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Surgery in the Nineteenth Century The development of Modern Surgical techniques: an overview.

Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

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Surgery in the Nineteenth Century. The development of Modern Surgical techniques: an overview. Surgery in 1800. Surgery in the early 19 th Century was very dangerous. Patients were at risk of dying from: Pain Infection Blood Loss. Pain: Early improvements. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

The development of Modern Surgical techniques: an overview.

Page 2: Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

Surgery in 1800

• Surgery in the early 19th Century was very dangerous. Patients were at risk of dying from:

• Pain• Infection• Blood Loss

Page 3: Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

Pain: Early improvements

• Humphrey Davy experimented with Laughing gas as a painkiller.

• Ether was successfully used by Robert Liston in 1846.

• James Simpson then used Chloroform, most famously on Queen Victoria.

Page 4: Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

Problems with painkillers

Nitrous Oxide, Ether and Chloroform

were all opposed by large numbers of

surgeons.

WHY?

Page 5: Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

The problems with painkillers

• Nitrous Oxide is actually laughing gas!

• It wasn’t very effective, at one demonstration the patient moaned in pain – and the demonstrator was booed off.

Page 6: Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

The problems with painkillers

• Ether is a rather unstable drug which had the rather unfortunate side effect of killing several patients!

Page 7: Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

The problems with painkillers

• Chloroform was not universally successful, there were a number of deaths caused by it.

• Many surgeons were now weary of the different anaesthetics – none of which had yet been proven.

Queen Victoria’s use of chloroform during childbirth helped to make it more widely

accepted.

Page 8: Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

Fighting pain: a success?

• The use of anaesthetics such as Chloroform reduced the amount of pain that patients suffered.

• Patients and surgeons were more confident that the operation would be painless.

• Errors in the application of anaesthetics led to scepticism.

• Some forms of anaesthetic had nasty side effects.

Page 9: Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

The problem of Infection

• In 1800 the cause of disease was not fully understood.

• As a result operating theatres were not as clean as they could be.

• Pasteur’s GERM THEORY changed all that!

Early operations were not conducted in Conditions

Page 10: Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

Fighting Infection

• Joseph Lister realised that germs in the theatre had to be destroyed.

• He used carbolic acid to kill germs, having seen it used in sewers.

• Carbolic Acid was the first ANTISEPTIC.ANTISEPTIC.

Lister performing surgery.Lister performing surgery.

Page 11: Surgery in the Nineteenth Century

Fighting Infection

• In 1878 Robert Koch discovered that bacteria caused septicaemia.

• He also discovered that hot steam killed more germs than carbolic acid.

• He introduced ASEPTIC surgery as a result. • The Aseptic method is applied to all equipment in

the theatre, creating a ‘germ free’ environment.


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