV;

+ Thit k bi ging khoa hc, sp xp hp l hot ng ca GV v HS, thit k h thng cu hi hp l, tp trung vo trng tm, trnh nng n qu ti (nht l i vi bi di, bi kh, nhiu kin thc mi); bi dng nng lc c lp suy ngh, vn dng sng to kin thc hc, trnh thin v ghi nh my mc khng nm vng bn cht;

+ Tng cng ng dng CNTT trong dy hc, khuyn khch s dng hp l CNTT, s dng cc PT nghe nhn, thc hin y th nghim, thc hnh, lin h thc t trong ging dy ph hp vi ni dung tng bi hc;

+ GV s dng ngn ng chun xc, trong sng, sinh ng, d hiu, tc phong thn thin, khuyn khch, ng vin HS hc tp, t chc hp l cho HS lm vic c nhn v theo nhm;

+ Dy hc st i tng, coi trng bi dng HS kh gii v gip HS hc lc yu km.

- Tng cng ch o i mi PPDH thng qua cng tc bi dng GV v d gi thm lp ca GV, t chc rt kinh nghim ging dy cc t chuyn mn, hi tho cp trng, cm trng, a phng, hi thi GV gii cc cp.

b) i mi KT, G:

- Nhng yu cu quan trng trong i mi KT, G l:

+ GV G st, ng trnh HS vi thi khch quan, cng minh v hng dn HS bit t G nng lc ca mnh;

+ Trong qu trnh dy hc, cn kt hp mt cch hp l hnh thc t lun vi hnh thc TNKQ trong KT, G kt qu hc tp ca HS, chun b tt cho vic i mi cc k thi theo ch trng ca B GDT.

+ Thc hin ng quy nh ca Quy ch G, xp loi HS THCS, HS THPT do B GDT ban hnh, tin hnh s ln KT thng xuyn, KT nh k, KT hc k c l thuyt v thc hnh.

NHNG VN C TH CA MN TON

GV thc hin chun KT-KN, yu cu v thi i vi HS trong CT mn Ton ban hnh theo quyt nh 16/2006/Q-BGDT ngy 05/5/2006, KPPCT ca B GDT v PPCT ca S GDT.

V ni dung dy, hc v KT, G phi ch trng:

( Cn c theo chun KT-KN trong CT GDPT mn Ton ca B GDT.

( Nhng KT-KN c bn v PP t duy mang tnh c th ca ton hc ph hp vi nh hng ca cp hc THPT.

( Tng cng tnh thc tin v tnh s phm, khng yu cu qu cao v l thuyt.

( Gip HS nng cao, pht huy nng lc t duy tru tng v hnh thnh cm xc thm m, kh nng din t tng qua hc tp mn Ton.

V PPDH( Tch cc ho hot ng hc tp ca HS, rn luyn kh nng t hc, pht hin v gii quyt vn ca HS nhm hnh thnh v pht trin HS t duy tch cc, c lp v sng to.

( Chn la s dng nhng PP pht huy tnh tch cc ch ng ca HS trong hc tp v pht huy kh nng t hc. Hot ng ho vic hc tp ca HS bng nhng dn dt cho HS t thn tri nghim chim lnh tri thc, chng li hc th ng.

( Tn dng u th ca tng PPDH, ch trng s dng PPDH pht hin v gii quyt vn .

( Coi trng c cung cp kin thc, rn luyn k nng ln vn dng kin thc vo thc tin.

( Thit k bi ging, KT, G cn theo khung hng dn trong cc ti liu bi dng thc hin CT v SGK ca B GDT ban hnh, trong m bo qun trit cc yu cu i mi PPDH nu trn phn I.3 v son ging v KT, G.

( Tng cng ch o i mi PPDH thng qua cng tc bi dng GV v thng qua vic d gi thm lp ca GV, t chc rt kinh nghim ging dy cc t chuyn mn, hi tho cp trng, cm trng, a phng, hi thi GV gii cc cp.

Thc hin chun KT-KN:

B GDT ban hnh CT GDPT trong c chun KT-KN ca tng ch ni dung mn hc. Trong phn Nhng vn chung ca CT GDPT xc nh: Chun KT-KN l cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v KT-KN ca mn hc, hot ng gio dc m HS cn phi v c th t c sau tng giai on hc tp. y l c s php l thc hin dy hc m bo nhng yu cu c bn, ti thiu ca CT, thc hin dy hc KT, G ph hp vi cc i tng HS; trn c s s p ng nhu cu pht trin ca tng c nhn HS, gip GV ch ng, linh hot, sng to trong p dng CT, tng bc em li cho HS cht lng gio dc thc s v s bnh ng trong pht trin nng lc c nhn; gp phn thc hin chun ho v thc hin dy hc phn ha.

B GDT hng dn, khuyn khch GV p dng linh hot CT v SGK theo c im vng, min v i tng HS, nhng khng t GV vn lng tng khi p dng CT, vn dng SGK trong dy hc cho cc i tng HS khc nhau.

Bi vy, t chc dy hc KT, G theo chun KT-KN cn m bo t chc, hng dn HS hc tp trong hot ng, tng i tng HS u t c Chun v pht trin c cc nng lc ca c nhn bng nhng gii php ph hp. C th: Vic thc hin chun KT-KN ca CT GDPT mn Ton cn theo cc quan im: st thc, trc quan, ng chun v i mi.

ST THC:

St vi ni dung chun, vi thc t i tng v iu kin ging dy, vi thi lng cho php; bin son dng cc bi luyn tp tng ng vi cc v d nu trong chun nhm gip HS rn luyn k nng gii ton t chun v phn ho theo mc yu cu ca CT chun v CT nng cao. Thc hin chun gn vi CT t chn ca b mn.

Ch trng cc v d v bi ton c ni dung thc tin i sng v gn vi cc mn hc khc (lm cho HS thy r Ton hc gn vi cuc sng v lm quen vi vic p dng tri thc Ton hc gii cc bi ton thc t, cc bi ton ca mn hc khc, nh Vt l, Ho hc, Sinh hc, )

TRC QUAN:

Tip cn chun ch yu bng trc quan, da trn kin thc c sn, nhm gim tnh hn lm, gim cc ni dung nng n, n gin ho nhng vn phc tp, nhng khng lm mt tnh chnh xc v suy lun c l m Chun ra.

Dy v hc KT-KN theo Chun trn c s dn dt tng bc t nhng v d v m t khi nim mt cch r rng, trnh p t thiu t nhin.

NG CHUN:

ng KT-KN, mc phc tp ca dng, loi ton minh ho, nhng lu nu trong chun.

Trc ht m bo t chun v phn ho theo mc yu cu ca CT chun v CT nng cao; hn ch cc v d v bi tp phc tp, i hi k thut v mo mc ni dung kh cng thiu t nhin, kh tip thu, gim bt s lng cng thc cn nh. m bo s gn, cht ch v h thng KT-KN m chun nu.

