Supplementary Environmental Impact Assessment of the Tuyen ...cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/parc_eia_appendices.pdf · Supplementary EIA of Tuyen Quang Dam: Appendices Appendix 1. Terms

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FOREST PROTECTION DEPARTMENT (FPD), MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (MARD)

Supplementary Environmental Impact Assessment

of the Tuyen Quang Dam, Viet Nam Appendices

PARC Project VIE/95/G31&031 Creating Protected Areas for Resource Conservation

using Landscape Ecology

Ha Noi - September 2002

Supplementary EIA of Tuyen Quang Dam: Appendices

Contents

Contents ..............................................................................................................................2 Appendix 1. Terms of reference for the study......................................................................3 Appendix 2. Programme diary .............................................................................................8 Appendix 3. List of persons and organisations consulted..................................................10 Appendix 4. Record of meetings........................................................................................12

A. Consultative Meeting With NGOs.......................................................................................12 B. List of Participants of the Stakeholder Meeting in Na Hang ...............................................13

Appendix 5. Resettlement Policies for Tuyen Quang Hydropower Project........................14 Legal frameworks ..........................................................................................................................14 Policy supporting documents.........................................................................................................14 Resettlement policy .......................................................................................................................14 Outline of the resettlement plan.....................................................................................................15

Appendix 6. Lists of Flora and Fauna Found in Na Hang/Ba Be .......................................32 Mammal species found in Na Hang Nature reserve......................................................................32 Bird species found in Na Hang Nature reserve .............................................................................34 Reptiles found in Na Hang Nature Reserve ..................................................................................37 Amphibians found in Na Hang Nature Reserve.............................................................................38 PhytoPlankton found in Gam River, Na Hang (1999; 2000)..........................................................39

Zooplankton found in Gam River, Na Hang...................................................................................40 Invertebrate fauna found in Gam River .........................................................................................41 Insect fauna found in Gam River ...................................................................................................42 Fish Fauna found in River Gam at Bac Me, Na Hang and Ba Be .................................................43 Flora found in Na Hang/ Ba Be......................................................................................................46

Appendix 7. Economic valuation of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey and Francois leaf monkey in Na Hang Nature Reserve .................................................................................69 Appendix 8. Na Hang Nature Reserve Management Board ..............................................79 Appendix 9. Limestone Quarry Impact Mitigation ..............................................................82

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Appendix 1. Terms of reference for the study

A SUPPLEMENTARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. A multiple-purposes dam proposal has been proposed by Viet Nam Electricity Company (EVN) on Gam River, at the junction between Vinh Yen Commune and Na Hang District Town, Na Hang District, Tuyen Quang Province. On the commission of EVN, a feasibility study for the dam project has been prepared by the Power Engineering Consulting Company 1 (PECC 1). The feasibility study report includes the following documents: - An introduction - A summary of the report - Book 1: Climatic-hydrological conditions - Book 2: Topography and geology at the project site and sketches - Book 3: Irrigation and energy economics - Book 4: Main project - Book 5: Implementation arrangement - Book 6: Total investment - Project sketches - Technical reports:

Environmental Impact Assessment Resettlement Planning Down stream food control and irrigation On -site transportation

1.2. The PARC project VIE/95/G31 & 031 “Creating Protected Areas for Resource Conservation using Landscape Ecology”, a joint initiative by Vietnam Government and GEF and UNDP, has been working in the dam project area since 1999. A Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the proposed dam was conducted by the PARC Project in early 2000 and recommended the preparation of a comprehensive EIA. 1.3. Though a comprehensive EIA for the feasibility study has been prepared, in view of the scale of the proposal, the sensitivity of the environment, the requirement for substantial resettlement and the likely interest of international organisations and NGOs, the PARC project has been asked to prepare a draft Terms of Reference for an Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed dam on Na Hang Nature Reserve and Ba Be National Park. It is recommended that the EIA be supplementary to the existing EIA prepared by PECC 1 and be produced in accordance with relevant national framework for environmental impact assessment and be focused on the assessment of the impacts of the dam and its resettlement program on Na Hang Nature Reserve and Ba Be National Park and their mitigation. 1.4. The Government of Vietnam has recently (19 April 2002) approved the feasibility study of the Tuyen Quang Dam investment project. It is anticipated that the project design will be completed and a detailed EIA study focusing on important areas (such as forest degradation, protection of Ba Be NP and Na Hang NR) will also be carried out by the end of 2002. The detailed resettlement programme will be carefully developed and agreed with concerned organisations, local authorities and communities. It is recommended that the EIA should commence as soon as possible so that it can, as far as possible, be integrated with the design process. It is easier to build mitigating measures into the design as it is developed than to “add on” mitigating measures after the design has been completed. 1.5. The TOR describes the study process and sets out the required content of the EIA as being identified insufficiently addressed by the existing EIA, having regard to the findings of the

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Preliminary EIA and having considered international practices. The concluding section suggests the range of expertise necessary for the Assessment. 2. THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS 2.1 The assessment process will cover the following:

1. Scoping 2. Baseline studies 3. Review of/input to design process 4. Impact assessment 5. Proposals for mitigation/design review 6. Final EIA

1. Scoping

2.2 The purpose of “scoping” is to make a rapid assessment of the potential impacts of a development to enable subsequent work to be focused on key impacts and to avoid abortive work in areas where there will be limited impacts. To a certain extent scooping has already been undertaken in the existing EIA and the Preliminary EIA. The consultants will need to review the Report of Feasibility Study, particularly the existing EIA and the Resettlement Proposal. The output of this stage of the work will be the identification of impacts requiring study and a work programme.

2.3 These outputs should be discussed with key stakeholders: the developers, appropriate

Government Departments, local people, international organisations and NGOs to ensure agreement on the scope of the supplementary EIA.

2. Baseline Studies

2.4 The area affected by the dam development is relatively remote and inaccessible. Whilst significant data exists on the communities within the area and their livelihoods, detailed knowledge of the area’s natural resources is more limited. There is therefore a need for a programme of work to improve understanding of following existing environmental conditions (the baseline) at Na Hang Nature Reserve and Ba Be National Park:

• Identify, describe and map vegetation types and habitats in inundated areas • Document the current status, ecology and range of the Tonkin Snub-nosed

monkey. • Document the habitats and distribution of the Francois Leaf Monkey. • Document the current status and distribution of other protected and endangered

plant and animal species within the Na Hang Nature Reserve. • identify cultural/historical and archaeological sites affected.

3. Review of/input to design process

2.7 As noted above, if the design is not yet complete, then the EIA consultants should be involved in the design process commenting upon the nature of design solutions and potential impacts with particular reference to Na Hang Nature Reserve and Ba Be National Park. Such an iterative process can avoid problems later in the construction process.

2.8 The supplementary f environmental assessment must be based upon clear design

proposals for the dam and the clear identification of all the components and the engineering solutions. . This avoids the abortive work. The developer will provide the EIA consultants with:

• a description of the project including all the components • maps and diagrams of the proposal • details of the construction process (including manpower) and timetable

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4. Impact Assessment

2.9 The consultants, on the basis of the design proposals, will make an assessment of the likely impacts of the dam during its preparation, construction and operation and the resettlement program on Na Hang Nature Reserve and Ba Be National Park with particular focus on the Tonkin Snub-nosed and Francois’ Monkeys and other protected and endangered plant and animal species and their significance . The assessment will identify those resources that will be affected, the value and vulnerability of the resources, the scale of the impact and thus the significance of the impact. The consultants will prepare a succinct summary of the impacts and an assessment of the scope for mitigating adverse impacts and maximising positive impacts. The findings will be discussed with key stakeholders to establish agreement on the significance of the impacts and the scope for mitigation and enhancement.

5. Proposals for mitigation/design review

2.10 The consultants will discuss proposed mitigation with relevant institutions at central and local levels and agree actions as appropriate. The output from this stage will be an agreed and costed set of mitigation measures to be implemented. Clear information should be provided on how the mitigating measures will be implemented, by whom, and who should finance their implementation.

6. Final EIA 2.11 The supplementary EIA will be a short description of the proposal, its likely effects on Na

Hang Nature Reserve and Ba Be National Park and the measures to be taken to mitigate the adverse effects and maximise the positive effects. It will also set out the measures necessary to ensure that the development process is monitored from an environmental viewpoint and interventions planned and executed to safeguard the natural resources of the area.

3. PROPOSED CONTENT OF THE EIA 3.1 It is proposed that the EIA should have the following contents:

1. Introduction 2. Justification for the Proposal 3. Description of the Proposal 4. Baseline Environmental Study 5. Assessment of Impacts:

Preparation • Construction Impacts • Operational Impacts

6 Assessment of Impact of the Resettlement Program 7 Proposals for Mitigation 8 Proposals for Monitoring 1. Introduction

3.2 This section should briefly describe the history of the proposal and explain why it is being

brought forward at this time. It should clearly set out who will be responsible for the construction and operation of the dam. It should briefly describe the objectives of the project and the nature and components of the development.

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2. Justification for the Proposal (referred to the Feasibility Study and existing EIA)

3.3 In setting the context for the EIA it is appropriate to provide some justification of why a dam

should be built on the Gam River as opposed to elsewhere in Vietnam. It is understood that the purpose of the Dam is to control flooding in the lower valley, especially around Tuyen Quang, to provide irrigation and to generate power. This section should outline what alternatives have been examined to reduce flooding at Tuyen Quang and explain why the dam proposal is the preferred solution. It should explain the scale and nature of the irrigation, which the dam will facilitate. Similarly, it should explain the context of power demand in Vietnam and explain why the Gam proposal has been selected for hydropower generation rather than other rivers.

3. Description of the Proposal (referred to the Feasibility Study and existing EIA)

3.4 This section will be provide a succinct but comprehensive description of the proposed

development and the construction process. It should describe the way in which the dam will be constructed and operated.

4. Baseline Environmental Study

3.5 This section will provide a comprehensive account of the natural resources within the Na Hang Nature Reserve and Ba Be National Park, which will most likely be affected by the dam way in which these resources are used. It should include quantitative, qualitative and cartographic data and should clearly set out the value and vulnerability of the resources likely to be affected.

5. Assessment of Impacts

3.6 The impact assessment should identify impacts during preparation, construction and during operation and the resettlement program. It should identify direct and indirect impacts and should clearly indicate the value of the resource affected and the scale of the impact. Where possible impacts should be quantified.

6. Proposals for Mitigation

3.7 This section should describe what measures are needed to mitigate adverse impacts and maximise positive impacts. It should explain the process and which measures are accepted as part of the design and which are rejected. It should set out clear recommendations on the costs of the measures, who implements and finance their implementation and the way in which the measures will be implemented.

7. Proposals for Monitoring

3.8 This section should describe how the construction and operation of the development will be

monitored from an environmental viewpoint and how unforeseen impacts will be avoided or mitigated.

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4. TEAM COMPOSITION The consultancy team will include international and Vietnamese experts as follows:

1. Mr. Peter John Meynell – the International EIA Expert - Team Leader 2. One National Ecologist with EIA experience: Dr. Le Xuan Canh 3. Two National Resettlement Expert with Socio-Economic Background and EIA experience: Dr. Le Thac Can and Mr. Bui Van Manh 4. IUCN Project Assistant - Ms. Dinh Thi Minh Thu.

5. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE TEAM LEADER As the Team Leader, Mr. Peter John Meynell will be responsible for delivering satisfactory results and the EIA supplementary report that has the suggested contents in addition to other within two weeks after the completion of the mission (i.e. by 31 July 2002). The Team Leader is responsible for developing together with the team members TORs for Vietnamese experts of the team, developing the workplan, guiding and supervising the works of Vietnamese experts and coordinating of the team activities, etc.

6. TIMING

It is anticipated that the study will be carried out in two months (23 working days each month) starting from May 16, 2002 and will complete by end of July 2002 at the latest.

7. MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION

The team will be based at the PARC National project Office, 23 Hang Tre street, Hanoi while intensive travel to Na Hang Area, Tuyen Quang province is anticipated. The team will carry out the study under the guidance of the Task Force and in close consultation with the National Project Manager and UNDP Environment Officer. The team will coordinate the work through the NPO and IUCN. A tentative workplan will be drafted and discussed with NPO and submitted to the Task Force for review before the mission starts.

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Appendix 2. Programme diary

Date Activity PJM LXC LTC BVM T 18 June PJM arrives back in Hanoi W 19 Literature study T 20 Literature study F 21 8:30 am: Team meeting x x x x S 22 Literature study S 23 PJM to Primate Refuge, Cuc Phuong, meeting with Tilo

Nadler to discuss primate conservation issues and to see Francois Langur

X

M 24 11.00 am: Meeting with Frontier 2.00 pm: Team meeting

X X

X

X

X

T 25 9.30 am: Mr. Tuan, VTGEO PARC NPO office

X

W 26 10:00 am: Meeting with Mr. Le Thanh Luu, Director of the Institute for Aquaculture I (8271368) PARC NPO Office

X X

T 27 2.00 pm: Meeting with Mr. Thin, Dam Construction office X F 28 Field trip to Moc Chau to view existing dam and road

construction activties X

S 29 9:00 am: Team meeting with Adrian Davey in Hanoi in IUCN office PJM, LXC & Thu travel to Ba Be, overnight in Ba Be

X X

X X

X X

S 30 PJM, LXC & Thu visit Ba Be NP and travel to Na Hang Overnight in Na Hang town LTC & BVM to Tuyen Quang, overnight in TQ

X X X

X

M 1 July LTC and BVM meetings in am with resettlement office PJM, LXC & Thu early start to Tuyen Quang, meetings with Head Forest Guard service, Chairperson of Resettlement Board Team drives back to Na Hang, overnight in Na Hang

X x

X x

X X

X X

T 2 Meetings with Forest Guard in Na Hang, PPC (am) Visit to Thac Mo (pm) Overnight in Na Hang

X X X X

W 3 Visit to construction site and boat trip up Song Gam to Duc Xuan and Bac Vang Overnight in Na Hang

X X X X

T 4 Visit to Khau Tinh Overnight in Na Hang

X X X X

F 5 Flexible arrangements, possible visit to Ban Bung area, new road and powerline routes Overnight in Na Hang

X X X X

S 6 Stakeholder meeting in Na Hang Team to Tuyen Quang over night in Tuyen Quang

X X X X

S 7 Visit to Phu Lan and Doi Binh resettlement villages Return to Hanoi

X X X X

M 8 PJM not available T 9 PJM not available W 10 July 8.00 am: Team meeting

4:00 pm: Meeting with the IUCN Tourism group X X

X X X

T 11 8.00 am: Team meeting 8:00 – 8:30 am: Meeting with Mr. Thong, IUCN CR 12:00 pm: Lunch meeting with Bertina

X X X

X X X

X X

X X

F 12 9.00 am: Frank Momberg, Steve Simmons, FFI (55 To Hien Thanh Street, Tel: 9784470)

X

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Date Activity PJM LXC LTC BVM S 13 Day off S 14 Day off M 15 2:00 pm: Meeting with GEF mission, Mid-term evaluation

team, IUCN, WWF, BLI at UNDP Report ready: Social Economic Conditions Report ready: Impact Senarios

X X

X

T 16 8:30 am: Task Force meeting at FPD meeting room, A3, MARD, 2 Ngoc Ha. 2:00 pm: Meeting with the National Environment Agency (TBC) 4:00 pm: Jonathan Eames, Birdlife International (TBC)

X X X

X X X

W 17 8:30 am: NGO meeting at FPD meeting room, A3, MARD, 2 Ngoc Ha.

X X X X

T 18 Writing F 19 Writing -Report ready: Economic Evaluation (Mikkel)

Report ready: Existing Environmental Conditions

X

S 20 Writing S 21 Writing M 22 Team meeting: Impact Scenarios and Mitigation

Measures X X X X

T 23 10:00 am: Meeting with NEA Writing

X

W 24 Writing T 25 8:30 am: Meeting with Mr. Dung, PARC Director at NPO

2:00 pm: Team meeting X X

X

X

X

F 26 Writing 3:00 pm: Meeting with Fernando at IUCN

X

S 27 Finish draft report S 28 PJM to Bangkok M 29 PJM in Bangkok T 30 PJM in Bangkok W 31 PJM in Bangkok T 1 August PJM in Bangkok F 2 PJM in Bangkok S 3 PJM returns from Bangkok S 4 Presentation preparation M 5 8:30-11:30 am: Presentation of report to task force

(TBC) 2:00-4:00 pm: Meeting with EVN (TBC)

X X

X X

X X

X X

T 6 PJM leaves W 7 T 8 F 9 S 10 Comments from Task Force due F16 PJM finalises report based upon comments (in UK) X

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Appendix 3. List of persons and organisations consulted NAME AND TYPE OF ORGANSATION CONTACT PERSON AND ADDRESS, TEL NO. Proposer Company Power Engineering Consulting Company 1 Dr. Nguyen Huy Hoach,

EVN, Technical Dept. Mr. Vu Duc Thin

Song Da 9 Company, Na Hang Mr. Pham Van Kiem, Expert Central Government Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Rural Development, Forest Protection Dept

Ministry of Planning and Investment Dept. of Industry, and Science Technology and Environment

Ministry of Industry, Dept. of Planning and Investment

Mr. Nguyen Van Dinh

Ministry of Science Technology and Environment – Conservation Office of National Environmental Agency

Dr. Mai Thanh Dung Ms. Ly

Provincial Government FPD, Tuyen Quang Province Mr. Nguyen Phung Minh Tuyen Quang Resettlement Board Mrs. Dinh Ba Be National Park, Bac Can Mr. Nong The Dien, Vice Director Na Hang Nature Reserve Mr. Le Hong Binh, Vice Director Local Government PPC Na Hang District Mr. Le Tien Thang, Vice Chairman Xuan Tien Commune Vice Chairman Thanh Tuong Commune Vice Chairman Son Phu Commune Vice Chairman Forest Rangers and Patrollers at Bac Vang, Son Phu, Da Vi, Ban Lam, Ban Bung Agriculture & Forestry Extension Service Mr. Nong Van Thuong Ministry of Fisheries, Research Dept of Environment and Aquatic disease

Dr. Nguyen Quang Dieu Dr. Le Thanh Lua

Projects / Donors PARC Mr. Nguyen Huu Dung

Ms. Ha Thi Linh, Dr. Fernando Potess, Dr. Colin McQuistan Dr. Andrew Greiser-Johns, Prof. Adrian Davey

PARC Mid-term review Dr. Graham Baines, Dr. Donald Macintosh UNDP Ms. Nguyen Ngoc Ly,

Ms. Tran Nguyen Anh Thu GEF Mission Mr. Alain Lafontaine, Mr. Tim Boyle, Ms. Kanta

Kumari IUCN Mr. Nguyen Minh Thong

Ms. Nguyen Thi Yen Ms. Toot Oostveen

Other experts consulted by e-mail Dr. Jaap Vermeulen, Dr. Elery Hamilton-Smith (Chairman IUCN Karst specialist Group) Mr. Jeremy Bird (UNEP - World Commission on

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Dams) Dr. Jamie Skinner (ex-World Commission on Dams) Manrique Rojas (ex-World Commission on Dams) Dr. Roland Wirth

Non-governmental organisations Birdlife International Mr. Jonathan Eames, Mr. Nathan Sage,

Mr. Nguyen Duc Thu WWF Mr. Hoang Thanh Flora and Fauna International Mr. Frank Momberg Frontier Ms. Liz Tydeman, Mr. Tom Osborn ANCODEC Mr. Phung Tuu Boi Vietnam National University, Centre for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies

Dr. Vo Thanh Son

Vietnam National Parks and protected Areas Association VNPPA

Mr. Le Van Lanh

Eco-eco Institute Prof. Nguyen Van Truong Research organisations Tonkin Snub-nosed Monkey Project Ms. Bettina Martin, Endangered Primate Rescue Centre Mr. Tilo Nadler, Dr. Ulrike Streicher

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Appendix 4. Record of meetings

A. Consultative Meeting With NGOs 8.30 - 12.00 am, Wesnesday, 17 July 2001, MARD Chair: Peter John Meynell, Supplementary EIA Team Leader Participants: - Supplementary EIA Team members, - Mrs Yen, IUCN Project Officer, - Ms Bettina Martin, Snub-nosed Monkey Project, - Mr Osborn, Frontier Head, - Dr. Son, CRES, - Mr. Boi, FIPI, - Mr. Lanh, National Parks Association, - Prof. Truong, ECO ECO Institute, - Mr. Thanh, WWF 1. Welcome and introduction, 2. Introduction on purpose of the meeting by Mrs Yen, IUCN, 3. Presentation of the approach and assumptions developed for analysis of impcats, P-J Meynell. 4. Discussion of approach Questions by Bettina and Son concerning: information on Tuyen Quang hydropower project, project design and EIA procedure, resettlement survey and planning. Answers by: Meynell, L. T. Can and B.V. Manh. Discussion on biodiversity impacts and resettlement implementation issues Coffee break 5. Presentation of initial findings, highlightings principal issues to be addressed by P-J Meynell 6. Discussion on potential impacts and possible mitigation measures related to: - Activities in upgrading the Chiem Hoa - Na Hang Road, - The resettlement of people in Khau Tinh area, - The possible extension of the Nature Reserve Area, - Implementation of recommended mitigation measures to reinforce forest guard service, to prevent the returning back of resettled people. - Need for study of future tourism development in Na Hang reservoir and NRA. 7. Development of ideas for mitigation measures to conserve biodiversity during dam's construction and reservoir operation. Participants ask for copy of draft of supplementary EIA report and promise to be based on the report for contributing more ideas. Closing of meeting.

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B. List of Participants of the Stakeholder Meeting in Na Hang Na Hang, 6 July 2002 9:00 am– 12:00 pm Name Position/Organization Address/Tel/Fax 1. Mr. Le Tien Thang Vice Chairman, Na Hang

People’s Committee Na Hang town. Tel: 027 864150

2. Mr. Le Hong Binh Vice Director, Forest Protection Unit of Na Hang Nature Reserve

Na Hang town. Tel/Fax: 027 864306

3. Mr. Pham Ngoc Yen Na Hang FPD Na Hang town. Tel: 027 864124

4. Mr. Nong Van Thuong Agriculture and Rural Development Unit

Na Hang town. Tel: 027 864107

5. Mr. Nguyen Van Su Field Operation Assistant, Scott Wilson Asia-Pacific Ltd.

Na Hang town. Tel: 027 864 363 Fax: 027 864 369

6. Mr. Pham Van Kiem Expert, Tuyen Quang Hydropower Project

Group 10, Na Hang town. Tel: 027 864499/864500

7. Mr. Luong Duc Vinh Chairman of Xuan Tan People’s Committee

Xuan Tan commune

8. Mr. Nong Quoc Diep Party Secretary of Vinh Yen commune

Vinh Yen commune

9. Ms. Hoang Thi Hai Snub-nosed Monkey Conservation Project

Na Hang town. Tel: 027 864213

10. Dr. Peter John Meynell Team leader, Supplementary EIA

11. Prof. Le Thac Can Team member, Supplementary EIA

12. Dr. Le Xuan Canh Team member, Supplementary EIA

13. Mr. Bui Van Manh Team member, Supplementary EIA

14. Ms. Dinh Thi Minh Thu Project Assistant, Supplementary EIA

IUCN, 13A Tran Hung Dao, Hanoi Tel: 9330012 Fax: 8258794

15. Mr. Mikel Kallesoe Environmental Economics Officer

IUCN, 13A Tran Hung Dao, Hanoi Tel: 9330012 Fax: 8258794

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Appendix 5. Resettlement Policies for Tuyen Quang Hydropower Project

Legal frameworks The development of involuntary resettlement in Vietnam can be divided into two main phases: before and after 1993.

Before 1993: This period of the development of involuntary resettlement was affected by ministerial level resettlement planning and by a subsidized economy. Land belonged to the State and was allocated for management by cooperatives and or State farms. The Vietnamese people were unfamiliar with the concept of involuntary resettlement. Many thought that the process of involuntary resettlement of affected people meant simply compensating them and moving them to new residential sites. Thus, compensation and resettlement policy did not provide rehabilitation measures to restore and improve living standard and income levels of affected people. There has been no documented review of the full situation of the resettlement during this period. However, from a review of resettlement on some large projects such as Thac Ba and Hoa Binh Hydropower Projects show that: most resettlers have been unable to restore their income levels; and in many cases, resettlement has left resettlers in a state of impoverishment even years after they were resettled. This has led to more pervasive adverse impacts.

After 1993: This period has been characterized by rapid economic growth. The renovation process has created a favorable environment for domestic and foreign investment. The number of investment projects, especially projects requiring land acquisition and relocation of people has been increasing. For that reason, the Government of Vietnam has been revising and strengthening its legal framework to respond to economic and social changes. As a result, a range of policies directly or indirectly related to resettlement has been promulgated since 1993.

Policy supporting documents In order to define with a minimal accuracy and coherence what need to be done to appropriately resettle, compensate and rehabilitate the population affected by Tuyen Quang hydropower project, a series of guideline principles and parameters specifying eligibility, entitlements, compensation units and compensation modes had to be established:

The feasibility study adds to the earlier studies a set of basic principles and a tentative compensation and rehabilitation policy. Such principles and policy where drawn on the basis of the existing Vietnamese regulation on involuntary resettlement and on the basis of all other pertinent laws, decrees and regulations.

