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" I h a v e h e a rd , t h a t t h o u a r t svav .~j - , 0 I n d r a , o n e w h o d o e s n o t g i v e w a y ,O B u ll , a n d w h o e n c o u r a g e s t h e w e a k " t h e w o r d s v a v ( j - is m o s t l y r e n d e r e db y " a p p r o p r i a t i n g t o o n e s e l f" . T h i s i n t e r p re t a t io n , a s w e l l a s G e l d n e r ' sd i v e r g e n t tr a n s l a t i o n " t h i n e o w n l o r d " , is b a s e d o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f a ne t y m o l o g i c a l c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e v e rb a l r o o t v.rj-, a n d w i t h t h e w o r d ss v d v . r k t i - a n d s v d v . r j - i n p a r t i c u l a r . 1 A s f o r t h e f ir st o f t h e s e w o r d s , t h ec o n t e x t i n X . 2 1 . l a b d g n i r h n d s v d v . r k t i b h i r h 6 t ~ r a r h t v ~ v .r n.~ m ah e d o e s n o ts u g g e s t a c lo s e s e m a n t i c c o n n e c t i o n w i t h s v a v r ' j - . 2 S i n c e i t i s a p p a r e n t l yu s e d in s o m e w h a t t h e s a m e w a y as s u v . r k t i b h i . h (e .g . VI . 15 . 4 a g n i r hh 6 t d r a m m d n u. sa h . . . . s u v . r k t i b h i r . . . . r ~ j a s e ) , s v d v . r k t i - h a s s o m e t i m e s b e e nt a k e n a s a v a r i a n t o f t h a t w o r d . 3 I n t h a t c a se t h e e t y m o l o g y s u - . r k t i - , 41 R ot h: "s ieh aneignend, f i ir s ieh nehm end " ( id . M on. Will .) , Grassm ann : "in seineGe wa lt bringend, an sich reissend" ,Lu dw ig: "ein selbst sich Re ttend er" , Oldenberg,N o t e n : "w et etwas als seinen Besitz an sich reisst", Ge ldne r (ad. X . 12. 3): "fibe r sichselbst verftigeud, sein eigener He rr" (otherwise Ved. S tud . , I , p. 154, bu t cf. Oldenberg).R e n o u , Etu des vdd iques e t pd l.~indennes, IV, p. 39, is disinclined to separate it fromsvdvrk t i - .R ~ "A neig nun g ' s 'v 'a" ausschliess l ieh f ti r un s '" Gra ssm ann : "eigene Da rreichu ng(an L ied und Opfe r ) " , Lud wig : "ve rm 6ge eigener Zur t i s tung" , Ge ldner : "aus e igenerBerechtigtmg (oder: aus freien Stiacken)".3 F o r sva-/su- see W ackernagel, A h i n d . G r a m m . , I , p. 81 with N a ch t r i i g e , R S n n o wT r i t a A p t y a , I , p. 153 f. , Re no u, JEt. vdd., I , p. 6 n., IV, p. 39 (svcltavas-), p. 81 (svdks.atra-V. 48. 1), M inard , E n i g m e s , I , p . 190 ( sva g d YV.) . Debrunner , 1F , 63, p . 99 f . , may b er ight in contest ing som e instances, bu t c l . svastha- ( a cc o r di n g t o R o t h a n d D e b r u n n e r"in seinem nat i i r l ichen Zustande s ich befmdend") can nei ther be a bahuvrihi , as an o u n *stha- in the sense of avastha- i s unknown, nor a determinat ive compound, assva - in com posi t ion with nom ina agentis has a dif ferent funct ion (see below). In fact ,the supposed meaning is expressed by p ra kr t i s th a - (Da~akum~rac.) . The occurrenceo f I E . *swe- "wel l " in Goth . s w i k u n b s and in La t . so sp es ( i f f rom *swe-sp.H-t- , seeM e d e d e l i n g e n K o n . N e d . A k a d . , N R . , 14/5, p . 23 n . 2) should be noted .4 R o t h , Mdlanges asia t iques , VII , p . 612 , and P W , Oldenberg, S B E , 46, p. 203 f. ,Geldner, Glossar, p. 199 , Neisser, Z I 1 , 5, p. 289 ft ., Jan ert, D h a s i , p. 59.

