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SMA Solar Technology
1
Sunny Boy 1Webinar en Español28 de Marzo 20118 am a 4 pm (hora de San Francisco, CA)Presentador : Antonio Gomez , Solar Academy, SMA AmericaRocklin, [email protected]
Sunny Boy 1 Agenda
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> Brief introduction to SMA
> Course Content1. Components and operation of a Grid Tied Photovoltaic System2. Safety Basics3. SMA inverters4. System Design for a residential application5. Installation, commissioning and troubleshooting
What does SMA Solar Technology AG Stand For?
> It is a German acronym that describes 3 different technology disciplines:
System Mess Anlagentechnik
AktienGesellschaft
System – Computer Control
Mess – Instrumentation or Measuring technology
Anlagentechnik – Plant System technology
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SMA Around the World
4
SMA America HQ Rocklin, CA
SMA Manufacturing Plant , Denver, CO
Toronto, Canada
SMA HQ main entrance , Kassel, Germany
5
SMA America, LLC
> Founded in Grass Valley 2000
> Moved to Rocklin in May 2008
> 200,000+ inverters installed in the U.S.
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New SMA America Headquarters in Rocklin, CA
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New SMA America Headquarters in Rocklin, CA
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Solar Academy Course Structure
Non-Technical -------------------------------------------------Expert Technical
Sales & MarketingSales Focus
Sunny Boy 1Grid Tied Single Phase
Intro to SMA ProductsProduct Focus
Intro to PVBasic Technical
Sunny Central 1Central Inverter
Sunny Island 1Grid-Tie Backup
Sunny Boy 2Grid Tied 3-Phase Focus
Revenue GradeMeteringAdvanced Comms
WebBoxMonitoring & DataLogging (Advanced)
CommunicationsMonitoring & Data Logging (Basic)
Sunny Central 2Utility Scale Applications
Sunny Island 2Off Grid
US Production Facility
> Manufacturing Plant in Denver, CO
> Production capacity up to1GW in the first stage
> 100s of US jobs created
> American Reinvestment & Recovery Act compliant
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Grid Tie Photovoltaic Systems
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Oregon State Capitol, Salem, USA
Parts of a Grid Tie PV system
Question:
What is the largest component of any
grid tied solar system?
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1. The Sun
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> Produces 386 billion billion Megawatts of energy every second
> 15 minutes of sunlight > total consumption of all other forms of energy usedin 1 year by all mankind
> 5 billion year warranty
2. Solar Cell – The Smallest Component
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Solar Cell Cross Section
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ThicknessOf
HumanHair
[P]
[B]
From Cell to Array
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Cell
String
Module
Array
3. Inverter
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AC
Inverter
+
-
DCL1
L2
Irradiance, Current and Voltage
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Am
ps
Volts
Irradiance in W/m2
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Impact of temperature on voltage
P(W) = E(V) x I(A)
Voltage depends on temperature
Current Depends
on Irradiance
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Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
MPPT on Shaded vs. Partially Shaded Strings
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Pow
er
Voltage
Not Shaded
Partially Shaded
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SMA OptiTrac
Other MPPT systems
4. Bi-Directional Meter – Net Meter kWh
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Components of a Grid Tied PV
PVArray
DCDisconnect
ACDisconnect
ACDistribution
Panel
Meter
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Grid Tied PV Components in Operation
2 pole40A
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Inverter Topologies
