Tabele Gerund

8/12/2019 Tabele Gerund

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Tabele gerund18.1

THE GERUND TENSEALSO INTRODUCING THE VERBSTARE

Gerund is the tense which expresses an action in progress (being, coming, seeing, etc.). The Italian gerund is very easy, modelled on the inflection

...endo, except for verbs of the 1st conugation, whose penultimate vowel is a(...ando)!

1st con. mangare(to eat) mangando(eating)"st con. !ad"re(to fall) !adendo(falling)"st con. #$rdere(to lose) #erdendo(losing)#st con. !a#re(to understand) !a#endo(understanding)

$hen gerund is referred to a specific person it behaves as a compound verb, re%uiring an auxiliary verb. In &nglish this verb is always to be(I amstaying, he waswatching,etc.), while Italian uses %&are, a verb of the 1st conugation.S&arecan be simply translated to be, though it has a specific meaning of to be present, to exist(either for a given condition or for a physical obect).S&areis used with the gerund tense of both transitive and intransitive verbs. It has a couple of slightly irregular present inflections (shown in redcolour)!

'RESENTE

singular plural

1st person (o) %&o I am (no) %&amo we are

"nd person (&u) %&a you are(singular) (*o) %&a&e you are(plural)

#rd person (egl + ella) %&a he/she/it is (e%% + e%%e) %&anno they are

I,'ER-ETTOsingular plural
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1st person (o) %&a*o I was (no) %&a*amo we were

"nd person (&u) %&a* you were(singular) (*o) %&a*a&e you were(plural)

#rd person (egl + ella) %&a*a he/she/it was (e%% + e%%e) %&a*ano they were

'ince this verb will be now used only with gerund, it is enough to practice the aforesaid present and imperfect tenses others will be discussed in a

future paragraph.

s in &nglish, the gerund*s auxiliary verb may be ta+e the present tense and the past tense (imperfect in Italian), thus obtaining a present gerund and a

past gerund.

The following tables show both of them for the verb #en%are(to think).

GERUNDIO 'RESENTE

singular plural

1st person (o) %&o #en%ando I am thinking (no) %&amo #en%ando we are thinking

"nd person (&u) %&a #en%ando you are thinking(s.) (*o) %&a&e #en%ando you are thinking(p.)

#rd person (egl + ella) %&a #en%ando he/she is thinking (e%% + e%%e) %&anno #en%ando they are thinking

GERUNDIO 'ASSATO

singular plural

1st person (o) %&a*o #en%ando I was thinking (no) %&a*amo #en%ando we were thinking


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"nd person (&u) %&a* #en%ando you were thinking(s.) (*o) %&a*a&e #en%ando you were thinking(p.)

#rd person (egl + ella) %&a*a #en%ando he/she was thinking (e%% + e%%e) %&a*ano #en%ando they were thinking

In Italian, gerund is used more sparingly than in &nglish. It is re%uired to express either the lapse of time during which an action is carried out, or bywhich means the other action occurs.

!om#rer la !ena &ornandoa !a%aI will buy the dinner (while) coming home/a guadagna&o 0ue%&o denaro *endendolbr he/she earned this money (by) selling books/a a##re%o 0ue%&a no&a leggendol gornale he learned about this news (by / while) reading the paperIn most cases it is also possible to reverse the position of the gerund, to give the other action a stronger emphasis!

&ornandoa !a%a !om#rer la !ena (while) coming home I will buy the dinner*endendolbr /a guadagna&o 0ue%&o denaro (by) selling books he/she earned this moneyleggendol gornale /a a##re%o 0ue%&a no&a (by / while) reading the paper he learned about this news

-or simple actions in progress, such asI am writing, he was sleeping, etc., proper Italian would re%uire a gerund, as well. In common speech, though,

this is very often replaced by present indicative or by imperfect indicative!%&o mangando(more collo%uially! mango) I am reading%&a*amo !orrendo(more collo%uially! !orre*amo) we were running%&anno %&udando %&ora(more collo%uially! %&udano %&ora) they are studying history

NOTEIn Italian, the gerund is never used to express the verb impersonally, as to describe an activity, as it is in &nglish. -or this purpose, in Italian either the

infinitive tense or a specific noun referred to the verb are used!

leggere(or la le&&ura) 2 una !o%a #o%&*a reading is a positive thingodo guardare la &ele*%oneI hate watching the television3umare(or l 3umo) 2 una !a&&*a ab&udnesmoking(orsmoke) is a bad habit!orrere(or la !or%a) 2 uno %#or& mol&o !omune running is a very common sportdormre(or l %onno) 2 la no%&ra a&&*&4 #re3er&asleeping is our favourite activity


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18.5'RESENT 'ARTICI'LE

AND

'AST 'ARTICI'LE'RESENT 'ARTICI'LE

The present participle is a tense which in Italian does not act as a verb, becoming either a noun or an adective. It indicates who carries out the action

expressed by the verb, either temporarily or continuously (i.e. as a ob, or as a condition).

To obtain the present participle, the standard inflections ...an&e(1st conugation) and ...en&e("nd and #rd conugations) are applied to the root of theverb.

&nglish has no matching tense, so that the Italian present participle may be translated in most cases either with a noun whose suffix is ...eror with an

adective in the shape of a gerundive (...ing).

1%& !on6uga&on

la*are(to wash)na*gare(to sail)!ammnare(to walk)

la*an&e(he who washes, washing, washer)na*gan&e(he who sails, sailing, sailer)!ammnan&e(he who walks, walking, walker)

5nd !on6uga&on

*edere(to see, to watch)#erdere(to lose)!/edere(to ask for)

*eden&e(he who sees, seeing)#erden&e(he who loses, loser)!/eden&e(he who asks for, asking, asker)

7rd !on6uga&on

!o#rre(to cover)!a#re(to understand)morre(to die)

!o#ren&e(he who covers, covering)!a#en&e(he who understands, understanding)moren&e(he who dies, dying)

few verbs of the #rd conugation may use a double inflection, i.e. the ordinary one ( ...en&e) and one with an added (...en&e).-or instance, dormre(to sleep) has both dormen&eand dormen&e, while nu&rre(to nourish) has nu&ren&e, much more common than nu&ren&e
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(regular participle). The same for #ar&orre(to give birth, to deliver a baby), whose form #ar&oren&eis always preferred to the regular one.

The use of present participles in modern Italian is somewhat limited many of the ones still found come from archaic verbs no longer used (i.e. they are

no longer considered participles, but nouns or adectives), or they are often irregular, or follow the archaic atin verb, or come from a modified root of

a normal verb, or are even based on verbs that do not exist.l m&&en&edella le&&era the sender of the letter (from the atin verb mittere = to send)la!0uren&e the buyer (from the verb a!0u%&are to buy, with an irregular present participle)l brgan&e the brigand, the bandit (from the almost obsolete verb brgare to intrigue, to scheme for)#!!an&e hot, spicy (from a theorical verb #!!are, which does not actually exist)l garan&edel #a&&o the guarantor of the deal (from the verb garan&re to guarantee, with a contracted participle)ln%er*en&e the shopboy, the assistant, the servant (from the verb %er*re to serve, with an extra , plus preposition n)In everyday*s speech not many present participles are used, but some of them are %uite common!una #er%ona non uden&e a nonhearing person, a deaf person (from udre to hear)la!0ua bollen&e the boiling water (from bollre to boil, to be boiling)una !o%a m#or&an&e an important thing (from m#or&are to matter, to be of importance)

l go!a&ore *n!en&e the winning player (from *n!ere to win)lagen&ed #ola the police officer, the policeman (from agre to act, to take action)l ba&&en&edella #or&a the door!s knocker (from ba&&ere to hit, to knock)l %ole na%!en&e the rising sun (from na%!ere to be born, literally the sun being born)The reason for which not many present participles are used is that for many activities a specific nouns exists to describe he or she who carries out the

action, and they do not necessarily match the present participle of the verb.

