Symbols - pearsoncmg.comptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/013144753X/index/013144753X_index.pdfbenchmarks, 179-184 mail servers, 409 measurements, 177-179 metadata, 409 microbenchmarks,

I N D E X

521

Symbols3Com, 34316-way RAID-0 setup,

414-4158-way NUMA RAID setup,

412-414

AAbove Idle tool (Performance

Inspector), 102, 104-105accept_redirects parameter

(kernel), 517accept_source_route

parameter (kernel), 517access bits, 203ACEs (access control entries),

file systems, 236ACLs (access control lists), 236active balancing, 191address spaces, 21

kernel address space, 21Moore’s Law, 200user address space, 21virtual address spaces,

196-197area structures, 198-199highmem interface, 201kernel address

spaces, 199kernel image

section, 200

kernel module section, 199

paging, 201-203swapping, 201-203user address spaces,

197-198virtual memory generic

view, 196address translation process,

204-205addressing, I/O devices,

229-230affinity, IRQ, 462-464AFP file system, 347AFS/DFS, 347agebuffer parameter

(bdflush), 249AIM7 benchmarks, 142AIM9 benchmarks, 143, 147aio-max-nr parameter

(kernel), 514aio-nr parameter (kernel), 514algorithms, code tuning,

305-328allocation, pages, 207allocation groups

file systems, 236XFS (Next-Generation File

System), 269analysis methodologies

(benchmarks), 175-176exit strategies, 179

measurements, 177-179run rules, 176target setting, 177tuning, 177-179

anticipatory I/O elevators, 9anticipatory I/O scheduler

(AS), 222-225decayed frequency

tables, 224lowest logical block

information, 226positioning time, 224read anticipation process,

227-228tuning, 224-225

antic_expire parameter (AS I/O scheduler), 225

anycast_delay parameter (kernel), 516

Apache web servers, tuning,338-339

APIs (application programminginterfaces), 21

NAPI (network device driver API), 464-466

SendFile, 458-460applets (Java), 376application benchmarks,

133, 161database benchmarks,

164-166Java benchmarks, 161-163

Johnson_Index.qxd 4/1/05 5:21 PM Page 521

Oracle ApplicationsStandard ApplicationBenchmark, 168

PostMark, 164SAP Standard Application

Benchmark, 168application programming

interfaces (APIs). SeeAPIs (application programming interface)

application servers, 375-376,384-385

availability, 378clustering, 391-394commercial workload

J2EE model, 480-481Trade3 benchmark,

481-504tuning, 479-480

concurrency, 379connection pools, 502-503data integrity, 378database servers,

interactivity, 496-499databases, support, 378distribution, 379enterprise application, 383failover, 378fault tolerance, 378file systems, 390hardware, 387-388heterogeneousness, 379hyperthreading, 504interactivity, 379J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise

Edition), 376-377Java, 376JVM (Java Virtual

Machine), 386-389load balancing, 397memory usage, 389multiple-applications-in-

one, 380multiple-services-in-one,

380

native code, 386networking, 389pass-by-reference, 502performance

requirements, 377-390requests, 380scalability, 378security, 378SMP scaling, 390-391software performance

stack, 382-383string manipulation, 390synchronization, 389thread pools, 501-502threads, 389topologies, 394-398transactions, 380tuning, 398-402vendor server

portability, 378vendors, Linux support, 380web servers, 390

applicationsdesigning, 305-309

clients, 323-324code, 309file I/O, 322-323servers, 309-310sockets, 311, 313-314synchronization,

318-321threads, 315-317timing routines,

310-311profiling, 302-303

app_solicit parameter (kernel), 516

architecture models, webservers, 336-337

architecturesdatabases, 362kernel, 20-23multiprocessing

clusters, 38, 43-45

NUMA (Non-UniformMemoryArchitecture), 38,48-54

processor mixing, 38SMP (Symmetrical

Multiprocessing),36-39

area structures, virtual memory, 198-199

AS (anticipatory I/O scheduler), 222-225

deadline behavior, 416-417decayed frequency

tables, 224lowest logical block

information, 226positioning time, 224read anticipation process,

227-228sequential read

performance, 415-416tuning, 224-225

asymmetrical multiprocessingsystems, 28

asynchronous I/O, 246databases, 371-372file systems, 249-250

availability, applicationservers, 378

Bbadblocks utility (Ext2/Ext3

file system), 258banks, physical memory, 22Baseline column

(NetBench), 469base_reachable_time

parameter (kernel), 516bdflush kernel daemon, 512

parameters, 248-249BEA WebLogic, application

servers, 377benchmarks, 131, 173

analysis, 177-179

522 Index


application benchmarks,133, 161

database benchmarks,164-166

Java benchmarks,161-163

Oracle ApplicationsStandardBenchmark, 168

PostMark benchmarks,164

SAP StandardApplicationBenchmark, 168

consistency, 132enterprise benchmarks, 133exit strategies, 179FFSB (flexible file system

benchmark), 409file servers, 408I/O schedulers, 408-409Linux kernel performance

benchmarks, 179-184mail servers, 409measurements, 177-179metadata, 409microbenchmarks,

133-134disk benchmarks,

150-159network benchmarks,

159-160operating system

benchmarks,134-143, 147-150

network performance,456-457

NetBench, 468-470Netperf3 benchmark,

471-472SPECWeb99 benchmark,

475-476VolcanoMark bench-

mark, 473-474

operating system benchmarks, 173

analysis methodology,175-179

kernel performancebenchmarks,179-184

methodology casestudy, 175

numerical analysis, 174simulators, 174tracing, 173workload characteriza-

tion, 174repeatability, 132run rules, 176sequential read

benchmarks, 409sequential write

benchmarks, 409targets, setting, 177tuning, 177-179web server

benchmarks, 166ECPerf, 168SPECjAppServer, 168SPECweb, 166-168SPECweb SSL, 166-168TCP-W, 166-168

web servers, 408workloads, 132, 134

Berkeley sockets, 311, 313-314BI (business intelligence), 164binding, IRQ, 462-464BIO (block I/O) layer

I/O schedulers, 217-219AS (anticipatory

I/O scheduler),222-225

CFQ (Completely FairQueuing) I/Oscheduler, 225

deadline I/O scheduler,219-220

noop I/O scheduler, 226

performance issues, 226tuning, 221-222

struct page pointers, 219blades, 48block allocationblock groups, Ext2 file

system, 253block size I/O, databases, 372blocks

allocationExt2 file system, 254file systems, 235

increasing, 238super blocks, 236

Bonnie/Bonnie++ benchmarks, 150-152

bonuses, interactive tasks,giving to, 194

bootp_relay parameter (kernel), 517

bottlenecks, system tracing,87-88

OProfile command,93-101

PI (PerformanceInspector), 102-107,110-112, 125-130

requirements, 88strace command, 90-93top utility, 88-90

bottom half handlers, 25bounce buffers, databases, 370browsers, 331BSD (Berkeley Software

Design), 12-16initialization table

Slackware, 14-15system initialization,

12-16System V, compared, 12-16

buffers, read/write buffers,TCP, 281-283

burst transfer rates, datamovement, 243

business intelligence (BI), 164byte range requests, 333

523Index


CC programming language,

301, 309C++ programming language,

301, 309caches, 39-40

coherency, SMP(SymmetricalMultiprocessing) system, 29

locality of reference, 40case sensitivity enforced

column (NetBench), 470case studies

benchmarking methodology, 175

commercial workload,Trade3 benchmark,481-504

Ext2/Ext3 file system layout analysis, 424-430

file systemsI/O measurement,

446-452tuning, 436-445

I/O schedulers, 40716-way RAID-0 setup,

414-4158-way NUMA RAID

setup, 412-414AS scheduler, 415-417benchmarks, 408-409CFQ I/O scheduler,

417-420performance, 409single-CPU single-disk

setup, 410-411JFS (Journaled File

System) layout analysis, 430-431

network performance,455, 468

benchmarks, 456-457kernel enhancements,

457-468


471-472SPECWeb99 benchmark,

475-476VolcanoMark bench-

mark, 473-474ReiserFS layout analysis,

432, 434XFS layout analysis, 435

CFQ (Completely FairQueuing) I/O scheduler, 225

AS scheduler, compared,415-417

benchmarks, 4088-way NUMA RAID setup,

benchmark, 412-414performance, 409single-CPU single-disk

setup, benchmark,410-411

16-way RAID-0 setup,benchmark, 414-415

tuning, 417-420CGI (Common Gateway

Interface), 376channel cards, 47chattr utility (Ext2/Ext3 file

system), 258children, sleep averages,

tuning, 192CHILD_PENALTY parameter

(scheduler), tuning, 192chunked encoding, 333client server model, 331-333clients

designing, 323-324tuning, 350-354

file change notifications,353

metadata, 353opportunistic locking,

352-353

protocol layering,351-352

read-only clients,353-354

cluster file systems, 348clustering

application server, 391-394interconnect technology,

databases, 362clusters, 38, 43

HA (high availability)clusters, 43-45

HPCs (high-performanceclusters), 43

Coda, 347code

compilers, 326-327as tuning tools, 303-304gcc (GNU Compiler

Collection) compiler, 301, 309

native code, applicationservers, 386

programs, designing, 309tuning, 301-304

algorithms, 305-328Comer, Douglas E., 505commands

debugfs, 424dump2efs, 425gprof, 303gtop, 65-67hdparm, 243-246iostat, 75-75, 446-450, 452ipconfig, 82ipcs, 289-291jfs_mkfs, 266less, 26logrotate, 11mk fs, 234-237mke2fs, 255-256mkfs, 424netstat, 80-83nfsstat, 83