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6 0 F . B . J . K U IV E Rq u e s t i o n e d b y s e v e ra l a u t h o r i t i e s , 6 w o u l d h a v e t o b e a b a n d o n e d . H o w -e v e r , i t s e e m s h a r d l y p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m i n e t h e e x a c t m e a n i n g o f s v d v . r k t i .f r o m t h is s o le p a s s a g e . T h e s e c o n d w o r d , svdv . r j - , i s a l s o a h a p a x l e g o -m e n o n , w h i c h o c c u r s i n X . 1 2. 3 a b s v d v . r g d e v d s y a m r ' t a r h y d d i g 6 r d t o

j a t d s o d h a r a y a n t a u r v t . A s i t c a n n o t b e s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e v e r b a-v.rj-" t o a p p r o p r i a t e , e t c . " , m o s t s c h o l a r s a g r e e i n a s s ig n i n g a m e a n i n g" e a s i l y ( o r , s e lf -) a c q u i r e d " t o i t, ~ a n d G e l d n e r t r a n s l a t e s t h e w h o l e s t a n z aa s f o l lo w s : " W e n n d e r N e k t a r d e r K u h i n d e r e i g e n en G e w a l t d e s G o t t e ss t e h t , so e r h a l t e n d i e a u s d ie s e r ( K u h ) g e b o r e n e n ( M a r u t s ) d i e b e i d e nw e i t e n ( W e l t h ~ il f t e n ). " S i n c e t h is w o r d i s g e n e r a l l y a s s u m e d t o b e c l o s e lyr e l a t e d t o s v a v ( j - , 7 i t i s i n s t ru c t i v e t o c o m p a r e s v a y f l j - ( i n svay f~ jo dru . s~rg d I . 9 2 . 2 ) a n d s v a y f t j - ( e . g . v d t a s o n d s v a y ft ja . h X . 7 8 . 2 ) , w h o s e m e a n i n g sa r e f a i r ly s i m i l a r, n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e f a c t t h a t s u - a y f i j - h a s n o t t h es a m e p r io r m e m b e r a s s v a - y f i j - h a s ) I n m a r k e d c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e s ew o r d s s v d - a v . r j - i n X . 1 2 . 3 s ~ , d v . r g . . , a m : t a m d o e s n o t s h o w a n y a p p r e -c i a b l e s e m a n t i c C o n n e c t i o n w i t h s v a v r ' j - i n t h e s t a n z a q u o t e d a b o v e .2 . A l t h o u g h t h e m e a n i n g o f s v a v f j - c a n n o t b e i n f e r r e d f r o m t h e so l ep a s s a g e w h e r e t h is w o r d i s a t t e s te d , a l l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a r e r ig h t l y b a s e du p o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t - v r j - i s a n o m e n a g e n t is . 9 A s t o t h e s e m a n t i cr e l a t i o n o f s v a , t o v . r j - , h o w e v e r , o p i n i o n s d i f fe r . S i n c e th e v e r b v .rj- i ss o m e t i m e s u s e d w i th r e f e r e n c e t o I n d r a , 1~ s u c h v e r b a l n o u n s a s sarhvr. ' j , i nI I . 1 2 . 3 s a r h v f k s a m d t s u s d j a n a s a in dr a.h " A c o n q u e r o r i n fi g h t s : h e ,O m e n , i s I n d r a " c a n e a s i l y b e a c c o u n t e d f o r . 11 A s i m i l a r e x p l a n a t i o n ,h o w e v e r , c a n h a r d l y b e a p p l i e d t o s v a v g j - , s i n ce a d a t i v e f u n c t i o n o f s v a -5 M . M iil ler , S B E , 32, 19. 109 (on a cc ou nt o f ndmov.rkt i - ) , F o y , K Z , 34, 19. 243 , O lde n-b e r g , Z D M G , 5 5 , p . 2 9 8 : " g u t e H e r z i e h u n g ( de s G o t t e s z u m O p f e r ) " ( b u t c f. B l o o m -field, J A O S , 35, 19- 278), R en ou , Et . vdd . , I, 19- 5 n . 2 (: s d m . . , v .r ~ja u k th a i. h X. 61 .17 ) ,I I I , 1 9 . 6 9 ( " p o e m " f r o m t h e t e c h n i q u e o f barhir v.r]- , l i ke Mi i l l e r ; bu t e l . Ne i sse r ,19. 291 ) . Ch arpe nt ier , B r a h m a n , p . 124 n . 1 , accep t s t he mean ing "barhis ." f o r s o m ep a s s a g e s .R o t h a n d G r a s s m a n n (su-av.r]-!): " l e i c h t a n z u e i g n e n " , L u d w i g : svdv.rg devdsya " d e nG o t t s t a r k a n z i e h e n d , m i t E r f o l g g e w i n n e n d " , O l d e n b e r g (svd-avrj-!): " w o b e i b z .wovon e igne ( d .h . e ignen Bes i t z scha f f ende) Ane ignung s t a t t f i nde t ' , Ge ldne r : " zu rVer f t i g tmg , i n de r e igenen Gewal t s t ehend" .R o t h a n d G r a s s m a n n , O l d e n b e r g a n d G e l d n e r ( a d X . 1 2 . 3 ) .8 Un less svayltj- i s equ iva l en t t o suyftj- (Rt}nnow, Tri ta . , tp tya , I , p . 153) ; no t d iscussedb y D e b r u n n e r , 1F , 63, p . 99 .Cf . i n gene r a l Wacker nage l , Al t ind . G ram m . , I I /1 , p . 174 iT.x0 I . 63 .7c barh i r nd yd t suddse v .~ tha vdrg , V I . 1 8 . 8 c v.r.ndkplp rurh ~d m ba rarh gt~.s.namindraO, 26. 3b tvdrh k[ t tsaya ~ .sn .arh ddgf t~e vark.xl Cf . a l so tvi.sab sarhv.~k VS. 38 , 28 (VSK. 38 . 27) . But dha t~ v idhd td param 6 ndsarhv.;k KS . 18 .1 ( p . 265 , 5 ) i s co r r up t f o r p a r a m o t a s a r h d. rk K ap K S. 28 . 2 (p . 121 , 12 ),M S . T S . V S . . R S . F o r t h i s s t a n z a s e e J a n e r t , 11J , II, 19. 92. Cf. Liiders, Phil . lnd . ,p. 375.