The preliminary principles and parameters for resettlement and rehabilitation have been drawn from the following documents:

• Decree 22/ ND-CP dated 4/24/1998 on compensation for damage when the State recovers land for use in national defense, security, national interest and public interests.

• Decree 64/CP dated 16th September 1993 (the essence of current agricultural land policy).

• Decree 87/CP dated 17th August 1995 on land prices

• Decree 90/CP dated 17th August 1995 on regulation for land exploitation.

• Circular 05-BXD/T T dated 9th February 1993 on building classification.

• Land law, dated 15th May 1993

Resettlement policy Despite the fact that the Government of Vietnam has adopted many new policies in order to protect the rights of resettlers, there is still not a specific Resettlement Policy that meet requirement fully. For example, the implementation of resettlement plan for Yaly hydropower project is appreciated as good, however this resettlement plan was not totally based on existing legal framework. Therefore, the Vietnam Government with

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assistance of international organizations such as World Bank is now preparing a policy that can be applied to all types of development projects in Vietnam, regardless of the sources of funding.

The below mentioned resettlement policy is based on existing resettlement policies and draft policies, which are being revised.

• Resettlement, rehabilitation and compensation programs should be conceived as a development effort and should both improve the PAH's pre-project living standards and warrant their participation in project benefits.

• Within the limits of expected project benefits, project design should be carried out, and if necessary modified, as to limit both impact and number of PAHs as much as possible.

Rehabilitation measures provided to the resettled communities should be extended to the host communities.

• Modes of compensation and rehabilitation, including compensation for slash and burn cultivation plots, should be carried out in accordance to existing environmental and sedentary regulations in Vietnam.

• All PAH's cultivating or residing on project-affected land, including PAHs carrying out slash and burn cultivation before the cut-off date are entitled to compensation for their losses and/or income rehabilitation.

• Substitution houses and replacement plots should reflected the improvement or of the PAHs' living standards.

As much as possible the PAHs will be resettled in such a way as to maintain the cohesiveness of their present communities.

• Resettlement, rehabilitation, and compensation programs should be carried out in such a way as to warrant both the respect and maintenance of the PAHs' socio-cultural standard.

• Resettlement and compensation programs must have popular acceptance and should be carried out following consultation with the affected population.

• The pre-project level of community infrastructure, services, and resources should be improved or at least re-established in the post-project situation.

Outline of the resettlement plan

Number of resettled people According to the surveyed data 2001 of the Power Engineering Consulting Company, it can be seen that under the designed alternative of 120m elevation, inundated area of the 3 districts consist of 3219 households with 17,384 persons. Details are as follows:

• Tuyen Quang province: 01 district, 12 communes, 68 villages, 2934 households, and 15.793 people.

• Ha Giang province: 01 district, 02 communes, 08 villages, 211 households, and 1.300 people.

• Bac Kan province: 01 district, 01 commune, 01 village, 49 households and 291 people.

An increase in this finger depends on time and location of the resettlement following the progress of the main work’s construction. Up to the year of 2005, number of resettlement households will reach 3390, increased by 196 households. The above-mentioned number is calculated basing on general population plan of all districts and province. (See annex 1 for details)

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Table 1: Estimated people to be resettled by Tuyen Quang Hydropower Project

Year 2001 Year 2005 No Province, district communes Households Persons Households Persons

Total 3194 17384 3390 18448A Tuyen Quang 2934 15793 3110 16726I Na Hang district 2934 15793 3110 167261 Na Hang town 112 490 116 5062 Vinh Yen com 265 1252 276 13033 Son Phu com 175 842 189 9114 Da Vi com 361 1942 379 20425 Yen Hoa com 159 882 169 9356 Khau Tinh com 52 245 54 2557 Trung Khanh com 473 2262 502 24008 Phuc Yen com 113 609 122 6599 Khuon Ha com 44 280 46 291

10 Xuan Tien com 369 2008 390 212411 Xuan Tan com 395 2312 421 246012 Thuy Loa com 416 2669 445 2840B Ha Giang pro 211 1300 226 1407I Bac Me district 211 1300 226 14071 Thuong Tan com 90 568 95 6152 Minh Ngoc com 121 732 131 792

C Bac Kac pro 49 291 53 315I Ba Be district 49 291 53 3151 Nam Mau com 49 291 53 315

People living in the areas to be flooded consist of the Tay, Dao, Cao Lan and Kinh and Hmong. Among ethnic groups, the Tay account for 49%, the Dao account for 27% and the Kinh account for 16%, the rest including the Cao Lan and the Hmong share a small percentage (8%). The ethnic minority people live in villages by relatives and earn their living by cultivation on wet paddy or upland crop. In some areas, different people live together, but each of them has their own tradition and habit. This is extremely important feature, which need to be paid much attention during the process of resettlement.

Compensation and assistance package. Tuyen Quang hydropower project will cause a great number of Project –Affected People (PAPs) (about 3192 households or 17,384 persons, excluding numbers of household which are lost of jobs or cultivated land). Most of these PAPs are ethnic minorities, they have difficult living standard. In order to settle out stable lives for these people, besides the application of policies mentioned in Decree 22/CP, it is also necessary to have special assistant policies. While waiting the Government to regulate actual policies for Tuyen Quang hydropower project, resettlement, and rehabilitation plan will be included clauses in Decree 22/CP and also interim regulations as follows: a. Compensation package:

The legitimate Project Affected Persons or PAPs eligible for compensation will be all affected GOV agencies, private households, institution, or firms able to demonstrate through Land Occupancy Certificate (LOC), Residential Land Property Certificates (RLPC), Commune residence papers, land tax receipts or in absence of these - by means of a commune/ village record, or simply by being listed in the PAPs inventory, that prior to the establishment cut-off date they owned, rented, planted or used for business or other economic enterprises the following affected items:

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• Houses or other fixed structures

• Permanently or temporarily affected land (agricultural, garden, and residential)

• Crops, trees or other assets.

The above-mentioned definition applies both to PAP affected by project component or land redistribution schemes in all different areas of the project including the Project Area, Downstream and Upstream Areas

According to the feasibility resettlement plan, compensation level is calculated basing on Decree 22/CP and unit price stipulated by provincial people committee as follows:

• Land compensation

o Land lost will be compensated according to Decree 22/CP and based on land category and unit price stipulated by the provincial people committee.

o Land lost will be compensated on the basis of “land for land”. To ensure living standard of people, each resettled household at the resettlement sites will be compensated from 200 m2 to 400 m2 for housing, and 0,25 – 0.3 ha for land for cultivation (upland or wet land, dependent on land condition and oriented production of each locality). On average each person will be allocated 400-500m2 of two-crop land.

o Resettled households who are provided with new land at resettlement site will not be compensated for their old land. For special cases, when their old land is larger or the land quality is better than the new one, they will be compensated for the difference.

• Compensation for houses and architectural works.

o Houses and other supporting parts will be compensated according to Decree 22/CP and applied compensation unit stipulated by the provincial people committee.

o Each resettled household will be constructed a new house with 35 – 90 m2 wide (depend on size of household) at the resettlement site. There are two types of houses: brick built house and on-silt house. In case value of house is higher than the compensated amount, the house owner will be received that excess. If the value of house is lower than the compensated one, house owner does not have to pay more.

o Households received new houses will not be provided in cash for lost houses and domestic building. However, they will be assisted an amount of money (depend on distance of moving) for moving salvageable material to resettlement site.

• Compensation for crops and planted forest

o Compensation for crops and planted forest will be based on Decree 22/CP and unit price stipulated by the provincial people committee of Tuyen Quang.

b. Assistance package:

Beside compensation, the resettlers and the host people will be provided an assistance as supporting for moving, stabilizing production, restoring living, moving their ancestor graves, their children’s education, healthcare, electricity use and occupational training…etc. Level and model of assistance is stipulated by competence authorities.

• Assistance for moving: As stipulated in Decree 22/CP

o Household to be resettled within the province will be received 3 millions dong/each household as support for moving.

o Household to be resettled outside the province will be received 5 millions dong/each household as support for moving.

• Assistance for living - As stipulated in Decree 22/CP, each resettled people will be subsidized in term of money equivalent to 30 kg rice/capita/month within 36 months.

• Assistance for production: all resettled households will be assisted for production. This will be under term of technical assistance or extension works.

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• Assistance for special households: each household having spent subsidized policy by the Government will be assisted 1 million dong.

• Award: As stipulated in Decree 22/CP, each household moving to the resettlement in time will be awarded 5 million dong.

• Assistance for people not to be resettled: people affected by the project but not to be resettled will be assisted with an average amount of 30 million dong/household.

• Assistance for the host: the host people in the resettlement site affected by land acquisition for resettlement will be assisted for production. This will be under term of technical assistance or extension works. Estimation cost is 10 million dong/household.

• Other assistance: Besides the above-mentioned assistance, resettled people will be assisted an amount of money for their children’s education, healthcare, electricity use and occupational training. Estimation cost is 2 million/household.

Table 2: Compensation and assistance cost

Items Cost (million dong) Total 412,006 I. Compensation 278,287 1. Houses and other domestic buildings in flooded areas 69,169 2. Crops in flooded areas 5,840 - Perennial trees 1,593 - One crop paddy 2,538 - Two crop paddy 1,660 3. Crops and land acquisition for resettlement sites 203,278 II. Assistance 133,719 1. Assistance for living 30,647 2. Assistance for production 48,390 3. Assistance for special households 162 4. Assistance for moving 9,678 5. Award for moving in time 16,130 6. Assistance for non-resettled households 8,130 7. Assistance for the host 14,130 8. Other assistance 6452

(Source: Resettlement plan for Tuyen Quang hydropower project/feasibility study) However, the above-mentioned compensation and assistance provisions seem to be unequal and inappropriate. Thus, they are now being readjusted by EVN, Tuyen Quang Resettlement Management Board and other competence authorities in order to ensure the equality among project affected people.

Resettlement plan. a. Resettlement overview

General overview of our party and Government for reallocation of affected people is how to ensure better living standard of affected people than previous time. This is a consistent overview for all development projects relating to resettlement. Moreover, this has great meaning in the common behavior “ one for all and all for one”. It derives from the fact that people living in Na Hang designed reservoir must suffer from difficulties and losses for construction of hydropower project, therefore, the government in general, and individuals in particular are responsible to help PAHs restore their living.

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The overview “ensure a better standards for resettlers” can be broadly understood as to create favorable conditions for PAHs in production so that they can quickly restore and improve their living standard; construct infrastructure at resettlement sites, ensure favorable environment for resettlers.

Derived from the above-mentioned overview, resettlement of PAHs will be based on the following principles:

• Minimize distance of moving.

• Keep original community and reserve traditional customs, especially traditional customs of ethnic minorities.

• Allocation of resettlers should be based on availability of land.

• Resettlement plan should be suitable with master plan of zone.

• Communities received PAPs (the host) should be gained benefits form resettlement and rehabilitation project.

• Ensure convenient infrastructures and services for resettlement sites.

b. Resettlement ability identification

Resettlement and rehabilitation plan was prepared for each affected and unaffected commune, then synthesized on provinces and the whole affected region, including Tuyen Quang, Ha Giang and Bac Kan accordingly.

• For inundated communes: assess availability of unaffected lands, semi-flooded lands; ability to develop fishes catching. aquaculture, waterway transport and forestry plantation.

Besides conditions for development of production, services, other favorable conditions are also paid concern. Though some areas still remain unused lands (in small scale), however, other conditions such as roads, electricity, healthcare stations, and schools are not available, and then reallocation of resettlers will be selected in other locations.

• For communes receiving resettlers: the following works have been studied:

o Availability of disposable land to receive resettlers: being considered over two sides:

+ Natural features.

+ Land use right.

For natural features, it must consider the followings: proposed areas for settlement sites must be large enough to allocate for at least 15 households, land potentiality is favorable for agro-forestry production (topography and fertile features). Land area criteria is as follows:

o For households who practice annual crop, each person must be provided 1200m2 - 1500m2, of which: paddy land: 400-500m2; subsidiary cropland: 800-1000m2.

o For households who live on perennial tree production, each person must be provided at least 2500m2 on average.

For the land use right: it is advisable to pay attention to characteristics such as whether the land is put under fallow or use. If most of lands are put under use, it is necessary to check for whether the lands are legal or illegal used (for instance encroachers, invaders, etc) are illegal users). If legal use, whether they have been provided with Certificate of Land Use right or not. Besides, factors impacted upon their living in case lands are recovered for resettlement will be considered and evaluated (both for legal and illegal user land). In addition, other factors relating proposed land for resettlement sites such as lying in preserved areas, national forests or planned for other purposes (factory construction, national security, etc) will be considered to avoid.

• Water sources (ground for surface water serving production and daily uses).

• Accessible roads.

• Available conditions: health care stations, schools and trade.

• Consensus of authorities and indigenous people.

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After evaluation of socio-economic and natural condition of investigated communes, they have formulated agro-forestry production planning and balanced some criteria: cultivated land, food per capita, income per household in the year of 2005, and 2010 to set the basic for resettlement ability assessment of each site. c. Resettlement areas

The resettlement areas cover 6 district of 3 provinces of Tuyen Quang, Ha Giang and Bac Kan The number of resettlement sites is identified based upon the following two resettlement alternatives (See annex 2 & 3 for details).

Alternative 1 (maximum alternative): To take fully advantage of unused lands even in remote and isolated communes, or mix with existing villages where have land and potentially to develop agro-forestry production with the purpose of maximizing resettlement ability within their hometown’s territory. For this alternative, resettlers would be reallocated at 53 communes, 1 township and 7 forestry farms and factories as follows: (see annex 1 for details)

Tuyen Quang province: 3110 households

• Na Hang district: 408 households, including 248 farm households and 160 non-farm households.

• Chiem Hoa district: 375 farm households.

• Ham Yen district: 90 farm households

• Son Duong district: 360 farm households

• Yen Son district: 347 farm households and 10 non-farm households.

• 7 forestry farms and companies: 1520 farm households

Ha Giang province: 222 households

• Bac Me district: 222 farm households

Bac Kan province: 54 households

• Ba Be district: 54 farm households.

The advantage of this alternative is that more affected people would be settled down within their hometown; the province could combine resettlement with other development program in order to develop economies, infrastructures. However, some disadvantages are seen:

Firstly, reallocation a great number of resettlers in remote and isolated communes would not ensure a better living standard for them

Secondly, dispersed and scattered allocation of resettlement sites would cause difficulties for investment. In addition, investment amount for each household would be costly due to new construction of infrastructure at remote and isolated communes.

Alternative 2:

To allocate affected people in selected favorable locations, or mix with existing villages (if unavoidable) where have land and potentially to develop agro-forestry production and infrastructure system with the purposes of maximally limitation of mixing resettlement in existing villages and ensuring a better living standard for resettlers as well as a reasonable investment amount for resettlement plan. Based on criteria and result of suitability assessment of resettlement sites, the communes failing to meet resettlement criteria requirement have been excluded (agricultural land per capita: less than 450m2, paddy land: less than 225 m2; food per capita: less than 226 kg/capita/year; small resettlement scale: less than 15 households/communes; high cost for infrastructure construction, uncertain probability of land acquisition. As a result, 17 communes have been excluded. Under this alternative, project affected people (resettlers) would be reallocated at 37 communes, 1 town and 7 forestry farms and factories of 6 districts and 3 provinces as follows: (See annex 1 for details)

By considering advantages and disadvantages, results show that alternative 2 seem more feasible to be selected for resettlement implementation.

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Table 3: Ability of resettlement by alternatives

No

Province, district commune

Alternative 1

Alternative 2

Total 3386 3386 I Tuyen Quang province 3110 3110

1 Na Hang district 408 390 2 Chiem Hoa district 375 360 3 Ham Yen district 90 90 4 Son Duong district 360 350 5 Yen Son district 357 190 6 Foresty-farms, factories. 1520 1730

II Ha Giang province 222 222 1 Bac Me district 222 222

III Bac Kan province 54 54 1 Ba Be district 54 54

(Source: Resettlement plan for Tuyen Quang hydropower project/ feasibility study)

The receiving communities: The project-affected people would be resettled at 55 communes with a total natural area of 241,476 ha, including 33,080 ha of agricultural land, 148,357 ha of forest land, 4,620 ha of special use land, 1,814 ha of residential land and 53,458 ha of unused land. (See annex 3 for more details). Up to the point of March 2001, the total population is appropriate 245,162 persons, belonging to 22 ethnic minority groups. In which, the Kinh account for 50.75%, the Tay account for 23.9%, the Dao account for 10.48%, the Cao Lan 7.61%, the Nung 2.06%, the Hoa: 1.85%, the Mong: 1.5%, the San Diu: 1.45%, and the remaining 0.31% belong to other ethnic minorities. These ethnic minorities groups have traditional custom of living altogether in community. Each family is closely attached with their relatives, clan and their villages. Shifting cultivation, wet paddy cultivation, livestock raising, legal forest resources uses generate the main sources of their income apart from people who live in towns and earn their living by doing business or other off-farm activities. Recently, together with the production transition process, thank to the investment of the State and its own effort, as step by step the living condition of inhabitants has been improved. According to the statistic data in 2000, total output of food production reached 168,620 tons. Per capita food grain was appropriate 450kg.

Regarding resettlement, they all express their willingness to accept resettled people from Tuyen Quang hydropower project and to share existing resources such as land, water with resettled people. Besides, they also request the Government to invest in upgrading the infrastructure, provide satisfied compensation for their land recovered for resettlement and assistance in developing their production. d. Infrastructure construction at resettlement sites Infrastructure system serving production and life of people built or upgraded at resettlement sites consist of transportation roads, irrigation works, schools, cultural houses...etc.

Transportation roads Inter-commune and inter-village road will be upgraded or newly constructed in resettlement sites are as follows: Table 4: Roads construction in resettlement sites Unit: km

No Items Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Total 316.5 225.5 A Tuyen Quang province 281.5 190.5

1 Na Hang district 73 69 2 Chiem Hoa district 60.5 53.5 3 Ham Yen district 18 18 4 Son Duong district 36 34 5 Yen Son district 92 14 6 Forestry farms and companies 2 2

B Ha Giang province 19 19 C Bac Kan province 16 16


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The above table shows that the total transport roads that will be constructed or upgraded in resettlement sites is 316 km (alternative 1) or 225 km (alternative 2). Irrigation system In resettlement sites it was planned to invest in irrigation construction and upgrading with the purpose of supply water to convert one cropland to two-crop land. As a result, cultivatable land will be increased. Increased acreage of land will be distributed to resettlers for production. • Alternative 1: 58 irrigation works with a total capacity of 2016 ha will be invested to supply water for

paddy production of both resettlers and the host (resettlers: 882 ha; the host: 1140 ha). Total estimation cost is 115,175 millions dong.

• Alternative 2: irrigation works with a total capacity of 1,459 ha will be invested to supply water for

paddy production of both resettlers and the host (resettlers: 818 ha; the host: 640 ha). Total estimation cost is 84130 millions dong.

Electricity network construction. To supply electricity for resettlers, resettlement sites will be invested in electricity networks construction, including medium voltage line (35kv), 0.4 KV line from axial roads to residential areas, transformer stations from 30-50KVV and electricity meters and lamps in every households. (See table) Table 5: Electricity network construction in resettlement sites

No Items Unit Quantity Cost (million dong) Alternative 1 44,292 1 - 35 kV line Km 210 25,200 2 - 0.4 kV line Km 55 4,360 3 - Transformer station one 69 8,280 4 - Households equipment 3,226 6,452 Alternative 2 1 - 35 kV line Km 152 18,240 2 - 0.4 kV line Km 36.5 2,920 3 - Transformer station one 50 6,000 4 - Households equipment 3,226 6,452


Public work construction Public works to be constructed and upgraded in resettlement sites include: village’s office, classrooms, kindergartens, clinics etc. Size construction is calculated based on requirement of both resettlers and the host. Table 6: Public works construction in resettlement areas

Village’s offices Class rooms Clinics No Province, district, Communes No of

offices Area (m2)

No of rooms

Area (m2) No of stations

Area (m2)

Alternative 1 74 2960 184 7440 63 2600 A Tuyen Quang province 69 2760 170 6800 61 2440 1 Na Hang district 7 280 15 600 7 280 2 Chiem Hoa district 17 680 49 1960 16 640 3 Ham Yen district 3 120 12 480 3 120 4 Son Duong district 20 800 42 1680 18 720 5 Yen Son district 21 840 50 2000 16 640 6 Forestry farms 1 40 2 80 1 40 B Ha Giang province 5 200 14 640 2 160 C Bac Kan province 1 40 1 160 1 40 Alternative 2 59 2360 142 5760 49 2040 A Tuyen Quang province 54 2160 128 5120 47 1880 1 Na Hang district 6 240 13 520 6 240

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2 Chiem Hoa district 17 680 45 1800 15 600 3 Ham Yen district 3 120 12 480 3 120 4 Son Duong district 19 760 40 1600 17 680 5 Yen Son district 8 320 16 640 5 200 6 Forestry farms and

companies 1 40 2 80 1 40

B Ha Giang province 5 200 14 640 2 160 C Bac Kan province 1 40 1 160 1 40


Experimental model of resettlement After the Decision of the Prime Minister on April 2002 resettlement activities began. Experimental resettlement of 33 households from Xuan Tien to Doi Binh commune in Yen Son district has been carried out. Another experimental resettlement of 120 to Phu Lam commune, in Yen Son district is now in preparation.

Doi Binh resettlement site: Located at the former Agricultural Production Experimental Station with an area of 29 ha favorable for agricultural production, Doi Binh has special condition for resettlement. Based on the proposal of resettlement plan, in October 2001 the Resettlement Management Board of Tuyen Quang province carried out a survey on available land resource and social economic conditions to identify the accurate resettlement ability of this site. As a result, 33 households in Xuan Tien commune have been selected to resettle there. Before moving here, representatives of 33 households were invited to visit the site twice one before site construction and one after site construction; they all expressed their satisfaction with the resettlement site. Now the new resettled village has been set up and looks well, people are pleased with it. Apart from 4 - 5 households, who are building new brick houses, all households have their own houses already.

Infrastructure built at the resettlement site consist of :

• 1 irrigation reservoir with an irrigation capacity of 65 ha of paddy land.

• Construct 3 km of inter-villages road from National Road No 2 to the resettlement site. This road is 3.5 m wide and paved with gravel.

• Install electricity networks: 3 km of 35 kV power line; 1 transformer station of 30 KVA.

• Public dug wells

• Public architecture works to be built in the coming time include 1 village office; 4 classrooms; 1 clinic station.

• Land allocation: resettled people were allocated 400 – 450 m2 /household for housing; 360 m2 of two crop wet rice/capita and 500 m2 of other annual cropland. Some household has cultivated themselves, some lent to the host people since they still have to return back to Xuan Tien commune to harvest previous crops.

• Regarding compensation, resettled people are satisfied with the compensation and assistance policies since besides compensated amount for their land, crops, houses and other building works, they are assisted 7 million dong/capita for housing. On average, each household was received 50-90 million dong. Many interviewed people said that they have never had such a big amount of money, so they deposited in the bank and only use a part for arrangement of living and production.

Attitude of the host community: the people and authority of Doi Binh commune expressed their willingness to accept resettled people from Xuan Tien commune and to share existing resource such as cultivated land, water source…etc with the resettled people. By this acceptation they could gain benefit from infrastructure improvements.

Constraints faced during the resettlement implementation:

According to Mrs. Nguyen Thi Dinh, Head of Tuyen Quang Resettlement Board, during the implementation of the experimental resettlement model (Xuan Tien - Doi Binh), they faced some following difficulties:

• Up to the point of June 2002, there still do not exist benchmark of 120m to identify inundated area and topographical map of the reservoir with large scale. Thus, it is really difficult to exactly classify inundated area for compensation and reservoir clearance

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• Apart from 29 ha of the former agricultural production experimental station, most land recovered for resettlement has been used by indigenous people or delivered to indigenous inhabitants by Red Certification. Therefore, land acquisition faced many difficulties and required satisfactory compensation for local inhabitant as well as plan for adjustment and redistribution of land in the communes receiving resettlers.

• The EVN and Tuyen Quang province has not yet come to agreement on resettlement mechanism and policies for Tuyen Quang Hydropower Project such as compensation, assistance policies for resettlers and the host. Especially, in term of houses compensation, The EVN believe that each resettled household should be provided a new house designed and built by nominated companies at the resettlement site costing about 55 million dong (on average) as compensation for their lost houses. On the contrary, the provincial authority think that the resettled households should be compensated in cash for their lost houses and assisted 7 million dong/capita for housing at the resettlement site. Resettled people should be given the freedom to use their old wood house or to build new brick one according to their family concrete situation by their means.

Investment cost for resettlement. At present, the Government has not yet promulgated regulation for Tuyen Quang hydropower project, thus calculation of investment cost are mainly based on Decree 22/CP; other interim regulation applied in Yaly hydropower project; local current prices and Decree No 1091/QD-UB dated 08/09/2000 of Tuyen Quang people’ committee on the price of lands.

Detail calculation is shown in table 6. It can be seen clearly that, total investment cost for resettlement is 1,237,375 million dong (alternative 1) or 1,183,208 million dong (alternative 2). Investment cost per household is 365 (alternative 1) or 349 million dong (alternative 2).