524 Index


OProfileopcontrol, 94-95oprofpp, 96op_merge, 101op_time, 97op_to_source, 98system tracing, 93-96,

98-99, 101PI (Performance

Inspector)pipcntr, 129post, 129ptt, 130pttstats, 130swtrace, 128-129

prof, 302ps, 71-72pttstats, 105, 107run.itrace, 110-111sar, 67-69, 76, 78sh, 339strace, 90-93sysctl, 278, 299top, 65-67, 88, 90tprof, 107, 110, 112tune, 234vmstat, 62-65, 72-73

commercial workloadJ2EE model, 480-481Trade3 benchmark,

481-492, 496-499connection pools,

502-503database I/O activity,

495-496hyperthreading, 504JVM (Java Virtual

Machine), 499-501pass-by-reference, 502thread dumps, 492-495thread pools, 501-502web servers, 491

tuning, 479-480Common Gateway Interface

(CGI), 376

compilersas tuning tools, 303-304gcc (GNU Compiler

Collection) compiler,301, 309

compile_et utility (Ext2/Ext3file system), 258

compiling code, 326-327Completely Fair Queuing

(CFQ) I/O scheduler, 225component benchmarks. See

microbenchmarksconcurrency

application servers, 379web servers, 336

CONFIG kernel parameters, 517

configurationExt3 file system, 256hard drives, multiple hard

drives, 4-5IPC (interprocess

communication),298-299

JFS (Journaled FileSystem), 266

kernel, configurable features, 9

RAID (Redundant Arrayof Inexpensive Disks),7-8

ReiserFS, 260XFS (Next-Generation File

System), 269connection management,

TCP, kernel parameters,285-286

connection pools, applicationservers, 502-503

contention statistics,generating, JLM (JavaLock Monitor), 125-128

context switching, 24-25conversions, file systems, 6-7

countersJLM (Java Lock Monitor),

125-128OProfile, 94

CPU scheduler, virtual memory, 212-214

CPUs (central processingunits), utilization,monitoring, 59-69

create benchmarks, 409crediting interactive tasks,

scheduler, 192CRO (Continuous Reliable

Operation), IBM zSeriesmainframes, 47

DD-SACK, TCP, enabling, 285data integrity

application servers, 378assuring, 247

data movementburst transfer rates, 243disks, 241-242internal transfer rates, 243sustained transfer

rates, 243data=writeback column

(NetBench), 469database benchmarks,

164-166results, 182

database servers, 361application servers,

interactivity, 496-499databases

application servers,support for, 378

architectures, 362clustering interconnect

technology, 362decision support system

(DSS) workloads, 362

525Index


I/O management, 370asynchronous I/O,

371-372block size I/O, 372bounce buffers, 370direct I/O, 372raw I/O, 371request locks, 373vectored I/O, 371

logging devices, 367-368memory management,

369-370OLTP (online transaction

processing), 362process management,

368-369tuning, 362

global memory,365-366

I/O, 363load balancing, 363, 365queue length, 363response times, 363

workloads, 367-368dbench, 155-159dcache read copy update

column (NetBench), 470deadline behavior, AS

scheduler, 416-417deadline I/O elevators, 9deadline I/O schedulers,

219-220deadlocking, semaphores, 27debugfs utility, 259, 424debugging

Ext2 file system, 259kernel parameters, 511ReiserFS, 264

decayed frequency tables, 224decision support (DS), 164decision support system

(DSS) workloads,databases, 362

dedicated network storageservers, 344

default threads, virtual memory, 195

defragmentation, file systems, 246

delay_first_probe_time parameter (kernel), 516

dentry-state parameter (kernel), 514

designing programs, 305-309clients, 323-324code, 309file I/O, 322-323servers, 309-310sockets, 311-314synchronization, 318-321threads, 315-317timing routines, 310-311

detailed symbol mode reports(OProfile), 96

device special files, 32devices, I/O devices,

addressing, 229-230dir-notify-enable parameter

(kernel), 514direct I/O, databases, 372directories, 236

Ext2 file system, 253-254JFS (Journaled File

System), 265dirty bits, 203dirty_background_ratio

parameter (virtual memory), 209

dirty_expire_centisecs parameter (virtual memory), 209

dirty_ratio parameter (virtualmemory), 209

dirty_writeback_sentisecsparameter (virtual memory), 209

disk benchmarks, 150Bonnie/Bonnie++

benchmarks, 150-152dbench, 155-159

IOmeter benchmarks, 152IOzone benchmarks, 152Penguinmeter

benchmarks, 153tiobench, 153-155

disksfile systems, 241

data movement,241-242

hdparm command,243-246

rotational speed,242-243

track-to-track seekspeed, 242-243

transfer rates, 243multiple disks,

configuring, 4-5partitions, placement, 4-5RAID (Redundant Array

of Inexpensive Disks),configuring, 7-8

distribution, applicationservers, 379

DMZ topology, applicationservers, 395

DNS servers, 35domainname parameter

(kernel), 511dquot-max parameter

(kernel), 514dquot-nr parameter

(kernel), 514DS (decision support), 164dumpe2fs utility (Ext2/Ext3

file system), 259, 425dynamic content

SPECWeb99 benchmark,475-476

web servers, 331dynamic kernel patches,

PI (PerformanceInspector), 103

dynamic link libraries,327-328

526 Index


Ee2fsck utility (Ext2 file

system), 259e2image utility (Ext2 file

system), 259e2label utility (Ext2 file

system), 259EAs (extended attributes), file

systems, 236ecn parameter (kernel), 519ECPerf benchmarks, 168EJB (Enterprise Java

Beans), 376elevators (I/O), 9enterprise applications

clustering, 391-394J2EE, 383SMP scaling, 390-391topologies, 394-398tuning, 398-402

enterprise benchmarks, 133Enterprise Java Beans

(EJB), 376enterprise servers, 42Enterprise Storage Server

(ESS), 48error_burst parameter

(kernel), 517error_cost parameter

(kernel), 517ESCON channel cards, 47ESS (Enterprise Storage

Server), 48etc/inittab initialization table,

12-16Ethereal packet capture tool,

334-335evaluation methodologies

(performance), 173analysis methodology,

175-179benchmarking


kernel performancebenchmarks, 179-184

numerical analysis, 174simulators, 174tracing, 173workload characterization,

174evenly affined IRQs column

(NetBench), 469event balancing, 191event-driven web servers,

tuning, 339exit strategies, benchmarks, 179EXIT_WEIGHT parameter

(scheduler), tuning, 192Ext2 file system, 5, 30, 253

block allocation, 254block groups, 253creating, 255-256directories, 253-254Ext3 extensions, 256inodes, 253layout, analyzing, 424-430relationships, 254upgrading, 258utilities, 258-259Ext3 file system,

converting to, 6-7, 258Ext3 file system, 5

Ext2 file system,converting from,6-7, 258

extensions, 256external journal devices,

using on, 258kernel configuration

support, 256layout, analyzing, 424-430partitions, creating, 257tuning, 256, 436-440utilities, 258-259

extended attributes (EAs), filesystems, 236

extensions, Ext3 file system, 256

extentsallocation, file systems, 235file offset, 235file systems, 235JFS (Journaled File