Tng cng tnh ch ng ca HS trong gi hc

I MI:

i mi v PPDH v KT, G.

Theo ch o dy v hc ca B GDT: i mi KT, G theo Chun, i mi cng c KT, G, i mi thi lng, i mi th t thc hin KT-KN m Chun nu, i mi PT dy hc i mi PPDH tng cng tnh ch ng ca HS trong gi hc, gip HS tch cc, hng th hc tp. Tm ti sng to nhng cch a ni dung hc tp mt cch nh nhng, d hiu, t nhin m vn chnh xc. Cn a dng ho cc hot ng thc hin chun (n li kin thc, gii thiu kin thc mi, hc trc nh, lm ti lp, chia theo ti thc hin c nhn hay nhm nh, p dng ngay kin thc va hc, cu hi trc nghim khch quan, s dng my tnh cm tay gii ton ).

a)VI HC SINH

- Vi HS i tr ca mi vng min, ni dung c nu trong Chun KT-KN l ni dung hc tp bt buc phi t, khng hn ch ni dung hc tp vi HS c nhu cu hc tp nng cao.

- Vi nhng HS c nhu cu hc tp m rng nng cao hoc i tng HS kh, gii c th tham kho CT Nng cao hoc CT Chuyn ca B GD&T ban hnh; c th tham kho trong SGK, hoc sch bi tp, sch tham kho ni dung chuyn m nh trng tuyn chn hoc c th t hc theo nng lc bn thn.

- Chun KT-KN ca CT Trung hc Ph thng mn Ton gip HS t hc, t KT KT-KN ca bn thn theo cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu ca KT-KN mn ton m HS cn phi c v phi t c qua hc tp. HS t hc, t KT theo Chun KT-KN qua hc, KT cc khi nim c bn, cc k nng c bn, cc cng thc cn nh, cc PP gii, cc dng ton, v d minh ho ... tng ng vi cc ch ca CT; t nghin ngm ni dung hc tp theo mt yu cu, phong cch ring v vi tc ph hp. T hc khng nhng gip HS t thn nm ni dung hc mt cch chc chn v bn vng m cn xc nh PP hc tp v k nng vn dng tri thc, rn luyn ch v nng lc hot ng sng to; t thn b p cho mnh nhng l hng v kin thc p ng vi yu cu ca CT. (Qua cc hot ng hc tp: Xy dng k hoch, tp trung sc lc v thi gian cho ni dung trng tm, ni dung cn khuyt hoc cha r, trnh dn tri, phn tn. N lc, t lc nm ni dung hc tp thng qua: c, tm tt tng hp, so snh, phn loi; t lm bi tp, KT. Tranh th s gip ca thy, c gio, ca bn b v ca cha m, anh em trong gia nh, trong dng h).

b)VI GV

- V dy v hc

+ T khu lp k hoch bi hc, t chc v hng dn cc hot ng hc tp ca HS n KT, G kt qu hc tp ca HS nht thit phi cn c vo chun KT-KN.

+ T cc iu kin, hon cnh c th ca lp hc la chn cc gii php thch hp nhm gip tng i tng HS t c chun KT-KN bng s c gng va sc vi tng i tng HS .

+ T k hoch pht hin v bi dng nng cao nng lc cho nhng HS t chun v c nhu cu pht trin nng lc c nhn trong mn hc hoc lnh vc hc tp.+ Thc hin y , ng mc nhng ni dung c bn nht, quan trng nht ca CT mn hc. y l mt trong nhng iu kin m bo mc cht lng c bn v thc hin s bnh ng v c hi hc tp c cht lng cho mi i tng HS.

+ Thc hin dy hc ph hp vi cc i tng HS, hn ch tin ti xo b hin tng dy hc vt qu s c gng ca HS, to ra s qu ti v cng thng khng cn thit cho s ng HS hoc hin tng dy hc di tm nhn thc ca s ng HS, lm cho HS mt hng th trong hc tp. Thc hin dy hc ph hp vi cc i tng HS s gi c n nh lu di, to cho HS s t tin v hng th trong hc tp, gp phn rt quan trng nng cao dn cht lng GDPT.

+ Hnh thnh hc vn ph thng ton din, lm c s vng chc pht trin cc nng lc c nhn theo nhu cu v th mnh ca tng i tng HS.

+ Thc hin nghim tc CT GDPT nhng khng cng nhc, ng lot, bnh qun m rt linh hot theo iu kin, hon cnh c th ca tng i tng HS, gp phn to th n nh nng cao dn cht lng GDPT.

+ Dy hc theo Chun KT-KN thc cht l thc hin chun ho trnh ca HS, i hi HS t nht cng phi t c chun KT-KN ca cc mn hc bt buc trong CT GDPT. Vic chun ho trnh hc tp ca HS li i hi phi chun ho cc iu kin m bo cht lng hc tp mc chun, trong cn phi c nhng h tr c bit cho b phn HS c hon cnh kh khn.

- Chun kin thc k nng l cn c son bi, tin hnh dy hc, n tp v da trn KT, G kt qu hc tp ca HS. Va chun ho va phn ha c im vng, min cho cc i tng HS khc nhau; G theo t lun, TNKQ hoc hn hp gm c bi ton t lun ln bi ton TNKQ. n tp nhm h thng ho kin thc hc, hon thin k nng gii bi tp, qua n tp b khuyt cho nhng pht hin thiu st v KT-KN v suy lun ton hc thiu cn c lgic hoc cha hp l; nh to cho tng HS vng tin vo nng lc bn thn c th t kt qu tt trong cc k KT, G, thi c.- Vic n tp mn Ton cn t ti hiu c bn cht v vn dng c cc ni dung hc; khi n tp khng nn qu ch vo vic tm nhng th thut ghi nh c nhiu, d nhin, nh l c s cn nhng khng cho vic gii cc bi ton; bi v vic nm vng cc cch gii cc dng loi bi ton c bn mi ch cho nhiu kh nng t kt qu tt trong KT, thi c. Vic n tp gip ta nh ni dung hc tt hn v thc s hu ch cho vic gii cc bi ton. S quan trng ca vic n tp l ch: gip HS h thng li v rt ra nhng iu c bn, ch yu, khi qut ho ca nhng KT-KN hc thy c s tng ng, tng ng, ng dng, bin i v hnh, khi nim, PP, dng ton... trong CT mn hc ca ton cp hc hay ca mt lp

GV hng dn n tp, cn qun trit r: nhng cch n tp u l nhng biu hin c th ca vic h thng ho kin thc theo hng lm r cu trc ca tng phn, tng chng, tng mch kin thc, tng ch hay ton th ca CT; lm r v tr ca mi kin thc v quan h gia cc kin thc; trnh vic h thng ho nng tnh hnh thc nh lit k cc cng thc, cc nh l, cc dng ton hc theo ng khun mu v trnh t nh trong SGK. Cng vi vic hng dn HS h thng ho kin thc, GV gip HS sp xp cc bi tp v phn chia thnh cc dng loi bi tp nm vng cch gii chung cho tng dng loi chnh, ng thi nhc li v ghi ra c nhng kin thc, nh l, cng thc, suy lun hc lp di, nay thng phi s dng nhiu gii ton. Trong tnh hnh thc t hin nay, GV cn t chc dy v hc chu o ngay t u nm hc, n tp u n sau tng chng, mc, gip HS t gii cc cu hi v bi tp nu trong Chun KT-KN; tuyt nhin khng lm thay.

GV cn phi linh hot trong dy, c th dn dt HS tip cn KT-KN trnh by theo PP khc, cch khc hoc thay bi v d khc tu theo i tng, vng min thc hin chun ph hp vi mc nhn thc ca mi loi i tng. Trong dy hc cng nh KT, G cn lu ti cng c my tnh cm tay gim ti v phn tnh ton cng nh i mi c trnh by li gii ln khu ra v p n tng ng yu cu tnh ng hoc tnh gn ng; khch l nhng HS c cch gii ng bi nhng KT-KN ca bn thn n lc hc tp.

- V G

- Thc hin:

+ Cc hnh thc KT, G kt qu ca HS: G thng xuyn (KT ming, KT vit 10 hay 15 pht, KT bi lm nh ca HS), G nh k (KT cui chng, KT gia hc k, KT cui hc k, KT cui nm hc).

+ Cc KT hc k, cui nm nn ra theo hnh thc t lun; Cc KT khc c ra theo cc hnh thc: t lun, TNKQ hoc kt hp t lun vi TNKQ.

+ Kt hp hi ho vic G theo bi lm t lun v bi lm trc nghim.+ KT, G cn ph hp vi mc yu cu ca chng trnh v c ch n tnh sng to, phn ho HS.

+ m bo cht lng tit tr bi cui k, cui nm, G c nng lc ton hc ca tng HS theo Chun KT-KN mn Ton.- Cc loi bi KT trong mt hc k:+ KT ming: 1 ln /1 HS.

+ KT 15: 3 bi (i s, Gii tch: 1 bi. Hnh hc: 1 bi. Thc hnh ton: 1 bi).

+ KT 45: 3 bi (i s, Gii tch: 2 bi. Hnh hc: 1 bi).

+ KT 90: vo cui hc k I v hc k II (gm i s, Gii tch v Hnh hc).Lu : Phn b cc bi KT 45 vo cui chng hoc cch nhau khong t 10 n 15 tit.

c)VI C QUAN, CN B QUN L GIO DC

- Vi cc c quan, cn b qun l gio dc th ni dung chun KT-KN l cn c ti thiu G, KT vic dy v hc.

- vng thun li, HS cn c tng cng cht lng hc tp qua vic tip cn cc ngun thng tin, cc PT cng ngh cng c, m rng, nng cao kin thc.

- Trong thanh tra, KT dy v hc cn qun trit tinh thn:

+ Khuyn khch GV sng to linh hot trong mi bi hc, tit hc; GV c th trnh by ni dung kin thc bi dy nh nu trong cun sch, tuy nhin c th linh hot trong cch trnh by (c th trnh by theo PP khc, cch khc hoc thay bi v d khc nhng c cng mc nhn thc); KT (hoc ra thi) ng theo yu cu mc cp trong chun KT-KN vi nhng bi ton khc c cng mc nhn thc;

+ Cn lu ti cng c my tnh cm tay gim ti v phn tnh ton i mi c trnh by li gii ln khu ra v p n tng ng yu cu tnh ng hoc tnh gn ng;+ Khch l nhng HS c cch gii ng nh nhng n lc hc tp ca bn thn.

d)KHUNG PHN PHI CTCT CHUN

TTLpHckS titmt hckNi dungNi dungt chnGhi ch(S tit theo mn ca CT bt buc)

L thuytBi tpThchnhntpKTXem hng dn chi tit

phn di

11015431 tit11 tit2 tit5 tit5 titi s: 32 tit

Hnh hc:22tit

25129 tit10 tit2 tit5 tit5 titi s: 30 tit

Hnh hc:21tit

21117243 tit14 tit2 tit8 tit5 titS&GT:48 tit

Hnh hc:24tit

25129 tit10 tit2 tit5 tit5 titS&GT:30 tit

Hnh hc:21tit

31217243 tit14 tit2 tit8 tit5 titGii tch:48 tit

Hnh hc:24tit

25129 tit10 tit2 tit5 tit5 titGii tch:30 tit

Hnh hc:21tit

CT NNG CAO

TTLpHckS titmthckNi dungNi dungt chnGhi ch(S tit theo mn ca CT bt buc)

L thuytBi tpThchnhntpKTXem hng dn chi tit

phn di

110

nng cao17242 tit14 tit2 tit9 tit5 titi s: 46 tit

Hnh hc:26tit

26840 tit13 tit2 tit8 tit5 titi s: 44 tit

Hnhhc:24tit

211

nng cao17242 tit14 tit2 tit9 tit5 titS&GT:46tit

Hnh hc:26tit

26840 tit13 tit2 tit8 tit5 titS&GT:44tit

Hnh hc:24tit

312

nng cao17242 tit14 tit2 tit9 tit5 titGii tch:46tit

Hnh hc:26tit

26840 tit13 tit2 tit8 tit5 titGii tch:44tit

Hnh hc:24tit

Lp 10

C nm 105 titi s 62 titHnh hc 43 tit

Hc k I: 19 tun (54 tit)32 tit22 tit

Hc k II: 18 tun (51 tit)30 tit21 tit

TTNi dung S titGhi ch

1Mnh . Tp hp

Mnh v mnh cha bin. p dng mnh vo suy lun ton hc. Tp hp v cc php ton trn tp hp: hp, giao, hiu ca hai tp hp. Cc tp hp s. S gn ng v sai s.10i s 62 tit

(trong c 6 tit KT v tr bi)

2Hm s bc nht v bc hai

n tp v b tc v hm s. Hm s bc hai v th. Hm s y = (x(.8

3Phng trnh. H phng trnh

i cng v phng trnh, h phng trnh: cc khi nim c bn. Phng trnh quy v bc nht, bc hai. Phng trnh bc nht hai n; h phng trnh bc nht hai n, ba n.10

4Bt ng thc. Bt phng trnh

Bt ng thc. Bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn, bt ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt i. Du ca nh thc bc nht. Bt phng trnh v h bt phng trnh bc nht mt n, hai n. Du ca tam thc bc hai. Bt phng trnh bc hai. Bt phng trnh quy v bc hai.15

5Thng k

Thng k: Bng phn b tn s - tn sut, bng phn b tn s-tn sut ghp lp. Biu hnh ct tn s, tn sut; ng gp khc tn s, tn sut; biu hnh qut. S trung bnh cng, s trung v v mt. Phng sai v lch chun.7

6Gc lng gic v cng thc lng gic

Gc v cung lng gic, gi tr lng gic ca chng. Cng thc cng. Cng thc nhn i. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch.6