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SV~V R .S.TI-, RS. I. 52. 5a , 14c 61i n c o m p o u n d s , p r e s u p p o s e d b y s u c h re n d e r i n g s a s " f ii r s ic h n e h m e n d "( R o t h ) , " a p p r o p r i a t i n g t o o n e ' s s e l f " ( M o n i e r - W i l l i a m s ) w o u l d b e u n -p a r a l l e le d . O l d e n b e r g , t h e r e f o r e , t o o k s v a - a s d e n o t i n g t h e o b j e c t o f v.rj-,v i z. " w e r e t w a s a l s s e i n e n B e s i t z a n s i c h r e i s s t " , b u t t h i s fi n d s n o j u s t i fi c a -t i o n i n t h e V e d i c i d i o m e i th e r . I n a l l c o m p o u n d s , i n d e e d , w h o s e la s tm e m b e r i s a n o m e n a g e n t i s o r a p a r t i c i p l e i n - t a - , s va - f u n c t i o n s a s t h es t e m o f s v a y 6 m , i ts m e a n i n g b e i n g " h i m s e l f " , re s p. " b y o n e s e l f " . C f .s v a s ( t - " r u n n i n g o f o n e 's o w n " , s v a r d j - " s e l f - r u l i n g " , sva - s f c - " p o u r i n go u t s p o n t a n e o u s l y " , s v 6 y a t a - " s e l f - g u i d e d " , e t c . I t i s a w e l l - k n o w n f a c tt h a t t h e f i r s t t r a c e s o f a t e n d e n c y t o r e p l a c e s v a - b y s v a y a m - a r e f o u n da s e a r l y a s th e R i g v e d a 3 z T h e s o l e i n s t a n c e w h e r e s v a y a m - e x p re s s e s ad a t i v e - r e l a t i o n t o t h e s e c o n d m e m b e r i s , i t s e e m s , s v a y d m p f i p a - ( s v a y d r h -p f i p a - ) " i n j u r i n g o n e s e l f " T S . I I . 2 . 8. 3 . A s f o r sva - , n o t b e f o r e t h eB h ~ g . P u t . d o e s i t e x p r e s s a n o b j e c t r e l a t i o n in c o m p o s i t i o n w i t h a n o m e na g e n t i s (svak .r t - " d o i n g o n e 's o w n " ) . C f. svakara .na- , n . " m a k i n g o n e 'so w n , m a r r y i n g " P ~ . n .I . 3 . 5 6 . S o s v a - in s v a v ( j - m u s t d e n o t e t h e s u b je c t,b u t s i nc e " a p p r o p r i a t i n g o f o n e 's o w n ( o r , p e r s o n a l l y ) " w o u l d h a r d l yy i e l d a r e a s o n a b l e s e n s e, w e a r e d r i v e n t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t -v.lj- c a n n o tb e t h e v e r b a l n o u n o f v.rj- " t o b e n d , tu r n , a p p r o p r i a t e " .3 . S i n ce t h e p u r e l y fo r m a l c o n n e c t i o n o f s v a v f j - w i t h svdv.rktibhi.hX . 2 1 . 1 is n o t s u p p o r t e d b y t h e c o n t e x t s i n w h i c h b o t h w o r d s o c c u r , t h a tw i t h svdv.r.st.i- i s c e r t a i n l y p r e f e r a b l e t o i t, b e c a u s e t h is w o r d i s a l so u s e dw i t h r e f e r e n c e t o In d ra . 13 (C f . e . g . svay ( t j - X. 78. 2: s v d y u k t i - I. 119. 4