Low Frequency Transformer
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MPPT Bridge Transformer Grid
Extracts maximumPower from the PV
Converts DC to AC
Provides insulation between
DC and AC
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IGBT Bridge of a Sunny Boy 7000 US
LF Transformers
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SB 3000 USSB 3800 US SB 4000 US
SB 5000 USSB 6000 USSB 7000 USSB 8000 US
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High Frequency Transformer
DC AC DC AC
Sunny Boy 2000HF-US, 2500HF-US, 3000HF-US
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Transformerless Inverter
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Sunny Boy TL-US Series 8000, 9000, 10000
DC and AC Inputs to SB 7000US
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DC AC
Solar Modules
Grid
Sunny Boy Inverters are Current Sources
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L
N
AC Voltage
ANSI Grid Voltage Ranges and Tripping Voltages
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240V
Inverter Tripping (-12 %)
ANSI Range A (+5%)
ANSI Range A (-5%)
228.6 252
252228.6
254
254.4208.8
Inverter Operating Voltage(Vac – Min)
Inverter Operating Voltage(Vac – Max)
ANSI Range B (-13%)
ANSI Range B(+ 6 %)
211 264
Inverter Tripping (+ 10 %)
264
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LooseContact
Insufficient Wire Size
LooseContact
LooseContact
Bad Breaker
Likely Spots for High Impedance
Tighten AC connections at 18 in-lb
www.SMA-America.com
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www.SMA-America.com
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Voltage Drop Calculator
40
Grid Protective Functions
1. Anti Islanding
> Required by UL 1741 (IEEE 929)
> Protects people and property
2. Over / Under Voltage
3. Over / Under Frequency
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Protects quality of grid
42
T1 T2
Anti-Islanding : Grid Guard Monitoring
Grid Voltage
Inverter Current
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Inverter response to grid Failure
Inverter disconnects from the grid within 160ms
Loss of Grid
Inverter Current
Grid Voltage
Connecting Grid tied inverters to Generators
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240 VAC
45
Over and Under Voltage Monitoring
ANSI Grid Voltage Ranges and Tripping Voltages
46
240V
Inverter Tripping (-12 %)
ANSI Range A (+5%)
ANSI Range A (-5%)
228.6 252
252228.6
254
254.4208.8
Inverter Operating Voltage(Vac – Min)
Inverter Operating Voltage(Vac – Max)
ANSI Range B (-13%)
ANSI Range B(+ 6 %)
211 264
Inverter Tripping (+ 10 %)
264
Over / Under Voltage Monitoring
47
Front Panel LEDs
48
BLINKING YELLOW INDICATES A FAILURE
Practices to avoid premature tripping
> Size the AC wiring for a 1% voltage drop (raise)
> Tighten all AC connections
> Use wet location rated wire nuts
49
Over / Under Frequency Monitoring
50
Required by UL and IEEE
59.3 to 60.5
> AC Disconnect or Breaker is OFF
> Grid is Down
> Frequency of the grid is 0Hz because the grid voltage is 0V AC
51
Most common reasons for Fac error code
PV array Go - No Go test measurements
53
1) Open Circuit Voltage has to be higher than the inverter PV start Voltage (For example 228VDCfor SB 3000 and 285VDC for SB 4000 US).
2) Voltage between positive and ground and negative and ground has to be zero or less than ~12 volts bleeding down to zero.
Insufficient Voc for SB 3000US (228V DC)
54
40 V 40 V
Voc = 200 VDC
40 V
40 V
40 V
+ - Voc = 350 VDC
Acceptable Open Circuit Voltage
No Ground Fault
56
70 V 70V 70 V 70 V 70 V
0 V
+ -
140 V 210 V
Ground Fault
57
Disconnecting a PV array under load at 600 VDC 20 Amp
Bi-directional Battery Inverter: Grid Tied Back Up
58
Sunny Island 5048U
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> Creates micro grid when utility grid is lost
> Requires 48V DC battery bank
> Sunny Boys, if used, are AC coupled to the Sunny Island
> Solar modules cannot be directly connected to the Sunny Island!