7Vect

Vect. Tng, hiu hai vect. Tch vect vi mt s. Trc, h trc ta . To ca im v to ca vect.13Hnh hc

43 tit

(trong c 6 tit KT v tr bi)

8Tch v hng ca hai vc t v ng dngTch v hng ca hai vect. ng dng vo tam gic (nh l cosin, nh l sin, di ng trung tuyn, din tch tam gic, gii tam gic).12

9PP to trong mt phng

Phng trnh ng thng (phng trnh tng qut, phng trnh tham s). iu kin hai ng thng ct nhau, song song, trng nhau, vung gc vi nhau. Khong cch v gc. Phng trnh ng trn, phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn. Elp (nh ngha, phng trnh chnh tc, hnh dng).12

Lp 10 nng cao

C nm 140 titi s 90 titHnh hc 50 tit

Hc k I: 19 tun (72 tit)46 tit26 tit

Hc k II: 18 tun (68 tit)44 tit24 tit

Ghi ch: Di y nhng ch in m, nghing l phn khc bit vi chng trnh chunTTNi dungS titGhi ch

1Mnh . Tp hpMnh v mnh cha bin. p dng mnh vo suy lun ton hc. Tp hp v cc php ton trn tp hp: hp, giao, hiu ca hai tp hp. S gn ng v sai s.13i s90 tit

(trong c 8 tit n tp, KT v tr bi)

2Hm s bc nht v bc hain tp v b tc v hm s. Hm s bc hai v th. Hm s y = (x(; y = (ax + b(.10

3Phng trnh. H phng trnh

i cng v phng trnh, h phng trnh: cc khi nim c bn. Phng trnh quy v bc nht, bc hai. Phng trnh bc nht hai n; h phng trnh bc nht hai n, ba n. Mt s h phng trnh bc hai mt n v hai n.16

4Bt ng thc. Bt phng trnh

Bt ng thc. Bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn, bt ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt i. Du ca nh thc bc nht. Bt phng trnh v h bt phng trnh bc nht mt n, hai n. Du ca tam thc bc hai. Bt phng trnh bc hai. Mt s h bt phng trnh bc hai. Bt phng trnh quy v bc hai.23

5Thng k

Thng k: Bng phn b tn s - tn sut, bng phn b tn s-tn sut ghp lp. Biu hnh ct tn s, tn sut; ng gp khc tn s, tn sut; biu hnh qut. S trung bnh cng, s trung v v mt. Phng sai v lch chun.9

6Gc lng gic v cng thc lng gic

Gc v cung lng gic, gi tr lng gic ca chng. Cng thc cng. Cng thc nhn i. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch.11

7Vect

Vect. Tng, hiu hai vect. Tch vect vi mt s. Trc, h trc ta . To ca im v to ca vect.14Hnh hc 50 tit

(trong c 6 tit n tp, KT v tr bi)

8Tch v hng ca ca hai vc t v ng dng

Tch v hng ca hai vect. ng dng vo tam gic (nh l cosin, nh l sin, di ng trung tuyn, din tch tam gic, gii tam gic).9

9PP to trong mt phng

Phng trnh ng thng (phng trnh tng qut, phng trnh tham s). iu kin hai ng thng ct nhau, song song, trng nhau, vung gc vi nhau. Khong cch v gc. Phng trnh ng trn, phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn. Elp, hypebol, parabol (nh ngha, phng trnh chnh tc, hnh dng). ng chun ca ba ng cnic.21

Lp 11

C nm 123 titi s v Gii tch 78 titHnh hc 45 tit

Hc k I: 19 tun (72 tit)48 tit24 tit

Hc k II: 18 tun (51 tit)30 tit21 tit

TTNi dungS titGhi ch

1Hm s lng gic. Phng trnh lng gic

Cc hm s lng gic (nh ngha, tnh tun hon, s bin thin, th(. Phng trnh lng gic c bn. Phng trnh bc hai i vi mt hm s lng gic. Phng trnh asinx + bcosx = c. Phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sinx v cosx.21i s 78 tit

(trong c 6 tit n tp, KT v tr bi)

2T hp. Khi nim v xc sut

Quy tc cng, quy tc nhn. Chnh hp, hon v, t hp. Nh thc Niu-tn. Php th v bin c. Xc sut ca bin c.15

3Dy s. Cp s cng. Cp s nhn

PP quy np ton hc. Dy s. Cp s cng. Cp s nhn.9

4Gii hn

Gii hn ca dy s, gii hn ca hm s. Mt s nh l v gii hn ca dy s, hm s. Cc dng v nh. Hm s lin tc. Mt s nh l v hm s lin tc.14

5o hm

o hm. ngha hnh hc v ngha c hc ca o hm. Cc quy tc tnh o hm. o hm ca hm s lng gic. Vi phn. o hm cp hai.13

6Php di hnh v php ng dng trong mt phngPhp bin hnh trong mt phng, php i xng trc, php i xng tm, php tnh tin, php quay, php di hnh, hai hnh bng nhau. Php ng dng trong mt phng, php v t, php ng dng, hai hnh ng dng.11Hnh hc 45 tit

(trong c 6 tit n tp, KT v tr bi)

7ng thng v mt phng trong khng gian. Quan h song song

Hnh hc khng gian: ng thng v mt phng trong khng gian. V tr tng i gia hai ng thng trong khng gian. ng thng v mt phng song song. Hai mt phng song song. Hnh lng tr v hnh hp. Php chiu song song. Hnh biu din ca hnh khng gian.13

8Vect trong khng gian. Quan h vung gc trong khng gian

Vect v php ton vect trong khng gian. Hai ng thng vung gc. ng thng vung gc vi mt phng. Php chiu vung gc. nh l ba ng vung gc. Gc gia ng thng v mt phng. Gc gia hai mt phng. Hai mt phng vung gc. Khong cch (t mt im n mt ng thng, n mt mt phng, gia ng thng v mt phng song song, gia hai mt phng song song, gia hai ng thng cho nhau(. Hnh lng tr ng, hnh hp ch nht, hnh lp phng. Hnh chp, hnh chp u v hnh chp ct u.15

Lp 11 nng cao

C nm 140 titi s 90 titHnh hc 50 tit

Hc k I: 19 tun (72 tit)46 tit26 tit

Hc k II: 18 tun (68 tit)44 tit24 tit

Ghi ch: Di y nhng ch in m, nghing l phn khc bit vi chng trnh chunTTNi dungS titGhi ch

1Hm s lng gic. Phng trnh lng gic Cc hm s lng gic (nh ngha, tnh tun hon, s bin thin, th(. Phng trnh lng gic c bn. Phng trnh bc hai i vi mt hm s lng gic. Phng trnh asinx + bcosx = c. Phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sinx v cosx. Mt s phng trnh lng gic n gin khc.22

i s 90 tit

(trong c 7 tit n tp, KT v tr bi)

