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Tactics Used When Searching for Digital Videos
Barbara M. WildemuthJung Sun Oh
Gary MarchioniniUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
The research question
Which search tactics do people use when they search for digital videos?
Some vocabulary
What do we know already?
• The most frequently-used search move is to add terms/concepts, to decrease the search results (Vakkari et al., 2003; Wildemuth, 2004)
• 22-33% of Web queries are modifications of a previous query (Jansen et al., 2000, 2009; Spink et al., 2000)
• People do change their search tactics when presented with different capabilities (Kules & Shneiderman, 2008)
Sample of participants
• 36 graduate and undergraduate students from 17 different departments
• 75% watch videos daily or weekly• 36% search for videos daily or
weekly
The database of videos
Data collection procedures
• Demographic questionnaire• Conduct searches (x4)– Assigned search tasks– Conduct search and make relevance
judgments
• Transaction logs captured during searches
Search tasks
• Example:Imagine that you are an emergency response officer in California and that you are developing an online tutorial on how to respond to an earthquake. You would like to illustrate the tutorial with video showing the damage that can be caused by an earthquake.
Concrete Abstract
For viewing Role of rivers, recent videos America’s obsession with cars, 1930-1950
For production Earthquake damage Any topic, for montage of early, popular videos
Data analysis
• Coding the search moves– Using codes based on Shute & Smith
(1993) and Bates (1979)– 1545 moves; ~11 moves per search
• Maximal repeating patterns (MRP) analysis to identify frequently-used tactics (Siochi & Ehrich, 1991)
• Combine similar MRPs to identify tactics
Search task:Imagine that you are a history professor, teaching a course on the history of technology in the U.S. You want to find some footage that illustrates America’s growing obsession with cars/automobiles between 1930 and 1950. (abstract; for viewing)
Search conducted by participant 40:Term: automobile + Term: 1930-1950
Display
automobile car
Display
car car culture
Display
car culture car culture advertising
Display
Search task Queries
Search conducted by participant 40:Term: automobile + Term: 1930-1950 Display
automobile carDisplay
car car cultureDisplay
car culture car culture advertisingDisplay
Coding of participant 40’s search:New searchAdd conceptDisplayReplace termDisplayAdd conceptDisplayAdd conceptDisplay
Queries coded
#1
25
Coding of participant 40’s search:New searchAdd conceptDisplayReplace termDisplayAdd conceptDisplayAdd conceptDisplay
MRP identification
MRPs Tactic
Tactics B, C, F
Tactics K, L, M
Key findings
• A small number of different moves predominate: New search, Add concept, Delete concept, Display
• These moves are used to make up a wide variety of search tactics in video retrieval
• Transitions from search to display and back occur frequently
Implications for research
• Concept-based coding allows comparisons across IR systems
• Concept-based coding may yield new insights into people’s searching behaviors
• Behaviors, as recorded in transaction logs, don’t tell us what we’d like to know about cognition
Questions and comments?
• Open Video website:open-video.org
• Funding provided by NSF Grant IIS 0099638
Open Video: Advanced Search
Codes for search movesCode Definition
New search Enter term for a concept; no other terms yet included.
All No terms entered; all videos in collection are retrieved.
Add concept Add a concept not yet in query; implicit AND.
Delete concept Delete a concept from the query.
Narrow term Replace a term with a narrower term for the same concept.
Broaden term Replace a term with a broader term for the same concept.
Replace term Replace a term/concept.
Narrow operator Replace an operator with a narrower operator (ORAND).Broaden operator Replace an operator with a broader operator (ANDOR).Display Display results or modify the results display.
Correct Correct an error (e.g., spelling error) in the query.