-or instance!la&&a!!an&e the forwardof a team (present participle of a&&a!!are to attack) ..."#$l d3en%ore the defender (noun from d3endere to defend)

l !an&an&e the singer (present participle of !an&are to sing) ..."#$

la&&ore the actor (noun from agre to act, take action)

l %or*eglan&e the watchman, the caretaker (present participle of %or*eglare to watch over) ..."#$

l !u%&ode the caretaker, the guardian (noun from !u%&odre to keep, watch over)


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$hen a present participle is used as a noun or as an adective, sometimes its meaning changes from that of the original verb, or becomes metaphorical!!on&an&e(p.participle of !on&are to count) as a masculine noun means cash money%orgen&e(p.participle of %orgere to rise) as a feminine noun meansspring, source(of a river)

#ul%an&e(p.participle of #ul%are to pulse, throb) as a masculine noun means button(to press)!orren&e(p.participle of !orrere to run) as a feminine noun means draft, air current#a%%an&e(p.participle of #a%%are to pass) as a masculine noun means loop(of a belt).%!a&&an&e(p.participle of %!a&&are to spring, to %umpoff a spring) as an adective meansfast, ready, full of vigour.

In any case, when a participle is used as a noun or as an adective, it will have singular and plural forms. /oth masculine and feminine will be similar,

because they are nouns and adectives ending with ...e, so their plurals will be ...for both genders.lo %#e&&a&ore #agan&e the paying spectatorgl %#e&&a&or #agan& the paying spectators

la bagnan&e the (female) bather, the woman who bathes

le bagnan& the (female) bathers, the women who bathe

l !an&an&e the (male) singerla !an&an&e the (female) singer !an&an& the (male) singersle !an&an& the (female) singers

'AST 'ARTICI'LE

This tense has already been already dealt with inparagraph 0.1and particularly inparagraph 0.#, because the past participle is needed to form all

compound tenses.

Therefore, these concepts will be only summaried once again in this page.

The most common past participle inflections for the three conugations are!
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1st conugation! ...a&o"nd conugation! ...u&o"nd conugation! ...&o

#arlare(to talk, speak) 2 #arla&o(talked, spoken)*olare(to fly) 2 *ola&o(flown)#en%are(to think) 2 #en%a&o(thought)

*endere(to sell) 2 *endu&o(sold)!adere(to fall) 2 !adu&o(fallen)%edere(to sit down) 2 %edu&o(sit)

!a#re(to understand) 2 !a#&o(understood)%egure(to follow) 2 %egu&o(followed)

#ar&re(to leave) 2 #ar&&o(left)The auxiliary verb a*ere(to have) forms a regular past participle, a*u&o.The other auxiliary verb, e%%ere(to be), does not have its own, and borrows it from the verb %&are, recently discussed, whose meaning is similar! %&a&o,which acts as the past participle of both verbs %&areand e%%ere.

'ome verbs (in particular, belonging to the "nd and #rd conugations) do not follow this scheme, since other past participle inflections do exist.

sample of each is shown below, but for more examples see againparagraph 0.#.#rendere(to take) 2 #re%o(taken)me&&ere(to put, to place) 2 me%%o(put, placed)%#ngere(to push) 2 %#n&o(pushed)leggere(to read) 2 le&&o(read)!/edere(to ask) 2 !/e%&o(asked)a#rre(to open) 2 a#er&o(opened)

18.7VERBS 9HOSE IN-INITIVE

IS CONTRACTED
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This small group of verbs has a particular infinitive tense, which ends with a double r(i.e. ...:rre) instead of the usual one ...(vowel):re.They all come from atin forms, whose inflection was regular (...ere), and whose penultimate and last syllables were contracted into a single one bydoubling the last r.These few main verbs form a number of compounds, which have the same inflections!