2T hp. Khi nim v xc sut

Quy tc cng, quy tc nhn. Chnh hp, hon v, t hp. Nh thc Niutn. Php th v bin c. nh ngha xc sut. Cc qui tc tnh xc sut. Bin ngu nhin ri rc.20

3Dy s. Cp s cng. Cp s nhn

PP quy np ton hc. Dy s. Cp s cng. Cp s nhn.13

4Gii hn

Gii hn ca dy s, gii hn ca hm s. Mt s nh l v gii hn ca dy s, hm s. Cc dng v nh. Hm s lin tc. Mt s nh l v hm s lin tc.14

5o hm

o hm. ngha hnh hc v ngha c hc ca o hm. Cc quy tc tnh o hm. o hm ca cc hm s lng gic. Vi phn. o hm cp cao.14

6Php di hnh v php ng dng trong mt phngPhp bin hnh trong mt phng, php i xng trc, php i xng tm, php tnh tin, php quay, php di hnh, hai hnh bng nhau. Php ng dng trong mt phng, php v t, php ng dng, hai hnh ng dng.14Hnh hc 50 tit(trong c 7 tit n tp, KT v tr bi)

7ng thng v mt phng trong khng gian. Quan h song song

Hnh hc khng gian: ng thng v mt phng trong khng gian. V tr tng i gia hai ng thng trong khng gian. ng thng v mt phng song song. Hai mt phng song song. Hnh lng tr v hnh hp. Php chiu song song. Hnh biu din ca hnh khng gian.14

8Vect trong khng gian. Quan h vung gc trong khng gian

Vect v php ton vect trong khng gian. Hai ng thng vung gc. ng thng vung gc vi mt phng. Php chiu vung gc. nh l ba ng vung gc. Gc gia ng thng v mt phng. Gc gia hai mt phng. Hai mt phng vung gc. Khong cch (t mt im n mt ng thng, n mt mt phng, gia ng thng v mt phng song song, gia hai mt phng song song, gia hai ng thng cho nhau(. Hnh lng tr ng, hnh hp ch nht, hnh lp phng. Hnh chp, hnh chp u v hnh chp ct u.15

Lp 12

C nm 123 titi s v Gii tch 78 titHnh hc 45 tit

Hc k I: 19 tun (72 tit)48 tit24 tit

Hc k II: 18 tun (51 tit)30 tit21 tit

TTNi dungS titGhi ch

1ng dng o hm kho st v v th ca hm s

S ng bin, nghch bin ca hm s. Cc tr ca hm s. Gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s. ng tim cn ng, ng tim cn ngang ca th hm s. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s20i s 78 tit

(trong c 16 tit n tp, KT, tr bi v tng n thi tt nghip)

2Hm s lu tha, hm s m v hm s lgaritLu tha. Hm s lu tha. Lgarit. Hm s m. Hm s lgarit. Phng trnh m v phng trnh lgarit. Bt phng trnh m v lgarit17

3Nguyn hm, Tch phn v ng dng

Nguyn hm. Tch phn. ng dng ca tch phn trong hnh hc. 16

4S phc

S phc. Cng, tr v nhn s phc. Php chia s phc. Phng trnh bc hai vi h s thc9

5Khi a din

Khi nim v khi a din. Khi a din li v khi a din u. Khi nim v th tch ca khi a din11Hnh hc 45 tit(trong c 6 tit n tp, KT, tr bi v tng n thi tt nghip)

6Mt nn, mt tr, mt cuKhi nim v mt trn xoay. Mt cu10

7PP to trong khng gianH to trong khng gian. Phng trnh mt phng. Phng trnh ng thng trong khng gian.18

Lp 12 nng cao

C nm 140 titi s 90 titHnh hc 50 tit

Hc k I: 19 tun (72 tit)46 tit26 tit

Hc k II: 18 tun (68 tit)44 tit24 tit

Ghi ch: Di y nhng ch in m, nghing l phn khc bit vi chng trnh chunTTNi dung S titGhi ch

1ng dng o hm kho st v v th ca hm s

Tnh n iu ca hm s. Cc tr ca hm s. Gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s. th ca hm s. Php tnh tin h to . ng tim cn ca th hm s. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca mt s hm a thc. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca mt s hm phn thc hu t. Mt s bi ton thng gp v th.23Gii tch

90 tit

(trong c 12 tit n tp, KT, tr bi v tng n thi tt nghip)

2Hm s lu tha, hm s m v hm s lgarit

Lu tha vi s m hu t. Lu tha vi s m thc. Lgarit. S e v lgarit t nhin. Hm s m v hm s lgarit. Hm s lu tha. Phng trnh m v lgarit. H phng trnh m v lgarit. Bt phng trnh m v lgarit.23

3Nguyn hm, Tch phn v ng dng

Nguyn hm. Mt s PP tm nguyn hm. Tch phn. Mt s PP tnh tch phn. ng dng tch phn tnh din tch hnh phng. ng dng tch phn tnh th tch vt th18

4S phc

S phc. Cn bc hai ca s phc v phng trnh bc hai. Dng lng gic ca s phc v ng dng.14

5Khi a din

Khi nim v khi a din. Php i xng qua mt phng v s bng nhau ca cc khi a din. Php v t v s ng dng ca cc khi a din. Cc khi a din u. Th tch ca khi a din14Hnh hc

50 tit

(trong c 6 tit n tp, KT, tr bi v tng n thi tt nghip)

6Mt nn, mt tr, mt cuMt cu, Khi cu. Khi nim v mt trn xoay. Mt tr. Hnh tr. Khi tr. Mt nn. Hnh nn. Khi nn11

7PP to trong khng gianH to trong khng gian. Phng trnh mt phng. Phng trnh ng thng. 19

CT T CHN NNG CAO I VI CT CHUN

1. Mc tiu

a) Kin thc: Lm cho HS nm vng hn chun KT-KN ca CT chun v trn c s tip cn chun KT-KN ca CT nng cao.

b) K nng: Tng cng rn luyn k nng gii ton. Thng qua vic rn luyn , HS c cng c mt s kin thc hc trong CT chun v tm hiu mt s kin thc mi trong CT nng cao.

c) Thi : Lm cho HS t tin, hng th, kin tr, sng to trong hc tp mn Ton.

2. Mt s im cn lu :

( Cn bm st CT v SGK nng cao hoc ti liu ch t chn nng cao, cho HS gii mt s bi tp trong SGK ny HS phn u tip cn CT nng cao.

( Do s gi dnh cho t chn nng cao ny qu t nn khng t ra yu cu HS t ngay mc tng ng CT nng cao.

( Khng nn qu cng nhc trong phn phi thi gian cho cc ch t chn. Ty tnh hnh c th m b tr b sung thm phn tng kt hay nhn mnh mt s ch khc.( Nu GV c ng thi dy theo CT chun v dy ch t chn nng cao th s s linh hot hn trong vic phn phi thi gian cho cc ch t chn.