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Table 7: Estimation cost for resettlement of Tuyen Quang hydropower project. Items Alternative 1

(million dong) Alternative 2 (million dong)

A. Resettlement in rural area 914.019 945.119I. Construction of resettlement sites 673.562 609.2551. Houses and supplementary parts 129.040 129.0402. Land acquisition 203.278 191.9283. Preparation of resettlement sites 19.356 19.3564. Land clearance and on-farm construction 11.434 11.1595. Irrigation schemes for wet rice 115.175 84.1306. Irrigation schemes for perennial trees 69.915 77.3706. Transportation roads 57.576 41.4367. Electric networks 44.292 33.6128. Water supply system 12.904 12.9049. Architectural works 10.592 8.320II. Assistance for resettled people 101.923 101.9231.Assistance for living 30.647 30.6472. Assistance for production 48.390 48.3903. Subsidize for special households 162 1624. Award (moving in time) 16.130 16.1305. Assistance for moving 9.678 9.6786. Other assistance 6.452 6.452III. Construction of resettlement sites in forestry farms and companies

170.362 188.765

1. Tea plantation 96.597 115.0002. Infrastructure 60.565 60.565IV. Resettlement of non-farm households 13.200 13.200V. Support for non-resettled people (remains in flooded area) 8.310 8.310VI. Support for the host 14.130 14.130B. Resettlement in urban area 57.600 57.600Subtotal 1.048.623 1.002.719 Cost for investigation and design (8%) 83.890 80.218 Cost for management and implementation (5%) 52.431 50.136Contingency (5%) 52.431 50.136Grand total 1.237.375 1.183.208Average investment amount per household 365 349


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26

Annex 1: People to be resettled by Tuyen Quang Hydropower project

(Na Hang site option – normal reservoir level of 120 m asl)

2003 2005 No

HHS Persons HHS Persons HHS Persons HHS Persons HHS Persons Total 3194 17384 3390 18448 1226 6287 934 5534 1230 6627

A Tuyen Quang 2934 15793 3110 16726 1226 6287 934 5534 950 4905I Na Hang dist 2934

0 0 0 0 Group 1 Tay-Kinh 71 319 73 329 73 329 0

0 Na Phiay Tay 82 483 85 503 85 503 0 0

Year Year 2001 Total 2004

Pro, district, com and villages

Ethic groups

15793 3110 16726 1226 6287 934 5534 950 4905

1 Na Hang town 112 490 116 506 116 506 0

Group 18 Tay-Kinh 41 171 42 177 42 177 0 02 Vinh Yen C 265 1252 276 1303 276 1303 0 0 0 0 Na Pai Tay 46 222 48 231 48 231 0 0 Pa Van Dao 10 57 10 59 10 59 0 0 Na Tong Dao 49 275 51 286 51 286 0 0 Tin Tat Tay-Kinh 36 139 37 145 37 145 0 0 Na Neo Tay-Cao Lan 40 187 42 195 42 195 0 0 Na Muong Tay-Dao 34 162 35 169 35 169 0 0 Cho Cau Tay-Kinh 50 210 52 218 52 218 0 0

3 Son Phu C 175 842 189 911 0 0 0 0 189 911 Sam Tay 118 570 128 617 0 0 128 617 Xam Tay-Kinh 57 272 62 294 0 0 62 294

4 Da Vi C 361 1942 379 2042 281 1492 0 0 99 550 Piay Tay 41 235 43 244 43 244 0 0 Vang Tay 33 169 34 176 34 176 0 0 Na Puc Tay 24 129 25 134 25 134 0 0 Xa Thi Tay 90 418 94 435 94 435 0

Phai Khan Tay 91 508 99 550 0 0 99 5505 Yen Hoa C 159 882 169 935 82 483 0 0 87 452 Coc Chu Dao 24 273 25 284 25 284 0 0 Na Khuyen Tay-Kinh 60 293 65 317 0 0 65 317 Ban Cho Tay-Kinh 55 191 57 199 57 199 0 0 Khuon Phay Tay-Dao 20 125 22 135 0 0 22 135

6 Khau Tinh 52 245 54 255 54 255 0 0 0 0 Lam 1 Tay 36 184 37 191 37 191 0 0 Lam 2 Tay-Dao 16 61 17 63 17 63 0 0

7 Trung Khanh C 473 2262 502 2400 243 1195 0 0 259 1205 Khanh Hoa 1 Tay-Dao 54 244 58 264 0 0 58 264 Khanh Hoa 2 Tay-Kinh 98 417 106 451 0 0 106 451 Dong Xuan Tay 103 500 107 520 107 520 0 0 Khuon Lung Dao 32 184 35 199 0 0 35 199 Minh Khanh Kinh 43 183 45 190 45 190 0 0 Xuan Quang Dao 50 52 287 52 287 0 0 Bac Vang Dao 38 190 40 198 40 198 0 0 Tuc Luong Dao 55 268 60 290 0 0 60 290

8 Phuc Yen C 113 609 122 659 0 0 0 0 122 659 Ban Thang Tay 16 89 17 96 0 0 17 96 Na Lich Tay-Dao 19 101 21 109 0 0 21 109 Ban Tin Tay 42 230 45 249 0 0 45 249 Tong Nua Tay 36 189 39 205 0 0 39 205

9 Khuon Ha C 44 280 46 291 46 291 0 0 0 0 Thon Koong Dao 44 280 46 291 46 291 0 0

10 Xuan Tien C 369 2008 390 2124 102 583 243 1304 45 237 Khuoi Ke Dao 42 219 45 237 0 0 45 237

276


Dang Den Dao 52 311 55 330 0 55 330 0 Khuoi Boc Tay 25 146 26 152 26 152 0 0 Na Dua Dao 37 219 39 232 0 39 232 0 Nµ Träc Dao 37 221 39 235 0 39 235 0 Ban Phat Tay 27 155 28 161 28 161 0 0 Tham Cang Dao 24 105 25 111 0 25 111 0 Bac Gion 1 Kinh 39 177 41 188 0 41 188 0 Yen Xuan 2 Kinh 15 86 16 91 0 16 91 0 Bac Gion 2 Kinh 25 110 27 117 0 27 117 0 Ban Cai Tay 46 259 48 269 48 269 0 0

11 Xuan Tien C 395 2312 421 2460 26 180 305 1786 91 494 Yen Xuan 1 Kinh 21 90 22 96 0 22 96 0 Ban Lang Tay 34 190 36 202 0 36 202 0 Na Thin Dao 60 376 64 399 0 64 399 0 Thac Nghien Dao 53 347 56 368 0 56 368 0 Ban Ria Tay 35 199 37 211 0 37 211 0 Khau Hu 1 Dao 21 149 23 161 0 0 23 161 Khau Hu 2 Dao 24 173 26 180 26 180 0 0 Khuoi Cay Dao 13 75 14 80 0 14 80 0 Na Ma Tay 26 145 28 154 0 28 154 0 Na Diem Tay 45 261 48 277 0 48 277 0 Coc Ngau Tay 34 170 37 184 0 0 37 184 Na Giang Tay 29 137 31 148 0 0 31 148

12 Thuy Loa C 416 2669 445 2840 0 0 387 2444 58 396 Ban En Dao 64 389 68 413 0 68 413 0 Phac Ma Mong 71 510 78 541 0 78 541 0 Na Nung Tay 29 175 31 186 0 31 186 0 Na Mam Tay 46 314 49 333 0 49 333 0 Na Loa Tay 54 366 58 396 0 0 58 396 Na Coc Dao 23 153 24 162 0 24 162 0 Song Loong Mong 41 259 44 275 0 44 275 0 Na Men Tay 36 243 38 258 0 38 258 0 Na Com Tay 52 260 55 276 0 55 276 0

B Ha Giang pro 211 1300 226 1407 0 0 0 0 226 1407I Bac Me distr 211 1300 226 1407 0 0 0 0 226 14071 Thuong Tan C 90 568 95 615 0 0 0 0 95 615 Ta Luong Tay-Mong 62 354 67 383 0 0 67 383 Bach Son Mong 26 214 28 232 0 0 28 232

2 Minh Ngoc C 121 732 131 792 0 0 0 0 131 792 Kim Thach Tay-Mong 121 732 131 792 0 0 131 792

C Bac Kan Pro 49 291 53 315 0 0 0 0 53 315I Ba Be ditr 49 291 53 315 0 0 0 0 53 3151 Nam Mau C 49 291 53 315 0 0 0 0 53 315 Ta Ken Tay 49 291 53 315 0 53 315

(Source: Resettlement plan for Tuyen Quang hydropower project/ feasibility study) (Note: Estimated people to be resettled are calculated based on annual population growth rates to 2005 and the progress of the main work’s construction)

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Annex 2: Ability of resettlement Number of resettled household

No Provinces / district / commune Alternative 1 Alternative 2

Total 3386 3386 A Tuyen Quang province 3110 3110 I Na Hang district 408 390

1 Lang Can commune 8 0 2 Lang Kha commune 100 100 3 Con Lon commune 20 20 4 Xuan Lap commune 20 20 5 Khuon Ha commune 46 46 6 Khau Tinh commune 54 54 7 Na Hang town 150 150

II Chiem Hoa district 375 360 8 Trung Hoa commune 30 30 9 Trung Ha commune 45 45

10 Phuc Son commune 110 110 11 Minh Quang commune 95 95 12 Tan My commune 15 0 13 Ha Lang commune 25 25 14 Hong Quang commune 35 35 15 Kim Binh commune 20 20

III Ham Yen district 90 90 16 Phu Luu commune 35 35 17 Duc Ninh commune 20 20 18 Hung Duc commune 35 35

IV Son Duong district 360 350 19 Tu Thinh commune 50 50 20 Vinh Loi commune 40 40 21 Dong Tho commune 20 20 22 Dong Loi commune 30 30 23 Dong Quy commune 15 15 24 Van Phu commune 20 20 25 Tam Da commune 20 20 26 Phu Luong commune 40 40 27 Hao Phu commune 20 20 28 Minh Thanh commune 15 15 29 Trung Yen commune 30 30 30 Tuan Lo commune 25 25 31 Hop Hoa commune 25 25 32 Phuc Ung commune 10 0

V Yen Son district 357 190 33 Kim Quan commune 25 25 34 Lang Quan commune 8 0 35 Chan Son commune 8 0 36 Tu Quan commune 5 0 37 Quy Quan commune 40 38 Chieu Yen commune 9 40 39 Luong Vuong commune 9 0 40 Trung Truc commune 9 0 41 Kien Thiet commune 14 0

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42 Thai Long commune 15 0 43 Doi Binh commune 16 0 44 Doi Can commune 40 40 45 Nhu Khe commune 12 0 46 Nhu Han commune 16 0 47 An Khang commune 16 0 48 Kim Phu commune 13 0 49 Phu Lam commune 40 40 50 Cong Da commune 35 35 51 An Tuong commune 27 10

VI Foresty-farms, factories. 1520 1730 52 Tan Trao tea company 40 40 53 Nguyen Van Troi forestry farm 200 210 54 Song Lo tea company 100 105 55 My Lam tea company 100 105 56 Ngoi La forestry farm 200 210 57 Tuyen Binh forestry farm 440 530 58 Yen Son forestry farm 440 530

B Ha Giang province 222 222 I Bac Me district 222 222

59 Minh Ngoc commune 126 126 60 Thuong Tan commune 96 96

C Bac Kan province 54 54 I Ba Be district 54 54

61 Cong Bang commune 54 54 (Source: Resettlement plan for Tuyen Quang hydropower project/ feasibility study)

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Annex 3: Current land use situation and population of flooded communes

Of which (ha) Agricultural land

Annual tree land

Province, district communes

Total natural

land area (ha) Total

Sub total

Paddy land

Subsidiary crop land

Mixedgarden

land

Perennialtree land

Water surface for

Aqua

Forest land

Special use land

Residential land

Unused land

Population(persons)

Total 106,134 5,081 4,472 1,755 2,715 535 154 34 70,038 596 271 30,149 44,461

I Na Hang district 83,720 4,202 3,673 1,547 2,126 426 70 32 56,888 510 238 21,883 37,419

1 Na Hang T 1,697 147 95 17 79 47 1 4 1,245 79 30 196 4,762

2 Thuy Loa 11,958 243 164 123 41 69 9 1 6,510 59 19 5,127 3,621

6 Phuc Yen 8,663 310 264 138 126 38 8 1 3,996 31 16 4,309 2,893

9 Yen Hoa 5,808 352 329 227 102 18 0 4 3,242 33 25 2,156 4,382

11 Khuon Ha 3,800 319 300 204 96 13 0 6 1,965 53 20 1,443 2,922

13 Khau Tinh 7,275 408 374 88 286 32 0 2 6,097 66 13 692 1,798

14 Da Vi 7,945 806 753 247 506 53 0 0 4,601 32 29 2,477 4,855

16 Son Phu 7,686 284 246 118 128 11 24 3 6,929 50 20 403 2,998

18 Vinh Yen 6,662 193 131 54 77 55 3 3 6,298 32 18 121 1,369

20 Xuan Tien 6,111 375 350 74 276 25 0 0 3,405 18 11 2,302 1,964

21 Xuan Tan 6,950 315 275 125 150 31 7 2 4,507 25 13 2,090 2,973

22 Trung Khanh 9,165 451 392 131 260 34 19 6 8,094 30 24 567 2,882

II Ba Be district 6031 162 128 87 41 25 7 2 2544 30 6 3289 2109

1 Nam Mau 6031 162.00 128 87 41 25 7 2.00 2544 30 6 3289.00 2109

III Bac Me district 16,383 718 670 122 548 84 77 0 10,607 56 26 4,977 4,933

1 Thuong Tan 7,551 241 241 47 193 40 35 0 4,305 18 8 2,979 1,643

2 Minh Ngoc 8,832 477 429 74 355 44 42 0 6,301 38 18 1,998 3,290

30


31

Annex 4: Current land use situation of communes receiving resettled people Agricultural land

Annual tree land Province, district

communes

Total Sub total

Paddy land

Subsidiary crop land

Mixedgarden

land

Perennialtree land

Water surface for

Aquaculture

Forest land

Special use land

Residential

land

Unused land

Popula-tion

Total 243,173 33,226 23,084 19,931 10,194 5,629 3,806 752 149,602 4,699 1,844 53,655 247,305I. Tuyen Quang 221,179 32,203 22,108 19,710 9,485 5,602 3,741 751 134,901 4,626 1,804 47,499 240,194

1 Na Hang 39,775 2,229 1,881 2,850 882 294 26 28 30,600 346 140 6,461 21,420 1 Na Hang town 1,697 147 95 17 79 47 1 4 1,245 79 30 196 4,762 2 Xuan Lap 7,541 298 193 83 110 87 17 0 4,451 30 10 2,752 1,732 3 Con Lon 4,266 212 185 95 91 19 7 0 3,581 37 12 425 1,878 4 Khuon Ha 3,800 319 300 204 96 13 6 1,965 53 20 1,443 2,922 5 Lang Can 7,293 341 309 265 44 29 0 3 6,309 36 22 586 3,803 6 Khau Tinh 7,275 408 374 88 286 32 2 6,097 66 13 692 1,798 7 Nang Kha 7,903 505 424 247 177 68 1 13 6,953 44 33 367 4,525

2 Chiem Hoa 49,969 3,841 3,034 5,109 848 518 186 103 31,776 537 265 13,551 35,866 8 Minh Quang 4,113 777 582 432 150 162 10 23 1,256 62 43 1,975 5,341 9 Hong Quang 5,862 266 167 152 15 68 22 9 3,271 27 22 2,276 3,159 10 Phuc Son 9,099 690 570 333 237 76 21 24 6,865 60 42 1,442 5,341 11 Tan My 7,206 540 473 415 58 50 2 15 5,012 85 46 1,524 6,105 12 Trung Hoa 1,583 384 268 126 142 69 42 5 431 74 25 669 3,110 13 Trung Ha 10,253 670 558 357 202 21 76 15 8,143 80 33 1,327 5,396 14 Ha Lang 7,717 210 182 170 12 15 2 12 5,785 52 19 1,651 2,966 15 Kim Binh 4,136 303 234 202 32 57 11 1 1,014 97 35 2,688 4,448

3 Ham Yen 17,306 2,510 1,325 2,252 367 522 586 77 10,744 283 137 3,631 20,260 16 Phu Luu 8,809 1,128 549 345 204 155 397 26 6,567 62 55 997 7,191 17 Duc Ninh 2,146 741 377 300 78 226 106 33 1,062 128 45 170 5,817 18 Hung Duc 6,351 641 399 314 85 142 83 18 3,116 94 37 2,464 7,252

4 Son Duong 39,197 10,776 7,627 4,564 3,922 1,951 960 238 15,587 1,651 555 10,628 67,678 19 Tam Da 1,484 953 661 262 398 231 45 17 324 119 48 39 6,250 20 Hao Phu 1,446 847 654 272 382 169 4 20 406 109 43 41 4,252 21 Dong Loi 2,496 666 507 262 41 138 20 1,219 93 36 482 3,768 22 Van Phu 1,325 566 417 215 203 127 8 13 262 74 32 391 3,440 23 Dong Quy 1,300 336 265 151 115 31 35 5 789 120 18 37 1,960 24 Phuc Ung 4,042 1,466 943 393 551 239 276 8 967 186 56 1,367 10,750 25 Dong Tho 4,960 905 699 418 280 151 33 22 2,059 238 61 1,697 6,280 26 Minh Thanh 3,331 628 375 198 177 73 147 33 2,188 88 28 399 3,828 27 Trung Yen 3,312 668 565 205 359 51 48 3 2,103 79 30 432 3,950 28 Tuan Lo 2,700 519 390 138 251 110 17 2 1,096 46 28 1,011 4,282 29 Hop Hoa 3,911 613 388 237 151 178 36 11 1,508 164 44 1,582 733 30 Tu Thinh 3,061 1,032 528 276 252 150 276 78 1,172 89 55 714 6,179 31 Phu Luong 3,667 875 788 200 587 80 4 3 1,210 94 32 1,456 4,954 32 Vinh Loi 2,162 704 447 273 174 222 33 2 284 152 43 979 7,052

5 Yen Son 58,549 12,129 7,570 4,814 2,918 2,312 1,942 305 35,588 1,751 682 8,252 90,037 34 Chieu Yen 2,864 896 693 116 577 162 34 7 336 114 29 1,489 3,680 35 Quy Quan 3,387 143 104 68 36 36 0 2 2,036 43 14 1,150 1,893 36 Kien Thiet 10,910 261 217 114 103 36 7 2 9,136 68 20 1,425 4,226 37 Trung Truc 3,146 281 199 106 93 67 13 2 2,325 34 17 489 2,044 38 Tu Quan 3,596 804 378 297 81 174 164 88 2,359 90 39 305 5,990 39 Kim Quan 3,023 249 197 100 97 18 29 4 2,506 36 19 213 2,715 40 Lang Quan 2,782 498 320 292 29 96 52 29 1,865 49 39 331 5,092 41 Cong Da 4,822 250 227 131 95 19 0 4 4,482 14 20 56 2,528 42 Chau Son 2,753 519 280 207 73 201 20 18 1,956 131 29 117 3,678 43 Kim Phu 1,900 1,094 744 571 173 222 96 32 510 171 71 55 8,093 44 An Khang 1,340 500 364 151 213 92 28 16 475 74 31 260 3,450 45 Phu Lam 3,828 897 479 336 143 117 279 22 2,006 118 38 770 7,010 46 Thai Long 1,224 390 266 159 107 98 24 3 593 59 22 160 2,990 47 Doi Can 2,613 967 612 268 344 138 211 6 1,017 135 55 440 5,146 48 Nhu Khe 1,695 830 461 182 279 160 203 5 584 65 37 180 4,255 49 Nhu Han 2,141 683 382 311 71 152 132 17 1,075 130 39 213 4,696 50 Luong Vuong 1,191 562 400 350 50 75 82 5 281 75 45 81 5,376 51 My Bang 3,234 1,551 855 650 205 286 375 35 1,094 150 65 374 10,762 52 Doi Binh 2,100 754 393 244 150 163 191 7 954 195 52 145 6,413

II. Ha Giang 16,383 718 670 122 548 4 42 0 10,607 56 26 4,977 4,9331 Bac Me 16,383 718 670 122 548 4 42 0 10,607 56 26 4,977 4,933

53 Thuong Tan 7,551 241 241 47 193 4,305 18 8 2,979 1,643 54 Minh Ngoc 8,832 477 429 74 355 4 42 6,301 38 18 1,998 3,290

III. Bac Kan 5,611 306 306 99 161 24 22 1 4094 17 15 1179 2,1781 Bac Me 5,611 306 306 99 161 24 22 1 4094 17 15 1179 2,178

55 Cong Bang 5,611 306 306 99 161 24 22 1 4094 17 15 1179 2,178


Appendix 6. Flora and fauna found in Na Hang/Ba Be

Mammal species found in Na Hang Nature reserve

No. Scientific name Vietnamese name

IUCN CITES

Red Book

Inundation zone

Basin

I INSECTIVORA Bộ ăn sâu bọ Talpidae Họ Chuột chù 1 Talpa micrurus Chuột chù + + II SCANDENTIA Bộ nhiều răng Tupaiidae Họ Đồi 2 Tupaia glis Đồi + + III CHIROPTERA Bộ Cánh da Pteropodidae Họ Dơi quạ 3 Rousettus leschenaulti Dơi quạ + + 4 Cynopterus sphinx Short nosed fruit bat Rhinolophidae 5 Rhinolphus affinis Intermediate

horseshoe bat

Hiposideridae Họ Dơi lá mũi 6 Hipposideros armiger Dơi lá mũi + + 7 Hipposideros larvatus Vespertilionidae Họ Dơi ấn 8 Miniopterus schreibersi 9 Pipistrellus comorandra Dơi ấn + + 10 P. mimus Pygmy pipistrelle 11 P. tenuis Least pipistrelle 12 P. javanicus Dơi ấn Java + + 13 Harpiocephalus sp. IV PRIMATES Bộ linh trưởng Lorisidae Họ Culi 14 Nycticebus coucang Culi lớn + 15 N.Pygmaeus Culi nhỏ V + Cercopithecidae Họ khỉ 16 Macaca arctoides Khỉ mặt đỏ V + + 17 M. assamensis Khỉ mốc V + 18 M.mulatta Khỉ vàng + 19 M. nemestrina Khỉ đuôi lợn V + 20 Semnopithecus

francoisi Voọc đen V +

21 Rhinopithecus avunculus

V. Mũi hếch E +

V CARNIVORA Bộ ăn thịt Canidae Họ chó 22 Nyctereutes

procyonoides Chó rừng + +

23 Cuon alpinus Sói đỏ E V + + Ursidae Họ Gấu 24 Ursus thibetanus Gấu ngựa E + Mustelidae Họ chồn 25 Martes flavigula Chồn vàng + + 26 Melogale personata Chồn bạc má + + 27 Lutra lutra Rái cá thường T + + Viverridae Họ Cầy 28 Viverra zibetha Cầy giông + + 29 Viverricula indica Cầy hương + +

32


No. Scientific name Vietnamese name

IUCN CITES

Red Book

Inundation zone

Basin

30 Prionodon pardicolor cầy gám + + 31 Paradoxurus

hermaphroditus Cầy vòi đốm + +

32 Parguma larvata Cầy vòi mốc + + 33 Hemigalus owstoni Cầy vằn R + + Herpestidae Họ cầy lỏn 34 Herpestes javanicus Cầy lỏn + + 35 H. urva Cầy móc cua + + Felidae Họ mèo 36 Prionailurus

bengalensis Mèo rừng + +

37 Catopuma temmincki Beo lửa V + + 38 Pardofelis nebulosa Báo gấm V + 39 Panthera pardus Báo hoa mai E + 40 P. tigris Hổ E + VI ARTIODACTILA Bộ móng guốc Suidae Họ lợn 41 Sus scrofa Lợn rừng + + Cervidae Họ Hươu nai 42 Cervus unicolor Nai + 43 Muntiacus muntjak Hoãng + Bovidae Họ bò 44 Naemorhedus

sumatraensis Sơn dương +

VII PHOLIDOTA Bộ tê tê Manidae Họ tê tê 45 Manis pentadactyla Tê tê V + + VIII RODENTIA Bộ gậm nhấm Sciuridae Họ sóc 46 Ratufa bicolor Sóc đen + + 47 Callosciurus sp. Sóc chân vàng + + 48 Tamiops sp. Sóc chuột + + 49 Dremomys rufigenis Sóc má vàng + + 50 Petaurista philippensis Só bay lớn R + + Muridae Họ chuột 51 Rattus koratensis Chuột rừng + + 52 Mus musculus Chuột nhà + + 53 Bandicota indica Chuột đất lớn + + Hystricidae Họ nhím 54 Hystrix brachyura Nhím + + 55 Atherurus macrourus Don + +

