SVENSK STANDARD SS-EN ISO 14688-1:2018

SVENSK STANDARD

Fastställd/Approved: 2018-02-22Publicerad/Published: 2018-02-22Utgåva/Edition: 2Språk/Language: engelska/EnglishICS: 13.080.05; 91.140.70; 93.020

SS-EN ISO 14688-1:2018

Geoteknisk undersökning och provning – Benämning och indelning av jord – Del 1: Benämning och beskrivning (ISO 14688-1:2017)

Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and classification of soil – Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2017)

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Europastandarden EN ISO 14688-1:2018 gäller som svensk standard. Detta dokument innehåller den officiella engelska versionen av EN ISO 14688-1:2018.

Denna standard ersätter SS-EN ISO 14688-1, utgåva 1 och SS-EN ISO 14688-1 / A1:2013, utgåva 1.

The European Standard EN ISO 14688-1:2018 has the status of a Swedish Standard. This document contains the official version of EN ISO 14688-1:2018.

This standard supersedes the Swedish Standard SS-EN ISO 14688-1, edition 1 and SS-EN ISO 14688-1 / A1:2013, edition 1.

Denna standard är framtagen av kommittén för Geoteknik och geokonstruktioner, SIS / TK 183.

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EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM

EN ISO 14688-1 February 2018

ICS 13.080.05; 93.020 Supersedes EN ISO 14688-1:2002English Version Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description (ISO 14688-1:2017) Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Identification et classification des sols - Partie 1: Identification et description (ISO 14688-1:2017) Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Benennung, Beschreibung und Klassifizierung von Boden - Teil 1: Benennung und Beschreibung (ISO 14688-1:2017)

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 November 2017. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION C O M I T É E U R O P É E N D E N O R M A L I S A T I O N E U R O P Ä I S C H E S K O M I T E E F Ü R N O R M U N G CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 14688-1:2018 E

SS-EN ISO 14688-1:2018 (E)


European foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................ivIntroduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 General ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35 Identification of soil .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.1 Mineral soil ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 45.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 45.1.2 Composite soils ................................................................................................................................................................. 85.1.3 Plasticity .................................................................................................................................................................................. 95.1.4 Organic content in mineral soils ......................................................................................................................... 9

5.2 Organic soils .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 95.3 Carbonate soils ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 105.4 Sulfide soils ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 105.5 Volcanic soils .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 105.6 Loess ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 105.7 Glacial soils .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 105.8 Anthropogenic soil ............................................................................................................................................................................ 105.9 Origin of deposit ................................................................................................................................................................................. 11

5.9.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................... 115.9.2 Depositional environment .................................................................................................................................... 115.9.3 Geological unit ................................................................................................................................................................11

6 Description of soil ............................................................................................................................................................................................116.1 Description of soil properties ................................................................................................................................................. 11

6.1.1 Particle size distribution ........................................................................................................................................ 116.1.2 Particle shape ..................................................................................................................................................................116.1.3 Particle strength ............................................................................................................................................................126.1.4 Mineral composition ..................................................................................................................................................126.1.5 Fines content ....................................................................................................................................................................126.1.6 Consistency ........................................................................................................................................................................ 126.1.7 Soil colours ......................................................................................................................................................................... 136.1.8 Organic content ..............................................................................................................................................................146.1.9 Carbonate content .......................................................................................................................................................146.1.10 Degree of decomposition of peat ....................................................................................................................14

6.2 Description of different soil types ....................................................................................................................................... 156.2.1 Volcanic soils .................................................................................................................................................................... 156.2.2 Loess ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 156.2.3 Glacial soils ........................................................................................................................................................................156.2.4 Anthropogenic soil ......................................................................................................................................................16

7 Description of bedding and discontinuities ..........................................................................................................................167.1 Bedding ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 167.2 Discontinuities ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 177.3 Interbedding and mixed soils .................................................................................................................................................. 17

8 Reporting ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................17Annex A (informative) Procedures for identification of the primary fraction in mineral soils ...........19Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................23

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Contents Page

SS-EN ISO 14688-1:2018 (E)


iv

European foreword

This document (EN ISO 14688-1:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182 “Geotechnics” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 341 “Geotechnical Investigation and Testing” the secretariat of which is held by BSI.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2018.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN ISO 14688-1:2002.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

Endorsement notice

The text of ISO 14688-1:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14688-1:2018 without any modification.

SS-EN ISO 14688-1:2018 (E)


Introduction

This document gives details of the procedures to be followed in the identification and description of soils. Clauses 4 and 5 provide the rules for soil identification which are used at all stages of ground investigation and geotechnical design. Clauses 6 and 7 give details of the procedures to be followed by those actually describing soils in the field or laboratory. This comprises the description of the soil material in all aspects and the description of the soil mass characteristics in terms of the bedding and discontinuities.

The level of detail in a description will depend on the characteristics of the soil, the size and quality of the soil exposure or sample, and the needs of the particular project. The person carrying out the field identification and description should be suitably qualified, skilled and experienced to make a correct and appropriate description and experienced in the geological materials involved in the investigation.

Practice in soil identification and description varies from country to country, in part reflecting significant differences in geological conditions. In addition, the quality of samples available for description vary due to the investigation methods employed, as methods of investigation have been developed in response to the ground conditions present.