System), 265starting block

numbers, 235external fragmentation, file

systems, 235external journal devices,

Ext3 file systems, usingon, 258

external logs, 423JFS (Journaled File

System), 267tuning, 442-443

ReiserFS, 262tuning, 440-441

XFS (Next-Generation FileSystem), 271

FFACK (Forward

Acknowledgement), TCP,enabling, 285

failover, application servers, 378

fault tolerance, applicationservers, 378

fdatasync function, 247Feigenbaum, Barry, 346FFSB (flexible file system

benchmark), 409FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy

Standard), 13fibre channel, 41FICON channel cards, 47FIFOs, 289fifo_batch parameter (I/O

scheduler), 221

527Index


file change notifications,clients, 353

file I/O, 322-323file integrity, assuring, 247file offset, 235file servers, 343

benchmarks, 408NAS (network attached

storage), 344network file system

protocols, 345-350tuning, 354-355

load measurement, 358NFS (Network File

System), 355-356performance

measurement, 357Samba, 356-357

file status flags, setting, 247file synchronization, 246-248file systems, 29, 233

ACEs (access controlentries), 236

ACLs (access control lists), 236

allocation groups, 236application servers, 390asynchronous I/O, 249-250bdflush kernel daemon,

paramerers, 248-249block allocation, 235converting, 6-7creating

mk fs command,234-237

planning, 234defragmentation, 246device special files, 32directories, 236disks, 241

data movement,241-242

hdparm command,243-246

rotational speed,242-243

track-to-track seekspeed, 242-243

transfer rates, 243EAs (extended

attributes), 236Ext2 file system, 5, 30, 253

block allocation, 254block groups, 253creating, 255-256directories, 253-254Ext3 extensions, 256inodes, 253layout analysis, 424-430relationships, 254upgrading, 258utilities, 258-259

Ext3 file system, 5external journal

devices, 258kernel configuration

support, 256partitioning, 257tuning, 256, 436-440utilities, 258-259

extents, 235external logs, 423FFSB (flexible file system

benchmark), 409FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy

Standard), 13file synchronization,

246-248fragmentation, 235, 246I/O, measuring, 446-452IBM JFS (Journaled File

System), 5implementation, 5,

233-241inodes, 235JFS (Journaled File

System), 265-266comparison list, 274creating, 266-267

directories, 265dynamic inode

allocation, 265extent-based addressing

structures, 265external logs, 267kernel configuration

support, 266layout analysis, 430-431mounting, 240, 267transactions, 238-239tuning, 266, 268,

442-443utilities, 268

kernel parameters,513-514

layouts, 423logical blocks, 234logical volumes, 235LVM (Linux Volume

Manager), 30meta data, 235mk fs command, 234network file system

protocols, 345-350proc file system, 21,

508-509memory utilization,

70-71RAID, 30-31raw disk I/O, 251-252ReiserFS, 5, 259-260

creating, 261-262external logs, 262kernel configuration

support, 260layout analysis, 432-434mounting, 262-263tuning, 260, 264,


selecting, 5super blocks, 236sysfs, 509tuning, 234, 436

528 Index


VFS (virtual file system), 30

VGs (volume groups),31-32

XFS (Next-Generation FileSystem), 5, 268-269

allocation groups, 269creating, 270-271external logs, 271fullness, 271kernel configuration

support, 269layout analysis, 435mounting, 271-272partitions, 269tuning, 270-272,

443-445utilities, 272-273

file-max parameter (kernel), 513

file-nr parameter (kernel), 513

file sizes, increasing, 238Filesystem Hierarchy

Standard (FHS). See FHS(Filesystem HierarchyStandard)

Flash web servers, tuning, 339flexible file system benchmark

(FFSB), 409forced file synchronization, 248FORTRAN programming

language, 309Forward Acknowledgement

(FACK), TCP,enabling, 285

forwarding parameter (kernel), 517

fragmentation, file systems,235, 246

front_merges parameter (I/O scheduler), 221

fsck.ext3 utility (Ext3 file system), 259

functionsasynchronous I/O, 250file synchronization, 247

Ggcc (GNU Compiler

Collection) compiler,301, 309

tuning options, 303-304gc_stale_time parameter

(kernel), 516GFS, 348Gigabit Ethernet, tuning,

Netperf3, 471-472global memory, databases,

365-366GNU C Library (GLIBC)

asynchronous I/O interface, 372

GPL (GNU General PublicLicense), Linux kernel, 19

gprof command, 303grain locking, processors, 29gtop command, CPU

utilization, 65-67Gunther, Harvey, 505

HHA (high availability)

clusters, 43-45hard drives. See diskshardware

analysis methodologies, 175application servers,

387-388IBM zSeries mainframes, 46NUMA servers, 51

hdparm command, driveinformation, viewing,243-246

heterogeneousness,application servers, 379

hierarchiesNUMA servers, 51Processes, viewing, 88, 90

high availability (HA) clusters, 43-45

high bandwidth interconnect,NUMA servers, 49

high-performance clusters(HPCs), 43-44

highmem interface, 201hold time accounting, JLM

(Java Lock Monitor),125-128

home partition, placement,4-5

horizontal clustering,application servers, 393

hostname parameter (kernel), 511

hot_list_length parameter(kernel), 515

HPCs (high-performanceclusters), 43-44

HTML generators, 376HTTP (HyperText Transfer

Protocol), 331ISO layering model, 333requests, 332-333

byte range requests, 333responses, 331-333

chunked encoding, 333WebDAV extensions, 347

huge TLB page support, 9hyperthreading application

servers, 504

II/O

buses, 41databases, 370

asynchronous I/O,371-372

block size I/O, 372bounce buffers, 370direct I/O, 372raw I/O, 371request locks, 373tuning, 363vectored I/O, 371

529Index


devices, 35addressing, 229-230

elevators, 9file I/O, 322-323file systems

asynchronous I/O,249-250

measuring, 446-452operations, 246

IBM zSeries mainframes, 47-48

raw disk I/O, file systems, 251-252

request locks,databases, 373

utilization, monitoring,73-78

I/O schedulers, 217-219, 407AS (anticipatory I/O

scheduler), 222-228,415-416

deadline behavior,416-417

decayed frequencytables, 224

lowest logical blockinformation, 226

positioning time, 224read anticipation

process, 227-228tuning, 224-225

benchmarks, 408-409CFQ (Completely Fair

Queuing) I/O scheduler, 225

tuning, 417-420deadline I/O schedulers,

219-2208-way NUMA RAID setup,

benchmark, 412-414noop I/O scheduler, 226performance issues,

226, 409performance rankings,

reshuffling, 420

pools of requests, 223single-CPU single-disk

setup, benchmark,410-411

16-way RAID-0 setup,benchmark, 414-415

tuning, 221-222I/O subsystem, 217

I/O schedulers, 217-219AS (anticipatory


CFQ (Completely FairQueuing) I/Oscheduler, 225

deadline I/O schedulers, 219-220

noop I/O scheduler, 226performance issues, 226tuning, 221-222Trade3 benchmark,

commercial workload, 481-504

integration, lack of, 217MPIO (Multipath I/O), 41performance issues,

228-229servers, 40-41

IBM, 343application servers, 377JFS (Journaled File

System), 5, 239, 265Netperf3, 456WebSphere Application

Server, 377, 481-504zSeries mainframes, 45-48

ICMP, kernel parameters,515-516

icmp_echo_ignore_all parameter (kernel), 516

icmp_echo_ignore_broadcastsparameter (kernel), 516

icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses parameter(kernel), 516

icmp_ratelimit parameter(kernel), 515

icmp_ratemask parameter(kernel), 515

IDE hard drives, 243-246identifiers, IPC (interprocess

communication), 292identity mapped segment

(virtual memory). Seekernel image section (virtual memory), 195

igmp_max_membershipparameter (kernel), 516

init process, initializationtable, 12-16

initializationBSD, 12-16init process, 12-16System V, 12-16

initialization table, 13-14BSD initab, Slackware,

14-15init process, 12-16System V initab, Red Hat,

15-16inode-nr parameter

(kernel), 514inode-state parameter

(kernel), 514inodes

Ext2 file system, 253file systems, 235JFS (Journaled File

System), 265installation, Linux, 3, pre-

installation planning, 3-8instruction tracing, PI

(Performance Inspector),103, 110-111

integration, I/O subsystems,lack of, 217

interactive tasks, 192-194INTERACTIVE_DELTA

parameter (scheduler),tuning, 193

530 Index


interactivity, applicationservers, 379

interconnects, NUMAservers, 50, 52

interfacesAPIs (application

programming interfaces), 21

highmem interface, 201information, displaying, 82kernel, 20procfs, 508-509sysctl, 507-508sysfs, 509

Intermezzo, 347internal fragmentation, file

systems, 235internal transfer rates, data

movement, 243Internet Explorer, 331interprocess communication

(IPC). See IPC (inter-process communication)

interrupt handlers, 25interrupts, monitoring

Above Idle tool (PI),104-105

sar command, 68-69interval parameter

(bdflush), 249IOmeter benchmarks, 152iostat command, I/O

monitoring, 75-76,446-452

IOzone benchmarks, 152IP fragmentation, kernel

parameters, 519IPC (interprocess

communication), 25, 289FIFOs, 289identifiers, 292message queues, 289

parameters, 295-296parameters, modifying,

298-299

pipes, 26, 289, 299semaphores, 27-28, 289,

292-294shared memory segments,

289, 297-298signals, 25SysV (System V), 26,

289-292ipconfig command, 82ipcs command, 289-291ipfrag_high_thresh parameter

(kernel), 520ipfrag_low_thresh parameter

(kernel), 520ipfrag_time parameter

(kernel), 519ip_autoconfig parameter

(kernel), 519ip_default_ttl parameter

(kernel), 519ip_dynaddr parameter

(kernel), 520ip_forward parameter

(kernel), 519ip_local_port_range

parameter (kernel), 520ip_nonlocal_bind parameter

(kernel), 519ip_no_pmtu_disc parameter

(kernel), 519IRQ, affinity, 462-464ISO layering model, 333

JJ2EE (Java 2 Enterprise

Edition), 384-385application servers, 376,

377, 384-385enterprise

application, 383performance

requirements,377-390

software performancestack, 382-383

clustering, 391-394commercial workload,

480-481file systems, 390hardware, 387-388JVM (Java Virtual

Machine), 386,388-389

memory usage, 389native code, 386networking, 389SMP scaling, 390-391string manipulization, 390synchronization, 389threads, 389topologies, 394-398tuning, 398-402web servers, 390

Jamison, Wilfred C., 505Java

applets, 376application servers, 376benchmarks, 161-163JLM (Java Lock Monitor),

hold time accountingand contention statistics, 125-128

JPROF tool, JIT address-to-name resolution, 112

JVM (Java VirtualMachine), 376

servlets, 376Java Database Connections

(JDBCs), 376Java Messaging Service

(JMS), 377Java Transaction Architecture

(JTA), 377JBoss application servers, 377JDBC (Java Database

Connections), 376JFS (Journaled File System),

5, 237-241, 265-266creating, 266-267

531Index


directories, 265dynamic inode

allocation, 265extent-based addressing

structure, 265external logs, 267kernel configuration

support, 266layout, analyzing, 430-431mounting, 240, 267tuning, 266-268, 442-443transactions, 238-239utilities, 268

jfs_mkfs command, 266JIT (just-in-time) compilers,

JVM (Java VirtualMachine), 386

JLM (Java Lock Monitor) tool(Performance Inspector),102, 125-128

JMS (Java Messaging Service), 377

journaling file systemscomparison list, 274Ext2 file system, 253

block allocation, 254creating, 255-256directories, 254Ext3 extensions, 256inodes, 253relationships, 254tuning, 256upgrading, 258utilities, 258

Ext3 file systemexternal journal

devices, 258kernel configuration

support, 256partitioning, 257utilities, 258

JFS (Journaled FileSystem), 265-266

creating, 266-267directories, 265

dynamic inode allocation, 265

extent-based addressingstructures, 265

external logs, 267kernel configuration

support, 266layout, analyzing,

430-431mounting, 267tuning, 266-268,


ReiserFS, 259-260creating, 261-262external logs, 262kernel configuration

support, 260mounting, 262-263tuning, 260, 264utilities, 264

XFS (Next-Generation FileSystem), 268-269

allocation groups, 269creating, 270-271external logs, 271fullness, 271kernel configuration

support, 269mounting, 271-272partitions, 269tuning, 270, 272utilities, 272-273

JPROF tool (PerformanceInspector), 102, 112

JTA (Java TransactionArchitecture), 377

JVM (Java Virtual Machine),376, 386

application servers,388-389

commercial workload,499-501

thread dumps, 492-495

Kkeep-alive management,

TCP, kernel parameters,286-287

kernelarchitecture, 20-23configurable features, 9file systems, 29-32IPC (Interprocess

Communication)mechanisms, 25-28

memory management,21-23

microkernel operating systems, compared, 20

modular design, 35modules, 20monolithic aspects, 20network performance,

enhancements,457-468

networks, parameter tuning mechanisms,278-287

open source, 19organization, 20parameters, 509

CONFIG, 517debugging, 511file system, 513-514ICMP, 515-516IP fragmentation, 519NEIGHBOR, 516net core, 515network, 515-519processes, 510profiling, 511routing, 517shared memory, 510signals, 510system, 511TCP, 518-519virtual memory,

511-513

532 Index


performance benchmarks,179-184

proc file system, 21parameter tuning,

508-509process management, 24

context switching,24-25

kernel threads, 24process scheduling, 24processes, 24tasks, 24threads, 24

responsibilities, 20services, 20SMP (Symmetrical

Multiprocessing) system, 28-29

sysfs interface, parametertuning, 509

systctl interface, parametertuning, 507-508

system calls, 20variables, 277

kernel address spaces, 21, 199kernel image section (virtual

memory), 195, 200kernel module section

(virtual memory), 199kernel threads, 24Krishnamurthy, Balachander,

333, 341kswapd parameter

(kernel), 512

Llacency ratios, NUMA

servers, 52large pages, support, 206layers, BIO (block I/O) layer,

I/O schedulers, 217-226layouts

Ext2/Ext3 file systems,analyzing, 424-430

file systems, 423JFS (Journaled File

System), analyzing,430-431

ReiserFS, analyzing,432, 434

XFS, analyzing, 435less command, 26levels

interactive tasks,raising, 192

RAID, 31libraries, dynamic link

libraries, 327-328Linux

evolution of, 19installing, 3

pre-installation planning, 3-8

processor support, 19UNIX, compared, 19version 2.6

new features, 33Linux network stacks, 455list symbol mode reports

(OProfile), 96listeners (thread), 315LMbench, 134-141load balancing

application servers, 397databases, 363-365schedulers, 191

locality of reference,caches, 40

locksopportunistic locking,

clients, 352-353SMP (Symmetrical

Multiprocessing) system, 28-29

locktime parameter (kernel), 516

log analysis tools, web servers,340

logger facility, 12logging devices, databases,

367-368logical blocks, file systems, 234logical volumes, file

systems, 235logrotate command, 11logs

customized logging, 12external logs, 423finding, 11logger facility, 12rotating, 11/var/log/messages logs, 11/var/log/XFree86.0.logs, 11viewing, 10

loosely coupled multiprocess-ing systems, 28

lower_zone_protection parameter (virtual memory), 210

lowest logical block information, AS (anticipatory I/O scheduler), 226

lsattr utility (Ext2 file system), 259

Lustre, 348LVM (Linux Volume

Manager), 30

Mmail servers, benchmarks, 409management policies,

schedulers, 1872.6 Linux scheduler,

189-191load balancing, 191NUMA (non-uniform

memory access), 188single processor

systems, 187SMP (symmetric

multiprocessing), 188

533Index


SMT (symmetric multithreading), 189

tuning, 192-193mapping

memory, 22-23ObjRMAP (object-based

reversed mapping), 206rmap (reversed

mapping), 205max-readahead parameter

(kernel), 511max_delay parameter

(kernel), 517max_map_count parameter

(kernel), 511max_size parameter

(kernel), 517MAX_SLEEP_AVG


MAX_TIMESLICE parameter(scheduler), tuning, 193

mcast_solicit parameter (kernel), 516

mc_forwarding parameter(kernel), 517

measurements, benchmarks,177-179

memorycaches, 39-40

locality of reference, 40global memory, databases,

365-366managing, databases,

369-370memory management,

21-23, 283-284nodes, 22NUMA (non-uniform

memory access),schedulers, 188

processes, tracing, 88, 90servers, 39-40

shared memorykernel parameters, 510semaphores, 27


virtual memory, 195address spaces, 196-199address translation

process, 204-205area structures, 198-199CPU scheduler, 212-214highmem interface, 201kernel image section,