33


Bird species found in Na Hang Nature reserve

No. (1) Scientific name (2) Vietnamese name (3) IZ(4) Basin (5) 1 Ardeola bacchus Cò bợ QS 2 Falco severus Cắt bụng hung QS QS 3 Milvus migtams Diều hâu QS QS 4 Accipiter badius Ưng xám QS QS 5 A. virgatus Ưng bụng hung TT 6 A. trinirgatus Ưng ấn độ TT 7 Mcrohierax melanoleuces Cắt bụng trắng QS 8 Arborophila rufogularis Gàso họng hung TT 9 Porzana fusca Cuốc ngực nâu TT 10 Gallus gallus Gà rừng QS QS 11 Lophura n. nycthymera Gà Lôi trắng TT 12 Polypectrum bicalcaratum Gà Lôi TT 13 Scolopax rusticola Rẽ gà TT 14 Treron seimundi Cu xanh QS 15 Ducula aenea Gầm gì lưng xah QS QS 16 D. badia G.G.lưng nâu QS 17 Streptopelia chinensis Cu gáy QS QS 18 S. tranquebarica Cu luồng QS QS 19 Chacophaps indica Cu ngói QS 20 Tringa hypoleucos Choắt nhỏ QS 21 Vanellus duvaucelii Te cựa QS 22 Carpococcux renauldi Phướn đất QS QS 23 Cuculus micropterus Bắt cô trói cột QS 24 Centropus sinensis Bìm bịp lớn QS QS 25 C. bengalensis Bìm bịp nhỏ QS QS 26 Otus spilocephalus Cú mèo latuso TT 27 Glaucidium brodiei Cú vọ mặt trắng TT TT 28 Collocalia breviostris Yến núi QS 29 Hirundapus cochinchinensis Yến bụng trắng QS QS 30 Apus pacificus Yến hông trắng QS QS 31 Harpactes erythrocephalus Nuốc bụng đỏ QS 32 Alcedo atthi Bồng chanh QS 33 Halcyon pileatas Sả đầu đen QS 34 Nyctyornis athertoni trẩu đầu hung QS 35 Upupa epops Đầu rìu QS 36 Ptilolaemus tickelli Niệc nâu QS 37 Anthracoceros malayanus Cao cát đen QS 38 Aceros nipalensis Niệc cổ hung QS 39 Megalaima virens Thầy chùa lớn QS QS 40 M. lagrandieri Thầy c. đít đỏ QS QS 41 M. faiostricta T.C. đầu xám QS QS 42 M. asiatica Cu rốc đầu đỏ QS QS 43 Minla cyanouroptera Khướu cánh xanh QS 44 Sosia ochracea Gõ kiến lùn QS 43 Picus canus Gõ kiến xanh QS 46 Celues brachyurus Gõ kiến nâu QS 47 Picus rabieri G.K cổ đỏ QS 48 P. flavinucha G.K gáy vàng QS QS 49 Picoides canicapillus G.K đầu xám QS 50 Pitta oatesi Đuôi cụt hung QS 51 P. soror Đ.C.đầu xám QS 52 P. ellioti Đ.C.bụng vằn QS 53 Culicicapa ceylonensis Đớp ruồi xám QS 54 Hemipus picatus Phường chèo đ QS QS

34


No. (1) Scientific name (2) Vietnamese name (3) IZ(4) Basin (5) 55 Coracina macei P.C.xám QS 56 P. brevirostris P.C.mỏ ngắn QS 57 Chloropsis cochinchinensis Chim xanh NB QS 58 Criniger ochraceous Cành cạch B.H QS 59 Pycnonotus melanicterus Chào mào vàng QS QS 60 P. sinensis Bông lau T.Q QS QS 61 Criniger pallidus Cành cạch lớn QS 62 Iole propinquus Cành cạch nhỏ QS 63 Dicrurus annectans Chèo bẻo mỏ q QS 64 D. aeneus C.B. rừng QS QS 65 D. paradiseus C.B. đuôi cờ QS QS 66 Oriolus chinensis Vàng anh TQ QS 67 O. trailii Tử anh QS 68 Coracina malaschistor Phường chèo QS 69 Cissa chinensis Giẻ cùi xanh QS 70 Urocissas whitheadi Giẻ cùi vàng QS 71 Dendrositta formosae Choàng choạc QS QS 72 Crypsirina temia Chim khách QS QS 73 Temnurus temnurus C.K đuôi cờ QS 74 Corvus macrorhynchos Quạ đen QS 75 Artamus fuscus Nhạn rừng QS 76 Hirundo rustica Nhạn bụng trắng QS 77 Sitta castanea Trèo cây QS 78 Pellorneum tickelli Chuối tiêu đất QS 79 Pomatorhinus ruficollis Hoạ mi đất QS 80 Xiphirhynchus superciliaris Khướu mỏ cong QS 81 Gamsorhychus rufulus K. đuôi dài QS 82 Garulax leucolophus K.đầu trắng QS 83 G. perspicillatus Liếu điếu QS 84 G. chinensis K. bạc má QS QS 85 Leiothrix argentauris Kim oanh t.b. QS 86 Alcippe rufogularis Lách tách QS 87 Heterophasia picaoides Mi đuôi dài ? 88 Barachypteryx leucophyrys Hoét đuôi cụt QS 89 Tarsiger cyanurus Oanh đuôi cụt ? 90 Copyschus saularis Chích choè QS QS 91 C. malabaricus C.C. lửa QS 92 Cinclidium leucurum Oanh duôi trắng ? 93 Cochoa viridis Cô cô xanh ? 94 Saxicola torquata Sẻ bụi đầu đen QS 95 S. ferea Sẻ bụi xám QS 96 Monticola solitaurius Hoét đá QS 97 Myiophoneus caeruleus Hoét xanh QS 98 Turdus dissimilis Hoét ngực đen QS 99 T. cardis Hoét bụng trắng QS 100 Phylloscopus borealis Chích phương bắc QS 101 Ph. inornatus Ch. mày lớn QS 102 Ph. trochiloides Ch. xanh lục QS 103 Ph. ricketti Ch. ngực vàng QS 104 Orthotomus sutorius Ch. đuôi dài QS 105 Prinia rufescens Chiền chiện QS 106 Tesia cyaniventer Chích đuôi cụt QS 107 Hypothymis azurea Đớp ruồi xanh QS 108 Musciapa sibrica Đớp ruồi siberi ? 109 Euymius thalasiina Đớp ruồi xám ? 110 Aegithinina tipia Chim nghệ QS 111 Tephrodornis gularis Phường chèo nâu QS QS 112 Zoothera citrina Hoét vàng QS

35


No. (1) Scientific name (2) Vietnamese name (3) IZ(4) Basin (5) 113 Rhipidura albicollis Rẻ quạt trắng QS 114 Dendronanthus indicus Chìa vôi rừng QS 115 Motacilla cinerea Chìa vôi núi QS 116 A. cervinus Chim manh QS 117 Lanius tigrinus Bách thanh QS QS 118 Sturnus malabaricus Sáo đá hung QS 119 S. nigricollis Sáo sậu QS 120 Ampeliceps coronatus Sáo vàng QS 121 Gracula religiosa Yểng QS QS 122 Nectarinia jugularis Hút mật tím QS 123 Arachnothera magna Bắp chuối đen QS 124 Dicaeum concolor Chim sâu vàng QS 125 D. ignipectus Chim sâu đỏ QS 126 Zosterops japonicus Vành khuyên QS QS 127 Emberiza rutila Sẻ đồng hung QS

36


Reptiles found in Na Hang Nature Reserve No. Scientific name Vietnamese

name IUCN CITES

Red Book

Inundation zone

Basin

1 Gecko gekko Tắc kè T + + 2 Hemydactylus frenatus Thạch sùng đuôi

sần + +

3 Acanthosaura lepidogaster Ô rô vảy T + 4 Calotes amma Nhông Emma + 5 C. mystaceus Nhông xám + 6 C. versicolor Nhông xanh + 7 Draco maculatus Thằn lằn + + 8 Physignathus cincincinus Rồng đất V + + 9 Mabuia chapaensis Thằn lằn bóng + + 10 M. longicaudata Th.L. đuôi dài + + 11 M. multifasciata Th.L.hoa + + 12 Takydromus sexlineatus Liu Điu chỉ + + 13 Varanus salvator Kì đà nước V + 14 V. bengalensis kì đà hoa + 15 Typhlops braminus Rắn giun + 16 Xenopeltis unicolor Rắn mống + + 17 Python molurus Trăn đất V + 18 Dendrophis pictus Rắn leo cây + 19 Dinodon fussingense Rắn lệch + 20 Elaphe radiata Rắn sọc dưa + + 21 E. taeniura R. sọc đuôi + + 22 E. prasina Rắn sọc xanh + + 23 E. porphyracea Rắn sọc đốm đỏ + 24 Ptyas korros Rắn ráo thường T + + 25 P. mucosus Rắn ráo trâu V + + 26 Rhabdophis chrysarrgus R. Hoa cờ vàng + 27 Xenochrophis piscator Rắn nước + + 28 Boiga multiculata R.rào đốm + 29 Enhydris plumbea R.bồng chì + + 30 Bungarus fasciatus R.cạp nong + + 31 B. candidus R.cạp nia + 32 Naja naja R.hổ mang T + + 33 Ophiophagus hannah R.hổ chúa E + + 34 Trimeresurus albolabris R.lục mép + + 35 Platysternum

megacephalum Rùa đầu to + +

36 Cuora gabrinifrons Rùa + + 37 Inditestudo elongata Rùa núi vàng V + + 38 Trionyx sinensis ba ba trơn + + 38 Pyxidea mouhotii Rùa hộp + +

37


Amphibians found in Na Hang Nature Reserve No. Scientific name Vietnamese

name IUCN CITES

Red Book

Inundation zone

Basin

1 Bufo melanostictus cóc nhà + + 2 B. galeatus Cóc rừng R + + 3 Rana andersoni Chàng An Đéc

Sơn T + +

4 R. alticola Chàng núi cao + + 5 R. livida ếch xanh + + 6 R. macrodactyla Chàng hiu + 7 R. limnocharis ngoé + + 8 R. rugulosa ếch suối + + 9 R. nigrovittata ếch đồng + + 10 R. guentheri Chẫu + + 11 R. spinosa ếch gai + 12 Racophorus leucomystax ếch cây mép trắng + + 13 Kaloula pulchra ếch ương + + 14 Microhyla pulchra Nhái + + 15 M. ornata Nhái bầu hoa + +

38


PhytoPlankton found in Gam River, Na Hang (1999; 2000)

NO. TAXATION NAME 10/1999 12/2000 Tảo lam Cyanophyta

1 Trichodesmium lacustre + 2 Nostochopsis lobatus + 3 Oscilllatoria limosa Ag + + 4 Os. formosa + 5 Os. princeps + 6 Os. planetomica + 7 Spirulina princeps + 8 S. major + 9 Haphalosiphon welwischii + 10 Rivularia planetomica + +

Tảo Silíc Bacillariophyta 11 M. granulata Ralfs + 12 M. varians Agardh + + 13 Cocconeis placentula + 14 Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehr var biceps + + 15 Diatoma elongatum Ehr + + 16 Fragillaria virescens Ralfs + 17 Navicula placentula Grun + + 18 N. gracillis 19 N. rhynchocephala + 20 N. gastrum + 21 Neidium affine var amphithynchus + 22 Amphora hendeyi n sp. + 23 Rhopalodia gibba + 24 Achnanthes lanceolata + 25 Cymbella turgida clever + + 26 C. ventricosa Kutz + + 27 C. cistula + 28 Gomphonema sphaerophorum Ehr + + 29 G. olivaceum + 30 Gyrosigma attenuatum (Kutz) Rabh. + + 31 Nedium affine Ehr + 32 Pinularia gibba Ehr + 33 Nitzschia recta Hantsch + + 34 Surirella robusta + 35 S. robusts var splendida +

Tảo Lục Chlorophyta 36 Pediastrum duplex var. reticulatum + 37 Cosmarium angulosum var concinnum + 38 C. lundelli var allipticum 39 Mougeotia viridis (Kutz.) + 40 Spirogyra ionia + + 41 S. prolifica + 42 Zignemopsis americana Transeau + 43 Chaetomorpha fuciforniis +

Taỏ giáp Pyrrophyta 44 Gnenodinium berolinense +

Tổng số 28 26

39


Zooplankton found in Gam River, Na Hang

No. Taxation name 11/1999 7/2000 11/2000 Trùng bánh xe Rotatoria

1 Diplois daveisiae + 2 Asplanchna sieboldi + + 3 Trichocerca (Trichocerca) eylindrica + 4 Mytilia ventralis + Chân chèo Copepoda

5 Thermocyclops taihokuensis + 6 T. hyalinus + 7 Microcyclops varicans + + 8 Mesocyclops leuckarti + + 9 Ectocyclops phaleratus + Râu ngành Cladocera

10 Macrothrix spinosa + + 11 Ilyocriptus halyi + 12 Pleuroxus similis + + + 13 Leydigia acanthocercoides + 20 Simocephalus elizabethae + + + 17 Alona davidi + + 18 A. guttata guttata + + 19 Chydorus alexandrovi + + 20 Biapertura karua + 21 Kurzia longirostris + + 22 Disparalona rostrata + + +

Có bao Ostracoda 23 Stenocypris sp. + +

Others 24 Chaoborus sp. + + 25 Insects + 26 Harpacticoida +

Total 11 9 20

40


Invertebrate fauna found in Gam River Tôm - Decapoda - Macrura 1. Macrobrachium nipponense (de Haan) 2. Caridina sp. Cua - Decapoda - Brachyura 3. Somanniathelphusa sinensis sinensis (H. Milne Edwards) 4. Potamiscus tannanti ( Rathbun) Ốc - Mollusca - Gastropoda 5. Sulcospira proteus ( Bav. et Dautz.) 6. Thiara scabra ( Muller ) 7. Cremnoconchus messageri Bav. et Dautz. Trai hến - Mollusca - Bivalvia 8. Limnoperna siamensis ( Morelet) 9. Sinanodonta jourdyi ( Morlet)

10. Corbicula messageri

11. Giun ít tơ Oligochaeta

41


Insect fauna found in Gam River No. Sample collection station Nang

River Gam River

Gam River

Gam River

Group Family Bac Kan

Na Hang

Trung Khanh stream

Bac Kan stream

1 Ephemeroptera Baetidae +++ ++ ++ +++ 2 Heptageniidae + 3 Ephemerellidae ++ ++ 4 Leptophlebiidae + 5 Caenidae + 6 Plecoptera Perlidae + 7 Hemiptera Mesovellidae + + 8 Noctonectidae + ++ 9 Corixidae + 10 Nepidae + 11 Naucoridae + 12 Gerridae + 13 Odonata Gomphidae + + 14 Coenagrionidae + + ++ ++ 15 Calopterygidae + 16 Chlorocyphidae + 17 Aeshinidae ++ 18 Libellulidae +++ 19 Platycnemididae ++ 20 Trichoptera Leptoceridae + 21 Hydroptilidae + 22 Coleoptera Dytiscidae + + 23 Hydrophilidae + 24 Hydraenidae + 25 Elmididae + 26 Diptera Chironomidae ++ + + 27 Simulidae + 28 Muscidae + 29 Tipulidae + 30 Stratiomyidae + 31 Culicidae ++ 32 Lepidoptera Pyralidae +

Notes: +. Met ++. Frequently met +++. Very frequently met

42


Fish Fauna found in River Gam at Bac Me, Na Hang and Ba Be Vietnamese name Latin name Bac

Me Na

Hang Ba Be Red Book

of Vietnam Bộ Cypriniformes Họ Cyprinidae Cá chép* Cyprinus carpio L. X X X Carassius auratus X X X Opsariichthys bindens X X X Cá lợ lớn Cyprinus multitaeniata (Pell & Chev) O X (X) Cá biên Onychostoma ovalis Pell & Chev X X O Cá sỉnh gai Onychostoma laticeps Gunther X X X Onychostoma elongatus O O X Ca sỉnh Onychostoma gerlachi (Peters) X X (X) Cá sứt môi Garra orientalis( Nichols) X X X Garra pingi O O X Placocheilus gracilis O O X Cá lum Garra caudofascialata Pell & Chev O X O Cá mỡ giác miệng vuông

Garra angulostoma nsp. O X O

Cá anh vũ* Semilabeo notabilis Peters O X O V Semilabeo obscurus X X O Cá vũ Epalzeorhynchus mutabilis Lin. O X O Cá rầm xanh 2 râu* Altigena bibarbata nsp. O X O Cá Rầm xanh bụng vàng

Altigena tetrabarbata nsp. O X O

Cá Rầm xanh gù* Altigena dorsoarcus nsp. O X O Cá Rầm đất Osteochilus salsburyi Nichol & Pope X X X Cá Trôi* Cirrhina molitorella Cuv & Val X X O Hemibarbus labeo X X X Cá Chày đất* Spinibarbus caldwelli (Nichols) O X O V Cá Bỗng Spinibarbus denticulatus (Oshima) X X X V Spinbarbus sinensis O X X Spinibarbus hollandi X X X Capoeta semifasciolata X X X Cá Hoả Labeo tonkinensis (Pell va Chev) O X (X) Cá Hoa Cyclocheilichthys iridescens Nichol & Pope X X X Cá Chát* Lissochilus krempfi Pell va Chev X X X Lissochilus laocaiensis X X O Cá Chép vảy to Lissochilus macrosquamatus nsp O X O Cá Hân Crossocheilus elongatus Pell & chev O X (X) Cá đong chấm Puntius ocellatus nsp. O X O Cá Măng* Elopichthys bambusa (Richardson) O X (X) Cá Cá Măng nhồng Luciobrama macrocephalus ( Lacepede) O X O Cá Trắm đen* Mylopharyngodon piceus (Rich) O X X Cá cháo Opsarichthys uncirostris (Biden) Gunther O X X Cá Mại sọc Rasbora cephalotaenia Steineri N. & P. X X X Cá mại Rasborinus lineatus nineatus Banarescu O X X Anabarilius hainanensis O O X Cá chuôn bụng sắc Zacco spilurus fasciatus (Koller) O X (X) Cá chuôn bụng tròn Zacco platypus (Tem va Schl) O X (X) Cá Dỗu sông gai dài Pseudohemiculter serrata (Koller) O X (X) Pseudohemiculter dispar O X (X) Cá Thiểu mắt to Erythroculter hypselonotus duovantieri

Banarescu O X (X)

Erythroculter recurvirostris O X O Pseudolaubuca sinensis X X O Cá Mương Hemiculter leucisculus( Bacil) X X X

43


Vietnamese name Latin name Bac Me

Na Hang

Ba Be Red Book of Vietnam

Cá Nhác Megalobrama macropsàiní (Vaillant) O X O Megalobrama terminalis O O X Sinibrama melrosei X X (X) Cá Chày* Squaliobarbus curriculus (Rich) X X X Cá Mè trắng * Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Harmandi

(Sauvage) O X X

Xenocypris argentea X X O Aristichthys nobilis O O X Cá Bướm Rhodeus ocellatus Kner O X O Rhodeus spinalis O X X Balantiocheilus macracanthus X X X Cá Bướm be nhỏ Pararhodeus kyphus nsp. O X O Cá Bướm be dài Pararhodeus elongatus nsp. O X O Cá Thè be thường Acanthorhodeus tonkinensis Vaillant O X X Cá Thè be râu dài Acanthorhodeus longibarbatus nsp. O X O Cá Đục trắng Squalidus chankaensis Vietnamensis

Banarescu & Nalbant X X (X)

Cá đục đanh chấm Microphysogobio labeoides N. & P. X X (X) Microphysogobius kachekensis X X O Cá Đục đanh chấm đai

Microphysogobio gigantus nsp. O X O

Cá Đục đanh Saurogobio dabryi Bleeker O X O Cá bám đá Gastomyzon loon nsp. O X O Cá Trắm cỏ* Ctenopharyngodon idella O X X Cá Trôi Cirrhinus molitorella X X X Cá Trôi ấn* Labeo rohita O X X Cá Trôi Mrigalla* Labeo mrigala O X X Cá Trôi* Labeo tonkinensis O X X Sinilabeo massoni X X O Sinilabeo xanthgenys O X O Sinilabeo tonkinensis O X (X) Họ Cobitidae Cá Chạch đá đuôi đỏ Barbatula caudofurca nsp. O X O Cá Chạch đá Barbatula fasciolata (N. & P.) O X X Cá Chạch cát bùn* Botia elongata nsp. O X O Cá Chạch cát 8 sọc Botia gigantea nsp. O X O Misgurnus aguillicauda X X X Balitoridae Vanmanenia disparis O O X Sinogastromyzon tonkinensis O O X Vanmanenia multiloba X O O Beaufortia pingi X O O Họ Siluridae Cá Nheo* Parasilurus asotus (L.) X X X Cá Thèo Parasilurus cochinchinensis (Cuv. va val.) O X X Họ Bagridae Cá Nghạnh* Cranogranis sinensis Peters O X O V Mystus pluriradiatus X X X Mystus vietnamicus O O X Mystus guttatus X X X Cá lăng* Hemibagrus elongatus (Gunther) O X O V Cá Huốt Hemibagrus vietnamicus nsp. O X O Pelteobagrus vachelli O X O Psuedobagrus virgatus O X O Pseudobagrus kyphus X O O Họ Claridae

44


Vietnamese name Latin name Bac Me

Na Hang

Ba Be Red Book of Vietnam

Cá Trê* Clarias fuscus (Lacepede) X X X Cranoglanis multiradiatus X X O Họ Sisoridae Cá Chiên* Bagarius bagarius Hamilton O X X V Bagrus yarelli X X O Glyptothorax hainanensis O X X Belontidae Macropodus opercularis O O X Bộ Ophiocephaliformes Họ Ophiocephalidae Cá xộp* Ophiocephalus striatus Bloch X X X T Chuối* Ophiocephalus maculatus (Lacepede) O X X Cá chuối suối Ophiocephalus gachua Hamilton-

Buchanan O X O

CáChèo đồi Channa asiatica Linaeus O X O Channa orientalis X X X Bộ Synbranchiformes Họ Flutidae Lươn* Fluta alba ( Zuiew) X X X Bộ Perciformes Họ Serranidae Cá Rô mo thân dài Siniperca scherzeri Kwangsiensis Fang &

Chong O X O

Siniperca kneri X X O Cá Rô mo thường Siniperca whiteheadi Boulenger O X X Siniperca chuatsi O X X Họ Anabantidae Cá rô* Anabas testudineus (Bloch) O X X Cá đuôi cờ Macropodus opercularis L. O X X Họ Eleotridae Cá bống dẹp Hồ tây Micropercops hotayensis nsp. O X O Percottus chalmersi X X (X) Eleotris fusca O O X Họ Gobiidae Cá bống đá Rhinogobius hadropterus (Jordan &

snyder) O X O

Ctenogobius giurinus O X X Ctenogobius brunneus X X X Họ Cichlidae Cá rô phi* Oreochromis mossambicus O X X Bộ Mastacembeliformes Họ Mastacembelidae Cá chạch * Mastacembelus armatus ( Lacepede) O X X Cá chạch gai Mastacembelus aculeatus Bacil O X (X) TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIES 45 110 76 Total number found only in Ba Be 11 Total number found only at Na Hang 37 Total riverine (Na Hang + Bac Me) 48 Total found in Bac Me only 3 Total number found at Ba Be and Na Hang 34 Total number found at all sites 65

X = Presence, (X) = Presence in Ba Be in 1975 survey only, O = Absence V- Fish in Red Book of Vietnam, Vulnerable T- Fish in Red Book of Vietnam, Threatened * - Fish of high economic values.

45


Flora found in Na Hang/ Ba Be

No. Latin name Vietnamese name Habitat Use value

Lycopodiophyta 1. Lycopodiaceae Họ Thông đất 1 Lycopodium complannatum L. Thạch tùng RTS 2 Lycopodium cernum (L.) Franco & Vasc. Thông đất " Th,C 2. Selaginelliaceae Họ Quyển bá 3 S. willdenowii (Desv.) Baker. Quyển bá RNS, RTS " 4 Selaginella sp. RTS EQUISETOPHYTA Ngành cỏ tháp bút 3. Equisetaceae Họ Mộc tặc 5 Equisetum diffusum D. Don. Mộc tặc ĐÂ Th POLYPODIOPHYTA ngành dương xỉ 4. Adiantaceae Họ Đuôi chồn 6 Adiantum caudatum L. Đuôi chồn RTS Th,C 7 A. flabellatum L. Rớn đen ″ " 8 Antrophyum callifolium Blume Ráng lưỡi hổ RNS Th 9 A. vittaroides Bak. Ráng lưỡi hổ hẹp RNS, RTS

10 Cheilanthes farinosa (Forsk.) Kaulff 11 Hemionitis arifolia (Burm.f.) Moore 12 Onychium lucidum Spr. 13 Pityogramma calomelanos (L.) Link. Ráng chò chanh RTS

5. Angiopteridaceae Họ Móng trâu 14 Angiopteris tonkinensis (Hay.) Ching Móng ngựa ĐÂ

6. Aspleniaceae Họ Tổ điểu 15 Asplenium antrophyoides Chr. 16 A. nidus L. Tổ điểu RTS 17 A. obscurum Blume 18 A. unilaterate Lamk. Tổ điểu RNS 19 Diplazium subssinuatum (Hook. & Grev.)

Tag. Tổ điểu RNS, RTS Th,C

7. Blechnaceae Họ Quyết lá dừa 20 Blechnum orientale L. Quyết lá dừa VR

8. Cyatheaceae Họ Dương xỉ mộc 21 Cyathea chinensis Copel. 22 C. gigantea Copel.

9. Davalliaceae Họ Vảy lợp 23 Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Prest. Cốt cắn RTS Th

10. Dennstaedtiaceae Họ Đăng tiết 24 Hypolepis tenuifolia (Forst.) Bernhard. 25 Lindssaea javanensis Blume 26 L. lucida Blume 27 Monachosorium henryi Christ. 28 Microlepia hookeriana (Hook.) Prest. 29 M. marginata (Houtt.) C. Chr. 30 M. speluncae (L.) Moore

11. Dryopteridaceae 31 Arachnoides assamica (Kuhn.) Ohwi. 32 A. chinensis (Rosenst.) Ching.

12. Gleicheniaceae Họ Vọt 33 Dicranopteris linearis (Burm.) Underw. Vọt ĐT

13. Hymenophyllaceae Họ Ráng mạc diệp

46



34 Crepidomanes bipunctatum (Poir.) Copel. 35 Gonocormus minutus (Blume) Bosch. 36 Hymenophyllum oxydon Bak 37 Trichomanes cystaseiroides Christ.