Following identification and description, ISO 14688-2 gives the means by which soils can be classified into groups of similar composition and geotechnical properties based on the results of field and laboratory tests with respect to their suitability for geotechnical engineering purposes. Test results provide a means of checking the accuracy of the field or laboratory descriptions.

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SS-EN ISO 14688-1:2018 (E)


Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil —

Part 1: Identification and description

1 Scope

This document specifies the rules for the identification and description of soils and is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO 14688-2, which outlines the basis of classification of those material characteristics most commonly used for soils for engineering purposes. The relevant characteristics could vary and therefore, for particular projects or materials, more detailed subdivisions of the descriptive and classification terms could be appropriate.

This document specifies procedures for the identification and description of soils based on a flexible system for use by experienced persons, covering both material and mass characteristics by visual and manual techniques. Details are given of the individual characteristics for identifying soils and the descriptive terms in regular use, including those related to the results of hand tests carried out in the field as part of the descriptive process.

This document is applicable to the description of soils for engineering purposes which can be those laid by natural processes, those laid by man or comprise synthetic materials.

NOTE 1 The identification and description of rocks are covered by ISO 14689-1. Identification and description of materials intermediate between soil and rocks are carried out using the procedures in this document, ISO 14688-2 and ISO 14689-1 as appropriate.

NOTE 2 The identification and classification of soil for pedological purposes, as well as in the framework of measurements for soil protection and for remediation of contaminated areas, is covered by ISO 25177.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 14688-2, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil — Part 2: Principles for a classification

ISO 14689-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of rock — Part 1: Identification and description

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14688-2 and the following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at www.iso.org/obp

— IEC Electropedia: available at www.electropedia.org

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SS-EN ISO 14688-1:2018 (E)


http://www.iso.org/obp

http://www.electropedia.org

3.1anthropogenic soilsoil (3.17) placed by human activity which can be divided into those composed of reworked natural soils and those composed of synthetic materials

3.2carbonate soilsoil (3.17) with a significant proportion of calcium carbonate

3.3description of soildescription of the type of material, the characteristics of the mineral (inorganic) and/or organic constituents and any fabric, bedding or discontinuities

3.4discontinuitiesbedding planes, joints, fissures, faults and shear planes

3.5fillanthropogenic soil or rock materials placed with engineering control

3.6geological structurevariation in composition including bedding and discontinuities (3.4)

3.7gradingmeasure of the particle sizes of a soil (3.17) and their distribution

Note 1 to entry: See 3.13.

3.8identification of soilnaming of a soil (3.17) on the basis of its mineral composition, grading (3.7) and/or plasticity (3.16) and/or organic content

Note 1 to entry: The identification may include geological information, such as depositional environment, geological age and geological formation.

3.9loesswindblown (aeolian) sediment

3.10made groundreconstituted groundanthropogenic soil (3.1) or rock materials placed without engineering control

3.11mineral soilsoil (3.17) composed largely or entirely of mineral (inorganic) constituents

3.12organic soilsoil (3.17) containing a high proportion of plant and/or animal organic materials and the conversion products of those materials

Note 1 to entry: Organic soil has a very low density and usually a very high water content.

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SS-EN ISO 14688-1:2018 (E)


3.13particle size distributionmeasure of the particle sizes of a soil (3.17) and their distribution

Note 1 to entry: See 3.7.

3.14particle size fractionsize fractionportion of a soil (3.17) defined by a range of particle sizes

3.15plastic behaviourpropensity of fine soil (3.17) to undergo permanent deformation when kneaded by hand

Note 1 to entry: This behaviour, often referred to as the plasticity, depends on water content, mineral composition and particle size fractions.

Note 2 to entry: Plasticity can be measured by the Atterberg limits in the laboratory (see ISO 14688-2).

3.16plasticitypropensity to undergo permanent deformation when kneaded by hand

3.17soilaggregate of minerals and/or organic materials which can be disaggregated by hand in water

Note 1 to entry: The term is also applied to anthropogenic soil consisting of materials exhibiting similar behaviour but reworked or artificially made, e.g. embankment fill, crushed rock, mine tailings.

Note 2 to entry: Soils may result from the weathering of rocks and have rock structures and/or textures, but are of lower strength than rocks.

3.18sulfide soilsoil (3.17) with a high iron sulfide content

3.19tilloriginal form of a glacigenic multi-graded material derived from ice sheets and glaciers

3.20volcanic soilunconsolidated pyroclastic sediment produced and formed by explosive volcanic eruption

4 General

Soils shall be identified and described in accordance with this document. The classification of soils and the description of rocks shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 14688-2 and ISO 14689-1, respectively.

Soils are categorized as natural soils or anthropogenic soils. Natural soils are either mineral soils (including carbonate soils, volcanic soils, loess and till) or organic soils.

The characteristics of soils are identified in accordance with the rules given in Annex A which are based on the particle size grading of very coarse and coarse particles, the plasticity of fine particles, the content of organic matter (for organic soils) and the content of carbonate (for carbonate soils) all of which play a major role in determining the engineering properties of the soil and form the basis of the soil’s identification. The soils shall be identified in the field following the guidance given in Clause 5.

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SS-EN ISO 14688-1:2018 (E)


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SVENSK STANDARD SS-EN ISO 14688-1:2018