T h i s w o rd o c c u r s t w i c e i n I . 52 , v i z .s e l f - y o k e d . " )5 a b

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abh [ svdv .r .s t. im m dd e asy a y ( tdh ya torag hv f r i va pravan , k s as r ur f it dya .hn d y d s y a d y d v f ip . r th i v f 6 n u v y d c on6 s [ndhavo rd jaso dn tam f ina~Ct .hn6 td svdv .r .s .t im m dd e as ya y { tdhy a ta~ko an y6 c cak .r. se v i~vam f inu.s6k

I t w a s f o r m e r l y h e l d t o r e f e r to V r t r a ( o r D y a u. s) a n d d e r i v e d f r o m v.r.st.i-' r a i n " , 14 w h i c h h o w e v e r w a s " m e r e l y a m y t h o l o g i c a l s p e c u l a t i o n " ( O l d e n -b e r g ) . M o r e o v e r , i t is n o w g e n e r a l l y a d m i t t e d t h a t t h e c o n t e x t s u g g e st sz2 See W ackernagel-Debrunner, Altind. Gramm., III, p. 481.13 Neisser, Z l l , 5, p. 2 91n., separated th em . See below , 11. 21.14 Ro th: "de n Regen fiir sich behaltend" (likewise Grassmann , Bergaigne, Rel. vdd.II, p. 186, etc.), Ludwig: "Selbstregner" (vol. V, p. 4 75 : Dyau s), R6nnow , op. c.,p. 154: "reichlichen Regen besitzend" (sva-/su-).