14. Marsiliaceae 38 Marsilea quadrifolia L.

15. Polypodiaceae Họ Ráng đa túc 39 Aglaomorpha coronans (Mett.) Copel. Ráng long cước RNS, RTS 40 Colysis wrightii (Hook.) Ching. Ráng coly RTS 41 Drynaria bonii Christ. Cốt toái bổ RNS, RTS Th, (K) 42 Microsorium hancockii (Bak.) Ching 43 Polypodium fasciatum (Blume) Prest. 44 Pyrrosia lanceolata (L.) Farw. Tai chuột " " 45 P. longissimus (Blume) Pic. & Ser. Tai chuột bắc " 46 P. subfurfuraceae Ch(Hook.) Ching ổ phượng "

16. Pteridaceae Họ Seo gà 47 Pteris biaurita L. Chân xỉ hai tai RTS 48 P. decrescens Chr. 49 P. deltodon Bak. 50 P. aff. ensiformis Burm.f. Cỏ luồng " 51 P. vittata L. Chân xỉ sọc " 52 17. Schizeaceae Họ Bòng bong 53 Lygodium coforme C. Chr. 54 L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. Bòng bong TCB,TC 55 L. subariolatum Christ. 56 L. scandens (L.) Sw. Bòng bong leo "

18. Thelypteridaceae Họ Ráng thư dực 57 Metathelypteris flaccida (Blume) Ching 58 Pneumatopteris truncatus (Poir.) Holtt. 59 Pronephrium megacuspe (Bak.) Holtt. Răng dê RTS 60 Thelypteris triphylla (Sw.) Iwats. Răng dê "

19. Thyrsopteridaceae Họ Cát tu 61 Cibolium barometz (L.) J. E. Sm. Cẩu tích RNS, RTS Th

PINOPHYTA Ngành Thông 20. Cycadaceae Họ Tuế

62 Cycas balansae Warb Tuế đá vôi (R ) 63 C. rumphii Miq. Sơn tuế RNS, RTS Th,C

20. Gnetaceae 64 Gnetum gnemon L. Cây bét 65 G. latifolium Blume Gắm cộng 66 Gnetum montanum Margt. Dây gắm

21. Pinaceae Họ Thông 67 Pinus massoniana Lam. Thông đuôi ngựa 68 Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon Thông ba lá

22. Podocarpaceae Họ Kim giao 69 Dacrydium pierrei Hickel 70 Decussocarpus wallichianus (Presl.) de

Laubenf.

71 Podocarpus imbricatus Blume Thông nàng 72 P. neriifolius D. Don Thông trúc đào CT, G

23. Taxodiaceae Họ Bụt mọc 73 Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. Sa mu

MAGNOLIOPHYTA ngành ngọc lan

MAGNOLIOPSIDA Lớp hai lá mầm 22. Acanthaceae Họ ô rô

47



74 Acanthus ilicifolius L. ô rô to 75 A. leucostachyurus Wall. ô rô núi 76 Dipteracanthus repens (L.) Hassk. Nổ bò 77 Hemigraphis brunelloides (Lam.) Bremek. Bán tự 78 Hygrophylla incana Nees. Đình lịch 79 Justicia aequalis R. Ben Xuân tiết 80 J. gendarussa Burm.f. Thanh táo RTS, RNS Th 81 J. procumbens L. Xuân tiết bò 82 Lepidagathis hyalina Nees Lân chuỳ 83 L. incurva Buch.- Ham. ex D. Don Lân chuỳ cong 84 Peristrophe roxburghiana (Schult.) Bremek. 85 Ruellia tuberrosa L. Trái nổ 86 Staurogyne hypoleucum (R. Ben) R. Ben. Nhuỵ thập 87 S. petelotii R. Ben. Nhuỵ thập pete 88 Strobilanthes apricus (Hance.) T. Andrew. Chuỳ hoa sáng 89 S. brunescens R. Ben Chuỳ hoa nâu 90 S. patulus R. Ben. Chuỳ hoa rộng 91 Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sims. Cát đằng ĐT, RTS 92 T. fragrans Roxb. Cát đằng thơm 93 T. laurifolia Lindl. Cát đằng thon 94 T. grandiflora (Rottl.) Roxb. Cát đằng hoa to

24. Aceraceae Họ Thích 95 Acer acandrom Merr. Thích lá quế 96 A. olivetianum Pax. 97 A. wilsonii Rrch. 98 Acer tonkinensis Lec. Thích Bắc bộ ″ ″

Actinidiaceae Họ Nóng 99 Saurauja roxburghii Wall.

24. Alangiaceae Họ Thôi ba 100 Alangium barbatum var. decipiens (Eur.)

Tard. et Blume

101 Alangium chinensis (Lour.) Rehd. Thôi ba RTS,TCB 102 A. kurzii Craib. Thôi ba lá dầy ″

25. Amaranthaceae Họ Rau dền 103 Achyranthus aspera L. Cỏ xước 104 Aerva sanguinolineata (L.) Blume mao vĩ đỏ 105 Alterrnanthera sessilis (L.) R. Be ex Roem

et Schult.f. Rau dệu

106 Amaranthus hybridus L. Dền đuôi chồn 107 A. spinosus L. Dền gai ĐT Th,ă 108 A. tricolor L. dền canh 109 A. viridis L. Dền xanh ″ ″ 110 Celosia arrgentea var. crisstata L. Hoa mào gà 111 C. argentea var. plumosa L. Hoa mào gà ″ Th,C 112 Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume

26. Anacardiaceae Họ Đào lộn hột 113 Allospondias lakonensis (Pierre.) Stapf. Dâu da xoan RTS G,ă 114 Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burrt. et

Schult.f. Xoan nhừ

115 Dracontomelum duperreanum Pierre. Sấu RNS,RTS ″ 116 Gluta wravi King Sơn quả 117 Mangifera foetida Lour. Muỗm hôi 118 M. indica L. Xoài 119 M. longipes Griff. Xoài cọng dài 120 Pegia sarmentosa (Lec.) Hand. Maz. 121 Pentapodon sp. Ngũ liệt 122 Pistachia weimanifolia Pranch. Bi tát 123 Rhus javanica var. roxbughii (DC.) Rehd. &

Wils. Muối RTS

48



124 Rhus verniciflua Stokes Sơn Phú thọ 125 Semecarpus tonkinensis H. Lec Sưng Bắc bộ 126 Spondias lakonensis Pierre Dâu da xoan 127 S. pinnata (Koenig et L.f.) Kurz. Cóc rừng 128 Toxicodendron succedana (L.) Mold. Sơn ″ Nh

27. Annonaceae Họ Na 129 Alphonsea tonkinensis Finet & Gagnep An phong Bắc 130 Annona squamosa L Na 131 Artabotrys hongkongensis Hance Công chúa 132 A. petelotii Merr. Công chúa Pete 133 Desmos chinensis Lour. Hoa giẻ ĐT,RTS Th 134 Desmos pedunculosis (A. DC) Ban Hoa giẻ " 135 Fissistigma balansae (A. DC) Ban Dây đất RTS 136 F. villosissima Merr. 137 Miliusa balansae Fin. & Gagn. Màu cau ″ 138 Mitrella mesyi (Pierre) Ban 139 Polyalthia jucunda (Pierre) Fin. & Gagn. Nhọc lá nhỏ ″ G 140 P. lauii Merr. Quần đầu 141 Uvaria calamistrata Hance Bồ quả quăn 142 U. hamiltonii Hook.f. & Thoms. Bồ quả Hami 143 U. hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandare 144 Xylopia pierrei Hance Giền trắng 145 X. vielana Pierre ex Finet & Gagnep. Giền đỏ

28. Apiaceae Họ Hoa tán 146 Anethum graveolens L. Thìa là CT 147 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Rau má TC,ĐT Th 148 Cnidium monnieii (L.) Cusson 149 Coriandrum sativum L. Rau mùi CT ″ 150 Eryngium foetidum L. Mùi tàu ″ ″ 151 Hydrocotyle nepanensis Hook.f. 152 H. tonkinensis Tard. 153 Oenanthe dielsii D.Boiss. 154 O. javanica DC. A

29. Apocynaceae Họ Trúc đào 155 Allamanda cathartica L. Dây huỳnh 156 Alstonia mairei Levl. Mớp 157 A. scholaris (L.) R. Br. Sữa RTS G,C 158 Bousingonia angustifolia Pierre ex Spire Bù liêu lá hẹp 159 B. mekongense Pierre ex Pl. Bù liêu Cửu long 160 Ervatamia sp. 161 Kopsia tonkinensis Pit. Cốp Bắc 162 Melodinus monogynus Roxb. Giom đơn thư 163 M. tournierii Pierre ex Pl. Giom Tuni 164 Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill. Ba gạc vòng 165 Strophanthus candatus (Burm.f.) Kurz. Thuốc bắn 166 Tabernaemontana bovina Lour. ớt sừng RTS,ĐT 167 T. divaricata (L.) R. Br. Lài trâu 168 T. peduncularis Wall. Lài trâu cọng 169 Thevetia perruviana (Pers.) Merr. 170 Wrightia annamensis Eb. et Dub. Thừng mức

34. Aquifoliaceae Họ Nhựa ruồi 171 Ilex cinerea Champ. Nhựa ruồi RTS 172 I. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Laesen

35. Araliaceae Họ Ngũ gia bì 173 Acanthopanax gracilistylis W. W. Sm. Ngũ gia bì hương VR Th (T) 174 Aralia armata Seem Đơn châu chấu 175 A. chinensis L. Cuồng Trung 176 Brassaiopsis variabilis Shang 177 Dendropanax chevalieri (Vig.) Merr. var. Phong hà

49



Chevalieri 178 Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (L.) Harms. 179 Polyscias fructicosa (L.) Harms. Đinh lăng 180 Heteropanax fragrans (G.Don) Seem. Đại khải RTS Th 181 Schefflera alongensis R. Vig. Chân chim Hạ long 182 S. octophylla (Lour.) Harm. Đáng ″ Th 183 S. per- avis R. Vig Chân chim núi ″ Th 184 S. hypoleucoides var. tomentosa Grshv. et

Skvorts. Chân chim lông

185 S. petelotii Merr. Chân chim Pete 186 Trevesia burkii Boerl. Đu đủ Buki 187 T. palmata (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Vis. Đu đủ rừng ″ Th

Aristolochiaceae 188 Aristolochia indica L. 189 Asarum balansae French 190 A. glabrum Merr.

36. Asclepiadaceae Họ Thiên lý 191 Dischidia acuminata Cost. Dây hạt bí RTS C 192 D. nummalaria R.Br. 193 D. tonkinensis Cost. 194 Hoya multiflora Bl. Dây hoa đá ″ C 195 H. obovata Decne Cẩm tú 196 Streptocaulon juventas (Lour.) Merr. Hà thủ ô trắng 197 S. griffithii Hook.f. Hà thu ô Gri 198 Tylophora koi Merr. Đầu đài Koi 199 T. ovata (Lindl.) Hook. ex Steud Đầu đài xoan ″ C

37. Asteraceae Họ Cúc 200 Achillea wilsoniana Haimerl. 201 Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze 202 A. macrophylla (Blume) DC 203 Ageratum conyzoides L. Cứt lợn ĐT Th 204 A. houstonianum Mill. 205 Anaphalis adnata DC. 206 Artemisia dracunculus L. 207 A. vulgaris L. Thanh cao ″ ″ 208 Bidens pilosa L. Ngải cứu " ″ 209 B. tripartita L. Đơn buốt ″ ″ 210 Blumea aromatica DC. 211 B. balsamifea (L.) DC. Đại bi ″ 212 B. fistulosa (Roxb.) Kurz. 213 B. lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce 214 Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. & Aschers. 215 Conyza canadense (L.) Cronq. 216 Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. 217 Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.)

S.Moore

218 Eclipta prostrta (L.) L. Nhọ nồi ″ ″ 219 Elephantopus mollis HBK. 220 E. scaber L. 221 Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. 222 Eupatorium odoratum L. Cỏ lào ĐT, TC ″ 223 E. reevesii Wall. 224 Gnaphalium odoratum L. 225 Gynura crepidiodes Benth. 226 G. lycopersicifolia DC. 227 Lactuca indica L. 228 L. triangulata Maxim. 229 Laggera alata (Roxb.) Sch. Bip. ex Oliv. 230 Petasites japonicus (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim.

50



231 Pseudolephantosus spicatus (Aubl.) Rohr. 232 Siegesbeckia orientalis L. 233 Thaspis tonkinensis Gagn. 234 Tagetes erecta L. 235 T. patula L. 236 Tithonia diversifolia (Hemst.) A. Gray 237 Vernonia arborea Buch. Ham. 238 V. cinerea (L.) Less 239 V. solanifolia Benth. 240 V. scanifolia Benth. Dây rau ráu ĐT,TC 241 Xanthium strumarium L.

Balanophoraceae 242 Balanophora latispelata (Van Tiegh.)

Lee.pf.

38. Balsaminaceae Họ Bóng nước 243 Impatiens arrensii (Zoll.) Y. Shimizu 244 I. balsamina L. 245 I. bonii Hook.f. 246 I. verrucifer Hook.f. Bóng nước ″ "

Basellaceae 247 Basella rubra L.

39. Begoniaceae Họ Thu hải đường

248 Begonia aptera Blume 249 B. balansaeana Gagn. Thu hải đường RNS,RTS C 250 B. baviensis Gagn. 251 B. cavalerei Levl. 252 B. lecomtei Gagn.

Berberidaceae 253 Podophyllum sp.

Betulaceae 254 Betula alnoides Buch. Ham. ex D.Don.

40. Bignoniaceae Họ Đinh 255 Fernandoa brilletii (Dop.) Stoen. 256 F. collignonii (Dop.) Stoen 257 F. serrata (Dop) Stoen. 258 Markhamia indica (Lour.) Phamh. 259 M. stipulata (Wall.) Seem. ex Schum. var.

Kerrii Thiết đinh RNS,RTS G (V)

260 Oroxylon indicum (L.) Vent. Núc nác ″ ″ 261 Pauldopia ghorta (G. Don.) Steen 262 Stereospermum neuranthum Kurz. 263 Tecoma stans (L.) HBK.

41. Bombacaceae Họ Bông gạo 264 Bombax ceiba L. Cây gạo RTS,ĐT Th 265 Gossampinus malabarica (DC.) Merr.

42. Boraginaceae Họ Vòi voi 266 Bothriospermum tenellum Fisch.&Mey 267 Ehretia longifolia Champ. in Hook. 268 Heliotropum indicum L. Vòi voi ĐT,TC Th 269 H. strigosum Willd. 270 Tournefortia sarmentosa Lam. Bò cạp ″

43. Brassicaceae Họ Cải 271 Brassica oleracea L. Cải CT A 272 B. juncea (L.) Czern. ″ ″ 273 Cardamine hirsuta var. sylvatica Cải trời ″ 274 Nasturtium afficinale R.Br. 275 Rorippa bengalensis (DC) Hara 276 R. globosa (Turcz.) Hayek

51



277 R. indica (L.) Hiern. ″ Th Buddleiaceae

278 Buddleia asiatica Lour. 44. Burseraceae Họ Trám

279 Canarium album Raeusch. Trám trắng RNS,RTS G,A 280 C. tramdendum Dai. & Yakof. Trám đen " ″ 281 C. parvum Leenh. 282 Bursera tonkinensis Guill. 283 Garuga pinnata Roxb. 284 Garuga floribunda var. gamblei Trám mao ″ G 285 Protium serratum (Wall. ex Colebr.) Engl.

Campanulaceae 286 Codonopsis javanica (Blume) Hook.f. 287 Lobelia sinensis Lour. 288 Pratia numnularia (Lam.) A.DC.

45. Cannabaceae 289 Cannabis sativa L. Lanh mèo CT

Capparaceae 290 Capparis auticufolia Sw. 291 Capparis pubiflora DC. 292 Cleome chelidonii L.f. 293 Crateva nervala Buch.-Ham.

46. Caprifoliaceae 294 Lonicera japonica Thunb. 295 Sambucus hookeri Rehder. Cơm cháy ĐT Th

47. Caricaceae Họ Đu đủ 296 Carica papaya L. Đu đủ CT

Caryophyllaceae 297 Dianthus caryophyllus L. 298 Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moenth. 299 Stellaria vestita Kurz.

Celastraceae 300 Euonymus eberhardtii Tard. 301 E. pseudoragans Pit. 302 Microtropis rhynchocarpa Merr.

48. Chenopodiaceae Họ Rau muối 303 Chenopodium polyspermum L. Rau muối ĐT Th,A

Chloranthaceae 304 Chloranthes spicatus (Thunb.) Makino 305 Chloranthes japonicus Sieb.

49. Clusiaceae Họ Măng cụt 306 Cratoxylum cochinchinensis (Lour.) Blume 307 Garcinia bonii Pitard 308 Garcinia cowa Roxb. Tai chua RTS G,A 309 G. fragraeoides A. Chev. Trai lý RNS,RTS G (V) 310 G. tinctoria (DC.) W. F.Wight. Bứa nhuộm RTS G,A 311 G. oblongifolia Champ. Bứa " G,A 312 G. multiflora Champ. Dọc RTS G,A

50. Combretaceae Họ Bàng 313 Combretum sundaicum Miq. 314 Terminaria catappa L. Chò xanh RNS G 315 Quisqualis indica L. Sử quân tử VR,TCB Th,C

51. Convulvulaceae Họ Khoai lang 316 Argyreia obtusifolia Lour. Bạc thau lá tù ĐT,TCB 317 Erycibe griffithii C.B.Cl.ex Hook. 318 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Rau muống CT 319 I. batatas (L.) Lamk. Khoai lang 340 I. hederifolia L. 341 I. sinensis Choisy

52



342 I. staphylina Roem. et Schult. 343 I. triloba L. 344 Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm.f.) Hall.f. 345 Merremia hederacea (Burm.f.)Hall.f. 346 M. hirta (L.) Merr. 347 M. gemella (Burm.f.) Hall.f. 348 Xenostegia tridentata (L.) Austin & Staples ″

52. Curcurbitaceae Họ Bầu bí 349 Actinostemma tenerum Griff. 350 Benicasia hispada (Thunb.) Cogn. Bí đao CT 351 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. 352 Cucumis sativus L. Dưa chuột ″ 353 Cucurbita moschata Duc. ex Lam. Bí ngô ″ 354 C. pepo L. Bí rợ ″ 355 Gymnopetalum cochinchinensis (Lour.)

Kurz.

356 G. integrifolium (Roxb.) Kurz. 357 Hodgsonia macrocarpa (Blume) Cogn. Đại hải RTS A 358 Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Stadley 359 Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. Mướp tàu CT 360 L. cylindrica (L.) M. J. Roem. Mướp ta ″ 361 Mormodica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. Cây gấc ″ 362 Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.J.Roem 363 Neoalsomitra integrifolia (Cogn.) Hutch. 364 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. Qua lâu RTS Th 365 Zehneria indica (Lour.) Keyr. Dưa dại ĐT, TCB A 366 Z. maysorensis (W. & A.) Arnott. Cầu quả " ″

53. Datiscaceae Họ Thung 367 Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br. Thung RTS G

54. Dilleniaceae Họ Sổ 368 Dillenia indica L. Sổ ″ G 369 D. pentagyna Roxb. 370 D. turbinata L. Lọng bàng " 371 Tetracera scandens Merr. Chặc chìu ″ Th

Dipterocarpaceae 372 Dipterocarpus retusus Blume 373 D. pilosus Haurek. ex Muell. 374 Hopea hongayensis Tard. 375 Hopea recopei Pierre 376 Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie 377 Shorea hypochra Hance 378 Sh. siamensis Miq. 379 Vatica tonkinensis Chev. 380 Vatica chevalieri (Gagn.) Smith.

55. Duabangaceae Họ Phay 381 Duabanga sonneratioides Phay sừng

RTS G

56. Ebenaceae Họ Thị 382 Diospyros kaki L.f. 383 Diospyros latisepala Ridl. 384 D. longipedicellata Lec. 385 D. malabarica (Dev.) Kestel 386 D. mollis Griff. 387 D. mun Chev. 388 D. pilosella H. Lec. Thị lông ″ G 389 D. pyrhocarpa Miq. 390 D. subarticulata Lec. Thị rừng ″ "

57. Elaeagnaceae Họ Nhót 391 Elaeagnus bonii H. Lec. Nhót rừng RTS

53



58. Elaeocarpaceae Họ Côm 392 Elaeocarpus apiculatus Mast. in Hook. Côm nhọn RNS,RTS G 393 E. griffithii Mast. Côm RTS ″ 394 E. japonicus Sieb. & Zuce Côm nhật ″ ″ 395 E. petiolatus (Jack.) Wall. ex Kurz. 396 E.rugosus Mast. in Hook. Côm lá bàng ″ " 397 E. stipularis Blume 398 E. tonkinensis A.DC. 399 E. varunua Ham. 400 Sloanea sinensis (Hance) Hemsl. Nhím nước ″ "

59. Euphorbiaceae Họ Thầu dầu 401 Acalypha australis L. Tai tượng ĐT 402 Alchornea tiliifolia (Benth.) Muell. Arg. Sói rừng ĐT,TCB 403 Alchornea sp. Đom đóm lá nhỏ " 404 Aleurites molluccana (L.) Willd. Lai RTS 405 Antidesma acidium Retz. Chòi mòi ″ Th,A 406 A. bunius Spring. Chòi mòi trơn ″ " 407 A. fordii Hemsf. Chòi mòi ″ 408 A. henryi Pax. & Hoffm. 409 Aporusa dioica (Roxb.) Muell. Arg. 410 A. macrostachyus (Tul.) Muell. Arg. 411 A. yunanensis Pax. & Hoffm. 412 Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Dâu da đất RTS G,A 413 Bischofia javanica Blume. Nhội RTS ″ 414 Breynia coriacea Beille. Dé gai RTS 415 B. fruticosa (L.) Hook.f. Bồ cu vẽ ĐT, TCB 416 Bridelia balansae Tutcher. 417 Bridelia tomentosa Blume. Đỏm " 418 Claoxylon indicum (Blume) Endl. ex Hassk. 419 Cleistanthus petelotii Merr. ex Croizat 420 C. tonkinensis Jabl. 421 Cnesmone javanica Blume 422 Croton tiglium L. Ba đậu " Th 423 C. tonkinensis Gagn. Ba đậu bắc ″ 424 Croton sp. Ba đậu ″ 425 Deutzianthus tonkinensis Gagn. Mọ RNS,RTS G 426 Drypetes perreticulata Gagn. Hèo gân dầy ″ ″ 427 D. hoaensis Gagnep. 428 Endospermum chinensis Benth. 429 Euphorbia hirta L. Cỏ sữa lá lớn ĐT Th 430 E. hypericifolia L. Cỏ sữa lá ban ″ 431 E. thymifolia L. Cỏ sữa lá nhỏ ″ ″ 432 Glochidion rubrum Blume 433 Jatropha curcas L. Dầu mè ″ ″ 434 Macaranga balansae Gagn. Lá nến RTS 435 M. denticulata (Blume.) Muell. Arg. Ba soi ″ 436 Mallotus apelta (Lour.) Muell. Arg. Bùm bụp lông ĐT,TCB 437 M. barbatus (Wall.) Muell. Arg. Bùm bụp " 438 M. contubernalis Hance. Bùm bụp " 439 M. metcalfianus Craig. 440 M. paniculatus (Lam.) Muell. Arg. 441 M. philippensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. Cánh kiến RTS,TCB 442 M. resinosus (Blume) Merr. 443 Mallotus sp. Bùm bụp ″ 444 Manihot esculenta Crantz. Sắn CT 445 Microdesmis caseariaefolia Planch. 446 Phyllanthus emblica L. Me rừng RTS A 447 P. lativenius (Croiz.) Thin Đt,TC

54



448 P. reticulatus Poir. Phèn đen ″ Th 449 P. urinaria L. Chó đẻ ″ ″ 450 P. virgatus Hook.f. Vảy ốc ″ 451 Ricinus communis L. Thầu dầu CT 452 Sapium baccatum Roxb. Sòi lá to RTS G 453 S. sebiferum (L.) Roxb. Sòi ″ 454 Sauropus sp. Vỏ rộp 456 Strophioblachia fimbricalyx Boerl. 457 Suregada multiflora (Juss.) Brill. 458 Trewia nudiflora L. 459 Trigonostemon thyrsoides Stapf. Thầu cải ″ 460 Vernicia montana Lour. Trẩu 3 lá CT G,Nh

60. Fabaceae Họ Đậu 461 Acacia concinna (Willd.) A.DC. 462 A. megaladina Desv. 463 A. pennata L. (Willd.) Xương rắn ĐT 464 A. pruinescens Kurz. 465 A. tonkinensis I. Niels. 466 Adenanthera pavonina L. var. microsperma Muồng ràng ràng RTS G 467 Albizia kalkora Prain. Muồng trắng ″ " 468 A. lucida Roxb. Bản xe ″ " 469 A. procera (Roxb.) Benth. 470 Arachys hypogea L. Cây lạc CT 471 Archidendron chevelieri (Kost.) I. Niels 472 A. lucidum (Benth.) 473 A. pellitum (Gagnep.) I.Niels. 474 A. robinsonii (Gagnep.) I.Niels. 475 Bauhinia cardinale Pierre ex Gagnep. 476 B. championii Benth. Móng bò RTS 477 B. coccinea (Lour.) A.P. DeCand. 478 B. ornata Var. balansae (Gagnep.) K. ex

S.S. Larsen

479 B. pirroclada Drake del Cast 480 B. touranensis Gagn. Rau bướm " A 481 Cajanuss cajan (L.) Mills. Đậu triều ĐT Th 482 Caesalpinia sappan L. Tô mộc RTS Th (T) 483 Cassia sophera L. Muồng ngót ĐT 484 C. timoriensis A.DC. 485 C. tora L. Muồng hôi " Th 486 Crotalaria juncea L. Lục lạc " 487 Cylindrokelupha alternifoliata Cứt ngựa RTS 488 C. balansae L. Cứt ngựa ″ 489 Dalbergia balansae Prain. Cọ khẹt RTS 490 D. stipulacea Roxb. Sưa ″ 491 Desmodium gyroides DC. Đậu đốt Đt 492 Derris marginata Benth. Dây mật RTS, TCB 493 D. balansae Gagnep. 494 Entada phaseoloides L. Merr. Dây bàm bàm ″ 495 Erythrina stricta Roxb. Vông hoa hẹp RTS Th 496 E. variegata L. Vông nem CT " 497 Erythrofloeum fordii Oliv. Lim xanh 498 Gleditsia pachycarpa Bal. ex Gagnep. 499 Glycine max (L.) Merr Đậu nành CT 500 Gymnocladus angustifolius Vid. Cổng mộ RTS 501 Indigofera galegoides DC. Chàm nhuộm CT 502 Indigofera sp. Chàm ĐT 503 Leucaena leucocephala (Lamk.) De Wit Keo dậu RTS Th 504 Lysidice rhodostegia Hance. Mý RTS C 505 Milletia cinerea Benth.