195, 200kernel module

section, 199kernel parameters,

511-513largepage support, 206ObjRMAP (object-

based reversedmapping), 206

page allocation, 207page replacement, 207page tables, 203, 205paging, 201-203processes, 195rmap (reversed

mapping), 205slab allocators, 208swapping, 201-203tuning, 209-212

memory management, 21-23,283-284

memory mapping, 22-23memory usage, application

servers, 389message queues, 289

IPC (interprocess communication),parameters, 295-296

System V IPC, 27message_burst parameter

(kernel), 515

message_cost parameter (kernel), 515

metadatabenchmarks, 409clients, 353file systems, 235

microbenchmarks, 133-134disk benchmarks, 150

Bonnie/Bonnie++benchmarks,150-152

dbench, 155-159IOmeter benchmarks,

152IOzone benchmarks,

152Penguinmeter

benchmarks, 153tiobench, 153-155

network benchmarksdbench, 159Netperf, 159-160SPEC SFS, 160

operating system benchmarks, 134

AIM7, 142AIM9, 143, 147LMbench, 134-141Reaim, 147SPEC SDET, 147-150

microkernel operating systems, 20

min-readahead parameter(kernel), 511

min_delay parameter (kernel), 517

min_free_kbytes parameter(virtual memory), 210

MIN_TIMESLICE parameter(scheduler), tuning, 193

mixing processors, 38mk fs command, file systems,

creating, 234-237, 424mke2fs utility (Ext2 file

system), 259

534 Index


mkesfs command,Ext2/Ext3 file systems,creating, 255-256

mkfs.ext3 utility (Ext3 filesystem), 259

mklost+found utility (Ext2file system), 259

mkreiserfs utilitiy (ReiserFS), 264

mk_commands utility(Ext2/Ext3 file system), 259

modular design, kernel, 20, 35monitoring performance,

58-59, 131analysis methodology,

175-179benchmarking


CPU utilization, 59-69I/O utilization, 73-78kernel performance

benchmarks, 179-184memory utilization, 69-73network utilization, 78-83numerical analysis, 174simulators, 174system tracing, 87-88


PI (PerformanceInspector),102-112, 125-130


tracing, 173workload characterization,

174Moore’s Law, address

spaces, 200Morton, Andrew, 275

mountingJFS (Journaled File

System), 267ReiserFS, 262-263XFS (Next-Generation File

System), 271-272Mozilla, 331MPIO (Multipath I/O), 41

NUMA servers, 53msgmax parameter

(kernel), 510msgmnb parameter

(kernel), 510msgmni parameter

(kernel), 510multidomain topology,

application servers, 398Multipath I/O (MPIO). See

MPIO (Multipath I/O)multiprocessing

clusters, 38, 43-45HA (high availability)

clusters, 43-45HPCs (high-perfor-

mance clusters), 43NUMA (Non-Uniform

Memory Architecture),38, 48-54

hardware, 51hierarchy, 51high bandwidth

interconnect, 49interconnects, 50-52lacency ratios, 52MPIO (Multipath

I/O), 53nodes, 50-51timers, 54



mutual exclusion, 36schedulers, 188topologies, 37-38

multiprocessor systems, 28-29mutual exclusion, shared

system resources, 36

Nnamed pipes, 26, 289Namesys, ResierFS, 239NAPI (network device driver

API), 464-466NAS (network attached

storage), 344-345native code, application

servers, 386ndirty parameter

(bdflush), 249NEIGHBOR kernel

parameters, 516net core, kernel

parameters, 515NetBench, 456, 468-470netdev_max_backlog

parameter (kernel),280, 515

Netperf benchmarks, 159-160Netperf3 microbenchmark, 456

Gigabit Ethernet tuning,471-472

netstat command, networkutilization, monitoring,80-83

network attached storage(NAS). See NAS (networkattached storage)

network benchmarks,159-160

network file system protocols,345-350

network initialization,Slackware, 15

Network Operating Systems(NOS), 343

network protocol stack,277-278

network storage servers, 344

535Index


networksapplication servers, 389kernel parameters,

515-519performance, 455, 468

benchmarks, 456-457IRQ affinity, 462-464kernel enhancements,

457-468NAPI (network

device driver API),464-466


471-472process affinity, 462SendFile API, 458-460SPECWeb99 benchmark,

475-476TOE (TCP Offload

Engine), 467-468TSO (TCP Segmentation

Offloading),460-462

VolcanoMark bench-mark, 473-474

Zerocopy, 458-459tuning

kernel parameter tuning mechanisms,278-287



nfract parameter (bdflush), 249

nfract_stop_bdflush parameter (bdflush), 249

nfract_sync parameter(bdflush), 249

NFS (Network File System),346-347

client/server implementa-tions, 350

tuning, 355-356nfsstat command, network

utilization, monitoring, 83NICs, Gigabit Ethernet NICs,

tuning, 471-472nodes

device nodes, 32memory, 22NUMA servers, 50-51

non-interactive tasks,starving, 194

Non-Uniform MemoryArchitecture (NUMA). See NUMA(Non-Uniform MemoryArchitecture)

noop I/O scheduler, 226NOS (Network Operating

Systems), 343Novell, 343nr_pdflush_threads

parameter (virtual memory), 210

NUMA (Non-UniformMemory Architecture),22, 38, 48-54

hardware, 51hierarchy, 51high bandwidth

interconnect, 49interconnects, 50-52lacency ratios, 52MPIO (Multipath I/O), 53nodes, 50-51schedulers, 188timers, 54

numerical analysis, 174

OO(1) scheduler column

(NetBench), 469objects, reference counted

objects, 197ObjRMAP (object-based

reversed mapping), 206

OLTP (online transactionprocessing), 164

databases, 362logging devices, 367-368

opcontrol command(OProfile), 94-95

open source, kernel, 19Open Source Development

Lab (OSDL), Reaimbenchmarks, 147

operating system benchmarks, 134, 173

AIM7, 142AIM9, 143, 147analysis methodology,

175-179Linux kernel performance

benchmarks, 179-184LMbench, 134-141methodology case

study, 175numerical analysis, 174Reaim, 147simulators, 174SPEC SDET, 147-150tracing, 173workload characterization,

174operating systems. See also

kernelkernel performance

benchmarks, 179-184microkernel operating

systems, 20NOS (Network Operating

Systems), 343performance evaluation

methodologies, 173analysis methodology,

175-179benchmarking


numerical analysis, 174simulators, 174

536 Index


tracing, 173workload characteriza-

tion, 174opportunistic locking, clients,

352-353OProfile tool

counter, 94opcontrol, 94-95oprofpp, 96op_merge, 101op_time, 97op_to_source, 98system tracing, 93-101

optmem_max parameter(kernel), 281, 515

Oracle, application servers, 377

Oracle Applications StandardBenchmark, 168

Orion, application servers, 377

OSDL (Open SourceDevelopment Lab),Reiam benchmarks, 147

osrelease parameter (kernel), 511

ostype parameter (kernel), 511

overcommit_memory parameter (virtual memory), 211

overcommit_ratio parameter(virtual memory), 211

overhead (locking),processors, 29

Ppackets, Ethereal packet

capture tool, 334-335PAE (Physical Address

Extension), 22page frame maps, 200page tables, 203, 205page-cluster parameter

(kernel), 512

page-cluster parameter (virtual memory), 211

pagesets, 207pagetable_cache parameter

(kernel), 512paging

virtual address spaces,201-203

virtual memory, 23parameters

IPC (interprocess communication),298-299

kernel, 509CONFIG, 517debugging, 511file system, 513-514ICMP, 515-516IP fragmentation, 519NEIGHBOR, 516net core, 515network, 515-519network tuning, 278-287processes, 510profiling, 511routing, 517shared memory, 510signals, 510system, 511TCP, 518-519virtual memory, 511-513

message queues, 295-296semaphores, 292-294shared memory segments,

297-298parents, sleep averages,

tuning, 192PARENT_PENALTY


partitionsExt3 partitions,

creating, 257placement, 4-5XFS (Next-Generation File

System), 269

pass-by-reference, applicationservers, 502

PCI I/O buses, 41Penguinometer

benchmarks, 153per-thread time (PTT). See

PTT (per-thread time)performance

application servers,requirements, 377-390

enterprise applicationsclustering, 391-394SMP scaling, 390-391topologies, 394-398tuning, 398-402

evaluation methodologies,173

analysis methodology,175-179

benchmarking methodology casestudy, 175


tion, 174file systems, disks, 241-246I/O schedulers, 226, 409

16-way RAID-0 setup,414-415

8-way NUMA RAIDsetup, 412-414

AS scheduler, 415-417CFQ I/O scheduler,

tuning, 417-420single-CPU single-disk

setup, 410-411I/O subsystem, 228-229kernel performance

benchmarks, 179-184networks, 455, 468

benchmarks, 456-457IRQ affinity, 462-464kernel enhancements,

457-468

537Index


NAPI (network device driver API),464-466


471-472process affinity, 462SendFile API, 458-460SPECWeb99 benchmark,

475-476TOE (TCP Offload

Engine), 467-468TSO (TCP Segmentation

Offloading),460-462

VolcanoMark bench-mark, 473-474

Zerocopy, 458-459print servers, 358web servers, tuning,

337-340workloads, benchmarking,

132-143, 147-168performance analysis, 58-59

CPU utilization, 59-69I/O utilization, 73-78memory utilization, 69-73network utilization, 78-83system tracing, 87-88


PI (PerformanceInspector),102-112, 125-130


performance counters,PI (PerformanceInspector), 103

Performance Inspector (PI).See PI (PerformanceInspector)

performance monitoring, 131performance tuning.