Grid-Tied Back up with Sunny Boy: Grid is Present
60
L2
120 VAC
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Grid-Tied Back up with Sunny Boy: Loss of Grid
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L1
L2
120 VAC
120 VAC
Grid-Tied Back up with Sunny Boy: Grid Returns
Safety Basics: PV, Hazards, Practices, PPE
> Non Electrical Hazards:
> Exposure to Mother Nature- hydrate, sunscreen, protective clothing
> Snakes, bugs and rodents
> Cuts and bumps
> Falls, strains and sprains
> Burns- thermal and chemical
> Repetition
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Safety Hazards
64
> Electrical Hazards
> Shock- DC and AC
> Arc- could cause burns
> Blast- vapors, impact injury, hearing loss
Electrical Shock Thresholds
65
Reaction 60 Hz AC Amps
DCAmps
Tingle, warmth .001 .006
Shock; reflex may cause injury
.002 .009
Severe Shock; cannot let go
.02 .09
Ventricular Fibrillation
.1 .5
Heart Frozen >1 >1
Electrical Safety Practices
> Good work habits
> Clean working area
> Awareness of hazards
> CPR certification
> Adherence to company safety practices
> Knowledge, compliance and proper execution of Code
> Article 240 – Overcurrent protection
> Article 250 – Grounding
> Article 300 – Wiring methods
> Article 339 – Underground feeders
> Article 690 – Solar Photovoltaic Systems
> Article 705 – Interconnected power sources
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Electrical Safety: Tools
67
> Multimeter
> Megger
> Hot Stick
> Cell Phone
> Fire Extinguisher (Class C)
> Listed Torque Drivers
Electrical Safety: Personal Protective Equipment
68
> Helmet
> Gloves
> Footwear
> Eye Protection
UL Listing
69
> All SMA inverters sold in the US and Canada are listed under the UL 1741 standard
UL.com
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Enter SMA’s UL NumberE210376
SMA Inverter UL Listing
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Sunny Boy 3000 US
> 3000 Watts
> DC Switch Included
> 208V AC and 240V AC
> Auto voltage sensing
> 96.6% Max 95.5% CEC
> Compatible with Positive and Negative to ground modules
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Sunny Boy 4000 US
> 4000 Watts
> DC Switch Included
> 208V AC and 240V AC
> Auto voltage sensing
> 96.6% Max 95.5% CEC
> 10 year warranty
> Compatible with Positive and Negative to ground modules
> SB 3800US (3800W Max output)
> Uses 2 pole 20A breaker
> Ideal for 100A panels
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Sunny Boy 5000US
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> 5000 Watts
> DC Switch Included
> 208/ 240 / 277 VAC
> Manually selected
> 96.8% Max 95.5% CEC
> 10 year warranty
> MPPT: 250 - 480V DC
> Compatible with Positive and Negative to ground modules
Sunny Boy 6000US
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> 6000 Watts
> DC Switch Included
> 208/ 240 / 277 VAC
> Manually selected
> 97% Max 95.5% CEC
> 10 year warranty
> MPPT: 250 - 480V DC
> Compatible with Positive and Negative to ground modules
Sunny Boy 7000US
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> 7000 Watts
> DC Switch Included
> 208/ 240 / 277 VAC
> Manually selected
> 97.1% Max 96% CEC
> 10 year warranty
> MPPT: 250 - 480V DC
> Compatible with Positive and Negative to ground modules
Sunny Boy 8000US
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> 8000 Watts
> DC Switch Included
> 240 or 277 VAC only
> Manually selected
> 97.1% Max 96% CEC
> 10 year warranty
> Positive/Negative to Ground modules
> MPPT: 250 - 480V DC
> PV start: 365V DC
Inverter models and AC operating voltages
78
SB 3000 US SB 4000 US
208V / 240V
Automatic Voltage Sensing
SB 5000 USSB 6000 USSB 7000 US
208V / 240V / 277V
Manual Voltage Selection
SB 8000 US
240V / 277V
Manual Voltage Selection
Sunny Boys in Single and Three Phase Systems
79
> Sunny Boys are single phase inverters but can operate in either Single Phase or Three Phase systems
Utility Transformers
80
Commercial Residential
CommercialAgricultural
Commercial Commercial
Commercial
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Inverter Configuration
Default Inverter Settings
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1. Jumper Configuration: Look for Neutral
2. Ground Fault Detection Interrupt (GFDI) Fuse: Negative to Ground
3. Voltage Selection: 240V AC (SB 5,6, 7, & 8000 US only)
Neutral Configuration Jumpers
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Neutral Configuration Jumper
84
Look for a Neutral
If the jumpers are incorrectly configured
the inverter will flag the error:
Disturbance: Grid Time Out
85
Positive to Ground Module Compatibility
86
ALL Sunny Boy Inverters are
UL Listed for use with
POSITIVE to GROUND Modules
Default Negative to Ground
87
1. GFDI Fuse on top2. Jumper on top
Color of Grounded Conductor
> NEC 200.6(A)
> An insulated grounded conductor of 6 AWG or smaller shall be identified by a continuous white or gray outer finish or by three continuous white stripes on other than green insulation along its entire length.