TRARRE to draw, take from(from atin traere)

!on&rarre to contractde&rarre to detract%o&&rarre to subtract

'ORRE to place, put(from atinponere)

e%#orre to expose, displaym#orre to imposede#orre to let down, put downan&e#orre to place in front, give preference to#o%#orre to postpone!om#orre to compose, form

...DURRE3see 45T& below6(from atin ducere to conduct, lead)

!ondurre to conduct, lead&radurre to translateand to transferndurre to inducededurre to deduct

rdurre to reduce#rodurre to produce

NOTE2 durredoes not exist alone, but only in its compounds

These verbs basically follow the "nd conugation (seeparagraph 7.0) the atin root is used for all tenses, and only the future indicative and present

conditional tenses +eep the double r, which is a contraction of the atin ending ...ere
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The following tables only show the simple tenses (compound tenses use the past participle, and do not have specific inflections). The few irregular

inflections are mar+ed in red.

TRARREand its compounds(atin root! &ra:)

INDICATIVE

'RESENTE

singular plural

1st person (o) &raggo I draw (no) &raamo we draw

"nd person (&u) &ra you draw(s.) (*o) &rae&e you draw(p.)

#rd person (egl + ella) &rae he/she draws (e%% + e%%e) &raggono they draw

I,'ER-ETTO

all inflections are regular

(&rae*o; &rae*; &rae*a; &rae*amo; &rae*a&e; &rae*ano)

-UTUROsingular plural

1st person (o) &rarr I shall draw (no) &rarremo we shall draw

"nd person (&u) &rarra you will draw(s.) (*o) &rarre&e you will draw(p.)

#rd person (egl + ella) &rarr4 he/she will draw (e%% + e%%e) &rarranno they will draw


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'ASSATO RE,OTO

singular plural

1st person (o) &ra%% I drew (no) &raemmo we drew

"nd person (&u) &rae%& you drew(s.) (*o) &rae%&e you drew(p.)

#rd person (egl + ella) &ra%%e he/she drew (e%% + e%%e) &ra%%ero they drew

SUBJUNCTIVE

'RESENTE

singular plural

1st person (!/e o) &ragga (that) I draw (!/e no) &raamo (that) we draw

"nd person (!/e &u) &ragga (that) you draw(s.) (!/e *o) &raa&e (that) you draw(p.)

#rd person (!/e egl + ella) &ragga (that) he/she draws (!/e e%% + e%%e) &raggano (that) they draw

I,'ER-ETTO

singular plural

1st person (!/e o) &rae%% (that) I drew (!/e no) &rae%%mo (that) we drew

"nd person (!/e &u) &rae%% (that) you drew(s.) (!/e *o) &rae%&e (that) you drew(p.)


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#rd person (!/e egl + ella) &rae%%e (that) he/she drew (!/e e%% + e%%e) &rae%%ero (that) they drew

CONDITIONAL

'RESENTE

singular plural

1st person (o) &rarre I would draw (no) &rarremmo we would draw

"nd person (&u) &rarre%& you would draw(s.) (*o) &rarre%&e you would draw(p.)

#rd person (egl + ella) &rarrebbe he/she would draw (e%% + e%%e) &rarrebbero they would draw

IMPERATIVE

(&u) &ra (you) draw(singular)(*o) &rae&e (you) draw(plural)

PARTICIPLES

'RESENTE&raen&e drawer, drawing

'ASSATO&ra&&o drawn

GERUND


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&raendo drawing

'ORREand its compounds(atin root! #on:)

INDICATIVE

'RESENTE

singular plural

1st person (o) #ongo I place (no) #onamo we place

"nd person (&u) #on you place(s.) (*o) #one&e you place(p.)

#rd person (egl + ella) #one he/she places (e%% + e%%e) #ongono they place

I,'ER-ETTO


(#one*o; #one*; #one*a; #one*amo; #one*a&e; #one*ano)

-UTURO

singular plural

1st person (o) #orr I shall place (no) #orremo we shall place

"nd person (&u) #orra you will place(s.) (*o) #orre&e you will place(p.)


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#rd person (egl + ella) #orr4 he/she will place (e%% + e%%e) #orranno they will place

'ASSATO RE,OTO


(#o%; #one%&; #o%e; #onemmo; #one%&e; #o%ero)

SUBJUNCTIVE

'RESENTEsingular plural

1st person (!/e o) #onga (that) I place (!/e no) #onamo (that) we place

"nd person (!/e &u) #onga (that) you place(s.) (!/e *o) #ona&e (that) you place(p.)