3. Danh mc cc ch

LpTTTn ch S titGhi ch

101Hm s v th3Mi ch : la chn ni dung trong SGK NC hoc ti liu ch t chn nng cao do B GDT ban hnh

2Chng minh bt ng thc2

3Phng trnh v h phng trnh5

4Bt phng trnh4

5Bng s liu thng k v cc s c trng4

6Cng thc lng gic4

7Vect v cc php tnh vect4

8Gii tam gic4

9PP to trong mt phng5

111Phng trnh lng gic3Mi ch : la chn ni dung trong SGK NC hoc ti liu ch t chn nng cao do B GDT ban hnh

2T hp, xc sut4

3Gii hn. o hm4

4Php di hnh v php ng dng trong mt phng2

5Quan h song song trong khng gian2

6Quan h vung gc trong khng gian3

121Mt s bi ton v th hm s4Mi ch : la chn ni dung trong SGK NC hoc ti liu ch t chn nng cao do B GDT ban hnh

2Hm s m, hm s lgarit4

3Nguyn hm, tch phn v ng dng3

4Th tch khi a din,khi cu, khi tr, khi nn.3

5PP to trong khng gian4

2. T chc dy hc theo chun kin thc k nng ca mn hc

2.1. Quan h gia Chun KT-KN, SGK v CT GDPT Phiu hc tp 1. V Chun KT-KN(Lc phi hp hai k thut 5W-1H v bn t duy)

Cu hi 4: Hy nu nhng im m bn thy cn lm r v: tng, tnh php qui, cu trc, hu ch, kh thi, im vnh vi CT, SGK?Bn c th tr li theo gi sau: phn tch nguyn nhn; tng hp t nhng hiu bit v thun li, kh khn, gii php ch o thc hn, nhng kinh nghim thc t ca bn thn lm r l do, ngha, quan h, yu cu...nghin cu hc tp thc hin Chun; Bn cng chi tit ha ni dung tng nhnh trong lc th am hiu v Chun cng su rng hn v ni dung ghi lc cng tr mt, khi bn thy hng khi, tch cc nghin cu, hc hi Chun v k thut hc ny...

Cu hi 5: Bn ng tnh, phn i hay c kin khc v cc vn sau:

- Dy v hc theo Chun KT-KN to ra s thng nht v mc tiu v kt qu gia qu trnh dy ca GV, qu trnh hc ca HS v qu trnh qun l, thi c v G kt qu hc tp ca HS. GV bit c ci ch ti thiu v KT-KN m mnh cn trang b cho HS, HS bit c ci ch cui cng mnh cn hc tp v rn luyn t ti, c quan qun l c cn c ra thi, KT, G ph hp vi vic dy v hc.

- Dy hc bm st chun ti thiu khng c ngha l ct xn, lc b kin thc trong CT. Gia cc i tng HS khc nhau ch p dng ni dung dy hc khc nhau v mc . V th khng lo vic b st kin thc khi i thi.- Trong qu trnh dy hc v n tp theo CT GDPT cp THPT v chun KT-KN do B GD-T quy nh, ngoi SGK, GV v HS c th s dng cc ti liu tham kho ph hp. Tuy nhin, B GD-T khng c ch trng yu cu bt buc GV v HS phi s dng ti liu tham kho c th no. GV, HS v gia nh hon ton c quyn t la chn ti liu ph hp gip cho vic n tp thi tt nghip thun li. - Ti liu dy hc theo Chun KT-KN khng phi l vic ct xn bt ni dung CT, SGK m l hng dn cch chn lc kin thc no SGK dy HS theo nhng mc tng ng vi kh nng tip thu ca tng i tng HS. V d, cng mt ni dung kin thc, nhng yu cu ti thiu i vi HS trung bnh ch cn thng hiu, cn HS kh hn s c rn luyn k nng vn dng hay sng to...

Ci m ngi thy cn hng n khng phi cung cp cho HS nhng ni dung vit trong sch mt cch my mc m ch s dng SGK nh l PT t c mc tiu dy hc nhng mc khc nhau m c bn l dy HS cch hc.

Do nhiu GV lng tng vi cch dy theo chun KT-KN v ch quen dy ht ni dung SGK nn chng ta mi ban hnh hng dn c th, trong nu rt c th bn mc trong cng mt ni dung kin thc, tng ng vi cc i tng HS.

- B GD-T ban hnh b ti liu Dy hc theo Chun KT-KN i vi c bc gio dc tiu hc v trung hc. Trong c vic GV khng cn dy ht nhng g trong SGK, tc l GV c th thot ly SGK. HS trung bnh t yu cu trong nhng k thi nhm KT vic hon thnh CT hc ca HS (thi tt nghip THPT) phi t yu cu chun ti thiu trong qu trnh hc tp. HS mun t kt qu trong cc k thi mang tnh phn loi, chn lc cn phi t yu cu cc mc cao hn (phn tch, tng hp, vn dng kin thc, ...).

- thi trc v nay vn c ra theo ni dung nm trong CT ph thng. Nhng HS ch cn hc, n thi hon thnh CT ph thng th ch cn t mc ti thiu, c th coi l mc sn v KT-KN. Cn nhng HS cn tham gia nhng k thi mang tnh cnh tranh s phi ln lt t n mc cao hn, nhng khng c ngha phi hc thm ni dung mi, hc vt ra ngoi CT m khai thc su hn, m rng hn.

thi tt nghip, thi u cp, hay thi tuyn sinh i hc u phi m bo nguyn tc cn c vo chun KT-KN, nhng cng mt ni dung, ty mc tiu ca mi k thi s c cch hi khc nhau, k c trong mt thi cng c nhng cu hi KT cc mc : thng hiu, vn dng, sng to...

- Cu trc thi nm 2010 ch c nhng iu chnh lin quan n quy nh i vi HS (chn mt trong hai phn ring), nhng khng nh hng g n phm vi, cch thc ra thi cng nh vic n tp ca HS. thi ra trn c s Chun KT-KN nn HS hc CT no (chun hoc nng cao) nn bm st yu cu v Chun KT-KN ca CT , trong ch trng nhng phn giao thoa gia hai CT.

2.2. S dng Chun KT-KN xc nh mc tiu tit dy

V d minh ha

Bi: QUAN H GIA TNH N IU CA MT HM S V DU CA O HM CP MT CA HM S

Chun KT-KN cn t

V kin thc:

Bit tnh n iu ca hm s.

Bit mi lin h gia s ng bin, nghch bin ca mt hm s v du o hm cp mt ca n.

V k nng:

Bit cch xt s ng bin, nghch bin ca mt hm s trn mt khong da vo du o hm cp mt ca n.Bi: HM S LU THA

Chun KT-KN cn t

V kin thc:

Bit cc khi nim: lu tha vi s m nguyn ca s thc, lu tha vi s m hu t v lu tha vi s m thc ca s thc dng.