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506 M. eriobotrya Drake 507 M. ichthyochthona Drake Thàn mát ″ Th 508 Mimosa invisa Mart. ex Colla 509 Mimosa pudica L. Trinh nữ ĐT,TC Th 510 Mucuna hainanensis Hayata Đậu mèo RTS 511 Ormosia balansae Drake 512 O. dasycarpa Jacks. 513 Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miquel.) Kurz. Muồng vàng RTS G 514 P. tonkinensis A. Chev. Lim xẹt " G 515 Pithecollobium lucidum Benth. Mán đỉa RTS ″ 516 Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. Sắn dây rừng ĐT,TC 517 P. tobata (Willd.) Ohwi var. thomsonii

(Benth.) v.d. Maesn Sắn dây CT Th

518 Pycnospora lutescens (Poir.) Schindl. Quần châu ĐT 519 Saraca dives Pierre. Vàng anh RTS 520 S. indica L. 521 Tamarindus indicus L. 522 Vigna radiata (L.) Wilezek. Đậu xanh CT 523 V. umbellata (Thunb.) Đậu xanh dại ĐT 524 V. unguiculata ssp. unguiculata (L.) Đậu đỏ CT 525 V. unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) Đậu đũa ″ 526 Uvaria sp. Đuôi chồn ĐT C 527 Zenia insignis Chun.

61. Fagaceae Họ Dẻ 528 Castanopsis boisii Hickl. et Camus 529 C. echinophora Cam. 530 C. indica (Roxb.) A. DC. Dẻ gai ấn Độ RNS, RTS G 531 C. tessellata Hickl. et Camus 532 C. tonkinensis Scemen ex Tugler. Dẻ gai ″ ″ 533 Lithocarpus bacgiangensis Hick. et A.

Camus Sồi xanh RTS ″

534 L. haemisphaericus (Drake) A.Camus 535 L. licentii 536 L. tubulosus (Hick. et Camus) Camus 537 Quercus bambusaefolia Hance 538 Q. sangtavaensis A.Camus

62. Flacourtiaceae Họ Mùng quân 539 Bennettiodendron cordatum Merr. 540 Casaeria glomerata Roxb. 541 Flacourtia rukkam Zoll. et More Hồng quân ấn ″ G 542 Hydnocarpus annamensis (Gagnep.) Lesc.

& Staum.

543 H. hainanensis (Merr.) Steum. Lọ nồi Hải nam ″ Th,G 544 H. ilicifolius King 545 Xylosma longifolium Clos.

63. Gesneriaceae Họ Rau tai voi 546 Boeica porosa 547 Chirita cycnostyla Burret. Ri ta tim RNS, RTS Th 548 C. genella Wood. 549 C. pellegriniana P.I. Burret. 550 Didymocarpus pulchra C. B. Clarke in DC. 551 Paraboea martini (Levl.) Burret.

Hamamelidaceae 552 Symingtonia tonkinensis (Lec.) VanSteen.

64. Hippocastanaceae Họ Kẹn 553 Aesculus assamica Griff. Kẹn RNS, RTS G

65. Hydrangeaceae Họ Thường sơn 554 Dichroa hirsuta Gagn. Thường sơn lông RNS, RTS Th

66. Hypericaceae Họ Ban

56



555 Cratoxylon cochinchinensis (Lour) Bl. Thành ngạnh nam RTS 556 C. formosum (Jack.) Dyer. Đỏ ngọn "

67. Icacinaceae Họ Thụ đào 557 Gonocaryum lobbianum (Miers.) Kurz. 558 Gomphandra mollis Merr. 560 Nothapodytes minutiflora J. E. Villier. Gian thiểu hoa nhỏ RTS G

68. Illiciaceae Họ Hồi 561 Illicium griffithii Hook. et Thomas. Hồi núi RNS, RTS Th 562 I. micranthum Hồi núi hoa vàng RNS ″ 563 I. parviflorum Merr.

69. Juglandaceae Họ Hồ đào 564 Annamocarya sinensis (Dode) Leroy 565 Engelthardia roxburghiana Wall. 566 Pterocarya tonkinensis Dode

70. Lamiaceae Họ Hoa môi 567 Elshotlzia blanda (Benth.) Benth. 568 Gomphostema grandiflorum Doan. 569 G. leptodon Dunn. 570 Leonurus sibiricus L. 571 Mentha aquatiaca L. Húng CT, ĐT 572 M. arvensis L. 573 Mosla dianthera (Benth. & Hook.) Maxim. 574 Ocimum basilicum L. Húng quế ″ 575 Orthosiphon spiralis (Lour.) Merr. 576 Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Tía tô ″ 577 Rhabdosia ternifolia (D. Don.) Hance 578 Salvia sapiformis Hance

71. Lardizabalaceae Họ Lạc di 579 Holboellia chapaensis Gagn. Hòn bon Sapa RTS

72. Lauraceae Họ De 580 Actinodaphne obovata Blume 581 Beilschmeidia sp. 582 Caryodaphnosis poilanei Kost. 583 C. tonkinensis (Lec.) Airy. Shaw Cà lồ Bắc bộ ″ ″ 584 Cinnamomum burmanii (Nees) Blume 585 C. glaucescens (buch- Hamilt) Drury 586 Cryptocaria chingii Ching 587 C. lenticellata Lec. 588 Lindera glauca (Sieb. & Zucc.) Blume 589 Litsea brevipes Kost. 590 L. cubeba (Lour.) Pers. Màng tang ″ Th 591 L. monosepala (Roxb.) Pers. Bời lời lá tròn 592 Litsea salmonea Chev. 593 Litsea sp. 594 Machilus bonii Lec. 595 M. chinensis (Champ. ex Benth.) Hemst. 596 Phoebe cuneata Blume 597 P. poilanei Kosterm. 598 P. tavoyana Hook.f. Kháo nhớt ″ G

Leeaceae 599 Leea bractetata C. B. Cl. 600 L. rubra Blume ex Spreng.

73. Loganiaceae Họ Mã tiền 601 Fagraea fragrans Roxb. 602 Mitreola reticulata Tirel 603 Strychnos ignatii Bergius 604 Gelsemium elegans (Gardn. & Champ.)

Benth.

74. Loranthaceae Họ Tầm gửi

57



605 Helixanthera parasitica Lour. Tầm gửi ″ 606 Macrosolena bibracteolatus (Hance) Dans. Đại cán ″ 607 Taxilus chinensis (DC.) Dans 608 Vixcum ovalifolium DC.

75. Lythraceae Họ Tử vi 609 Rotala rosea (Poiret) Cook. Vảy ốc ĐT

76. Magnoliaceae Họ Mộc lan 610 Magnolia talammoides Lour. 611 Magnolia sp. Trứng gà RNS, RTS G 612 Manglietia conifera Dandy Vàng tâm " ″ 613 M. fordiana (Hemsl.) Oliv. 614 M. glanca Blume 615 Michelia aenea Dandy 616 M. balansae (A. DC.) Dandy 617 M. faveolata Merr. 618 M. tonkinensis Chev.

77. Malvaceae Họ Bông 619 Abelmoschus moschatus Medicus. Vông vang ĐT Th 620 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet. Cối xay ″ ″ 621 Gossypium arboreum L. var arboreum 622 Hibiscus mutabilis L. 623 H. nitifolius L. 624 H. rosa- sinensis L. 625 Kydia glaberescens Masters. 626 Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Gurcke. Ké ĐT 627 Sida cordifolia L. 628 S. rhombifolia L. Ké hoa vàng ĐT Th 629 Urena lobata L. Ké hoa đào ″ ″

78. Melastomataceae Họ Mua 630 Allosmorphia arborescens Guill. 631 Barthea barthei Benth. & Krasser 632 Blastus borneensis Cogn. var. eberhardtii

(Guill.) C. Hans.

633 B. cochinchinensis Lour. 634 Medinilla assamica (C. B. Cl.) Chen 635 Melastoma candidum D.Don 636 M. sanguineum (Lour.) Merr. 637 M. septemnervium (Lour.) Merr. Mua vảy ĐT 638 Memecylon edule Roxb. 639 M. scutellatum (Lour.) Naud. 640 Osbeckia chinensis L.

79. Meliaceae Họ Xoan 641 Aglaia duperreana Pierre 642 Aglaia gigantea (Pierre) Pollegr 643 A. odorata Lour. 644 A. roxburghiana (Wight & Ann.) Mig. 645 Amoora dasyclata (How. & Chen) C. Y. Wu 646 A. gigantea Pierre. Gội nếp ″ G 647 Aphanamixis polystachya J.N.Parker 648 Chisochrton cochinchinensis Pierre 649 C. globulus Pierre 650 C. glomeratus Hiern. 651 Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss Lát hoa RNS, RTS G (R ) 652 Dysoxylum binectariferum (Roxb.) Hook. 653 D. cochinchinensis Pierre 654 D. tonkinensis Chev. ex Pell. 655 Heynea trijuga Roxb. 656 Melia azedarach L. Xoan ta RTS, CT Th,G 657 Toona chinensis (Juss.) Roem.

58



658 T. sureni (Blume) Merr. Trương vân RNS, RTS G 659 Walsura cochinensis Harms.

80. Menispermaceae Họ Tiết dê 660 Fibraurea resica Pierre 661 F. tinctoria Lour. 662 Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers 663 S. rotunda Lour. Củ bình vôi RNS, RTS Th (V) 664 S. sinica Diels. 665 Tinospora glabra (Burm.f.) Merr. Dây ký ninh RTs "

81. Moraceae Họ Dâu tằm 666 Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. Xui RTS Th,G 667 Artocarpus heterophythus Lamk. Cây mít CT G 668 A. lakoocha Roxb. 669 Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L.'Her. ex

Vent.

670 Dimerocarpus brenieri Gagnep. 671 Ficus abelii Miq. 672 F. altissima Blume 673 F. auriculata Lour. 674 F. benjamina L. Si sanh RTS C 675 F. callosa Willd. Gùa RTs, ĐT 676 F. cryptophylla Wall. ex Miq. 677 F. elastica Roxb. ex Horn 678 F. glaberrima Bl. Đa lá bóng RtS 679 F. heterophylla L.f. 680 F. hirta Vahl. 681 F. hispida L. f. Ngái RTs, đT 682 F. nervosa Heyne ex Roth. 683 F. obscura var. borneensis (Miq.) Corn. 684 F. racemosa L. 685 F. sagitta Vahl. 686 F. sundaica Blume 687 F. semicordata Buch.- Ham. ex J. E. Sm. 688 F. stenophylla Hemsl. 689 F. variegata Blume 690 F. vasculosa Wall ex Miq. 691 F. vilosa Blume 692 Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corn. 693 Morus alba L. 694 M. macroura Miq. 695 Streblus aspera Lour. Ruối ĐT 696 S. ilicifolia (Kurz.) Corn. ô rô RNS, RTS 697 S. macrophyllus Blume. Mạy tèo RNS, RTS 698 S. tonkinensis Stapf. Tèo nông RTS G 699 Teonongia tonkinensis Stapf.

82. Myristicaceae Họ Máu chó 700 Knema petelotii Merr. 701 K. tonkinensis (Warb.) de Wilde

83. Myrsinaceae Họ Đơn nem 702 Ardisia arborescens Wall. 703 A. gigantifolia Stapf. Trọng đũa lá lớn RTs 704 A. replicata Wall. 705 A. silvestris Pitard 706 A. thorelii Pitard 707 Embelia bonii Gagn. 708 E. ferruginea Wall. 709 E. indica Wall. 710 E. ribes Burm.f. 711 Maesa indica Wall.

59



84. Myrtaceae Họ Sim 712 Eucalypus globulus Labill. 713 Psydium guyava L. ổi CT 714 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Air.) Hassk. Sim TCB,TC Th,A 715 Syzygium balsamineum (Wight.) Walp. 716 S. baviensis (Gagn.) Merr. & Perry 717 S. boisianum (Gagnep.) Merr. et Perry 718 S. grandis Wight 719 S. jambos (L.) Alston 720 S. odoratum (Lour.) DC. 721 S. petelotii Merr. & Perr. 722 S. polyanthum (L.) DC. 723 S. tonkinense (Gagnep.) Merr. 724 S. zeylanicum (L.) DC.

Olaca ceae 725 Erythropalum scandens Blume

Oleaceae 726 Jasminum longisepalum Merr. 727 J. sambac (L.) Ait. 728 J. tonkinensis Gagn. 729 Olea dentata Wall. 730 Osmanthus matsumuranus Hay.

85. Onagraceae Họ Rau dừa nước 731 Ludwigia ascendens (l.) Hara. Rau dừa nước ĐÂ 732 L. epilobiodes Maxim., var. epilobiodes 733 L. octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven, ssp. octovalvis Rau dừa nước ″ Th

86. Opiliaceae Họ Rau sắng 734 Meliantha suavis Pierre. Rau sắng RNS,RTS A 735 Urobotrya latisquamata (Gagn.) Hiepko

87. Oxalidaceae Họ Khế 736 Averrhoa carambola L. Khế ct A 737 Oxalis corniculata L. Chua me hoa vàng Đt Th 738 O. corymbosa DC.

88. Pandaceae Họ Chẩn 739 Microdesmis caseariaefolia Planch. Cây chẩn RTs

89. Passifloraceae Họ Lạc tiên 740 Passiflora foetida L. Lạc tiên đt Th

90. Pedaliaceae Họ Vừng 741 Sesamum orientale L. Vừng ct

91. Piperaceae Họ Hồ tiêu 742 Peperomia leptostachya Hook. & Arn. 743 P. pellucida Kunth. 744 Piper betle L. 745 P. bonii C. DC. 746 P. lolot L. Lá lốt ct 747 Piper longum L. 748 Zippelia begonifolia Blume

92. Plantaginaceae Họ Mã đề 749 Plantago asiatica L. 750 P. major L. Mã đề Đt Th

93. Polygonaceae Họ Rau răm 751 Polygonum barbatum L. Nghể trâu ″ 752 P. chinensis L. 753 P. glabrum Willd. 754 P. hydropiper L. 755 P. odoratum Lour.

Portulacaceae 756 Portulaca oleracea L. 757 P. pilosa L. subsp. grandiflora (Hook.) Gees

60



758 Talium paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. 94. Proteaceae Họ Mạ sưa

759 Heliciopsis cauliflora Merr. 760 H. terminalis (Kurz.) Sleumer

95. Ranunculaceae Họ Mao lương 761 Clematis granulata (L.) Ohwi 762 Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L.f. 763 Thalictrum foliosum DC.

96. Rhamnaceae Họ Táo ta 764 Paliurus tonkinensis 765 Rhamnus crenatus Sieb. & Succ., var.

cambodianum (Pierre) Tard.

766 Ventilago leiocarpa Benth. 767 Zizyphus oenoplia (L.) Mill Táo rừng RTS, TCB

97. Rosaceae Họ Hoa hồng 768 Duchesnia indica (Andr.) Focke Dâu núi RTs, TcB 769 Photinia prunifolia (H. & A.) Lindl 770 Prunus salicina Lindl. var. salicina Prun. 771 Rosa chinensis Jacq. 772 R. rubus Levl. & Van. 773 Rubus alcaeifolius Poiret. 774 R. asper Wall. 775 R. cochinchinensis Tratt. 776 R. leucanthus Hance 777 R. multibracteatus Levl. & Van. 778 R. tamdaoensis Hiep & Yakolef

98. Rubiaceae Họ Cà phê 779 Adina pilulifera (Lam.) Franch. ex Drake Thủ viên RTS,TCB G 780 A. oxydonta (Drake) Yamazaki 781 A. pycnantha (Drake) Tirv. 782 Canthium hirrdum Blume 783 Dentella repens (L.) J. R. & G. Forst. 784 Gardenia angustifolia (L.) Merr. 785 G. stenophylla Pit. 786 Hedyotis biflora (L.) Lam. An điền hai hoa ĐT Th 787 H. corymbosa A. DC. 788 H. crassifolia (L.) Merr. 789 H. diffusa Wight & Arn. 790 H. petelotii Merr. 791 H. scandens Roxb. 792 H. trinervia (Retz.) Roem. & Schult. 793 Ixora chinensis Lam. 794 I. coccinea L. 795 I. henryi Levl. 796 Knoxia mollis Wight & Arn. 797 Morinda umbellata L. 798 Mussaenda cambodiana Pierre 799 M. densiflora Li. 800 M. glabra Vahl. 801 M. pilosissima Vahl. 802 Mycetia balansea Drake 803 Neolamarkia sessilifolia (Hook.f.) Merr. 804 Paederiafoetida L. 805 P. scandens (Lour.) Merr. 806 Psychotria fleuryi Pit. 807 P. rubra (Lour.) Poit. 808 P. sarmentaso Blume 809 P. serpens L. 810 P. siamica (Craib.) Hutch.

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811 Urophyllum longigolium Hook.f., var. annamensis Pierre ex Pit.

812 Wendlandia glabarata DC. Hoắc quang " 813 W. paniculata (Roxb.) DC.

99. Rutaceae Họ Cam 814 Clausena excavata Burn.f. Hồng bì rừng RTS Th 815 Glycosmis stenocarpa (Drake) Tan 816 Micromelum hirsutum Oliv. 817 M. minutum (Forst.) W. & A. 818 Xanthoxylum nitidum (Lam.) DC.

Sabiaceae 819 Meliosma henryi Diels. 820 M. simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. subsp. fordii

(Forb. & Hemsl.) Bens.

100. Sapindaceae Họ Bồ hòn 821 Allophyllus caudatus Radlk. 822 Cardiospernum halicacabum L. Tầm phọng ĐT, TC Th 823 Lepisanthes senegalensis (Poir.) Leenh 824 Litchi sinensis Radlk. 825 Mischocarpus fuscescens Blume 826 M. sundicus Blume 827 Nephelium sp. 828 Pometia pinnata Forst. Sâng RNS,RTS G 829 Sapindus saponaria L.

Sapotaceae 830 Eberhardtia tonkinensis Lec. 834 Madhuca pasquieri (Dub.) H. J. Lam. 832 M. subquiconcialis H. J. Lam. et Kerpel 833 Sarcosperma kachinensis (K. et Patl.) Exell.

101. Sarcospermaceae Họ Sến đất 834 Sarcosperma laurina Hook.f. Nóng RTS

102. Sargentodoxaceae Họ Huyết đằng 835 Sargentodoxa cuneata (Oliv.) Rehd. &

Wilson. Huyết đằng RTS Th (R )

Saxifragaceae 836 Itea chinensis Hook. & Arn.

103. Saururaceae Họ Dấp cá 837 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Dấp cá ct,đc Th 838 Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Baill. Hàm ếch ĐÂ Th

104. Scrophulariaceae Họ Hoa mõm chó 839 Lindernia anagallis (Burm.f.) Pennell. Lữ đằng cọng ĐT 840 L. micrantha D. Don Lữ đằng hoa nhỏ ĐÂ 841 Scoparia dulcis L. Cam thảo nam ĐT Th

105. Simaroubaceae Họ Thanh thất 842 Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alst. Thanh thất RTs,TCB Th,G 843 Picracina javanica Bl. Khổ diệp RTS

106. Solanaceae Họ Cà 844 Capsicum frutescens L. var. fasciculatum ớt ct 845 C. frutescens L. var. grossum ớt ″ 846 Cestrum nocturnum L. 847 Lycianthe biflorum (Lour.) Bitter 848 Lycopersicom esculentum (L.) Mill. Cà chua ″ 849 Physalis angulata L. Tầm bóp cạnh ĐT 850 Solanum americanum Mill. 851 S. thrupii H. Wight 852 S. torvum Swartz. Cà nồng ĐT 853 S.undatum Poir.

107. Sonneratiaceae Họ Bần 854 Duabanga grandiflora (DC.) Walp.

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108. Staphyleaceae Họ Côi 855 Tapiscia sinensis Oliv. Quan hoả RNS,RTS

109. Sterculiaceae 856 Byttneria erosa Gagn. 857 B. polisa Roxb. 858 Commersonia bartramia (L.) Merr. 859 Firmannia simplex (L.) W. F. Wight Ngô đồng ″ G,C 860 Helicteres angustifolia L. 861 H. hirsuta Lour. 862 H. macrophylla Wall. 863 Melochia corchorifolia L. 864 Pterospermum grandiflorum Gagn. 865 P. heterophyllum Pierre Lòng mang RNS,RTS G 866 Sterculia foetida L. 867 S. parviflora L. 868 Waltheria americana L.

Styracaceae 869 Alniphyllum eberhardtii Guill. 870 Styrax tonkinensis (Pierre) Hall.f.

Symplocaceae 871 Symplocos cambidiana (Pierre) Hall.f. 872 S. viridissima Brand.

110. Theaceae Họ Chè 873 Adinandra milettii (H. & A.) Benth. &

Hoook.f.

874 Camellia sasanqua Thunb. 875 C. sinensis (L.) O. Ktze 876 Eurya acuminata DC. var. euprista Korth. 877 E. japonica Thunb. Linh Nhật RTS

111. Tiliaceae Họ Đay 878 Corchorus capsularis L. 879 C. olitorius L. 880 Excentrodedron hsienmu (Chung. & How.)

Chiang & Miav.

881 Grewia asiatica L. 882 G. hirsuta Vahl. 883 G. langsoniensis Gagn. 885 G. urenaefolia (Pierre) Gagn.

112. Trapaceae Họ ấu 886 Trapa natans L. var. pumila Nakano ấu nước CT

113. Ulmaceae Họ Du 887 Celtis orientalis 888 Celtis tetrandra 889 Gironniera cuspidata (blume) Pl. ex Kurz. 890 Trema cannabina Lour. 891 Trema orientalis (l.) Bl. Hu đay RTS,TCB " 892 Ulmus lanceaefolia Roxb. ex Wall.

114. Urticaceae Họ Gai 893 Boehmeria diffusa Wedd. 894 B. nivea (L.)

B. nivea (L.) Gaud. var. tenacissma Gai Gai rừng

CT RTS,TCB

895 Elatostema atropurpurea Gagn. 896 E. baviensis Hance 897 E. dissectum Esdd. 898 Laportea interuppta (Gaud.) Chew. Lá han ĐC 899 Pellionia macroceras Gagn. Phu lệ ĐT 900 Pilea platanifolia Wight. 901 Pouzolzia hirta Hassk. 902 P. pentandra (Blume) Merr.

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115. Verbenaceae Họ Tếch 903 Callicarpa albida Blume Tu hú RTS,TCB

C. brevipes Hance 904 C. candicans Burm.f. Nàng nàng TCB,TC Th 905 C. longifolia Lam. 906 Clerodendron gaudichandii P. Dep. 907 C. kaempferi (Jacq) Sieb. ex Hassk. Mò đỏ TcB,Tc " 908 Clerodendron phillipinum Schaur.f. 909 Gmelia arborea Roxb. 910 G. lecomtei P. Dep. 911 Lantana camara L. 912 Phryma lepidostachya L. 913 Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene 914 Premna serratifolia L. 915 Vitex negundo L. 916 V. penduncularis Wall. 917 V. qinata (Lour.) Williams.

116. Vitaceae Họ Nho 918 Ampelopsis heterophylla Sieb. & Zucc. 919 Cayratia trifolia (l.) Domino 920 Cissus repens Lamk. 921 Tetrastigma eberhardtii Gagn. 922 T. grandidens Gagn. 923 T. longisepalum Gagn. 924 T. petelotii Gagn.