See tuning

Physical Address Extension(PAE), 22

physical memory banks, 22PI (Performance Inspector),

102-112, 125-130Above Idle tool, 102-105dynamic kernel

patches, 103instruction tracing, 103,

110-111JLM (Java Lock Monitor)

tool, 102, 125-128JPROF tool, 102, 112performance counters, 103pipcntr tool, 129post tool, 129ptt tool, 130pttstats tool, 102, 105,

107, 130swtrace tool, 128-129System Trace Data

Collection tool, 102tprof tool, 107, 110

pipcntr tool (PerformanceInspector), 129

pipes, 289IPC (Interprocess

Communication),26, 299

named pipes, 26planning

file systems, 234pre-installation planning,

Linux, 3-8point of sale (POS)

terminals, 164policies, resource

management policies,schedulers, 187-193

pools of requests, I/O schedulers, 223

positioning time,processes, 224

post tool (PerformanceInspector), 129

PostMark application benchmarks, 164

pre-installation planning,Linux, 3-8

print servers, 343performance, 358

printk parameter (kernel), 511PRIO_BONUS_RATIO


proc file system, 21kernel parameters, tuning,

508-509memory utilization, 70-71virtual memory

parameters, tuning, 209process affinity column

(NetBench), 470process management, 24-25processes, 24-25

affinity, 462hierarchies, viewing, 88, 90IPC (interprocess

communication), 289dynamic modification,

298-299FIFOs, 289identifiers, 292message queues, 289,

295-296pipes, 26, 289, 299semaphores, 27-28,

289-294shared memory

segments, 289,297-298

signals, 25SysV (System V), 26,

289-292kernel parameters, 510managing, databases,

368-369positioning time, 224read anticipation process,

AS (anticipatory I/Oscheduler), 227-228

538 Index


scheduling, 24timeslices, 25virtual memory

address spaces, 196-197address translation

process, 204-205processor affinity, SMP

(SymmetricalMultiprocessing) system,29

processorsLinux, support, 19memory caches, 39-40monitoring, Above Idle

tool (PI), 104-105multiprocessing

clusters, 38, 43-45NUMA (Non-Uniform

MemoryArchitecture), 38,48-54



registers, 39schedulers

2.6 Linux scheduler,189, 191

load balancing, 191NUMA (non-uniform

memory access),188

single processor systems, 187

SMP (SymmetricalMultiprocessing)system, 188

SMT (symmetric multi-threading), 189

tuning, 192-193service processors, 35SMP (Symmetrical

Multiprocessing) system, 28-29, 188


word sizes, 39procfs interface, kernel

parametersCONFIG, 517debugging, 511file system, 513-514ICMP, 515-516IP fragmentation, 519NEIGHBOR, 516net core, 515networks, 515-519processes, 510profiling, 511routing, 517shared memory, 510signals, 510system, 511TCP, 518-519tuning, 508-509virtual memory, 511-513

prof command, 302profiling

applications, 302-303kernel parameters, 511

programming languages,choosing, 309

programs, designing, 305-309clients, 323-324code, 309file I/O, 322-323servers, 309-310sockets, 311-314synchronization, 318-321threads, 315-317timing routines, 310-311

protocol layering, clients,351-352

protocol stack (network),277-278

protocolsnetwork file system

protocols, 345-350network protocol stack,

277-278

proxy_arp parameter (kernel), 517

proxy_delay parameter (kernel), 516

proxy_qlen parameter (kernel), 516

ps command, memory utilization, 71-72

PTT (per-thread time), 102monitoring, pttstats tool

(PI), 105, 107ptt tool (Performance

Inspector), 130pttstats tool (Performance

Inspector), 130Pulavarti, Badari, 507Python programming

language, 309

Q-Rqueue length, databases, 363

RAID (Redundant Array ofInexpensive Disks), 7,30-31

configuring, 7-8levels, 31multiple hard drives, 4

raw I/Odatabases, 371file systems, 251-252

read anticipation process,AS (anticipatory I/Oscheduler), 227-228

read buffers, TCP, kernelparameters, 281-283

read-only clients, 353-354read_batch_expire parameter

(AS I/O scheduler), 225read_expire parameter (AS

I/O scheduler), 224read_expire parameter (I/O

scheduler), 221Reaim benchmarks, 147real-root-dev parameter

(kernel), 511

539Index


Redundant Array ofInexpensive Disks(RAID). See RAID(Redundant Array ofInexpensive Disks)

reentrancy, 310reference counted objects, 197registers, processors, 39ReiserFS, 5, 239, 259-260

creating, 261-262external logs, 262kernel configuration

support, 260layout, analyzing, 432-434mounting, 262-263reiserfsck utilitiy, 264tuning, 260, 264, 440-441utilities, 264

reiserfsck utilitiy (ReiserFS), 264

relationships, Ext2 file system, 254

reliability, IBM zSeries mainframes, 47

replacement policy, virtualaddress spaces, 202-203

replacing pages, 207requests (web), 332-333

application servers, 380availability, 378

byte range requests, 333I/O request locks,

databases, 373resize2fs utility (Ext2 file

system), 259resize_reiserfs utility

(ReiserFS), 264resource management

policies, schedulers, 1872.6 Linux scheduler,

189-191load balancing, 191

NUMA (non-uniformmemory access), 188

single processor systems, 187

SMP (symmetric multiprocessing), 188

SMT (symmetric multithreading), 189

tuning, 192-193response times, FFSB

(flexible file systembenchmark), 410

responses (web), 331-333chunked encoding, 333databases, tuning, 363

responsibilities, kernel, 20retrans_time parameter

(kernel), 516Rexford, Jennifer, 333, 341rmap (reversed mapping), 205rmem_default parameter

(kernel), 515rmem_max parameter

(kernel), 280, 515rmen_default parameter

(kernel), 280root partition, placement, 4-5rotating logs, 11rotational speed, disks,

242-243routing kernel parameters, 517rp_filter parameter

(kernel), 517rtsig-max parameter

(kernel), 510rtsig-nr parameter

(kernel), 510run rules, benchmarks, 176run.itrace command, 110-111runlevels, Slackware, 14runtime information

collection, tracing, 173

SSACK (Selective

Acknowledgements),TCP, enabling, 285

Samba servers, tuning,356-357

SANs (storage area networks), 344

NAS (network attachedstorage), compared, 345

SAP Standard ApplicationBenchmark, 168

sar commandCPU utilization, 67-69I/O utilization,

monitoting, 76, 78scalability, application

servers, 378SMP scaling, 390-391

schedulers, 1872.6 Linux scheduler,

189, 191CPU scheduler, 212-214I/O schedulers,

217-219, 40716-way RAID-0 setup,

414-4158-way NUMA RAID

setup, 412-414AS (anticipatory


AS scheduler, 415-417benchmarks, 408-409CFQ (Completely Fair

Queuing) I/Oscheduler, 225

CFQ I/O scheduler,417-420

deadline I/O schedulers,219-220

noop I/O scheduler, 226

540 Index


performance, 409performance issues, 226pools of requests, 223single-CPU single-disk

setup, 410-411tuning, 221-222

load balancing, 191NUMA (non-uniform

memory access), 188single processor

systems, 187SMP (symmetric

multiprocessing), 188SMT (symmetric

multithreading), 189thread schedulers, 316tuning, 192-193

scheduling processes, 24SCSI technology, 41SDET benchmarks, 147-150secure_redirects parameter