88
Negative to Ground DC Disconnect Connections
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Negative to Ground Inverter DC Connections
90
Field Programmable to Positive to Ground
91
1. GFDI Fuse on bottom2. Jumper on bottom
Positive to Ground DC Disconnect Connections
92
Positive to Ground Inverter DC Connections
93
SB 5,6,7,8000 US: Pull both fuse holders
94
Swap fuse holders and reinsert
95
Swap jumper to left position
96
> Negative to Ground:Fuse / Jumper on Right
> Positive to Ground:Fuse / Jumper on Left
Grid Voltage Selector: Default 240 V
97
Incorrect Voltage Selection
98
Sunny Boy AC Terminal Blocks
99
SB 3000US, 3800US & 4000US
100
SB 5000US, 6000US & 7000US
101
Grounding
102
103
Grounding
> Several Articles cover grounding system [NEC 250 & 690]
> Equipment Grounding
> DC Grounding Electrode and GEC
> Grounding Single Sunny Boy
> Grounding Multiple Sunny Boys
104
Equipment Ground
> The Protected Earth (PE) terminal of the inverter is for the termination of the equipment grounding conductor [NEC 690.43 – 46]
> All DC and AC equipment is grounded including:
> PV module frames
> DC disconnect
> Inverter Chassis
> AC disconnect
> AC ground bus in AC distribution panel
Grounding Electrode
105
> Required by NEC 690.47
> The Grounding Electrode (GE) and Grounding Electrode Conductor (GCE) are used to bond the grounded conductor to Earth Ground.
> Use NEC 250.66 (AC) & 250.166 (DC) to correctly size the GEC based on the GE system being used.
PE Terminal vs.Grounding Electrode Terminal
106
Equipment Ground GEC Terminal
107
Grounding
> For a Single SMA Inverter
> DC Ground Rod is not required
> Use continuous #8 AWG bare or insulated conductor
> Connect Ground Terminal to AC ground rod
> You can route with the AC conductors, but do not attach or splice at the service panel(s)
> If the ground rod is unavailable, irreversibly splice to the AC GEC
> If you have a non-rod AC GE, use appropriate size conductor
> See [NEC 250.166] for alternate size requirements
108
Single Inverter Grounding Method 1
PVArray
DCDisconnects
ACDisconnects
ExistingAC
ServiceEquipment
PV Inverter
690.47(C)(1) 690.47(C)(2)
Optional 250.54SupplementaryGrounding Electrode(Lightning Protection)
NewDC GroundingElectrode
ExistingAC GroundingElectrode
109
Single Inverter Grounding Method 2
PVArray
DCDisconnects
ACDisconnects
ExistingAC
ServiceEquipment
PV Inverter
Optional 250.54SupplementaryGrounding Electrode(Lightning Protection)
ExistingAC GroundingElectrode
Unspliced8 AWGConductor
Serves asAC and DC
GEC
110
Grounding
> For Multiple Sunny Boy Inverters
> Use a DC Grounding Electrode (ground rod)
> Run a #6 AWG from the DC GE to the AC GE
> This line will become a GEC for the inverters
> Run a short #6 AWG jumper to each inverter
> This line must be irreversibly spliced to the GEC
> If the AC or DC Grounding Electrode is not a rod type increase the GEC to the appropriate size
> [NEC 250.66 & 250.166] will determine the correct size
111
Multiple Inverter Grounding Method
Inverter 1 Inverter 2 Inverter 4Inverter 3
Connection ofGEC taps IAW250.6(C) and (D)
Irreversible Splices
112
Grounded PV Arrays
> NEC 690.41-45 describes the requirements for system grounding of PV arrays.
> Sunny Boy Inverters comply and include the GFDI circuitry required by [NEC 690.5 or NEC 690.35(C)]
> Intentionally grounding the PV grounded or ungrounded conductors outside the inverter will blow the GFDI fuse.
113
Ungrounded PV Arrays: NEC 2005 [690.35]
> The DC disconnect must break all conductors
> Overcurrent protection, when required, must be installed on all source circuit conductors
> Ground Fault Protection is still required
> PV source and output circuit conductors must be multi-conductor and double insulated ; labeled PV Wire
> Red and Black color coding
As of August 2008
114
All Sunny Boy inverters ship with a DC ONLY disconnect.
This DC disconnect model is used for all Sunny Boy US Series.