LILIOPSIDA lớp một lá mầm 117. Agavaceae Họ Thùa

925 Dracaena eliptica Thunb. 926 Poilanthes tuberosa L. 927 Sanseveria cylindrica Bojer. 928 S. hyacinthoides (L.) Druce

118. Alliaceae Họ Hành tỏi 929 Allium ascalonicum L. Hành ta CT 930 A. sativum L. Tỏi CT

119. Alismataceae Họ Rau mác 931 Sagittaria guyanensis H. Bk. ssp. lappula

(D. Don) Bogn.

932 S. sagittaefolia L. ssp.lencopetala (Miq.) Hartoz

Từ cô ĐÂ

120. Amaryllidaceae Họ Náng 933 Crinum asiaticum L. Náng ct Th,C 934 Curculigo gracilis Wall. Lòng thuyền TC 935 Curculigo orchoides Gaertn. 936 C. tonkinensis Gagn.

121. Araceae Họ Ráy 937 Acorus grameneus Soland. 938 A. tatarinowi Schott 939 A. verus Houtt. 940 Aglaonema tenuipes Engler. Minh ty mảnh RNS,RTS 941 Alocasia macrorrhiza (L. G. Don) Ar. Ráy RTS,ĐT Th 942 A. odora C. Koch. 943 Amorphophallus paneoniifolius (Dennst.)

Nicols.

944 A. tonkinensis Engler & Gehrm. Nưa Bắc RTS 945 Arisaema balansae Engler 946 A. petelotii Krause 947 Anthurium scherzeanum Schott. 948 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Môn nước ct

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949 Epipremmum pinnatum (L.) Engler RNs,RTS C 950 Homalonema occulta (Lour.) Schott. Thiên niên kiện

Bắc RNS,RTS Th

951 Pothos angustifolius Presl. 952 P. repens (Lour.) Druce Ráy bò RNS,RTS ″ 953 P. scandens L. 954 Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) Schott. Trâm đài RNS,RTS 955 R. laichauensis Gagn. 956 Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott.

122. Arecaceae Họ Cau dừa 957 Areca catechu L. Cây cau ct 958 Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr. Búng báng RNS,RTS C,A 959 Calamus petrens Lour. 960 C. platyacanthus Warb. ex Becc. 961 C. tetradactylus Hance 962 C. tonkinensis Becc. 963 Caryota bacsoniensis Magalar Đùng đình RNS,RTS C,A 964 C. mitis Lour. Đùng đình RTS " 965 C. monostachva Becc. 966 C. urens L. 967 Chuniophoenix nana Burrett. 968 Licuala bracteata Gagn. 969 L. terrata Griff. 970 L. tonkinensis Becc. 671 Livistoma saribus (Lour.) Merr ex Chev. 972 L. tonkinensis Magalon. 973 Rhapis divaricata Gagn. 974 R. laosansis Becc. 975 R. micrantha Becc. 976 Pinanga sp. 977 Plectocomia elongata Mart. Bl. 978 P. khava Griff.

123. Bromeliaceae Họ Dứa ta 979 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Dứa CT

Butomaceae 980 Tenagocharis latifolia (D. Don) Buch.

124. Commelinaceae Họ Thài lài 981 Commelina bengalensis L. Đầu rìu đT 982 C. communis L. 983 Cyanotisburmanniana Wight. 984 Murdania versicolor (Dalz.) Bruckner 985 Pollia hasskarlii R. Br. 986 P. thyrsiflora (Blume) Endl. & Hassk. 987 Streptolirion volubile Edgew.

125. Convallariaceae Họ Tỏi rừng 988 Ophiopogon backianus Diels. 989 O. latifolius Rodrriguez Cao cẳng lá to RNS, RTS Th,C 990 O. reptans Hook.f. Cao cảng lá nhỏ ″ " 991 O. tonkinensis Rord. 992 Peliosanthes teeta Andr.

126. Cyperaceae Họ Cói 993 Carex baccans Nees. 994 C. balansae Franchet 995 C. thomsonii Boott. 996 Cyperus anabilis Wahl. 997 C. diffusus Vahl. 998 C. pilosus Vahl. 999 C. tonkinensis C. B. Clark

1000 Eleocharis acutangula (roxb.) Schult.

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1001 E. congesta D. Don 1002 E. geniculata (l.) R. & S. 1003 Fimbristylis ferruginea (l.) Vahl. 1004 F. quinquangularis (Vahl.) Kunth. 1005 F. salbudia (Nees.) Kunth. 1006 F. squarrosa Vahl. 1007 F. umbellaris (Lam.) Vahl. 1008 Kylinga polycephata Willd. ex Kunth. 1009 Rhynchospora corymbosa (l.) Britton. 1010 R. submarginata Kuk. 1011 Scirpus juncoides Roxb. 1012 S. petelotii R. Gross 1013 Scleria biflora Roxb. 1014 S. terrestris (L.) Fassett. 1015 S. tonkinensis C. B. Cl.

127. Dioscoreaceae Họ Củ nâu 1016 Dioscorea alata L. Củ cọc rào RTs 1017 D. bonii Prain. & Burk. 1018 D. cirrhosa Prain. & Burk. Củ nâu ″ Th 1019 D. collettii Hook.f. 1020 D. depauperata Prain. & Burk. 1021 D. esculenta (Lour.) Burk. 1022 D. kratica Prain. & Burk.

128. Eriocaulaceae Họ Dùi trống 1023 Eriocanlon bonii Lec. 1024 E. eberhardtii Hec.

129. Liliaceae Họ Bạch huệ 1025 Allium ascalonicum L. 1026 A. fistulosum L. 1027 A. sativum L. 1028 Chlorophytum orchidastrum Lindl. 1029 Dianella nemorosa Lam. ex Schiller.f. Hương lâu RTs Th 1030 Disporopsis longifolia Craib. 1031 Paris delavayi Franch 1032 P. polyphylla ssp. yunnansis (Fr.) H. M. 1033 Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce

130. Marantaceae Họ Lá dong 1034 Donax cannaeformis (G. Forst.) K. Schum. 1035 Phrynium dispermum (Lour.) Merr. 1036 P. placentarium (Lour.) Merr Lá dong RNS,RTS

131. Musaceae Họ Chuối 1037 Musa ornata Roxb. 1038 M. paradisiaca L. Chuối ct

132. Orchidaceae Họ Lan 1039 Anectochilus brevistylus (Hooh.f.) Ridley Lan núi đá RNS, RTS C 1040 A. elwesii (Hook.f.) King & Prantl. 1041 A. lanceolatus Lindl. 1042 Calanthe clavata Lindl. 1043 C. herbacea Lindl. 1044 C. triplicata (Willem.) K. & G. 1045 Cheirostylis spathulata J. J. Sm. 1046 Corymborchis fumata Thwaites 1047 C. veratrifolia (Reimx.) Blume 1048 Dendrobium chrysetum Rolfe 1049 D. chlorostylum Gagn. 1050 D. devonianum Hook.f. 1051 D. fimbriatum Hook.f. 1052 Goodyera procera (Ker- Gawl.) Hook. 1053 Habernaria acuifera Wall. ex Lindl.

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1054 H. poilanei Gagn. 1055 Liparis cordifolia Hook.f. 1056 Spiranthes sinensis (Perx.) Ames. 1057 Zenxine abbreviata (Lindl.) Hook.f. 1058 Z. nervosa (Lindl.) Benth. ex Clarke

133. Pandanaceae Họ Dứa dại 1059 Pandanus tonkinensis Mart. ex Stone Dứa dại Bắc ″

134. Poaceae Họ Cỏ 1060 Agrostis micrantha Steud. 1061 Arachne racemosa (Raem. & Sch.) Chwi. 1062 Arundinaria sat Balansa Sặt 1063 Arundo donax L. 1064 Bambusa flexuosa Munro Hóp gai 1065 B. multiplex (Lour.) Roem et Schut. Hóp sào 1066 B. nutans Wall. ex Munro Tre vầu 1067 B. spinosa Roxb. Tre gai 1068 B. stenostachya Hack. Tre lá ngắn 1069 Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf. 1070 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin. Cỏ may ″ 1071 Cynodon arcuatus Presl. 1072 C. dactylon (L.) Pers. 1073 Cyrtococcum accrescens (Trin.) Stapf. 1074 C. patens (l.) A. Camus 1075 Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum (L.) Willd. 1076 Dendrrocalamus membrranaceus Munro Luồng Thanh hoá 1077 D. patellaris Gamble Giang 1078 Digitaria abludens (Roem. & Sch.) Veldk. 1079 D. ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. 1080 D. longiflora (Retz.) Koel. 1081 Echinochloea colonum (l.) Link. 1082 E. crus- galli (L.) P. Beauvoir 1083 E. crus- pavonis (H. B. K.) Schult. 1084 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. 1085 Eragrosis diarrhena (Schult.) Steud. 1086 E. tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Sch. 1087 E. unioloides (Retz.) Nees rx Steud. 1088 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Cỏ tranh đT Th 1089 Isachne dioica 1090 I. polygonoides Doll. in Mart. 1091 I. petelotii A. Camus 1092 Miscanthus nepalensis (trin.) Hack. 1093 M. sinensis Anders. 1094 Neohouzeaua dullooa (Gamble) A.Camus Nứa 1095 Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv. 1093 Oryza minuta Prasl. var. silvatica (cam.)

Veldk.

1097 Oryza sativa (L.) Lúa ct 1098 Panicum brevifolium L. ĐT 1099 P. hyraspicum Edgw. 1100 P. miliaceum L. 1101 P. nodosum Kunth. 1102 P. repens L. 1103 P. sarmentosum Roxb. 1104 Paspalum conjugatum Berg. 1105 P. paspaloides (Michx.) Scribn. 1106 P. scrobilatum L. 1107 P. vaginatum Swartz. 1108 Phragmites vallatoria (L.) Veldk. 1109 Pseudoechinochloea polystacha (H. B. K.)

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Stapt. 1110 Saccharum officinarum L. Lau ″ 1111 S. sponataneum L. 1112 Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. 1113 S. pallide- fusca (Schum.) Stapf. & Hubb. 1114 Sphaerocaryum malaccens (Trin.) Pilg. 1115 Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Ktze. Chít đT 1116 Urochloa panicoides Beauv.

135. Pontederiaceae Họ Bèo tây 1117 Monochoria cyanea F. Muell. 1118 M. hastata (l.) Solm.

136. Smilacaceae Họ Cậm cang 1119 Heterosmilax gandichaudiana (Kunth.) Max. 1120 H. paniculata Gagn. 1121 Smilax aspericulata Wall. ex A. DC. 1122 S. biumbellatum Wall. ex A. DC. 1123 S. corbularia Kunth. 1124 S. glabra Roxb. Cậm cang RNS,RTS Th

137. Stemonaceae Họ Bách bộ 1125 Stemona pierre Gagn. 1126 S. tuberosa Lour. Bách bộ RNS,RTS Th

138. Taccaceae Họ Râu hùm 1127 Tacca charitteri Andre. Râu hùm RTs Th,C 1128 T. plantaginea (Hance) Drenth.

139. Zingiberaceae Họ Gừng 1129 Alpinia globosa (Lour.) Haramnov 1130 A. phuthoensis Gagn. 1131 Amomum aculeatum Roxb. 1132 A. villosum Lour. 1133 Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith. Mía dò RNS,RTS Th 1134 Curcuma aromatica Salisb. 1135 C. domestica Val. 1136 Hedvchium coccineum Hamilt. 1137 H. ellipticum Sm. 1138 Kaempferia galanga L. 1139 K. rotunda L. 1140 Zingiber acuminatum Valeton 1141 Z. officinalis Roscoe 1142 Z. zerumbet (L.) J. E. Sm.

Notes: Habitat Use value RNS: Primary forest Th: Medicine RTS: Secondary forest G: Timber CT: Trees C: Ornamental value ĐT: Bare land Nh: Resin ĐÂ: Wet soil A: Editable value N: Water According to the Red Book of Vietnam: VR: Alongside the forest (E) Endengered TC: Grass land (V) Vulnerable TCB: Bushes area (R ) Rare (T) Threatened (K) Unknown

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Appendix 7. Economic valuation of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey and Francois leaf monkey in Na Hang Nature Reserve

By Mikkel Kallesoe, IUCN Vietnam Introduction Society is using a considerable share of its resources for the production of public benefits and services, which are not traded in a market – and therefore not evaluated at market prices. Consequently, the market mechanism does not ensure that resource use in these sectors is efficient. However, it is not only man-made goods that provide social benefits. The environment represents a supply of resources, whose continuous contribution of services is essential to human welfare. For this reason society allocates a considerable amount of labour and capital to pollution control and environmental protection. Likewise, certain areas are being laid out primarily for conservation purposes such as National Parks and Nature Reserves. Yet it was not until the 1970s that the assessment of environmental impacts was included as part of the decision making process when public-sector undertakings such as large-scale infrastructure projects were considered, and generally environmental impacts were still only described qualitatively. In order to state the environmental impacts quantitatively, for example in monetary terms, economic valuation methods are needed. These methods have been developed over the last 3 decades. The main purpose being to provide a basis for the assessment of the economic efficiency of environmental policy and projects. The scope of this paper On 19 April 2002 the Prime Minister of Vietnam issued Decision NR. 288 QD-TTg which stated that a Hydropower Dam was to be built across the Gam River near Na Hang town in Tuyen Quang Province. Before the decision was made, a comprehensive EIA for the feasibility study was prepared by PECC 1, but given the magnitude and extensive impacts of the development, the PARC project was subsequently asked to carry out a supplementary EIA mainly focussing on the environmental impacts and resettlement issues. This supplementary EIA is subsequently to be followed be a detailed EIA prepared by EVN. In line with the recommendations set out in Vietnam's 1994 Biodiversity Action Plan of implementing economic measures as a means of biodiversity conservation, the scope of this paper is twofold. First to try and assess the economic use and non-use values of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey and Francois leaf monkey in Na Hang Nature Reserve and secondly to serve as an annex to the supplementary EIA. The Na Hang Nature Reserve in Tuyen Quang Province was established in 1994 with the objective to conserve biodiversity, specifically targeted at the endangered Tonkin snub-nosed monkey and Francois leaf monkey. With only about 200 individuals left of each species their existence is furthermore threatened by the construction of the dam. By valuing these monkeys in economic terms the argument for undertaking mitigation measures aimed at securing their survival, no longer solely has to be based on moral and ethic considerations but can be supported by economic costs. Economic valuation In order to estimate the different economic values of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey and Francois leaf monkey several methods are used and a series of assumptions are adopted.

Total Economic value of the monkeys The total economic value of the above mentioned monkeys can be divided into use and non-use values. In this specific analysis the use values are represented by the earnings generated from tourism together with the recreational benefits tourists experience from visiting Na Hang Nature Reserve and having the opportunity of siting the monkeys. Although it is unlikely that the monkeys are ever seen, they are still believed to be part of the recreational value as they are an integrated part of the Nature Reserve and serve as indicator species. Furthermore, the monkeys were the main reason for the establishment of the Nature Reserve thereby also securing the beautiful mountainous forest, which is a true tourist attraction. The Tonkin snub-nosed monkey is

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also used as a trademark for the Nature Reserve and in that sense represents marketing value in attracting tourists. The non-use value will be calculated based upon contributions made to The Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Conservation Project, which effectively represents a global willingness to pay for preserving the species. Non-use values are values, which people ascribe to environmental benefits, without the direct use of them. The fact that people attribute positive values to environmental goods and services, independent of their use, can be due partly to the satisfaction from merely knowing that they exist (existence value), and partly the wish to show consideration for the welfare of future generations (bequest value).

Methods There are different theoretical approaches to monetarization of non-market goods; preference based and non-preference based, respectively. There are different theoretical approaches to the monetary valuation of non-market goods; the stated and revealed preference approaches being the most commonly used. Economic valuation is dependent upon being able to elicit people’s preferences for goods and services. For any particular good or service, preferences can be ascertained by the quantity of the good or service that the consumer will buy at that price. Similarly, for a given quantity of a good or service, demand is measured by the price that the consumer will pay for that quantity. This relationship between price and quantity is commonly referred to as ‘economic demand’. In the case of non-market goods, economic values are ascertained through one of the indirect valuation approaches in which case estimated monetary values can be derived for people’s preferences using either proxy values (especially in the case where a good has a close substitute) or experimental markets in which consumers are asked to express their WTP for a defined good or service. WTP is the amount that someone is prepared to pay to purchase a good or use of a service regardless of whether there is a prevailing market price or the good or service is available free of charge. Proxy values are obtained from observable market data, which is used to make inferences about these non-market values. This is known as the revealed preference approach. Some of the common methodologies for ascertaining revealed preferences include the travel cost method and hedonic pricing. Experimental valuation techniques (such as Contingent Valuation Methodology (CVM)) encourage consumers to state their WTP for goods and services using a constructed hypothetical market and questionnaire process. The revealed preference approach is generally preferred by economists because it is based on actual rather than hypothetical consumer behaviour yet its accuracy depends largely on the existence of close substitutes for the good or service in question. Where there are no close substitutes, the stated preference (CVM) approach is generally used. However, given the time-consuming nature and expense of such primary valuation techniques based on in-depth surveys, there is an increasing trend towards using ‘benefit transfer’ as a means of valuing environmental goods and services. This approach is based on the transfer of a value obtained for a particular environmental good or service in one place to another elsewhere. The approach depends on using valid and reliable original values and applying them in similar circumstances elsewhere. Given time and financial limitations it has not been possible to conduct a primary valuation survey and the present analysis is therefore confined to transferring value estimates from existing studies. Value estimates from two independent studies are transferred as a basis for further calculation of the recreational value of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey and Francois leaf monkey. By transferring benefit estimates from more than one study the provision of a value-range is possible.

Assumptions In the following the hypotheses and necessary assumptions are briefly presented. Discounting Discounting (at a positive discount rate) means that a given consumption possibility will be weighed lower in the future than at present. The discount rate thus constitutes a trade-off between dispensing with present consumption in return for more consumption in the future. Considering the problems connected with determining the appropriate social discount rate, one might be tempted not to use discounting at all when valuing environmental resources. However by completely ignoring economic efficiency when considering resources allocation over time would result in serious analytic problems – in particular when the flow of benefits is assumed to last indefinitely. At a discount rate of zero the accumulated value will approach infinity regardless of how small the annual benefits are, as long as they are positive. Fixing a (positive) social discount rate is therefore necessary

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In the present analysis the descriptive approach is adopted implying that the discount rate is determined on the basis of actual policy decision and the opportunity cost of capital. For example Nordhaus (1994) argues that it would be inconsistent to use a lower discount rate for environmental projects than what is found in other social contexts. The basis for this claim is that environmental investments would otherwise crowd out investments with a higher return, which is not in agreement with a welfare maximising allocation of resources. More specific, discounting is conducted within the span of social discount rates recommended by the World Bank, i.e. 8%, 10% and 12%. Timeframe The year 2002 has been chosen as the base year and all future benefits are therefore discounted to present values. Because environmental benefits normally do not decrease with time, but continue indefinitely, an eternal time horizon is used. Calculating values over an indefinite time horizon is normally associated with great uncertainty, but the discount rates applied in this analysis leaves benefits occurring 50-60 years in the future with minor implications for the final results. Calculation prices All benefits are presented in market prices (i.e. including taxes and levies). This is due to the fact that market prices form the basis for consumers’ selection of various consumption alternatives, including the willingness to pay for environmental benefits. Present values are expressed in fixed 2002 terms thus accounting for inflation. Visitation rates The predicted visitation rates for Na Hang Nature Reserve used in the following calculations can be divided into two stages, during and after the construction of the dam. During the construction period visitation rates are assumed constant at the present level, but upon completion of the dam the number of visitors is expected to double and thereafter increase by 10%1 a year until the dam and Nature Reserve attracts about 50,600 visitors by the year 2017. After 2017 the visitation rate is again treated as fixed, because 50,600 tourists is seen as the carrying capacity of the area given the present supply of accommodation and infrastructure. Based on records from Na Hang Tourism Management Board established by the District Peoples Committee in 2000, Na Hang Nature Reserve received 15,000 visitors in 2001, (Parc, 2002). This number is as mentioned adapted until the year 2007 where the dam is proposed finished. Based on experience from Ba Be district (Parc, 2002), Cat Ba National Park (NEA, 2000) and Hoa Bihn dam (Pers. com.), the visitation rate can be expected to double to 30,000 upon completion of the dam. These sites respectively attracted 26,000, 27,000-36,000 and 40,000 visitors in 2001. The implications of the above assumptions for the development of visitation numbers in Na Hang Nature Reserve can be seen in the table and graph below. Distribution of nationality among tourists Besides estimating the number of tourists visiting the area it is necessary to make a distinction between domestic and foreign tourists, since the two categories hold different willingness to pay. In Vietnam in general about 20% of the tourists are foreign which more or less matches results found at specific attractions. For example it is estimated that approximately 13% of the visitors in Ba Be district are foreign, (Parc, 2002) and that the number is over 10% for Hoa Bihn dam. The distribution applied in this analysis is that 15% are assumed to be foreign tourists and the remaining 85% domestic. Distance tourists travel to reach the Nature Reserve In order to transfer travel costs estimates found by Hai and Thanh (1998), cited by Francisco and Glover (1999) in their analysis of Cuc Phuong National Park, it is necessary to define the average distance to be applied in the following calculations. Na Hang Nature Reserve is approximately 260 km from Hanoi. A majority of the tourists visiting the Na Hang area are anticipated to come from Hanoi, so the assumption of an average travel distance of 200 km is believed to be fair, thereby also leaving some room for close distance travellers. It is thereby implicit assumed that foreign tourists are not coming specifically to visit the Nature Reserve. Rather, the visit to the Reserve is one among a number of activities that they engage on whilst in Vietnam.

1 Although the authorities at Na Hang have estimated the growth rate to be between 25% and 30% in their five year plan a more conservative estimate is applied in this analysis, supported by present growth rates at Ba Be of 10-15%, (Parc, 2002).

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Graph 1: Predicted visitation rates Table 1: Predicted visitation rates

ABcsotorelae UAwfr TtoV TH1HCu T

F AclothC

Year Visitors

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ctual calculations efore presenting the actual calculations of this analysis it is important to note that because very little relevant ountry and species specific literature exists and because conditions and states are projected into the future, me of the above assumptions are entirely based on predictions and best estimates. Specifically this covers urist visitation rates, distribution of nationality among these tourists and the distance tourists have to travel to ach the Nature Reserve. It is recognised that some of these assumptions may be found to be unreasonable at a ter stage, but nevertheless the assumptions are necessary in order to carry out the exercise of valuing the

ndangered monkeys in monetary terms.

se values s mentioned in section 3.1 the use values of the monkeys are based on earnings created by tourism together ith the recreational benefits. Overall the use values will be calculated based on the transfer of estimated values om different studies.

he specific studies of interest include the financing study prepared by the Parc Project in 2002 where expected urism earnings are stated. It is estimated the on average every visitor generates income worth VND 75,000 – ND 45,000 for room rental and VND 30,000 for food and other things.

he recreational value will be based on the mentioned study by Hai and Thanh (1998) and Lindberg and alpenny (2001). By using the travel cost method Hai and Thanh (1998) found an adjusted price of VND 50/km/person on the assumption that the means of transportation was a hired car, whereas Lindberg and alpenny (2001) estimated the foreign tourists WTP to be USD 1.48 and USD 0.51 for domestic tourists. ombining results from these studies with the expected visitation rates for Na Hang Nature Reserve the present se values are calculated as:

able 2: Use values calculated in present terms Discount rate 8% 10% 12% Generated income from tourism Present value (PV) based on Parc (2002) $ 2,153,556 $ 1,627,285 $

1,290,137 Recreational value Present value (PV) based on Hai and Thanh (1998) $ 861,422 $ 650,914 $ 516,055 Present value (PV) based on Lindberg and Halpenny (2001)

$ 286,096 $ 216,181 $ 171,392

or detailed calculations see annex 1,2 and 3.

s can be seen from the above table there is clearly a considerable variation between the recreational values. Of ourse it is always difficult to base new calculations on existing studies which were intended for different cations, but most importantly the selected studies are both addressing recreational values of protected areas so e calculated present values are still considered valid. The study by Hai and Thanh (1998), which focuses on uc Phoung National Park is especially interesting since the two areas are very similar with regard to

2002-2007 15,000 2008 30,000 2009 31,800 2010 33,708 2011 35,730 2012 37,874 2013 40,147 2014 42,556 2015 45,109 2016 47,815

2017- 50,654

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

Vis

itors


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biodiversity. Both Na Hang Nature Reserve and Cuc Phoung National Park were primarily established to protect endangered monkey species. With a 10% discount rate it is therefore liable to state that the use value of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey and Francois leaf monkey is in the vicinity of USD 2 million. Non-use value The Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Conservation Project2 receives annual grants to the value of USD 50,000. Since the non-use value will be calculated based upon contributions made to this project the present value can, under the assumption of an eternal time horizon, be calculated as: Table 3: Non-use values calculated in present terms

Discount rate 8% 10% 12% Present value (PV) based on USD 50.000 annual contribution

$675,000 $550,000 $466,667

For detailed calculations see annex 4. Given a 10% discount rate the present non-use value is calculated as USD 550,000 representing some proportion of the global willingness to pay for preserving the monkeys. It is anticipated that this estimation is very conservative. The Parc Project alone has a total budget of around USD 8 mill and the provincial budget for Na Hang Forest Rangers and Na Hang Nature Reserve is approximately USD 35,000 per year, (Parc, 2002). However these figures are not included in the calculations as it is impossible to come up with a valid estimate of which proportion of the budgets are exclusively dedicated to the monkeys. In summary the Tonkin snub-nosed monkeys and Francois leaf monkeys in Na Hang Nature Reserve represent a total economic value of roughly USD 2.5 million using a 10% discount rate. However as mentioned above this is believed to be an underestimate partly because a number of other organisations and projects beside The Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Conservation Project are also dedicated to preserving endangered species, and thereby expressing existence values. Another argument supporting the statement of underestimation, is that some proportion of the provincial budget for the Nature Reserve is caused by will remain the same regardless the presence of the monkeys, if this is true then a decrease in utility would be experienced as one would get less biodiversity per value added. In the economic literature this phenomenon is referred to embedding. Final Remark Although the economic value of the Tonkin snub-nosed monkey and Francois leaf monkey has been estimated in the previous section, thereby allowing the cost of extinction to be included in a cost benefit analysis, the decision of whether or not to try and preserve a species should ultimately never solely be based on economic considerations.