(kernel), 517seek_cost parameter (I/O

scheduler), 221Selective Acknowledgements

(SACK), TCP,enabling, 285

sem parameter (kernel), 510semaphores, 289, 318-321

IPC (InterprocessCommunication),27-28

parameters, 292-294SendFile API, network

performance, 458-460SendFile/Zerocopy column

(NetBench), 469send_redirects parameter

(kernel), 517sequential read

benchmarks, 409sequential read performance,

AS scheduler, 415-416sequential write

benchmarks, 409

servers, 35application servers,

375-376availability, 378clustering, 391-394commercial workload

tuning, 479-480concurrency, 379connection pools,

502-503data integrity, 378databases, support, 378distribution, 379enterprise

application, 383failover, 378fault tolerance, 378file systems, 390hardware, 387-388heterogeneousness, 379hyperthreading, 504interactivity, 379J2EE, 384-385J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise

Edition), 376-377Java, 376JVM (Java Virtual

Machine), 386-389memory usage, 389multiple-applications-

in-one, 380multiple-services-in-

one, 380native code, 386networking, 389pass-by-reference, 502performance

requirements,377-390

requests, 380scalability, 378security, 378SMP scaling, 390-391software performance

stack, 382-383

string manipulation, 390synchronization, 389thread pools, 501-502threads, 389topologies, 394-398transactions, 380tuning, 398-402vendor server

portability, 378vendors, 380web servers, 390

clusters, 38, 43HA (high availability)

clusters, 43-45HPCs (high

performance clusters), 43

database servers, 361designing, 309-310DNS servers, 35enterprise servers, 42file servers, 343

benchmarks, 408NAS (network attached

storage), 344network file system

protocols, 345-350tuning, 354-358

I/O subsystems, 40-41mail servers,

benchmarks, 409memory, 39-40multiprocessing

clusters, 38, 43-45NUMA (Non-Uniform

MemoryArchitecture), 38,48-54



topologies, 37-38

541Index


network storage servers, 344

NUMA servers, 38, 48-54hardware, 51hierarchy, 51high bandwidth

interconnect, 49interconnects, 50, 52lacency ratios, 52MPIO (Multipath

I/O), 53nodes, 50-51timers, 54

print servers, 343performance, 358

processor mixing, 38Shark servers, 48SMP servers, 36-39, 369

mutual exclusion, 36topologies, 37-38

systemsblades, 48IBM zSeries

mainframes, 45-48NUMA (Non-Uniform

MemoryArchitecture), 48-54

web servers, 331architecture models,

336-337benchmarks, 408concurrency, 336dynamic content

generation, 331Ethereal packet capture

tool, 334-335HTTP (HyperText

Transfer Protocol), 331

network behavior, 333requests, 332-333responses, 331-333transactions, 335-336

tuning, 337-340service processors, 35services, kernel, 20servlets (Java), 376SFS benchmarks, 160SGI, XFS (Next-Generation

File System), 239,268-271

sh command, 339shared memory

kernel parameters, 510semaphores, 27

Shared MemoryMultiprocessing (SMP).See SMP (Shared MemoryMultiprocessing)

shared memory segments, 289IPC (interprocess

communication)parameters, 297-298

shared system resources,mutual exclusion, 36

shared_media parameter(kernel), 517

Shark servers, 48Sharoff, Narasimha, 507shmall parameter (kernel), 510shmmax parameter

(kernel), 510shmni parameter (kernel), 510signals

IPC (InterprocessCommunication), 25

kernel parameters, 510simulators, 174slab allocators, 208Slackware, 14-15sleep averages, tuning,

scheduler, 192-193SMB/CIFS network file

system, 346smblog=1 column

(NetBench), 469

SMP (SymmetricalMultiprocessing) system,28, 36-39

application servers,scaling, 390-391

cache coherency, 29concurrency, 28data serialization, 28locks, 28-29mutual exclusion, 36processor affinity, 29schedulers, 188servers, 369topologies, 37-38

SMT (symmetric multithreading),schedulers, 189

sockets, 311, 313-314software

performance evaluationmethodologies, 173

analysis methodologies,175-179




tion, 174tracing, swtrace tool

(PerformanceInspector), 128-129

software performance stacks,application servers,382-383

Solaris, 201somaxconn parameter

(kernel), 281

542 Index


SPEC (Standard PerformanceEvaluation Corporation),185

SPEC SDET benchmarks,147-150

SPEC SFS benchmarks, 160SPECjAppServer

benchmarks, 168SPECjvm benchmarks, 163SPECweb benchmarks,

166-168SPECweb SSL

benchmarks, 166-168SPECWeb99

benchmark, 456content case studies,

475-476SPECweb99 benchmarks,

results, 184SPECWeb99 workload

generators, 340spinlocks column

(NetBench), 470starting block numbers, 235STARVATION_LIMIT


starving non-interactivetasks, scheduler, 194

status flags (file), setting, 247storage area networks

(SANs), 344NAS (network attached

storage), compared, 345strace command, system

tracing, 90-93strings, application

servers, 390struct page pointers, BIO

(block I/O) layer, 219subsystems (I/O), 217

integration, lack of, 217performance issues,

228-229

I/O schedulers, 217-226Sun Microsystems, Inc.,

Java, 376Sun ONE application

servers, 377super blocks, file systems, 236super-max parameter

(kernel), 514super-nr parameter

(kernel), 514sustained transfer rates, data

movement, 243swap partition, placement,

4-5swappiness parameter

(virtual memory), 211swapping

memory, 23virtual address spaces,

201-203switching, context switching,

24-25swtrace tool (Performance

Inspector), 128-129Symmetrical Multiprocessing

(SMP). See SMP(SymmetricalMultiprocessing)

Syn Queue length, TCP,controlling, 286

synchronizationapplication servers, 389file synchronization,

246-248semaphores, 318-321

synchronized I/O, 246sysctl command, kernel

parameters, modifying, 299sysctl interface, kernel

parametersCONFIG, 517debugging, 511file system, 513-514

ICMP, 515-516IP fragmentation, 519NEIGHBOR, 516net core, 515networks, 515-519processes, 510profiling, 511routing, 517shared memory, 510signals, 510system, 511TCP, 518-519tuning, 507-508virtual memory, 511-513

sysfs interface, kernel parameters, tuning, 509

sysrq parameter (kernel), 511system calls

kernel, 20tracing, strace command,

90-93system initialization

BSD, 12-16init process, 12-16initialization table, 13-14System V, 12-16

system initialization table(/etc/inittab), 12

system paramaters, 511system performance analysis,

58-59CPU utilization, 59-62

gtop command, 65-67sar command, 67-69top command, 65-67vmstat, 62-65

I/O utilization, 73-78memory utilization, 69-73network utilization, 78-83

System Trace Data Collectiontool (PerformanceInspector), 102

543Index


system tracing, 87-88OProfile command, 93-96,

98-99, 101PI (Performance

Inspector), 102-112,125-130

Above Idle tool, 102-105dynamic kernel


110-111JLM (Java Lock

Monitor) tool, 102,125-128

JPROF tool, 102, 112performance

counters, 103pipcntr tool, 129post tool, 129ptt tool, 130pttstats tool, 102,

105-107, 130swtrace tool, 128-129System Trace Data

Collection tool, 102

tprof tool, 107-110requirements, 88strace command, 90-93top utility, 88, 90

System V, 289BSD, compared, 12-16initialization table, Red

Hat, 15-16IPC (Interprocess

Communication), 26,290-292

system initialization, 12-16

Ttables

decayed frequency tables, 224

page frame maps, 200page tables, 203-205

targets, benchmarks,setting, 177

tasks, 24interactive tasks, 192-194non-interactive tasks, 194sleep averages, tuning, 193threads, 24timeslices, tuning, 193TSRUN