(SB TL-US inverters have their own specific disconnect)
Large Field Wiring Area
115
Knockouts on sides, bottom and back panel of disconnect
(6 total)
Handle Removal
116
Handle must be in the OFF position to remove handle
Screw slot coveredin the ON position
117
Handle Removal
Standard #2 Philips screwdriver
Handle retains screw
118
Equipment Ground Wire to the Inverter
L1 L2 N PE
Dedicated Equipment Ground wire to the Inverter.
3 grounding terminals total
119
Fuse Number matches the Terminal Number
Removing a blown fuse shows the string number that caused the fault
DC Terminal Labels
120
Direct connection to string terminals
121
20 AmpMaximumFuse Rating
1
2
3
4
SB US Series DC Disconnect Schematic
122
Frequently Asked Question
123
What can I do if I have more strings on my array
than terminals in the SMA DC Disconnect?
SMA Combiner Boxes
124
36 Amp Combined input from a Combiner Box
125
SMA DC Disconnect
To grounded conductor terminal
Combined DC Input Terminal up to 36 Amps
126
Combiner Box Ungrounded
Wire
Combiner Box Grounded
Wire
Wire size10 to 6 AWG
3 Grounding Terminals
127
Equipment Ground
Ground Rod at the inverter
Photovoltaic Modules and Array Design
128
Courtesy: Freedom Power, LLC; Shreveport, LA
27 Sharp 235 modules2 SB 3000US
SolarHot 4' x 10‘Platinum collector
Solid Green LED
129
Solid Green
MPP MODE
Laboratory Conditions vs. Reality
130
1 Module = 100 watts (STC) at 25°C (78°F)
1 Module = ~80 Watts at 50°C
*GEPV-100
STC Watts vs. AC Watts
131
3 strings of 10 modules = 3000 Peak DC Watts (STC)
Reality:
3000 DC Watts
– ~20% (temp variations)
2400 DC Watts
– ~4% (inverter inefficiency)
2304 Peak AC Watts
Caution: Do not sell STC Watts!
132
System Design
Sunny Design Solar Design Tool Software
133
Download Software and Meteorological data
134
135
Step 1 PV Plant
136
Select Location Data
137
> Select Region, Country> Select city closest to installation site
PV Module Temperatures
138
Lowest Record Low
Highest Record High
Temps in Celcius
PV (Cell) Temperature Entry Rule of Thumb
> Free field installation: +22°C> Roof-top installation with large distance between roof and module: +28°C> Roof-top installation with room for airflow: +29°C> Roof-top installation with little room for airflow: +32°C> Facade with room for airflow: +35°C> Facade with little room for airflow: +39°C> Roof-top integrated with no room for airflow: +43°C> Facade integrated with no room for airflow: +55°C
> Version 2.0 will offer module temperature OR ambient temperature option
> Version 2.0 will offer temperatures in either °F or °C
139
Average Temperatures from Weather.com
141
Atlanta, GA
Highest Record High = 32°C
Lowest Record Low = 1°C
142
Mounted Flat Against The Roof
+39º C
143
Tilt Angle or Ground Mount
+28º C
144
Tilt Angle or Ground Mount
Courtesy: David Monniaux, Réunion Islands
+22º C
Solar Trees
145
+22º C
146
Tracker Mount
Courtesy : Katcha Sanderson
+22º C
Select Module Information
147
Unlisted Module Entry
148
Use if module is not listed
Manual Data Entry
149
Select and Tilt and Azimuth angles
150
True South is 0 degreesEnter offset of installation orientation
Step 2 Inverter
151
Select Inverter type
Inverter Page
152
> Select inverter with appropriate grid voltage
> System selects number of inverters
> Verify Grid voltage
String Configuration Output
153
Number of Strings
Number of Modules(Min & Max)
Wire Size Calculator
154
Step 3 Results
155
Value Descriptions
156
> Inverter effectiveness> AC Power / DC Power> MPP tracker, inverter
> Nominal Power Ratio> DC nominal power / PV peak power
> Yearly energy Yield (approx)> Estimated annual yield in kWh
Compatibility Check
157
> Green = PV and Inverter are within the nominal power ratio standard range > 80-120%
> Energy Usability> % of DC power converted /
effective DC power produced
> Performance ratio> Deviation of power effectively fed into
the grid compared to STC PV yields> Includes power losses of entire plant