#rd person (!/e egl + ella) #onga (that) he/she places (!/e e%% + e%%e) #ongano (that) they place

I,'ER-ETTO


(!/e o + &u #one%%; !/e #one%%e; !/e #one%%mo; !/e #one%&e; !/e #one%%ero)

CONDITIONAL


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'RESENTE

singular plural

1st person (o) #orre I would place (no) #orremmo we would place

"nd person (&u) #orre%& you would place(s.) (*o) #orre%&e you would place(p.)

#rd person (egl + ella) #orrebbe he/she would place (e%% + e%%e) #orrebbero they would place

IMPERATIVE

(&u) #on (you) place(singular)

(*o) #one&e (you) place(plural)

PARTICIPLES

'RESENTE#onen&e(never usedactual meaning! the west)

placer, placing

'ASSATO#o%&o placed

GERUND

#onendo placing


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CONDURREand other compounds of :durre(atin root! ...du!:)

INDICATIVE

'RESENTE


(!ondu!o; !ondu!; !ondu!e; !ondu!amo; !ondu!e&e; !ondu!ono)

I,'ER-ETTO

all inflections are regular(!ondu!e*o; !ondu!e*; !ondu!e*a; !ondu!e*amo; !ondu!e*a&e; !ondu!e*ano)

-UTURO

singular plural

1st person (o) !ondurr I shall conduct (no) !ondurremo we shall conduct

"nd person (&u) !ondurra you will conduct(s.) (*o) !ondurre&e you will conduct(p.)

#rd person (egl + ella) !ondurr4 he/she will conduct (e%% + e%%e) !ondurranno they will conduct

'ASSATO RE,OTO

singular plural

1st person (o) !ondu%% I placed (no) !ondu!emmo we conducted


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"nd person (&u) !ondu!e%& you conducted(s.) (*o) !ondu!e%&e you conducted(p.)

#rd person (egl) !ondu%%e he/she conducted (e%% + e%%e) !ondu%%ero they conducted

SUBJUNCTIVE

'RESENTE


(!/e o + &u + egl + ella !ondu!a; !/e !ondu!amo; !/e !ondu!a&e; !/e !ondu!ano)

I,'ER-ETTO


(!/e o + &u !ondu!e%%; !/e !ondu!e%%e; !/e !ondu!e%%mo; !/e !ondu!e%&e; !/e !ondu!e%%ero)

CONDITIONAL

'RESENTE

singular plural

1st person (o) !ondurre I would conduct (no) !ondurremmo we would conduct

"nd person (&u) !ondurre%& you would conduct(s.) (*o) !ondurre%&e you would conduct(p.)

#rd person (egl + ella) !ondurrebbe he/she would conduct (e%% + e%%e) !ondurrebbero they would conduct


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IMPERATIVE

(&u) !ondu! (you) conduct(singular)

(*o) !ondu!e&e (you) conduct(plural)

PARTICIPLES

'RESENTE!ondu!en&e conductor, driver (of a bus, train, etc.)

'ASSATO!ondo&&o conducted

GERUND

!ondu!endo conducting

18.

lalbero 2 !adu&o the tree fell down, almost meaning it did not stand the wind2 !adu&o lalbero (same as above), almost answering the %uestion! what happened>

#re%&o ln*erno 3nr4 winter will soon be over, almost meaning it will not last long#re%&o 3nr4 ln*erno (same as above), almost meaning ...and spring will begin

#re%&o lo %&uden&e 3nr4 %uo !om#& the student will soon finish his homework(only possible form, due to the obect)

l !am#one /a *n&o the champion won, almost meaning he did not lose/a *n&o l !am#one (same as above), almost answering the %uestion! who won the match>

l !am#one /a *n&o la %3da the champion won the challenge(only possible form, due to the obect)


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$hen the verb used in the sentence is e%%ere(to be), there is no real obect, because the verb describes a condition, not an action, therefore the subectmay be freely postponed. This occurs very fre%uently in %uestions.