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6 2 1:. B. J. KU IPERa r e f e r e n c e t o I n d r a , r a t h e r t h a n t o V . r tr a . N o w r a i n is s e l d o m m e n t i o n e di n t h e I n d r a - m y t h 15 a n d L t i d e r s, w h o l a s tl y d i s c u s se d t h e e v i d e n c e i nV a r u n a I , p . 1 96 ft ., w i s e ly r e f r a i n e d f r o m d r a w i n g a n y c o n c l u s i o n f r o msvdv.r~t.i- ( se e p . 1 99 n. 2 ). T h i s d i f fi c u lt y i n d u c e d G e l d n e r t o c o n n e c t-v.r.st.i- w i t h v d r . s m a n - , n . " h e i g h t , t o p " , vdr.si.st.ha- " h i g h e s t " ( a n d w i t hvr'.san-, v.r.sn.[-!) a n d t o a s s i g n t h e m e a n i n g " E i g e n g r 6 s s e " t o i t . le I r r e -s p e c t iv e o f t h e q u e s t i o n , w h e t h e r s u c h a m e a n i n g i s p l a u s i b l e i n i ts e l f a n di n t h e c o n t e x t , t h i s e x p l a n a t i o n i s u n a c c e p t a b l e b e c a u s e -v.r.st.i- i s l ike lyt o b e a v e r b a l n o u n , w h e r e as var.s- " h i g h " is n o t u s e d i n v e r b a l f u n c t i o ni n I n d o - E u r o p e a n . ~7

I n p r o t o - I n d o - I r a n i a n , h o w e v e r , t h e r e m u s t h a v e e x i s t e d a n o u n*v.r~ti- " a c t " ( f r o m * v.r~ - " t o w o r k " ) , c f. A v . vara~t i - N i t . 2 9 . S o t h eR i g v e d i c w o r d s svavr' j- a n d svdv.r.st.i- c a n b e c o m p a r e d t o A v . h v a r a z -" w h o s e a c t s a r e g o o d " Y . 9 . 16 a n d h v a r a ~ t i - " g o o d w o r k " P . 2 8. W h i l et h e l a s t w o r d r ef le c ts t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f g o o d a c t io n ([hu-v.rgti-]) in th eZ o r o a s t r i a n t h e o l o g y , th e m a j e s ty o f t h e V e d i c g o d i s c h a r a c te r i z e d b yh i s " a c t i n g o n h i s o w n a c c o r d " (sva-vr ' j - ) . C f . t h e H o m e r i c e p i t h e t o fA p o l l o ~162 " a c t i n g o f h i s o w n w i l l " . H a s t h is n o t i o n p e r h a p s b e e ni n h e r i t e d f r o m t h e I n d o - E u r o p e a n r e li g io u s p o e t r y ? A s f o r th e t w os t a n z a s o f I . 52 , t h e y w o u l d s e e m t o b e n o t s o o b s c u r e a s G e l d n e r ( a dX . 2 3 . 4 ) d e c l a re d t h e m t o b e . I n t h e fi ft h s t a n z a I n d r a ' s " a i d s " ( ~ t d y a h . )a r e s a id t o r u s h t o h is " s p o n t a n e o u s ( p e r so n a l ) a c t i o n " , j u s t a s t h e y" a s s i s t h i m i n b r e a k i n g d o w n t h e r e s i s t a n c e " i n t h e p r e c e d i n g s t a n z a , ~8a n d s t. 1 4 m a y b e r e n d e r e d a s f o l lo w s : " T h o u , w h o s e e x p a n s e H e a v e na n d E a r t h c a n n o t ( e n c o m p a s s ) - ( as ?) t h e r iv e r s d o n o t r e a c h t h e e n do f th e s p h e r e - , n o r t h y s p o n t a n e o u s a c t i o n , w h i le t h o u a r t f ig h t in gi n t o x i c a t e d b y t h i s ( S o m a ) ~9 - , t h o u h a s t b y t h y s e l f a c c o m p l i s h e d a l lo t h e r th i n g s i n c o n t i n u o u s o r d e r . " T h e e m p h a s i s l a id u p o n I n d r a ' sa c t in g b y h i m s e l f ( d k a - ) , i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h h i s svdv.r.st.i-, s h o u l d b e n o t e d .4 . T h e q u e s t i o n m a y b e r ai se d , i f t h is i n t e r p r e t a ti o n c a n a l so t h r o ws o m e l i g h t o n a p a ss a g e t h a t h a s o f t e n b e e n c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e t w os t a n z a s o f I . 52 , v i z . X . 2 3 . 4 (A S . X . 7 3 . 5 ) :~ Oldenberg, Rel . des Veda, p. 140, Hillebrandt, V e d . M y t h . , IP , p p. 164, 184 n. 3,J . J . Meyer, Trilogie der Vegetationsmiichte, III, p. 116. N ote the comm. on TB. II.8. 9. 2: ya d eta d v.r~t.inimittarh alath tad eta d indre.notpaditatvgtd indrasya ga riram, etc.16 See his no te ad I. 52. 14 (and Neisser, Z I I , 5, p. 291 n.) an d a d I. 169. 3.17 Cf. W alde-Po korny , Verg l . Wb. der idg . Spr . , I, p. 268 : "verbale Anw endung fehltunserer Sippe tiberhaupt".18 Cf . 4c tdrh vrtrahdtye dnu tasthur fttdyab.a~ Cf. st. 10 m~de sutdsya.