Bit cc tnh cht ca lu tha vi s m nguyn, lu tha vi s m hu t v lu tha vi s m thc.V k nng:

Bit dng cc tnh cht ca lu tha n gin biu thc, so snh nhng biu thc c cha lu tha.

Bi: CC PHP TON V S PHC

Chun KT-KN cn t

V kin thc:

-Bit cc php ton cng, tr, nhn hai s phc dng i sV k nng:

Bit thc hin cc php ton cng, tr, nhn hai s phc dng i s da theo quy tc cng, tr, nhn hai a thc (coi i l bin, ch i2 = 1) v c tnh cht nh php ton s thc.

Bit thc hin php chia hai s phc da vo php nhn vi s phc lin hp Bi: KHI NIM V KHI A DIN

Chun KT-KN cn t

V kin thc:

Bit khi nim khi lng tr, khi chp, khi chp ct, khi a din.

Bit khi nim v hnh a din v khi a din Bit khi nim hai khi a din bng nhau

V k nng

Nhn bit c hai a din bng nhau nh thy c mt php di hnh bin hnh ny thnh hnh kia.

Bi: H TA TRONG KHNG GIAN

Chun KT-KN cn t

V kin thc:

Bit cc khi nim h to trong khng gian, to ca mt vect, to ca im, biu thc to ca cc php ton vect, khong cch gia hai im.

Bit khi nim tch vect (tch c hng ca hai vect).

Bit phng trnh mt cu.

V k nng:

Tnh c to ca tng, hiu ca hai vect, tch vect vi mt s; tnh c tch v hng ca hai vect. Tnh c khong cch gia hai im c to cho trc.

Xc nh c to tm v tm c di bn knh ca mt cu c phng trnh cho trc.

Vit c phng trnh mt cu. Tnh c tch c hng ca hai vect. Tnh c din tch hnh bnh hnh, th tch khi hp bng cch dng tch c hng ca hai vect.

2.3. La chn kin thc dy hc theo Chun KT-KN V d minh ha

V d 1.

Ch : Mt s phng trnh lng gic thng gp - Chun KT-KN cn t

Mt s phng trnh lng gic thng gp (Phng trnh bc nht, bc hai i vi mt hm s lng gic; Phng trnh asinx +bcosx =c; Mt s phng trnh lng gic khc).

V kin thc: Bit c dng v cch gii phng trnh: bc nht, bc hai i vi mt hm s lng gic; asinx+bcosx = c; phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sinx v cosx; phng trnh dng a(sinxcosx) + bsinxcosx = 0; phng trnh c s dng cng thc bin i gii ( dng n gin)V k nng. Gii c phng trnh thuc cc dng nu trn.

- La chn kin thc dy hc theo Chun 1. Phng trnh bc nht i vi mt hm s lng gic

. Phng trnh bc nht i vi mt hm s lng gic c dng: at + b = 0, trong a, b l cc hng s (a 0) v t l mt trong cc hm s lng gic.

. Cch gii: Bin i, a phng trnh v phng trnh lng gic c bn.

2. Phng trnh bc hai i vi mt hm s lng gic

. Phng trnh asin2x + bsinx + c = 0, (a 0):

t t = sinx,

EMBED Equation.DSMT4 1, a v phng trnh bc hai i vi t: at2 + bt + c = 0. Gii phng trnh tm t ri t tm x ( lu iu kin

EMBED Equation.DSMT4 1 c th loi ngay cc gi tr t khng thch hp).

. Phng trnh acos2x + bcosx + c = 0, (a 0): t t = cosx.

. Phng trnh atan2x + btanx + c = 0, (a 0): t t = tanx.

. Phng trnh acot2x + bcotx + c = 0, (a 0): t t = cotx.

3. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sinx v cosx: asinx + bcosx = c (1) (a 0, b 0)

PP chung gii:

. S dng cng thc bin i asinx + bcosx = sin(x+), a phng trnh (1) v phng trnh lng gic c bn sin(x + ) = hoc cos(x - ) = .. S dng cng thc tnh theo t = tan l: sinx = , cosx = , a phng trnh (1) v phng trnh bc hai i vi t.

4. Phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sinx v cosx:

. Phng trnh asin2x + bsinxcosx + ccos2x = 0, trong a, b, c l cc hng s, vi a 0 hoc b 0 hoc c 0.

PP gii: Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho cos2x (vi iu kin cosx 0) a phng trnh v phng trnh i vi tanx, hoc chia hai v ca phng trnh cho sin2x (vi iu kin sinx0) a phng trnh v phng trnh i vi cotx.

* Ch : i vi phng trnh asin2x + bsinxcosx + ccos2x = d, (a, b, c, d , a2 + b2 + c2 0) ta c th quy v gii phng trnh thun nht bc hai i vi sinx v cosx bng cch vit d di dng d = d(sin2x + cos2x).V d 2.

Ch : o hm ca cc hm s lng gic- Chun KT-KN cn t

V kin thc:

- Bit c .- Bit c o hm ca hm s lng gic.

V k nng:

- Bit bin i s dng trong mt s gii hn c dng n gin.

- Tnh c o hm ca mt s hm s lng gic.- La chn kin thc dy hc theo Chun

. ;

. (sinx) = cosx;

. (cosx) = - sinx;

. (tanx) = ;

. (cotx) = -.

V d 3.

Ch : Hai ng thng cho nhau v hai ng thng song song - Chun KT-KN cn t

Hai ng thng cho nhau v hai ng thng song song (V tr tng i gia hai ng thng; Hai ng thng song song).

V kin thc:

- Bit c khi nim hai ng thng: trng nhau, song song, ct nhau, cho nhau trong khng gian;- Bit (c chng minh) nh l: Nu hai mt phng phn bit ln lt cha hai ng thng song song m ct nhau th giao tuyn ca chng song song (hoc trng) vi mt trong hai ng .

V k nng:

- Xc nh c v tr tng i gia hai ng thng.

- Bit cch chng minh hai ng thng song song.

- Bit da nh l trn xc nh giao tuyn hai mt phng trong mt s trng hp n gin.- La chn kin thc dy hc theo Chun

Hai ng thng cho nhau v hai ng thng song song

1. V tr tng i ca hai ng thng trong khng gian

Cho hai ng thng a v b trong khng gian.

Trng hp 1: C mt mt phng cha a v b.

Khi , xy ra mt trong ba kh nng sau:

1) a v b ct nhau ti im M, ta k hiu a b = M;

2) a v b song song vi nhau, ta k hiu a //b hoc b // a;

3) a v b trng nhau, ta k hiu a b.Trng hp 2: khng c mt phng no cha c a v b, khi ta ni a v b cho nhau.

2. Cc nh l v tnh cht

1)Trong khng gian, qua mt im khng nm trn ng thng cho trc, c mt v ch mt ng thng song song vi ng thng cho.