> PV efficiency, cable losses, mismatchand inverter efficiency
Yield Loss Warning
158
> Reduced # modules from 18 to 12
> Nominal Power ratio went up from 107% to 161%> Indicates inverter is oversized
Result Page with PV Mismatch
159
Sunny Design Layout Options
160
Page Setup
161
Output Page Values Selection
162
Select which values will be printed on the Output Sheet
Output Page Top Half
163
Output Page Bottom Half
164
165
DC Wiring
> Basic DC wiring design has these 6 elements:
> Conductor Sizing
> Overcurrent Protection Sizes
> Series Fusing
> DC Disconnect
> DC Combiners
> Grounding the PV- Conductor
DC Conductor and Device Sizing
166
> Based on the Rated Short Circuit Current (Isc) of the solar panel
> [NEC 690.8(A)(1)]
> First, find the PV Source Circuit Current (PVscc)
PV scc = Isc x 1.25
For example : Isc = 7.9 Amps
PV scc = 7.9 A x 1.25 = 9.8 A
> Then, size devices and conductors for 125% of PVscc
-- [NEC 690.8(B)(1)]
9.8 A x 1.25 = 12.25 A
-- Can also multiply Isc x 156% and get the same answer
Fuse Sizing
167
> Overcurrent Protection (Series Fusing) is required by [NEC 240] for all source circuits to protect from backfeed under fault conditions.
> To properly size protective devices, round up to next whole number
> For example: 125% * PVscc = 12.25A → 15A fuse
> Maximum Series Fuse Rating on the module manufacturer’s spec sheet.
DC Wiring- Overcurrent Protection
168
> Overcurrent protection is required by [NEC 690.9].
Series Fusing required for more than 2 strings
169
+
-
Combiner boxes are fused
170
SMA SCCB - 6
Unfused Disconnect (SB361)
171
HU 361 RB
DC Disconnect
172
> [NEC 690.13] through [NEC 690.17] provides details
> The Disconnect should only switch the ungrounded conductors.
> The Disconnect is not rated as serviceable equipment
> The Disconnect shall be located in a readily accessible location outside a building or inside nearest the point of penetration of the building.
> Note: Disconnects shall not be installed in bathrooms.
> PV circuit conductors can be run inside a building to a DC disconnect provided they are contained in metallic raceway [NEC 690.31(E)].
NEC 690.17 Requirements
173
> Manually operable switch(es) or circuit breaker(s) which comply with the following requirements:
1) Located where readily accessible.
2) Externally operable without exposing the operator to contact with live parts.
3) Plainly indicating whether in the open or closed position
4) Having an interrupt rating sufficient for the nominal circuit voltage and the current that is available at the line terminals of the equipment.
AC Wiring
174
> Basic AC Design meets 6 requirements
> Proper Circuit Routing
> Overcurrent Protection Sizing
> Voltage Drop and Conductor Sizing
> Line/Supply-Side or Load-Side Point of Connection
> AC Panel Sizing
> AC Disconnect
AC Circuit Routing [NEC 690.64(B)(1)]
175
> Each inverter must have a dedicated circuit with one Over Current Protection Disconnecting Means
> This can be a dedicated circuit to an AC breaker.
OR
> A dedicated circuit to a fused AC disconnect
AC Wiring
176
> Overcurrent Protection Sizing
> The independent overcurrent protection size is 125% of the maximum output current of the inverter
SB 7000US29.1A @ 240Vac
=
2 pole40 AmpBreaker
AC Breaker Size SB 3000US & SB 4000US
177
SB 3000 USMax Output
Current125% of
Max OutputBreaker
Size Poles
240Vac 12.5 A 15.25 20A 2
SB 4000 USMax Output
Current125% of
Max OutputBreaker
Size Poles
240Vac 16.6 A 20.75 25A or 30A 2
The full consequence of NEC 2005 [690.64(B)(2)]
178
> The sum of the ampere ratings of overcurrent devices in circuits supplying power to a busbar or conductor shall not exceed the rating of the busbar or conductor.
> Exception is 120% for dwelling units
> NEC 2008 [690.64(B)(2)]
> The sum of the ampere ratings of overcurrent devices in circuits supplying power to a busbar or conductor shall not exceed 120% of the rating of the busbar or conductor.
Main Breaker Sizing
179
Main Circuit Breaker and Busbar =125A
Empty Slot for SB4000US breaker2 Pole 25/30 Amp
Will this installationcomply with NEC?
NEC 690.64(B)(2) 120% Rule
180
PV + Main ≤ 120% of Bus Bar or Conductor
30 A (PV) + 125A (Main) ≤ 150 A (1.2 x 125A)
155 > 150
Main Breaker and Bus bar rating: 125 A
Now What?
181
> Upgrade the Bus Bar (new distribution panel) = $$$$
> Downgrade the Main Breaker to 100A = $$
> Supply side connection (Line side tap) = $$
AC Voltage Drop and Conductor Sizing
182
> NEC 210.19(A)(1) FPN No. 4 recommends less than 3% voltage drop in branch circuits.
> SMA recommends between 1 % and 1.5% voltage drop.
> Feedback from the field shows fewer AC related calls when this small tolerance is used.
> Use the Voltage Drop Calculator on SMA website
AC Voltage Drop and Conductor Sizing
183
> Branch circuit conductors are sized based on the maximum output current of the inverter [NEC 210.19(A)(1)]
> Equipment grounding conductor is sized by Table 250.122
> Note: if the branch circuit conductors are increased for voltage drop then the equipment grounding conductor must be increased proportionally [NEC 250.122(B)].
Line Side Connections
184
> NEC 690.64(A) allows for connection to the supply side of the service disconnection means.
> This creates a second service entrance
> Must comply with the requirements of NEC 230.82(6)
185
Is an AC side visible indicator disconnect required?
> NEC 690.64 does not specifically require one.
> Check with your local utility about this requirement.
> Some utilities are beginning to phase this out.
> November 21st 2006, PG & E dropped AC disconnect requirement.
> Can be unfused unless it is the primary disconnect for a utility side connection.
DC Ground Current Messages
186
> Three Levels of Ground Current
> 0 to 100 mA (0.1A): Normal
> 100 to 1000 mA (1A): Earth_Cur_max
> > 1000 mA: GFDI Open
> Indicates a problem on the DC side of the installation
Earth Current Max
187
> Earth_Cur_max
> Usually caused by improper installation.
> Pinched or chaffed wires; insulation perforated by rodents.
> Lightning arrestors that do not reset after T- storm.
> Recommended Fix
> Treat this like a ground fault.
NEC 690.5 GFDI
188
> Required roof mounted systems .
> Designed to prevent building fires.
> Requires a label indicating consequences of a ground fault (NEC 690.5 (C))
> Sunny Boy inverters have integrated GFDI.
> Although the GFDI fuse is located inside the inverter, a blown fuse indicates a fault outside the inverter.
INVERTERS DO NOT CAUSE GROUND FAULTS!
Ground Fault Detection
189
GFDI Fuse Open
191
> Indicates a true ground fault> Can appear during initial installation or develop in an existing installation
> Rodents chewing through wires> Mounting screw through the back of a module> Condensation in a junction box> Bonding PV ground outside the inverter> Lightning strike
Busy Squirrels
192
Indication of PV Array Ground Fault
193
Where is the Ground Fault?
194
Positive to Ground
42 Volts
Negative to Ground
63 Volts
42 / 21 = 2 or 2nd
module from the positive home run.
+ -
63/21 = 3 or 3rd module from the negative home run.
Where is the ground fault?
195
+
_
Open Circuit = 400V DC
+ to G = 120V DC
-- to G = 280V DC
400 V / # of Modules ~ 40V per Module
Where is the ground fault?
196
+
_
Open Circuit = 400V DC
+ to G = 360V DC
-- to G = 40V DC
400 V / # of Modules ~ 40V per Module
Where is the ground fault?
197
+
_
Open Circuit = 400V DC
+ to G = 0V DC
-- to G = 400V DC
400 V / # of Modules ~ 40V per Module
Ground Fault Localization
198
> Check to ensure modules & strings are wired correctly
> Check for pinched wires between panels or in conduit
> Check for damage to PV modules.
> Check junction boxes for loose connections or water (especially if wire nuts are used!)
> Check to ensure grounded conductor is not bonded to equipment ground
Required Information for Permitting
> Site plan showing location of major components on the property.
> Not necessarily to scale.
> Should represent relative location of components.
> PV arrays on dwellings with a 3’ perimeter space at ridge and sides do not need fire service approval.
> Electrical diagram showing PV array configuration, wiring system, overcurrent protection, inverter, disconnects, required signs, and AC connection to building
> Specification sheets and installation manuals (if available) for all manufactured components including, but not limited to, PV modules, inverter(s), combiner box, disconnects, and mounting system.
199
Code Organizer Diagram Form
200
http://www.solarabcs.org/permitting/Expermitprocess.pdf
Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance
201
Sunny Boy Mounting
202
> Do not mount in direct sunlight (Ambient temp < 45ºC).> Mount in vertical position only.> Recommended minimum clearance is 8” on all sides; at least 3 feet
between the floor/ground and the DC disconnect.> Do not mount inverters on bedroom walls because they vibrate.
> 3 feet
Indoor Installation
203
> Ensure adequate ventilation
Courtesy: Vincent Endter, Clark Electric
Evidence of Improper Ventilation
204
Avoid Direct Exposure to Sunlight
205
206
1 String of18 Kyocera 170GT(deliberately undersized)
1 SB 6000US
Inverter receives a few hours of sun in the afternoon.
Recommend Sunny Shade!
Sunny Shade?
207
208
OptiCool®: Cooling System
Improper Mounting
209
Preventive maintenance
210
> The Sunny Boy inverters contain no user-serviceable parts except for the fans on the bottom of the enclosure and the handle covers on the sides of the unit.
> For all repair and maintenance always return the unit to an authorized SMA Service Center.
Maintenance – Fan Cleaning
211
1. Periodicity: Every 6 months; sooner depending on environment.2. Turn off DC and AC power to inverter.3. Wait 5 min. for capacitors to discharge.4. Remove fan screen(s)
Remove fan and disconnect from power cable
212
Latch holes
Jumpers configured for fan test
213
Inverter Commissioning
1. Remove covering from PV array (if used).
2. Turn on AC breaker and/or disconnect.
3. Turn on DC disconnect.
4. Inverter will be in “Waiting Mode” for approximately 10 seconds. Green light will be blinking.
5. If there is no fault the inverter will tie to the grid and the green light will change from blinking to solid.
214
SUNNY BOY HF-US : Benefits
Easy Installation
> Light weight: less than 50 pounds
>Fits between wall studs
> No special tools required
> Plug in selector of positive or negative ground
Simple Communication
> Bluetooth® interface
> Graphic display
> Preconfigurable settings
SUNNY BOY HF-US
Maximum Performance
> World class efficiency (95%CEC)
> Maximum module selection
Versatile
> Flexible system design with:
> Voltage input window 175 to 600V
> Maximum DC input current 15 A
> 2 DC terminals expandable to 3 terminals
> Integrated DC disconnect
Graphic Display and Data Logging
Graphic Display available 24 hours
SD card can store inverter data forup to 25 years
Current Power
kWh today
Total kWh
Grid voltage
PV array voltage
Daily power curve
Wireless Bluetooth® Technology
Wireless data logging and monitoring with free Sunny Explorer software
Wireless data logging and monitoring with Sunny Beam Bluetooth®
Fan release
Spring loaded terminals for AC connection
Field configurable for positive ground systems
2 spring loaded DC terminals
DC disconnect switch
Configuration and communication module
3000HF US Disconnect
DIN rail allows expansion for 3 terminals
Stud Mount Installation
> Optional recessed installation
> New or retrofit homes with limited space
> “PV ready“ new home construction
> Available Q1 2011 (no, really)
Introduction to Data Logging and Monitoring
221
222
Solar Plant Tool
> Worldwide system access with web browser
> Cyclic reporting of system yield
> Remote plant diagnosis and configuration
> Data Storage and display via Internet
> Compatible with all SMA inverters
Inverter communication requires:
223
1) One RS- 485 Piggy Back Card2) One RS-485 Cable
3) One Web Box
26 Kyocera KD205 Panels (5.33KW) Scottsdale, AZ
224
Additional Monitoring
> Sunny Beam
> Sunny Portal iPhone app (Free)
> SunnyPortal.mobi (Blackberry, etc)
> Flashview Software (Free)
> Solar Checker app (Free)
225
226
Questions?