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S V A V R S . T I - , R S . I . 5 2 . 5 a , 1 4 c 6 3s6 c in n~t v r. st .[ r y f i th y~ sv d sdc f i rhindra.h gmd~ rgt .n i hd ri t ab h[ pru .s .nute

I f y f t t h y ~ i s a n e u t e r p l u r a l ( O l d e n b e r g ) , s6 c in nd v .r .s t . f r m u s t p r o b a b l yb e t a k e n a s a s e p a r a t e se n t en c e , w h i c h i t w o u l d b e h a r d t o i n t e rp r e t . I fh o w e v e r t h e w h o l e f i r s t p g d a i s t a k e n a s o n e s e n te n c e , w e m i g h t c o m p a r es u c h w e l l - k n o w n p a s s a g e s a s V I I . 1 9. 5 a t d v a c y a u t n d n i v a j r a h a s t a t d n ia n d V I I I . 7 7 . 9 a e t d c y a u t n d n i t e k . rt d , ~ ~ b u t i t w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e t oa c c o u n t f o r y f i t h y 8 i n th i s c o n t e x t . S i n c e t h i s p a s s a g e d o e s n o t f u r n i s ha n y c o r r o b o r a t i v e e v i d e n c e f o r th e m e a n i n g ofsvdv.r.st.i-, i t is n o t n e c e s s a r yt o e n t e r i n t o a d i s c u s s i o n o f i t : z

20 I n A v e s t a n t h e n o r m a l v e r b a l n o u n o f vardz- is ~yaoO(a)na-, a remin iscence o f theu s e o f I E . *kyeu- in the IE . poe t ica l id iom (cf . Olce l . heyja, O E n g l . hdgan, see Acta Or. ,16, 1938, p . 312) . Sim ilar l y Ben veniste , Orient. Suec., IV (1955), p . 25 f .21 O n svdv.rs.t.i- e e l a s t l y Re n o u , Etudes sur le vocabulaire du RV., I (1958), p. 33 n. 1.Ne isse r , Z l l , 5 , p . 291 n . , con tem pla ted the po ss ib i l i ty o f connec t ing svdv.r~t.i-w i t h A v .varsz-, w h i ch F o y , K Z , 34 , p . 253 , had a l read y connec ted w i th svav.[j- ( re jec ted b yO ld e n b e r g , Vedaforschung, p. 34 n . 2) . Sem antical ly svav.@ " a c t i n g o n h is o w n a c c o r d "m a y b e p a r a l l e l e d w i th svardj- " s e l f - r u l i n g " , a n o th e r e p i t h e t o f I n d r a ( s e e M e y e r ,Trilogie, III , p . 210) .