2) Nu ba mt phng phn bit i mt ct nhau theo ba giao tuyn phn bit th ba giao tuyn y hoc ng quy hoc i mt song song vi nhau. (nh l v giao tuyn ca ba mt phng).3) Nu hai mt phng phn bit ln lt cha hai ng thng song song th giao tuyn ca chng (nu c) cng song song vi hai ng thng hoc trng vi mt trong hai ng thng .4) Hai ng thng phn bit cng song song vi ng thng th ba th song song vi nhau.

3. T chc dy hc theo chun kin thc k nng ca mn hc

1. Nghin cu SGK v ti liu tham kho xc nh kin thc minh ho cho chun KT-KNV d minh ha

V d 1.

Ch : Mt s phng trnh lng gic thng gp 1. Gii phng trnh: sinx + 2cosx = 4

Gii:

Kin thc k nng vn dng: iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh asinx + bcosx = c l a2 + b2 ( c2 Hoc c th kim tra, thy cos = 0 khng l nghim phng trnh, khi bng cch t t = tg v s dng cc cng thc lng gic sinx = v cosx = quy v phng trnh bc 2 vi t; gii phng trnh lng gic; loi cc gi tr ca x lm cho cos = 0.C th:

- Do c a2 + b2 = 9 < c2 = 16 nn phng trnh cho v nghim

- Hoc t t = tg v p dng cc cng thc sinx = v cosx = i n phng trnh 6t2 - 2t + 2 = 0. Phng trnh ny nn v nghim (c ( = - 7 < 0), vy phng trnh cho v nghim.2. Chng minh rng cc phng trnh sau v nghim:

a) sinx.tgx + 2cosx = b) sin2x - cos22x =

Gii:

a) KT-KN vn dng:

Chuyn v phng trnh bc hai i vi sinx hoc cosxC th, vi iu kin: cosx ( 0, ta c phng trnh:

sin2x + 2cos2x - cos2x = 0 ( 2cos2x - 3cosx + 2 = 0.

Khi , t t = cosx,

EMBED Equation.DSMT4 1, ta c phng trnh l: 2t2 - 3t + 2 = 0.

D thy phng trnh ny v nghim, suy ra phng trnh cho v nghim.b) KT-KN vn dng:

iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh asinx + bcosx = c l a2 + b2 ( c2C th, a phng trnh cho v dng: 6sin2x - 3cos2x = 7, khi c a = 6, b = - 3, c= 7 v a2 + b2 = 45 < c2 = 49 nn phng trnh cho v nghim.3. Tim gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s:

y =

Gii:

KT-KN vn dng: - iu kin c nghim ca phng trnh asinx + bcosx = c l a2 + b2 ( c2 - Tp gi tr ca hm s

C th: V 2 - sinx > 0, (x nn tp xc nh ca hm s cho l R. Gi y0 l mt gi tr ca hm s, khi phi tn ti x ( R sao cho:

y0 =

hay phng trnh: cosx + ( y0 - 2 )sinx = 2y0

phi c nghim ( 1 + ( y0 - 2 )2 ( 4y02

( 3y02 + 4y0 - 5 ( 0

( ( y0 (

- Du ng thc xy ra khi - Vy miny = khi x = arctg + k( v maxy = khi x = arctg+ k(V d 2.

Ch : Hai ng thng cho nhau v hai ng thng song song 1. Cho t din S.ABC c SA = SB = SC. Gi Sx, Sy, Sz tng ng l cc tia phn gic ngoi ca cc gc . Hi cc ng thng Sx, Sy, Sz c cng thuc mt mt phng khng? Ti sao?

Gii:

KT-KN vn dng: Trong khng gian, cc ng thng cng i qua mt im v cng song song vi mt mt phng th cng thuc mt mt phng.C th: T gi thit SA = SB = SC suy ra Sx // BC, Sy // AB v Sz // AC. T , suy ra c Sx, Sy, Sz cng thuc mt mt phng i qua im S v song song vi (ABC)2. Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ABC.ABC vi cc cnh bn l AA, BB, CC. Gi M v M ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh BC v BC.

a) Chng minh rng AM // AM.

b) Tm giao im ca mt phng (ABC) vi ng thng AM.

c) Tm giao tuyn d ca hai mt phng (ABC) v (BAC).

d) Tm giao im G ca ng thng d vi mt phng (AMA). Chng minh rng G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC.

Gii:

KT-KN vn dng:

- Quan h lin thuc gia cc i tng, im, ng thng, mt phng - Tnh cht song song ca hai ng thng trong mt phng v trong khng gian

C th: T gi thit

a) c MM // BB v MM = BB nn t gic AAMM l hnh bnh hnh. Suy ra AM // AM.

b) mt khc AM(AM = I nn AM ( ( ABC) = I

c) gi O = AB ( AB th ( ABC) ( ( BAC) = CO, vy d l CO;

d) gi G = CO ( AM th G l giao ca hai trung tuyn, nn G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC.3. Cho hnh hp ABCD. ABCD. Qua trung im M ca cnh AA, dng mt phng (() song song vi 2 y ca hnh hp y. Gi O v O ln lt l giao im ca hai ng cho ca hai y ABCD, ABCD. Gi I, J ln lt l trung im ca OD v OC.

a) Xc nh giao im K ca IJ vi mt phng (().

b) im K chia on IJ theo t s no ?

Gii:

KT-KN vn dng:

- Quan h lin thuc gia cc i tng, im, ng thng, mt phng

- Tnh cht song song ca hai ng thng trong mt phng v trong khng gian

- Tnh cht ca ng thng song song vi mt phng

- Tnh cht ca hai mt phng song song- nh l Talet trong khng gian

C th: T gi thita) Gi m v n tng ng l cc ng thng i qua I v J ng thi song song vi CD. Gi R v S tng ng l giao im ca m vi BD, AC. Gi T v U tng ng l giao im ca n vi AC, BD. Gi E v F tng ng l giao im ca ST v RU vi MQ v NP. Gi () l mt phng xc nh bi hai ng thng m v n, khi n cha ng thng IJ v song song vi (ABBA), do n ct (() theo giao tuyn EF. Khi , EF ( IJ = K l im cn dng.

b) p dng nh l Talet cho 3 mt phng ((), (ABCD), (ABCD) v 2 ct tuyn AA, IJ ta c:

4. Cho 2 na ng thng cho nhau l Ax v By. Hai im M, N tng ng di ng trn Ax v By.

a) Hy ch ra mt mt phng (P) cha By v song song vi Ax. ng thng k t M song song vi AB ct mt phng (P) ti E. Tm tp hp im E.

b) Khi M v N di ng sao cho AM = BN, chng minh rng ng thng MN lun song song vi mt mt phng c nh.

Gii:

KT-KN vn dng:- Quan h lin thuc gia cc i tng, im, ng thng, mt phng

- Tnh cht song song ca hai ng thng trong mt phng v trong khng gian

- Tnh cht ca ng thng song song vi mt phng

- Tnh cht ca hai mt phng song song

C th: T gi thita) Dng Bz//Ax ( Ax//(By,Bz), khi (P) chnh l mt phng (By,Bz).

Gi (Q) l mt ph