References Hai and Thanh, (1998), cited by Francisco & Glover, 1999 in Economy and Environment, Case Studies in Vietnam. IDRC (International Development Research Centre), Singapore.

Lindberg, K. & E. Halpenny, (2001): Review of Marine Protected Area Visitor Fees, Country Review.

NEA, (2000): Assessment of economic values of biodiversity at Ho Son and Viet Hai communes of Tam Dao and Cat Ba National Parks respectively, research project: sustainable use of biodiversity in approach of ecosystems.

Nordhaus, W., (1994): Managing the Global Commons, The Economics of Climate Change. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England.

Parc, (2002): Potential for Ecotourism to Contribute to Long Term Financing of Ba Be National Park and Na Hang Nature Reserve, Financing Study, Phase II, Working Paper.

2 Sources of funding include: The German government, Animal Planet, Singapore Zoo, Allwetter Zoo, Primate Conservation Institute, Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populations and Westphalian Society for Conservation.


Annex 1 Calculations based on tourist earnings from Parc (2002)

Accommodation Other income PV PV PV Year Visits VND 45,000/tourist VND 30,000/tourist 8% 10% 12% 2002 0 15,000 VND 675,000,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 1,125,000,000 VND 1,125,000,000 VND 1,125,000,0002003 1 15,000 VND 675,000,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 1,041,666,667 VND 1,022,727,273 VND 1,004,464,2862004 2 15,000 VND 675,000,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 964,506,173 VND 929,752,066 VND 896,843,1122005 3 15,000 VND 675,000,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 893,061,271 VND 845,229,151 VND 800,752,7792006 4 15,000 VND 675,000,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 826,908,584 VND 768,390,137 VND 714,957,8382007 5 15,000 VND 675,000,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 765,656,097 VND 698,536,488 VND 638,355,2132008 6 30,000 VND 1,350,000,000 VND 900,000,000 VND 1,417,881,660 VND 1,270,066,343 VND 1,139,920,0232009 7 31,800 VND 1,431,000,000 VND 954,000,000 VND 1,391,624,593 VND 1,223,882,112 VND 1,078,852,8792010 8 33,708 VND 1,516,860,000 VND 1,011,240,000 VND 1,365,853,767 VND 1,179,377,308 VND 1,021,057,1892011 9 35,730 VND 1,607,871,600 VND 1,071,914,400 VND 1,340,560,179 VND 1,136,490,860 VND 966,357,6962012 10 37,874 VND 1,704,343,896 VND 1,136,229,264 VND 1,315,734,990 VND 1,095,163,920 VND 914,588,5342013 11 40,147 VND 1,806,604,530 VND 1,204,403,020 VND 1,291,369,527 VND 1,055,339,777 VND 865,592,7202014 12 42,556 VND 1,915,000,802 VND 1,276,667,201 VND 1,267,455,277 VND 1,016,963,786 VND 819,221,6812015 13 45,109 VND 2,029,900,850 VND 1,353,267,233 VND 1,243,983,883 VND 979,983,284 VND 775,334,8052016 14 47,815 VND 2,151,694,901 VND 1,434,463,267 VND 1,220,947,144 VND 944,347,528 VND 733,799,0122017 15 50,684 VND 2,280,796,595 VND 1,520,531,063 VND 15,261,839,303 VND 9,443,475,284 VND 6,114,991,769

VND 32,734,049,115 VND 24,734,725,318 VND 19,610,089,536 $2,153,556 $1,627,285 $1,290,137

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Annex 2 Calculations based on TC estimates from Hai and Thanh (1998) - (cited by Francisco and Glover, 1999)

Travel cost PV PV PV Year Visitors VND 150/km 8% 10% 12% 2002 0 15,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 450,000,0002003 1 15,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 416,666,667 VND 409,090,909 VND 401,785,7142004 2 15,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 385,802,469 VND 371,900,826 VND 358,737,2452005 3 15,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 357,224,508 VND 338,091,660 VND 320,301,1122006 4 15,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 330,763,434 VND 307,356,055 VND 285,983,1352007 5 15,000 VND 450,000,000 VND 306,262,439 VND 279,414,595 VND 255,342,0852008 6 30,000 VND 900,000,000 VND 567,152,664 VND 508,026,537 VND 455,968,0092009 7 31,800 VND 954,000,000 VND 556,649,837 VND 489,552,845 VND 431,541,1512010 8 33,708 VND 1,011,240,000 VND 546,341,507 VND 471,750,923 VND 408,422,8752011 9 35,730 VND 1,071,914,400 VND 536,224,071 VND 454,596,344 VND 386,543,0792012 10 37,874 VND 1,136,229,264 VND 526,293,996 VND 438,065,568 VND 365,835,4142013 11 40,147 VND 1,204,403,020 VND 516,547,811 VND 422,135,911 VND 346,237,0882014 12 42,556 VND 1,276,667,201 VND 506,982,111 VND 406,785,514 VND 327,688,6722015 13 45,109 VND 1,353,267,233 VND 497,593,553 VND 391,993,314 VND 310,133,9222016 14 47,815 VND 1,434,463,267 VND 488,378,858 VND 377,739,011 VND 293,519,6052017 15 50,684 VND 1,520,531,063 VND 6,104,735,721 VND 3,777,390,114 VND 2,445,996,708

VND 13,093,619,646 VND 9,893,890,127 VND 7,844,035,814 $861,422 $650,914 $516,055

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Annex 3 Calculations based on WTP estimates from Lindberg & Halpenny (2001)

Foreign Domestic WTP foreign WTP domestic PV PV PV Year Visitors 15% 85% $1.48 $0.51 Total 8% 10% 12% 2002 0 15,000 2,250 12,750 $3,330 $6,503 $9,833 $9,833 $9,833 $9,8332003 1 15,000 2,250 12,750 $3,330 $6,503 $9,833 $9,104 $8,939 $8,7792004 2 15,000 2,250 12,750 $3,330 $6,503 $9,833 $8,430 $8,126 $7,8382005 3 15,000 2,250 12,750 $3,330 $6,503 $9,833 $7,805 $7,387 $6,9992006 4 15,000 2,250 12,750 $3,330 $6,503 $9,833 $7,227 $6,716 $6,2492007 5 15,000 2,250 12,750 $3,330 $6,503 $9,833 $6,692 $6,105 $5,5792008 6 30,000 4,500 25,500 $6,660 $13,005 $19,665 $12,392 $11,100 $9,9632009 7 31,800 4,770 27,030 $7,060 $13,785 $20,845 $12,163 $10,697 $9,4292010 8 33,708 5,056 28,652 $7,483 $14,612 $22,096 $11,938 $10,308 $8,9242011 9 35,730 5,360 30,371 $7,932 $15,489 $23,421 $11,716 $9,933 $8,4462012 10 37,874 5,681 32,193 $8,408 $16,419 $24,827 $11,500 $9,572 $7,9942013 11 40,147 6,022 34,125 $8,913 $17,404 $26,316 $11,287 $9,224 $7,5652014 12 42,556 6,383 36,172 $9,447 $18,448 $27,895 $11,078 $8,888 $7,1602015 13 45,109 6,766 38,343 $10,014 $19,555 $29,569 $10,872 $8,565 $6,7762016 14 47,815 7,172 40,643 $10,615 $20,728 $31,343 $10,671 $8,254 $6,4132017 15 50,684 7,603 43,082 $11,252 $21,972 $33,224 $133,388 $82,536 $53,445

$286,096 $216,181 $171,392

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Annex 4 Calculations based on contributions made to The Tonkin Snob Nosed Monkey Conservation Project

PV PV PV Year Contribution 8% 10% 12% 2002 0 $50,000 $50,000 $50,000 $50,0002003 1 $50,000 $46,296 $45,455 $44,6432004 2 $50,000 $42,867 $41,322 $39,8602005 3 $50,000 $39,692 $37,566 $35,5892006 4 $50,000 $36,751 $34,151 $31,7762007 5 $50,000 $34,029 $31,046 $28,3712008 6 $50,000 $31,508 $28,224 $25,3322009 7 $50,000 $29,175 $25,658 $22,6172010 8 $50,000 $27,013 $23,325 $20,1942011 9 $50,000 $25,012 $21,205 $18,0312012 10 $50,000 $23,160 $19,277 $16,0992013 11 $50,000 $21,444 $17,525 $14,3742014 12 $50,000 $19,856 $15,932 $12,8342015 13 $50,000 $18,385 $14,483 $11,4592016 14 $50,000 $17,023 $13,167 $10,2312017 15 $50,000 $212,788 $131,666 $85,258

$675,000 $550,000 $466,667



Appendix 8. Na Hang Nature Reserve Management Board Organizational structure:

The Forest Protection section of Na Hang Nature Reserve was established in 1998 under the Decision No 1115/QD-UB dated 09/11/1998 of Tuyen Quang PPC as a result of being transformed form Tat Ke - Ban Bung Conservation Project Management Unit with a staff of 25 persons who worked for Tuyen Quang FPD.

In reality, Na Hang Nature Reserve is under the management of Tat Ke - Ban Bung Special-use Forest Protection Section subordinated to Provincial FPD and has an organizational structure similar to that of the FP section in the province.

It has been recommended that Na Hang Special - Use Forest protection Section be transformed into Na Hang Nature Reserve Management Board as suggested by the Decision 08 and units subordinated to the Board be finalized in their organizational structure

At present, Na Hang Nature Reserve staff participate in the implementation of Ba Be/Na Hang PARC project and Snub-nosed Monkey Conservation Project. In parallel with this, a project to develop Tat Ke-Ban Bung special-use forest for the period of 2000-2010 and 2001-2005 is being prepared and will be submitted for Tuyen Quang PPC for approval.

Na Hang Special-use Forest Protection Section has been staffed with 20 persons who were organized as follows:

Leaders:

• Head

• Deputy head

Sections:

• General issues and technical: 2 persons

• Enforcement: 1

• Accounting and finance: 2 persons

• Forest protection: 12 persons, of which:

Mobile team: 2 persons managed by the leader of NR’s Protection Section).

Guard posts and checkpoints: 3 guard posts (Ban Lam, Son Phu and Thanh Tuong); 3 forest management points (Lung Vai, Bac Vang and Pac Tu) with a total of 10 staff (Bac Vang check-point in Trung Khanh is considered a guard post). In collaboration with Snub-nosed Monkey Conservation Project (TCP), there are in the Nature reserve a number of checkpoints and patrolling tents (Khau Tep, Tat Ke, Phia Chang, Nam Trang, Mu Man and Ban Bung). TCP provides 25 patrol staffs so the total of the staff is 37 persons Driver: 1 person All the above staff (excluding head and deputy head of the section) implement their daily work in the General Issue Section. Each person is responsible to fulfil duties assigned by the Section Head.

Duties and functions:

This description is based on regulations of the legal document 419/DA-KL dated 12/07/2000 of Tuyen Quang FPD and proposals made by Na Hang Special - use Forest Protection Section for the period of 2001-2005.

• Function:

Provide advisory to district PC and district town to fulfill their forest management task on behalf of the state in the district or district town; assist in forest law enforcement for preventing law offences on forest management and protection; directly involve in special use forest protection.

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• Duties:

o Be fully aware of status of district’s forest resources; organize protecting and managing the local natural resources.

o Inspect and examine cases of offending over forest/forest product management; cooperate with commune level authority to carry out propaganda campaign to encourage local people to involve in forest protection and management.

o Be responsible to provide instruction on setting up mass organizations to involve in forest protection; develop forest management proposals and direst for successful implementation of these proposals;

o To protect forest in Na Hang Nature Reserve, collaboration was recently made with Na Hang district’s FPD station and other units (Phong Ma, Nang Kha, Thuong Lam and Yen Hoa guard posts). These stations are located at critical points along rivers or land roads lying adjacent with the Reserve. For the time to come, collaboration in forest management will also be made with forest management boards of Chiem Hoa, Xuan Lac, Ban Thi and Sinh Long.

Na Hang forest protection section. ♦ Organizational structure:

Na Hang Forest Protection Section has been staffed with 25 persons who were organized as follows:

• Forest protection section’s office: 7 persons

o Leadership: 01

o Law enforcement and inspection : 01

o General issues: 01

o Technical: 01

o Service officer: 01

o Accounting and finance: 01

o Driver + mobile force: 01

• Forest guard station:

o Station based in zone A: 3 persons/3 communes

o Station based in zone B: & Persons/8 communes

o Station based in zone C: 5 persons/6 communes

o Phong Ma forest product checkpoint: 3 persons

All the above staff (excluding head) implements their daily work and responsible to fulfill duties assigned by the Section Head.

Duties and functions:

The below description is based on regulations of the legal document 484/CV-KL dated 27/9/1999 made by Na Hang Forest Protection Section.

• Function:

Provide advisory to district PC to fulfill their forest management task on behalf of the state in the district; assist in forest law enforcement for preventing law offences on forest management and protection within the district territory.

• Duties:

o Be fully aware of status of district’s forest resources; organize protecting and managing the local natural resources, closely oversee changes that occur annually to forest and forest land.

o Participate in implementing forest protection in accordance with governmental forestry rules.

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o Be responsible to provide instruction on setting up mass organizations to involve in forest protection; develop forest management and staff arrangement proposals and direst for successful implementation of these proposals;

o Be responsible for carrying out inspection and controlling activities, preventing illegal forest exploitation, hunting and other forms of forest resource encroachment within the boundary of Na Hang district.

o Be responsible for settling forest laws offence in accordance with the given level authority.

o Participate in training of people on forest development and protection law, timely distribute and disseminate forestry legal papers down to villages, communes, establish commitments on forest protection by local communities.

o Cooperate closely with Bac Kan FPD, forest ranger posts, concerning sectors and local authorities at various levels.

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Appendix 9. Limestone Quarry Impact Mitigation

10

Impact Mitigation

As was explained in the last chapter, there are considerable benefits to be gamed from relatively few changes in existing working methods. National environmental agencies, donors, and companies are encouraged to develop protocols by which steps are developed and adopted to further each country's commitment to sustainable development.

The Production Phase Quarry operation will profoundly affect the surrounding biodiversity. This can hardly be avoided, but the measures below aim to mitigate the impacts:

• Destruction of the vegetation cover and fauna: Care should be taken that the vegetation and fauna around a limestone quarry are left untouched as much as possible. The impact of the exploitation of a quarry on its surroundings includes, For example, illegal quarrying, fire, uncontrolled collecting of fuelwood, and hunting.

• Chemical pollution: Pollutants such as dust, silt, oil, fuel, and other chemicals have adverse effects on the wider surroundings of the quarrying site, both on land and in water, above ground as well as underground. Preventive measures are necessary to avoid pollution.

• Biological pollution: The importation or escape of invasive nonnative species should be minimized through quarantine, education, and active management programs.

• Blasting: Damage to the surroundings by blasting should be minimized. Sequential blasting techniques should be applied to reduce shock waves. If bat or swiftlet colonies are present/ blasting should be interrupted at the times when the animals fly out to feed or return to their roost. Also, blasting should not take place at the entrance of caves, or in a position so that the sound is directed at the opening of the cave. Blocking of cave passages, however, to protect the inside environment, should be only temporary, because long-term blocking could result in serious changes in the cave environment. Not only are the animals that regularly enter and leave affected, but also the air flow temperature, and humidity may change, which will affect all other cave fauna.

• Erosion: Erosion resulting from road construction and other construction activities should be minimized. Cleared areas increase and concentrate the runoff. It should be ensured that rainwater can soak into the ground slowly. This can be done, for example, by using large rock chips for road metal. The draining of muddy runoff into dolines should be avoided.

• Unexpected underground water courses: If underground streams are found in a quarry close to a conservation area, the streams should be left intact.Chance finds of archaeological and geological remains: When archaeologically or geologically important sites for instance, rich fossil-bearing layers) are discovered in a quarry during the course of mining, these should not be disturbed until they have been inspected by a geologist or an archaeologist. Until then, they are best covered with tough plastic sheeting overlaid with a thick layer of soil mixed with lime-tone talus, to protect them from erosion as well as illegal excavation. After a first inspection, a choice should be made. On less important sites, the appropriate

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specialists can perform an emergency excavation to sample the site and safeguard the information for the future (see below). In the event that a site turns out to be of crucial importance, it should be protected and spared by agreement between the company responsible for the exploitation of the site and the national authority responsible for archaeological or geological research and the conservation of cultural monuments. This body should be able to offer compensation to the site owner or operator for the loss of income. Without compensation, there will be no incentive for the site operator and workers to preserve archaeological and geological remains and every incentive to destroy them without notification.

The actual amount of habitat disturbance and the effects of mitigating measures should be monitored regularly, for example, at three-year intervals. This can be done by the company responsible for the exploitation.

However, to maintain objectivity and avoid conflict of interest, it is advisable to bring in independent consultants periodically for a thorough evaluation. The company responsible fur the exploitation should be obliged to address recommendations following independent evaluation. If this shows serious delays or drawbacks in the monitoring and mitigation activities, the project should correct these before proceeding with the operation as scheduled.

Figure 23. Limestone hill being exploited in northern Vietnam. (photo by Tony Whitten)

Emergency Collecting and Ex Situ Conservation If the destruction of important biodiversity or archaeological sites is inevitable even after a careful search for alternative sites, steps should be taken to safeguard relevant information about those sites for the future. A team of appropriate consultants should have opportunity to sample the biodiversity of the site/ if only for a limited number of animal or plant groups. The samples should be stored and the results published. A team of archaeologists and related specialists appropriate for the situation should have an opportunity to perform emergency excavations. The site should be described and sampled, and the findings published in reputable and accessible journals.

In some cases, ex situ conservation of threatened species can be considered. Many herbaceous limestone plants, for example, have horticultural potential because of their variegated leaves, beautiful flowers, or bizarre plant shape. Besides/ they are often relatively easy to cultivate and propagate, provided they are grown in a free-drainirg substrate, and those growing on cliffs and summits are adapted to full sun and periodic drought. Ex situ conservation of plant species could be combined with propagation for sale as garden or pot plants.

Attempts to lure colonies of bats and swiftlets in artificially made roosting places have been successful on several occasions. For example, old, disused underground mines have been made suitable for habitation by bats. In Indonesia, swiftlet colonies are housed and successfully exploited, in purpose-built houses.

If ex situ conservation experiments are undertaken, the companies involved could benefit by publicizing them to improve their public relations.

Reconstructing the Landscape Much can be done in reconstructing limestone landscapes. Disused quarries may develop into a hazard for visitors and the local population because of collapsing rock faces, or because of stagnant pools in which the vectors of various diseases to humans and livestock may flourish. To reduce these risks wherever necessary, a terminal blast before abandoning the quarry should be part of each project. A more comprehensive reconstruction of a quarried site can be desirable when the quarry is close to a town or conservation area, to reduce the negative impact on the surroundings and for aesthetic reasons. Quarries tend to leave unsightly cavities in karst slopes, often spoiling otherwise pristine-looking tropical karst landscapes. The damage may remain visible for centuries, because the morphology of quarries is often such that colonization by plants

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and animals is difficult. Measures can be taken so that an abandoned quarry blends again with the surrounding natural landscape. Its faces can be remodeled to replicate the surrounding landscape, and colonization by flora and fauna can be facilitated by planting trees. Means to achieving these goals include:

• Removal of wreckage, buildings, engines, and so forth.

• Remodeling perpendicular slopes: Natural perpendicular rock faces in for example, tower karst are formed by slow-working processes, such as undercutting by a river. Clefts and pores are usually well cemented by penetrating water, leaving behind a stable surface. Perpendicular rock faces in quarries tend to be unstable because of previous blasting, mechanical removal of rock, and the development of unloading cracks parallel to the quarry face. They may collapse and are potentially dangerous to people, and they remain visible for a long time because they are very dry, being well sheltered from rainfall. When abandoning a quarry, it is advisable not to leave behind any near-perpendicular or overhanging rock faces and remove unstable parts. If the quarry face runs parallel to steep natural bedding in the rock, a gentler slope may be reconstructed, cutting obliquely through this bedding, to minimize the risk of rock slides along these bedding planes. Rock faces can also be terraced or otherwise be provided with notches to facilitate the establishment of vegetation. Gentle, at least nonperpendicular, slopes also enable natural karst processes that will further stabilize the slope to set in again, such as case hardening of the surface. A technique for landscaping abandoned quarries ss restoration blasting, a set of drilling and blasting designs developed to replace a quarry face by a reconstructed landscape with rock faces, talus slopes, and buttresses similar to natural ones. This technique has been applied in karst only under temperate climates, but after a study of the morphology of locally occurring tropical karst landscapes, they can undoubtedly be applied in the tropics as well. In some cases, however, reclaiming a quarry may not be desirable at all. For example, a sawn face of a disused marble quarry may expose an outstanding example of fossil karst that is best preserved as a geological monument.

• Loosening the quarry floor: The use of heavy machinery during the production phase often compresses and hardens the soil on the quarry floor and on roads giving access to the quarry. Blasting, deep ripping, and mixing soil into fine talus will loosen the soil again and facilitate the establishment of plants.

• Ensuring sufficient draining of the quarry floor: Quarry floors often form depressions that fill with rainwater. Such ponds can constitute a health hazard because they may be a source of malaria and other parasitic diseases. A concave quarry floor should be filled in or draining ditches should be made through the lip separating the quarry floor from the surrounding land. These draining ditches should be constructed so that maintenance is necessary only during the first few years after construction. To avoid erosion by large amounts of water passing through at high speed/ a reduced dip and a meandering course are preferred to concrete lining.

• Filling in crevices and holes of reconstructed gentle slopes with sterilized soil: This soil should be mixed with seeds of native species collected from nearby areas. This will stimulate the development of a vegetation cover. Once a vegetation cover is established to the extent that site-endemic plants return, the maintenance of a soil cover is no longer a goal to pursue because many of them, along with their associated animals, grow on rock surfaces or in crevices. Before opening a quarry in temperate areas, the topsoil is sometimes removed and stored carefully to be spread out again over the quarried site after abandoning it. Dormant seeds in the soil may then help the recovery of the vegetation. In tropical countries, this technique is generally of no use because the seeds of the primary vegetation species have little or no dormancy. Limestone species appear to be an exception to this as part of their response to drought. This is an area that deserves research.

• Replanting the area: After reconstruction, it is very important that the site is covered with vegetation as soon as possible to reduce further erosion, particularly

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if the bedrock is fine-grained and loose. Replanting or sowing can speed up this process. To facilitate the regeneration of this pioneer vegetation cover toward the vegetation type surrounding the quarry, fast-growing woody species occurring locally in secondary vegetation probably offer the best success and are most likely to create the proper environment for recolonization by species from less disturbed vegetation surrounding the quarry. If soil conditions are appropriate, it may be possible to directly plant or encourage species of the more mature vegetation. Nonnative species should not be used. The use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides should be avoided when replanting these areas, because it can lead to pollution of underground water bodies. Many species that are suitable for replanting produce a relatively large amount of leaf litter, which increases the risk of bushfires during drought periods. It should be understood that planted forests as such have limited value as a habitat for local biodiversity and are not an effective substitute for primary or near-primary vegetation.

• Checking the results, monitoring regeneration: The reconstruction work should be financed by the company responsible for the exploitation of the site. Local or national authorities should not only check the results of the reconstruction immediately after its completion, but also at intervals of a few years. Failure to landscape a quarrying site, or failure to maintain the site afterward, should have punitive consequences for the company involved. Of course, a company cannot be held responsible for natural or man-made disasters affecting the whole area in which the quarry is situated. It is particularly important that a regime of regular firing of the vegetation is avoided, so that secondary growth can develop to maturity.

In some cases, reclaimed quarries can be put to good use again. For example, they can be converted into town parks or can be exploited as fish ponds. In Thailand, there are plans to convert limestone quarries into water reservoirs. A limestone quarry in Africa has been successfully converted into a crocodile farm and, as a spinoff, a major tourist attraction. However, the use of quarries as waste dumps should be discouraged because of the risk of groundwater pollution.

Generally, limestone areas that have been mined according to the conditions outlined in this chapter should be safeguarded against further limestone exploitation, but if renewed exploitation is proposed, a new impact assessment is required.

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Documents

Supplementary Environmental Impact Assessment of the Tuyen ...cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/parc_eia_appendices.pdf · Supplementary EIA of Tuyen Quang Dam: Appendices Appendix 1. Terms