0ue%&a b!!le&&a 2 bella this bycicle is nice2 bella 0ue%&a b!!le&&a (same as above)

l !a##o&&o era *e!!/o was the coat old>era *e!!/o l !a##o&&o was the coat old>

l &em#o 2 buono is the weather fine>2 buono l &em#o is the weather fine>

non 2 &u&&o oro ! !/e rlu!e(proverb) not all things that shine are gold(the other way is possible, but being a proverb it is only used in this form)

$hen a subect is postponed, the sentence must end there, i.e. either a full stop must close the period, or a further sentence should be introduced by

means of a comma andBor a conunction (e.g. and, or, so, thus, etc.).

In the following examples the spot where the sentence brea+s is shown in yellow, and what brea+s it is shown in red.

#re%&o 3nr4 ln*erno el &em#o mglorer4 winter will soon be over and the weather will improve/a *n&o l !am#one ; 0undla 3olla ora e%ul&a the champion won, therefore the crowd now re%oyces2 !adu&o lalbero #er!/l *en&o era 3or&e the tree fell because the wind was strong2 arr*a&o l &reno J#rend bagagl the train has arrived? take the luggageIn order to postpone the subect, other parts of the same sentence may sometimes be moved from their original position compare the following

examples!un !ane en&r nella %&ana a dog came into the room(the action is slightly emphasied)

nella %&ana en&r un !ane (same as above, though now the dog is more emphasied)en&r nella %&ana un !ane (same, but less common than the previous one)

ln%egnan&e &orn a %!uola the teacher returned to school(slight emphasis on the action) a %!uola &orn ln%egnan&e (same as above, though now the teacher is more emphasied)&orn a %!uola ln%egnan&e (same, but less common than the previous one)


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uno %#e!al%&a *err4 dalle%&ero a specialist will come from abroad(emphasis onfrom abroad) *err4 uno %#e!al%&a dalle%&ero (same both the specialistandfrom abroadare emphasied)dalle%&ero *err4 uno %#e!al%&a (same now the specialistis more emphasied)'ince this particular form does not follow a standard rule, and not all parts of the sentence may be shifted in a similar way, there is no need for thestudent to memorie every possible disposition, and leave it with its AclassicA arrangement (subect : verb : etc. etc.).

In particular, the adverbs are usually left in their original position, i.e. next to the verb, because when an adverb is used it often carries the emphasis!l !am#one /a *n&o the champion "on/a *n&o l !am#one t&e c&mpionwonl !am#one /a *n&o 3a!lmen&e the champion won e'il#

lalbero era !adu&o the tree &d %llen do"nera !adu&o lalbero t&e treehad fallen downlalbero era !adu&o %#e%%o the tree had o%tenfallen down

lo %&ranero arr* the stranger rri(edera arr*a&o lo %&ranero t&e 'trn!erarrivedlo %&ranero arr* &ard the stranger arrived late=owever, also when an adverb is present, the Italian language allows forms similar to the ones discussed so far!/a *n&o 3a!lmen&e l !am#one... t&e c&mpionwon e'il#...era !adu&o %#e%%o lalbero... t&e treehad o%tenfallen...arr* &ard lo %&ranero... t&e 'trn!erarrived lte...This special form helps to +eep the emphasis strong enough on both parts of the sentence, i.e. the adverb and the subect. It is used when another

sentence follows in the same period, to obtain a particular lingering effect!/a *n&o 3a!lmen&e l !am#one; e la 3olla lo e%al&a the champion won easily

era !adu&o %#e%%o lalbero; ed era d*en&a&o %&or&o the tree had often fallen down, and it had become crookedarr* &ard lo %&ranero; e &ro* la #or&a !/u%a the stranger arrived late, and found the door closedThe subect is also postponed so that, after having read the sentence, the reader*s attention will somewhat linger on the champion, the treeor the

stranger,because the following sentence may li+ely continue to concern or to describe the same subect.

Instead the standard arrangement (subect : verb) does not give the sentence any particular shade nor emphasis, i.e. it simply describes what happens to

the subect.


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Documents

Tabele Gerund