(TASK_RUNNABLE)state, 213

virtual memory, 195TCP (transport control

protocol)connection management,


D-SACK, enabling, 285FACK (Forward

Acknowledgement),enabling, 285

keep-alive management,kernel parameters,286-287

kernel parameters, 518-519memory management,


read/write buffers, kernelparameters, 281, 283

SACK (SelectiveAcknowledgements),enabling, 285

Syn Queue length,controlling, 286

window scaling,enabling, 284

TCP-W benchmarks, 166-168TCP/IP (transport control

protocol/Internet protocol), 277-278

kernel paramters, 281-287stacks, 455statistics, displaying, 82

tcp_app_win parameter (kernel), 518

tcp_dsack parameter (kernel),285, 519

tcp_fack parameter (kernel),285, 519

tcp_fin_timeout parameter(kernel), 518

tcp_keepalive_intvl parameter (kernel),287, 519

tcp_keepalive_probes parameter (kernel),287, 519

tcp_keepalive_time parameter (kernel),286, 519

tcp_max_orphans parameter(kernel), 518

tcp_max_syn_backlog parameter (kernel),286, 518

tcp_max_tw_buckets parameter (kernel), 518

tcp_mem parameter (kernel),283, 518

tcp_reordering parameter(kernel), 518

tcp_retries1 parameter (kernel), 519

tcp_retries2 parameter (kernel), 519

tcp_rfc1337 parameter (kernel), 518

tcp_rmem parameter (kernel), 281, 518

tcp_sack parameter (kernel),285, 519

tcp_stdurg parameter (kernel), 518

tcp_synack_retries parameter(kernel), 286

tcp_syn_retries parameter(kernel), 519

544 Index


tcp_timestamps parameter(kernel), 518

tcp_tw_reuse parameter (kernel), 518

tcp_window_scaling parameter (kernel),284, 518

tcp_wmem parameter (kernel), 282, 518

thread dumps, JVM (JavaVirtual Machine),492-495

thread listeners, 315thread pools, application

servers, 501-502thread schedulers,

212-214, 316threads, 24

application servers, 389default threads, virtual

memory, 195designing, 315-317hyperthreading, 504kernel threads, 24PTT (per-thread time),

monitoring, 105-107SMT (symmetric

multithreading)schedulers, 189

thread dumps, 493TSRUN

(TASK_RUNNABLE)state, 213

thread_max parameter (kernel), 510

three-tier topology,application servers, 395

tightly coupled multi-processing systems, 28

timers, NUMA servers, 54timeslices

processes, 25tuning, scheduler, 193

timing routines, 310-311tiobench, 153-155

TOE (TCP Offload Engine),467-468

Tomcat application servers, 377

top commandCPU utilization, 65-67system tracing, 88-90

topologiesapplication servers,

394-398multiprocessor systems,

37-38Torvalds, Linus, 19tprof command, 107, 110

JPROF reports,generating, 112

tracing runtime informationcollection, 173

tracing systems, 87-88OProfile command, 93-101PI (Performance

Inspector), 102-112,125-130

Above Idle tool, 102-105dynamic kernel


110-111JLM (Java Lock

Monitor) tool, 102,125-128

JPROF tool, 102, 112performance

counters, 103pipcntr tool, 129post tool, 129ptt tool, 130pttstats tool, 102, 105,

107, 130swtrace tool, 128-129System Trace Data

Collection tool, 102tprof tool, 107, 110

requirements, 88strace command, 90-93top utility, 88, 90

track-to-track seek speed,disks, 242-243

Trade3 benchmark,commercial workload,481-492, 496-499

connection pools, 502-503database I/O activity,

495-496hyperthreading, 504JVM (Java Virtual

Machine), 499-501pass-by-reference, 502thread dumps, 492-495thread pools, 501-502web servers, 491

transactionsapplication servers, 380journaled file systems,

238-240web servers, 335-336

transfer rates, disks, 243transport control protocol

(TCP). See TCP (transportcontrol protocol)

transport controlprotocol/Internet protocol(TCP/IP). See TCP/IP(transport control protocol/Internet protocol)

TSO (TCP SegmentationOffloading), networkperformance, 460-462

TSRUN (TASK_RUNNABLE)state, 213

tunable parameters,kernel, 509

CONFIG, 517debugging, 511file system, 513-514ICMP, 515-516IP fragmentation, 519NEIGHBOR, 516net core, 515network, 515-519processes, 510profiling, 511

545Index


routing, 517shared memory, 510signals, 510system, 511TCP, 518-519virtual memory, 511-513

tune command, file systems,tuning, 234

tune2fs utility (Ext2 file system), 259

tuningapplication servers, 398-402

commercial workload,489-504

AS (anticipatory I/Oscheduler), 224-225

benchmarks, 177-179CFQ I/O scheduler,

417-420clients, 350-354code, 301-304

algorithms, 305-328commercial workload,

479-480, 489-504compilers as tuning tools,

303-304databases, 362-365file servers, 354-358file systems, 436

Ext3 file system, 256,436-440

JFS (Journaled FileSystem), 266-268,442-443

ReiserFS, 260, 264,440-441

XFS, 270-272, 443-445Gigabit Ethernet,

Netperf3, 471-472I/O schedulers, 221-222kernel parameters,

507-509

networkskernel parameter tuning

mechanisms,278-287


profiling, 302-303schedulers, 192-193virtual memory, 209-212web servers, 337-340

Apache web servers,338-339

event-driven webservers, 339

Flash web servers, 339log analysis tools, 340Tux web servers, 339workload generators, 340

Tux web servers, tuning, 339

Uucast_solicit parameter

(kernel), 516UNIX, Linux, compared, 19unres_qlen parameter

(kernel), 516user address spaces, 21, 197User Ramp Up tests, 489usr partition, placement, 4-5utilities

Ext2 file system, 258-259JFS (Journaled File

System), 268ReiserFS, 264XFS (Next-Generation File

System), 272-273uuidgen utility (Ext2/Ext3 file

system), 259

Vvar partition, placement, 4-5var/log/messages logs, 11var/log/XFree86.0.logs, 11

variables (kernel), 277vectored I/O, databases, 371vendor server portability,

application servers, 378vendors, application

servers, 380version parameter (kernel), 511vertical clustering, application

servers, 392VFS (virtual file systems),

30, 32VGs (volume groups), 31-32viewing

address spaces, virtualmemory, 196

logs, 10virtual file systems, 30, 32virtual memory, 195, 205

address spaces, 21, 196-197area structures, 198-199generic view, 196kernel address

spaces, 199paging, 201-203swapping, 201-203user address spaces,

197-198CPU scheduler, 212-214highmem interface, 201kernel image section,

195, 200kernel module section, 199kernel parameters, 511-513largepages, support for, 206ObjRMAP (object-based

reversed mapping), 206page allocation, 207page replacement, 207page tables, 203, 205paging, 23processes, 195

address translationprocess, 204-205

546 Index


rmap (reversed mapping), 205

slab allocators, 208tuning, 209-212

vm.heap-stack-gap parameter(kernel), 511

vmstat commandCPU utilization, 62-65memory utilization, 72-73

vm_cache_scan_ratio parameter (kernel), 513

vm_gfp_debug parameter(kernel), 513

vm_lru_balance_ratio parameter (kernel), 513

vm_mapped_ratio parameter(kernel), 513

vm_passes parameter (kernel), 513

vm_vfs_scan_ratio parameter(kernel), 513

VolanoMark Java Serverbenchmarks, 161-162,183, 456, 473-474

volume groups (VGs), 31-32volume managers, 30-31

Wweb servers, 331

application servers, 390need for, 375

architecture models,336-337

benchmarks, 166, 408ECPerf, 168SPECjAppServer, 168SPECweb, 166-168SPECweb SSL, 166-168TCP-W, 166-168

commercial workload,Trade3 benchmark, 491

concurrency, 336dynamic content

generation, 331

Ethereal packet capturetool, 334-335

HTTP (HyperText TransferProtocol), 331

network behavior, 333requests, 332-333responses, 331-333transactions, 335-336tuning, 337-340

Apache web servers,338-339

event-driven webservers, 339

Flash web servers, 339log analysis tools, 340Tux web servers, 339workload generators, 340

WebDAV extensions (HTTP), 347

WebSphere ApplicationServer, 377

Trade3 benchmark,commercial workload,481-504

window scaling, TCP,enabling, 284

wmem_default parameter(kernel), 515

wmem_max parameter (kernel), 280, 515

word sizes, processors, 39workload charcterization, 174workload generators, web

servers, 340workloads

benchmarking, 132,134, 173

analysis methodologies,175-179

application bench-marks, 161-168



microbenchmarks,134-160

performance evaluationmethodologies,173-174

commercial workloadsJ2EE model, 480-481Trade3 benchmark,

481-504tuning, 479-480

databases, 367-368decision support system

(DSS) workloads, 362steady state of

operation, 131write buffers, TCP, kernel

parameters, 281-283write_starved parameter (I/O

scheduler), 221

X-ZXFS (Next-Generation File

System), 5, 268-269allocation groups, 269creating, 270-271external logs, 271fullness, 271kernel configuration

support, 269layout, analyzing, 435mounting, 271-272partitions, 269tuning, 270-272, 443-445utilities, 272-273

Zerocopy, network performance, 458-459

Ziff-Davis, NetBench, 456zones, memory nodes, 22Zope application servers, 377zSeries mainframes, 45-48

547Index



Documents

Symbols - pearsoncmg.comptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/013144753X/index/013144753X_index.pdfbenchmarks, 179-184 mail servers, 409 measurements, 177-179 metadata, 409 microbenchmarks,