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CHAPTER 8 : SUPPORT
AND MOVEMENT
Support Systems in Animals
Support system in humans and animals is called SKELETON or SKELETAL SYSTEM
3 types of
skeletal systems
ENDOSKELETON
HYDROSTATIC SKELETONEXOSKELETON
ENDOSKELETON
• Inner Frame• Refers to
bones or cartilage that is inside the body of vertebrates.
EXOSKELETON
• Outer Frame• Consists of
one layer of hard skin derived from substances like calcium carbonate
HYDROSTATTIC SKELETON
• Formed from fluid pressure in space that is enveloped by a muscular system.
Support body weight
Maintain body shape
Protects soft organs inside
body
Provide place for muscles in body to attach themselves
Enable limbs to move
FUNCTIONS OF ENDOSKELETON
Support body weight
Maintain body shape
Protects soft tissues from
damage
Provide surface for muscles to attach
themselves
Allow movement
FUNCTIONS OF EXOSKELETON
HUMAN SUPPORT SYSTEM
Endoskeleton in humans consists of
206 bones
Backbone mainly supported by Pelvic
Girdle
Pelvic Girdle : strongest bone in human body
ANIMAL SUPPORT SYSTEM
ANIMALS
Vertebrates
Land Aquatic
Invertebrates
Exoskeleton Hydrostatic Skeletal
Entire weight is supported by its endoskeleton.
Skeletal system : bigger and stronger than that of the aquatic animal vertebrate system.
Big land animals : Strong and big Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles to support their body weight
Four-legged animals : Backbone either curve upwards or downwards. Enables backbone to withstand any heavy load acting on the animal.
Support System of Land Vertebrate Animals
Support System of Land Vertebrate Animals
Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Birds : Have hollow bones and air spaces inside so that the body is lighter.Advantages of hollow bones :LighterRequires less calcium and phosphorous for its
formation.
Support System of Land Vertebrate Animals
Examples : Whales, dolphins
Smaller and lighter endoskeleton than land vertebrates.
Pectoral and pelvic support that is smaller and lighter.
Most of body weight is supported by buoyancy of the water.
Support System of Aquatic Vertebrate Animals
The buoyancy of the water allows the size of the aquatic vertebrate animals to be bigger that land vertebrate animals.
Support System of Aquatic Vertebrate Animals
COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC VERTEBRATES
SIMILARITIES
ENDOSKELETON
VERTEBRATE BONES ARE
FLEXIBLE
PECTORAL AND PELVIC
GIRDLE
COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC VERTEBRATES
SUPPORT IN LAND
VERTEBRATESPectoral and pelvic girdle support the
body weight
Big and strong
Big
DIFFERENCES
SUPPORT
SKELETON
PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLE
SUPPORT IN AQUATIC
VERTEBRATESWater buoyancy
supports the body weight
Small and weak
Small
SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR INVERTEBRATES
Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone.
Its body is supported by :External skeletal system
(exoskeleton)
Body fluids (hydrostatic skeletons)
EXOSKELETON OF INVERTEBRATES
Exoskeleton consists of a layer of hard skin or shell.
Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin : Crabs, spiders, prawns and
scorpions.
Examples of invertebrates with hard shell : Snails, mussels
EXOSKELETON OF INVERTEBRATES
For insects, the exoskeleton is called cuticle.
Cuticle is made of chitin (hard and impermeable to water)
Cuticle prevent the insects from growing.
HYDROSTATIC SKELETONS OF INVERTEBRATES
Leeches, worms and octopus do not have exoskeleton. Their bodies are soft.
Use the body fluid (also known as hydrostatic skeleton system) as support system.
The body fluids exert a pressure on their body walls to form a hydrostatic skeleton.
COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES
SIMILARITIES
EXOSKELETON
BODY FLUID
COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES
SUPPORT IN LAND
INVERTEBRATES
Soft bodies with external
shells
Hard and made of chitin, for
example, insects.
DIFFERENCES
SUPPORT
SKELETON
SUPPORT IN AQUATIC
INVERTEBRATES
Water buoyancy
Hard and made of calcium
carbonate, for example, crabs.
SUPPORT SYSTEM
IN PLANTS
Support system of plants are different based on the type of plant.
PLANTS
Land
Woody
Non-woody (herbaceous
)
Aquatic
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
• Woody PlantsExamples: rubber tree, durian tree, rambutan tree, and teak tree.Supported by woody tissues.Woody tissues – dense, hard on
tree trunk. - made up of xylem
tissues. Most of the woody plants are tall.
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
• Woody PlantsAlso supported by special structures :
Buttress roots Clasping roots
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
• BUTTRESS ROOTSExamples: durian trees, casuarina trees, and yellow flame trees.Occurs at the base of the trunk where the main roots branch off at the ground surface and enter the soil.
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
• BUTTRESS ROOTS
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
• CLASPING ROOTSExamples : money plant, certain wild orchid.Enable a plant to climb by growing around and clasping its support.
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
• CLASPING ROOTS
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
• Non-woody PlantsExamples: roses, bougainvillea.Supported by turgid cells.
Water is absorbed by
the cells
Pressure is exerted on
the cell walls
Stem being turgid
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
• Non-Woody PlantsAlso supported by special structures :
Thorns TendrilsProp Roots (Adventitious
Roots)
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
• PROP ROOTS
COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN HERBACEOUS AND WOODY PLANTS
SUPPORT IN HERBACEOUS
PLANTSPectoral and pelvic girdle support the
body weight
Big and strong
Big
DIFFERENCES
SUPPORT
SKELETON
PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLE
SUPPORT IN WOODY PLANTS
Water buoyancy supports the body weight
Small and weak
Small
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
• Aquatic PlantsExamples: yam, water lily and lotus.Supported by water buoyancy.Have soft stems that have air space and their leaves broad with stomata on the surface.Aquatic plants that live in the water have fine leaves.
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
• Aquatic Plants
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS
