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• 1. CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION TO TEXTILE FIBERS

• high ratio of length to thickness. fineness flexibility,

Fibres have been defined by the Textile Institute as units of matter

characterized by : ¬ A fiber is a material which is several hundred

times as long as its thick.¬ It is defined as one of the delicate, hair

portions of the tissues of a plant or animal or other substances that

are very small in diameter in relation to there length.¬ Fiber:¬2.

Definition of Fiber and Textile fibers

• It is a smallest textile component which is microscopic hair

like substance that may be manmade or natural.¬ It is the basic

structural element of textile products.¬ their length/width ratio is at

least 1000:1 individual fibres (or elements of a continuous

filament) weigh only a few micrograms The characteristic

dimensions of fibres are the basis of their use and need to be

stressed: ¬ Other characteristics might be added, if the fibre is to

be of any use for general textile purposes, a sufficiently high

temperature stability and a certain minimum strength and

moderate extensibility.¬3. Cont…

• Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is not a textile fiber.

Because it can not fill up the above properties. So we can say that

all fiber are not textile fiber.¬ Other important properties include

elasticity, fineness, uniformity, durability, and luster.¬ The

essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a

length of at least 5 mill imeters, flexibility, cohesiveness, and

sufficient strength.¬ Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made

into a fabric by various methods including weaving, knitting,braiding, felting, and twisting.¬ Textile fiber has some

characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber.¬4. Textile

Fiber:



• the synthetic (manufactured) polymers, polyamide,

polyester, polyolefin and vinyl (including acrylic). cellulose and

proteins, the natural polymers, A remarkable fact is that almost

all the general textile fibre market is met by six polymer types: ¬ all

textile fibers are partially oriented, linear polymers.¬ This is an

unusual intermediate range of extensibility, since glasses and

crystalline solids are less extensible, whereas rubbers are much

more extensible.¬ ordinary textile fibres must be, at least partly,

elastic up to breaking extensions between 5 and 50%.¬5. Cont…

• flammability.♣ thermal characteristics, ♣ chemical

resistance, ♣ luster, ♣ density, ♣ fiber resiliency, abrasion

resistance, ♣ moisture absorption characteristics, ♣ Certain other

fiber properties increase its value and desirability in its intended

end-use but are not necessary properties essential to make a fiber.

Such secondary properties include : There are several primary

properties necessary for a polymeric material to make an adequate

fiber. Basic Textile Fiber Properties¬6. Essential properties

Textile Fibers

• Fiber cohesiveness.♣ Fiber extensibility and elasticity,♣

Fiber strength and flexibility,♣ Fiber uniformity,♣ Fiber length to

width ratio,♣ Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are:7.

CONT..

• Length to Width Ratio: Fibrous material must possess

adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be

considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber. Length

to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows: Fiber Length toWidth Ratio Cotton 1400 Wool 8000 Flax 170 Silk 330000• But to

be a fiber the staple length must not be less than ½ inch.

According to the length, the fibers may be classified into the

following two categories: Staple Fiber, Filament Fiber¬8. CONT.



• Tenacity :force per unit linear density That is, tenacity =

breaking load/ mass per unit length Tenacity express as grams per

tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd).¬ In case of describing the

strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used.¬ With

this term (strength / tensile strength) we may describe the ability of

a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension / load.¬

Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength

(that is tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-

sectional area.¬9. Cont…Strength:

• 10. Tenacity of Some Common Fiber:Fiber Grams Per

DenierRaw cotton 3.0 - 4.9Jute 3.0 - 5.8Flax 2.6 - 7.7Ramie

5.5Silk 2.4 - 5.1Wool 1.1 - 1.7Hemp 5.8 - 6.8

• It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which

the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into

yarns.¬ It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber.¬ Many

substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note

pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle.Cohesiveness:¬ The

fibers should be sufficient by poliable, then only it can be wrapped

around another fiber during spinning.¬ It is one of the essential

property of textile fiber.¬11. Cont…Flexibility:

• So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in

order to manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics.¬ There is no

problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for natural fiber

uniformity is difficult to achieve.¬ To make a good quality yarn, it is

important that the fibers must be similar in length and width in

spinning quality and in flexibility .¬

It may describe the similaritiesin length of fiber which are spun into yarn.¬12. Cont….Uniformity:

• The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined

by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many

times it is held in the stretched position.¬ Elastic recovery is



expressed as percentage.¬ If a fiber returns to its original length

from a specified amount of attenuation, it is said to have 100%

elastic recovery at x-percent elongation.¬ Elastic recovery is the

percent to return from elongation towards its original length.¬13.

Cont….Elastic Recovery:

• Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used

natural fibre since ancient times.¬ Fibers can be divided into

natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres.¬ For many

thousand years, the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers

such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibres for different

applications.¬ The history of Traces of natural fibers have been

located to ancient civilizations all over the globe.¬14.

CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES

• Inorganic fibres¬Inorganic fibresSynthetic fibres

Regenerated fibres Man Made fibers ¬ Mineral fibers Animal

Fibres Vegetable Fibres Natural Fibers ¬15. Classification of

Fibres

• Leng Type(Natural and manufactured) Classification of

fibers can be done by:¬16. Cont… Size(Ultra fine, fine, regular,

course)th(Short staple, long staple, continuous filament)

• 17. Classification of Fibres

• mineralsAnimal Plant Under them there are various

categories: ¬ Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an

animal, vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after

spinning into yarns and then into fabric.¬18. NATURAL FIBRE

• fibre of fruit/ nut shells(coconut fibre – Coir) cotton and

linen are the most important among them.¬ fibre occurring around

the trunk (hemp palm)¬ tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila

hemp, sisal hemp etc)¬ phloem fiber (flax, ramie ,hemp, jute)¬



fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton, java cotton)¬19. Vegetable

fibersThey can be further on classified as:

• High Lignin content – Jute, Hemp¬ Low Lignin content –

Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie¬ Bast fibres¬20.

Cont…..

• the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like

coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality. 90% cellulose,6%

moisture and the remainder fats and impurities. cotton fibre grows

in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant . each fibre is a single

elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner

hollow (lumen).Composition¬ Cotton is a soft fibre that grows

around the seeds of the cotton plant .¬21. Cotton

• it has a flat twisted tube shape.¬ it has 10%increase in

strength when wet.¬ its fibre length ranges from ½ inches to

2inches¬ it has poor wrinkle resistance, shrinkage, poor acid

resistance , less abrasion resistance , susceptible to damage by

moths and mildew, need slots of maintenance and stains are

difficult to remove.¬ it is fresh , crisp , comfortable ,absorbent ,

flexible, has no pilling problems and has good resistance to

alkalis.¬ The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton

unique properties of strength, durability, and absorbency.¬22.

PROPERTIESIt has 8% moisture regain

• They are obtained by the process called retting¬ A

special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point

represents a weak point.¬ The bast fibres have often higher tensile

strength than other kinds, and ropes, yarn, paper, composites and

burlap.¬23. BAST FIBREBast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected

from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain

plantProperties



• it has low wet strength, low elongation and inexpensive to

reduce¬ it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects.¬

it is generally used in geo textiles.¬ The plant grows up to a height

of 2.5m and its fibre length is about 2m.¬ It is a lingo -cellulosic

fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood.¬ Jute is a

long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse,

strong¬ Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second

only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed

primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin .Properties¬24. JUTE

FIBRE

• its plant height is 2.5m and its strength is eight times more

than cotton.¬ it is fine absorbent ,quick drying fibre, is slightly stiff

and possesses high natural lustre.¬ Ramie requires chemical

processing to de-gum the fibre.¬ Ramie is one of the oldest fibre

crops, having been used for.Properties¬25. RAMIE FIBRE

• Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and

durability, resistance to ultraviolet light and mold, comfort and good

absorbency¬ Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long, running the

length of the plant.¬ it is yellowish brown fibre¬ Depending on the

processing used to remove the fiber from the stem, the hemp

naturally maybe creamy white, brown, gray, black or

green.Properties¬26. HEMP FIBRE

• Secretion Fibres(Filament) , Silk, Spider Silk(Insect fibre)

Hair Fibres (Staple) ;Wool, Specialty hair fibres The most

commonly used type of animal fiber is ¬27. ANIMAL

FIBRESAnimal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely ofproteins such as silk, hair/fur, wool and feathers.

• it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is naturally

a white coloured fiber.¬ it is relatively lustrous ,smooth, lightweight,

strong and elastic.¬ it is the longest and thinnest natural filament



fibre with the longest filament around 3000yards.¬ It’s a fine

continuous strand unwound from the cocoon of a moth caterpillar

known as the silkworm.¬ Properties¬28. SILK FIBREsilk is a

natural fiber that can be woven into textiles. It is obtained from the

cocoon of the silk worm larva, in the process known as sericulture

• due to crimp present in it, it has heat in stored withinthe

length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches.¬ it exhibits felting

property and is easy to spin¬ it has the highest moisture regain

i.e., 14%.¬29. WOOLWool is the fiber derived from the fur of

animals principalproperties

• In addition to clothing, wool has been used as carpeting,

felt, wool insulation¬ merino wool is the best grade of wool.¬ there

are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece wool taken from live

sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead.¬30.

Cont…

• Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is

restricted.¬ It is acid proof, flame proof and rust proof.¬ It is

fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron

and aluminum and other minerals.¬ Asbestos is the only natural

mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks.properties¬31.

MINERAL FIBRE

• Protein– Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre, Zein fibre

Azlon fibre from corn andCellulosic– Cotton linters and wood pulp

Viscose rayon, Cupra-ammonium, Cellulose Acetate (secondary

and triacetate), Polynosic, High Wet Modulus (HWM)Regenerated

Fibres¬32. MAN MADE

• Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose The three

types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon, acetate and

triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton

fibres called linters. Cellulose is made of repeat units of the



monomer glucose. Wood, paper, and cotton all contain cellulose.

Cellulose is an excellent fiber. Cellulose is one of many polymers

found in nature.33. Natural man made fibre(A) Cellulosic fibres

• 34. Cont…B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibres:Protein:•

Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nut• From

other Sources:• Mineral: Glass, Ceramic and Graphite Metallic

Fibres: By mining and refining of metals like silver, gold, aluminum

and steel.• Rubber Fibres: Sap tapped from the rubber tree.• Fibre

forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)

• there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose

and cupra ammonium r¬ The fiber is sold as artificial silk¬ Rayon

is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is

not as cellulosic fiber.¬ it loses 30-50% of its strength when it is

wet.¬ it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface.¬ it is the

first man made fibre .¬35. RAYONRayon is a manufactured

regenerated cellulosic fiber.ayon.

• Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it

does not accept dyes ordinarily used for cotton and rayon.¬

Shrink, moth and mildew resistant¬ Relatively fast drying¬

Excellent drapability and softness¬ Wide range of colors and

lusters¬ Luxurious feel and appearance¬ Acetate is derived from

cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp with acetic

acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid.Acetate

Fiber Characteristics¬ A manufactured fiber in which the fiber

forming substance is cellulose acetate.¬36. ACETATE

• Polypropylene¬ Polyethylene¬ Polyolefins¬ Polyvinylide

Chloride and Copolymers¬ Polystyrene and Copolymers¬

Polyvinyl alcohol¬ Polyacrilonitrile¬ Polyvinylchloride –

Acrylonitrile¬ Polyvinylchloride acetate¬ Polyvinylchloride¬

Polyvinyl derivatives¬ Polyester-Terylene, Terene, Dacron etc.¬



Polyamides-Nylon 66, Nylon 610, Nylon 6 etc¬37. Man made

Synthetic Fibres

• 38. MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE• POLYESTER,

NYLONARAMID, ACRYLICMODACRYLIC,• SPANDEX, OLEFIN,

VINYONSARAN, NYTRILTEFLON / FLUOROCARBONALGINATE

:• Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from

certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as

surgical dressings which can be ;Polyester, Nylon , Natural

rubber .

• it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear

fabric.¬ it is lustrous and its hand is crisp.¬ the fibre has a rod like

shape with a smooth surface.¬ they are thermoplastic, have good

strength and are hydrophobic¬ it can be dyed with only disperse

dyes¬ it has a high melting temperature¬ The term "polyester" is

most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate

(PET).¬ Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester

functional group in their main c¬39. POLYESTER

• Nylon is found in clothing all the time, but also in other

places, in the form of a thermoplastic material.¬ There are several

forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon

4, 6, 6.6, 6.10, 6.12,8,10 and 11.¬ Nylon is one of the most

common polymers used asA fiber.¬40. NYLON

• the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth

surface¬ nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline

regions and make fibers.¬ These amide groups are very polar and

are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds.¬ Nylons are also

called polyamides, because of the characteristic amide groups in

the backbone chain.¬41. Cont…

• Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect,

the Payne effect and is often model her elastic.¬ Rubber exhibits



unique physical and chemical properties.¬ The material properties

of natural rubber make it an elastomer .¬ Synthetic rubber can be

made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers¬ Natural

rubber is essentially a polymer of isoprene units, a hydrocarbon

dienemonomer.¬42. Cont…

• Metallic fibres-Aluminium, silver, gold and stainless steel¬

Ceramic – Alumina, Silica and Graphite fibres – Carbon¬ Glass–

Silica sand, lime stone and other minerals¬43. Inorganic Fibres

• In order to induce crystallization, it must be heated to te¬

In its pure form it exists as a polymer¬ The basis of textile grade

glass fibers issilica, SiO¬ it has a high degree of viscosity¬ It is

also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely

fine fibers of glass. Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or

other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile

processing¬44. GLASS FIBRE

• it has a good thermal insulation, with at thermal

conductivity of 0.05 W/m¬ By trapping air within them, blocks of

glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer

products.¬ The rest type of glass use for fiber was soda-lime glass

or A glass which¬45. con

• It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after

extended periods¬ Humidity is an important factor in the tensile

adsorbed, and can worsen microscopic crack defects, and lessen

tenacity.¬ Because glass has anamorphous structure, its

properties are the s¬46.

• Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing.¬

They are made through laminating process.¬ More recently,

aluminum yarns, aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass.¬

Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal, plastic-



coated metal, metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns

for fabric decoration.¬47. METALLIC FIBRES

• They are used mainly for decorative purpose.¬ Ironing

can be problematic because the heat from the iron, especially at

high temperatures, can melt the fibers.¬ If possible anything made

with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned.¬ When suitable

adhesives and films are used, they are not affected by salt water,

chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions.¬48.

Cont…

• 49. Thank you

• . CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION TO TEXTILE FIBERS

• high ratio of length to thickness. fineness flexibility,

Fibres have been defined by the Textile Institute as units of matter

characterized by : ¬ A fiber is a material which is several hundred

times as long as its thick.¬ It is defined as one of the delicate, hair

portions of the tissues of a plant or animal or other substances that

are very small in diameter in relation to there length.¬ Fiber:¬2.

Definition of Fiber and Textile fibers

• It is a smallest textile component which is microscopic hair

like substance that may be manmade or natural.¬ It is the basic

structural element of textile products.¬ their length/width ratio is at

least 1000:1 individual fibres (or elements of a continuous

filament) weigh only a few micrograms The characteristic

dimensions of fibres are the basis of their use and need to be

stressed: ¬ Other characteristics might be added, if the fibre is to

be of any use for general textile purposes, a sufficiently high

temperature stability and a certain minimum strength and

moderate extensibility.¬3. Cont…



• Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is not a textile fiber.

Because it can not fill up the above properties. So we can say that

all fiber are not textile fiber.¬ Other important properties include

elasticity, fineness, uniformity, durability, and luster.¬ The

essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a

length of at least 5 mill imeters, flexibility, cohesiveness, and

sufficient strength.¬ Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made

into a fabric by various methods including weaving, knitting,

braiding, felting, and twisting.¬ Textile fiber has some

characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber.¬4. Textile

Fiber:

• the synthetic (manufactured) polymers, polyamide,

polyester, polyolefin and vinyl (including acrylic). cellulose and

proteins, the natural polymers, A remarkable fact is that almost

all the general textile fibre market is met by six polymer types: ¬ all

textile fibers are partially oriented, linear polymers.¬ This is an

unusual intermediate range of extensibility, since glasses and

crystalline solids are less extensible, whereas rubbers are much

more extensible.¬ ordinary textile fibres must be, at least partly,

elastic up to breaking extensions between 5 and 50%.¬5. Cont…

• flammability.♣ thermal characteristics, ♣ chemical

resistance, ♣ luster, ♣ density, ♣ fiber resiliency, abrasion

resistance, ♣ moisture absorption characteristics, ♣ Certain other

fiber properties increase its value and desirability in its intended

end-use but are not necessary properties essential to make a fiber.

Such secondary properties include : There are several primary

properties necessary for a polymeric material to make an adequate

fiber. Basic Textile Fiber Properties¬6. Essential properties

Textile Fibers

• Fiber cohesiveness.♣ Fiber extensibility and elasticity,♣

Fiber strength and flexibility,♣ Fiber uniformity,♣ Fiber length to



width ratio,♣ Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are:7.

CONT..

• Length to Width Ratio: Fibrous material must possess

adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be

considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber. Length

to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows: Fiber Length to

Width Ratio Cotton 1400 Wool 8000 Flax 170 Silk 330000• But to

be a fiber the staple length must not be less than ½ inch.

According to the length, the fibers may be classified into the

following two categories: Staple Fiber, Filament Fiber¬8. CONT.

• Tenacity :force per unit linear density That is, tenacity =

breaking load/ mass per unit length Tenacity express as grams per

tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd).¬ In case of describing the

strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used.¬ With

this term (strength / tensile strength) we may describe the ability of

a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension / load.¬

Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength

(that is tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-

sectional area.¬9. Cont…Strength:

• 10. Tenacity of Some Common Fiber:Fiber Grams Per

DenierRaw cotton 3.0 - 4.9Jute 3.0 - 5.8Flax 2.6 - 7.7Ramie

5.5Silk 2.4 - 5.1Wool 1.1 - 1.7Hemp 5.8 - 6.8

• It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which

the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into

yarns.¬ It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber.¬ Many

substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note

pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle.Cohesiveness:¬ The

fibers should be sufficient by poliable, then only it can be wrapped

around another fiber during spinning.¬ It is one of the essential

property of textile fiber.¬11. Cont…Flexibility:



• So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in

order to manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics.¬ There is no

problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for natural fiber

uniformity is difficult to achieve.¬ To make a good quality yarn, it is

important that the fibers must be similar in length and width in

spinning quality and in flexibility .¬ It may describe the similarities

in length of fiber which are spun into yarn.¬12. Cont….Uniformity:

• The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined

by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many

times it is held in the stretched position.¬ Elastic recovery is

expressed as percentage.¬ If a fiber returns to its original length

from a specified amount of attenuation, it is said to have 100%

elastic recovery at x-percent elongation.¬ Elastic recovery is the

percent to return from elongation towards its original length.¬13.

Cont….Elastic Recovery:

• Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used

natural fibre since ancient times.¬ Fibers can be divided into

natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres.¬ For many

thousand years, the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers

such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibres for different

applications.¬ The history of Traces of natural fibers have been

located to ancient civilizations all over the globe.¬14.

CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES

• Inorganic fibres¬Inorganic fibresSynthetic fibres

Regenerated fibres Man Made fibers ¬ Mineral fibers Animal

Fibres Vegetable Fibres

Natural Fibers

¬15. Classification of

Fibres

• Lengt Type(Natural and manufactured) Classification of

fibers can be done by:¬16. Cont… Size(Ultra fine, fine, regular,

course)h(Short staple, long staple, continuous filament)





unique properties of strength, durability, and absorbency.¬22.

PROPERTIESIt has 8% moisture regain

• They are obtained by the process called retting¬ A

special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point

represents a weak point.¬ The bast fibres have often higher tensile

strength than other kinds, and ropes, yarn, paper, composites and

burlap.¬23. BAST FIBREBast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected

from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain

plantProperties

• it has low wet strength, low elongation and inexpensive to

reduce¬ it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects.¬

it is generally used in geo textiles.¬ The plant grows up to a height

of 2.5m and its fibre length is about 2m.¬ It is a lingo -cellulosic

fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood.¬ Jute is a

long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse,

strong¬ Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second

only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed

primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin .Properties¬24. JUTE

FIBRE

• its plant height is 2.5m and its strength is eight times more

than cotton.¬ it is fine absorbent ,quick drying fibre, is slightly stiff

and possesses high natural lustre.¬ Ramie requires chemical

processing to de-gum the fibre.¬ Ramie is one of the oldest fibre

crops, having been used for.Properties¬25. RAMIE FIBRE

• Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and

durability, resistance to ultraviolet light and mold, comfort and good

absorbency¬ Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long, running the

length of the plant.¬ it is yellowish brown fibre¬ Depending on the

processing used to remove the fiber from the stem, the hemp



naturally maybe creamy white, brown, gray, black or

green.Properties¬26. HEMP FIBRE

• Secretion Fibres(Filament) , Silk, Spider Silk(Insect fibre)

Hair Fibres (Staple) ;Wool, Specialty hair fibres The most

commonly used type of animal fiber is ¬27. ANIMAL

FIBRESAnimal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of

proteins such as silk, hair/fur, wool and feathers.

• it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is naturally

a white coloured fiber.¬ it is relatively lustrous ,smooth, lightweight,

strong and elastic.¬ it is the longest and thinnest natural filament

fibre with the longest filament around 3000yards.¬ It’s a fine

continuous strand unwound from the cocoon of a moth caterpillar

known as the silkworm.¬ Properties¬28. SILK FIBREsilk is a

natural fiber that can be woven into textiles. It is obtained from the

cocoon of the silk worm larva, in the process known as sericulture

• due to crimp present in it, it has heat in stored withinthe

length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches.¬ it exhibits felting

property and is easy to spin¬ it has the highest moisture regain

i.e., 14%.¬29. WOOLWool is the fiber derived from the fur of

animals principalproperties

• In addition to clothing, wool has been used as carpeting,

felt, wool insulation¬ merino wool is the best grade of wool.¬ there

are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece wool taken from live

sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead.¬30.

Cont…

• Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is

restricted.¬ It is acid proof, flame proof and rust proof.¬ It is

fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron

and aluminum and other minerals.¬ Asbestos is the only natural



mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks.properties¬31.

MINERAL FIBRE

• Protein– Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre, Zein fibre

Azlon fibre from corn andCellulosic– Cotton linters and wood pulp

Viscose rayon, Cupra-ammonium, Cellulose Acetate (secondary

and triacetate), Polynosic, High Wet Modulus (HWM)Regenerated

Fibres¬32. MAN MADE

• Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose The three

types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon, acetate and

triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton

fibres called linters. Cellulose is made of repeat units of the

monomer glucose. Wood, paper, and cotton all contain cellulose.

Cellulose is an excellent fiber. Cellulose is one of many polymers

found in nature.33. Natural man made fibre(A) Cellulosic fibres

• 34. Cont…B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibres:Protein:•

Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nut• From

other Sources:• Mineral: Glass, Ceramic and Graphite Metallic

Fibres: By mining and refining of metals like silver, gold, aluminum

and steel.• Rubber Fibres: Sap tapped from the rubber tree.• Fibre

forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)

• there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose

and cupra ammonium ra¬ The fiber is sold as artificial silk¬ Rayon

is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is

not as cellulosic fiber.¬ it loses 30-50% of its strength when it is

wet.¬ it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface.¬ it is the

first man made fibre .¬35. RAYONRayon is a manufactured

regenerated cellulosic fiber.yon.

• Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it

does not accept dyes ordinarily used for cotton and rayon.¬

Shrink, moth and mildew resistant¬ Relatively fast drying¬



Excellent drapability and softness¬ Wide range of colors and

lusters¬ Luxurious feel and appearance¬ Acetate is derived from

cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp with acetic

acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid.Acetate

Fiber Characteristics¬ A manufactured fiber in which the fiber

forming substance is cellulose acetate.¬36. ACETATE

• Polypropylene¬ Polyethylene¬ Polyolefins¬ Polyvinylide

Chloride and Copolymers¬ Polystyrene and Copolymers¬

Polyvinyl alcohol¬ Polyacrilonitrile¬ Polyvinylchloride –

Acrylonitrile¬ Polyvinylchloride acetate¬ Polyvinylchloride¬

Polyvinyl derivatives¬ Polyester-Terylene, Terene, Dacron etc.¬

Polyamides-Nylon 66, Nylon 610, Nylon 6 etc¬37. Man made

Synthetic Fibres

• 38. MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE• POLYESTER,

NYLONARAMID, ACRYLICMODACRYLIC,• SPANDEX, OLEFIN,

VINYONSARAN, NYTRILTEFLON / FLUOROCARBONALGINATE

:• Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from

certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as

surgical dressings which can be ;Polyester, Nylon , Natural

rubber .

• it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear

fabric.¬ it is lustrous and its hand is crisp.¬ the fibre has a rod like

shape with a smooth surface.¬ they are thermoplastic, have good

strength and are hydrophobic¬ it can be dyed with only disperse

dyes¬ it has a high melting temperature¬ The term "polyester" is

most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate(PET).¬ Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester

functional group in their main c¬39. POLYESTER

• Nylon is found in clothing all the time, but also in other

places, in the form of a thermoplastic material.¬ There are several



forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon

4, 6, 6.6, 6.10, 6.12,8,10 and 11.¬ Nylon is one of the most

common polymers used asA fiber.¬40. NYLON

• the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth

surface¬ nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline

regions and make fibers.¬ These amide groups are very polar and

are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds.¬ Nylons are also

called polyamides, because of the characteristic amide groups in

the backbone chain.¬41. Cont…

• Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect,

the Payne effect and is often model her elastic.¬ Rubber exhibits

unique physical and chemical properties.¬ The material properties

of natural rubber make it an elastomer .¬ Synthetic rubber can be

made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers¬ Natural

rubber is essentially a polymer of isoprene units, a hydrocarbon

dienemonomer.¬42. Cont…

• Metallic fibres-Aluminium, silver, gold and stainless steel¬

Ceramic – Alumina, Silica and Graphite fibres – Carbon¬ Glass–

Silica sand, lime stone and other minerals¬43. Inorganic Fibres

• In order to induce crystallization, it must be heated to te¬

In its pure form it exists as a polymer¬ The basis of textile grade

glass fibers issilica, SiO¬ it has a high degree of viscosity¬ It is

also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely

fine fibers of glass. Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or

other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile

processing¬44. GLASS FIBRE

• it has a good thermal insulation, with at thermal

conductivity of 0.05 W/m¬ By trapping air within them, blocks of

glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer



products.¬ The rest type of glass use for fiber was soda-lime glass

or A glass which¬45. con

• It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after

extended periods¬ Humidity is an important factor in the tensile

adsorbed, and can worsen microscopic crack defects, and lessen

tenacity.¬ Because glass has anamorphous structure, its

properties are the s¬46.

• Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing.¬

They are made through laminating process.¬ More recently,

aluminum yarns, aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass.¬

Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal, plastic-

coated metal, metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns

for fabric decoration.¬47. METALLIC FIBRES

• They are used mainly for decorative purpose.¬ Ironing

can be problematic because the heat from the iron, especially at

high temperatures, can melt the fibers.¬ If possible anything made

with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned.¬ When suitable

adhesives and films are used, they are not affected by salt water,

chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions.¬48.

Cont…

• 49. Thank you

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