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Putting the hydrogen into hybridization

Summary of the Joint WorkshopJPs Fuel Cells & Hydrogen and Energy Storage

Stephen McPhail (ENEA) – Coordinator of the Joint Programme FCH

Rome8 November 2019

Key topics today

Putting the hydrogen into hybridization – JP FCH and ES 5 November 2019, Rome

• 2050 & the role of Hydrogen: opportunity and sustainability

• Fuel Cells, Hydrogen and Energy storage: synergies and interfaces

• Proposals for joint and future EERA action

FCH and Energy Storage: the missing link

• Zero-carbon by 2050? → High penetration of fluctuating renewables• Electron transport only will not match supply with demand• Scaling required in energy storage and transportation volume

Putting the hydrogen into hybridization – JP FCH and ES 5 November 2019, Rome

FCH and Energy Storage: the missing link

• Sector coupling: links networks, increasing flexibility and volume

Putting the hydrogen into hybridization – JP FCH and ES 5 November 2019, Rome

FCH flexibility: the CH2P project

6

PILOT

TESTINGSize for the Pilot

site testing at

Shell Technology

Center in

Amsterdam

100kgH2/d

OVERALL

EFFICIENC

YOverall efficiency

between output H2

and power

capacity and input

gas HHV

75%

H2

PRODUCTIO

N COSTBased on

innovative cost

model at refueling

station

4,5€/kg

The EERA JP FCH for Horizon 2020

1Electrolytes

HT Membranes, electrolytes, degradation mechanisms, accelerated testing methods

2Catalysts &

Electrodes New cat/elect., deposition techniques, membrane assembling, low Pt load

3Stack materials

and DesignInterconnect, bipolar plates, contacting and gas diffusion layers, New sealing materials,

novel design

4Systems

New materials/coatings corrosion resistant, fuel processing and fuel upgrade/clean up, heat

management, power conditioning

5

Modelling,

Validation and

Diagnosis

Cell, stack, system levels:. Models on: kinetic, thermal and water management, non

isothermal operations, degradation mechanisms, simulation tools, predictive models for

performance and life time, dynamic, control strategies

6

Hydrogen

Production and

Handling

Thermo chemical; Biochemical; Algae; Photo catalysis; Thermolysis, storage of compressed

and liquid hydrogen, C&S gap analysis and pre normative research concerning H2 safety

7

Hydrogen

StorageCompressed and Liquid Hydrogen Storage, Hydrogen carriers, Hydrogen Storage Systems

The thematic sub-programmes

Putting the hydrogen into hybridization – JP FCH and ES 5 November 2019, Rome

The EERA JP FCH for Horizon Europe

Implementation Plan 2018 – 2030, prepared by JP FCH

150 pages of strategic topics for R&D in FCH:

➢Highlight main areas where long-term research is needed in each SP

➢Rationales, Challenges and expected outcomes defined

➢Topics formulated for future R&D projects

In order to:

➢Identify and exploit synergies across Europe and facilitate joint efforts

➢Aid strategic planning and basis for discussion for support through EU programmes

→ Endorsed by Hydrogen Europe Research→ Joint formulation of KPIs for (basic) R&D

Putting the hydrogen into hybridization – JP FCH and ES 5 November 2019, Rome

MAP

Large Scale Material

Development Initiatives

Canadian – German Accelerated Material Development and Scale Up Platform

H2 & CO2

catalysers

Concept

MAPsClean Energy

Admixture of 20% hydrogen in natural gas

For more information, this article on the durzaam ameland website.

Gas distribution grid & Appliances - Results

• No deterioration effects of materials after 3,5 years

• Permeation: known phenomenon for polymers. No problemin case of free flow of H2.

• Appliances were robust for the test period.

• Variation of electric ionisation current

• Show less emission of CO and CO2

• No visible effects of damage caused by H2For more information, the public Kiwa report “Waterstof in aardgas op Ameland”. (Including English summary)

12

H2 Storage: Technical Potential of Salt Caverns

60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Cavern Storage Capacity [GWh]

[1] Caglayan, D.et al.: Technical Potential of Salt Caverns for Hydrogen Storage in Europe. Preprints 2019.

EERA workshops 5-8 Nov 2019_Adelbert Goede DIFFER 13 / 18

Challenge: Sustainable Aviation Fuel

Hydrogen: low energy density (1/3000 kerosene) – too bulky• liquefied at 20K: 4.5x lower, • pressurised at 700 bar: 6.7x lower→New aircraft design, fuel system, ground handling and storage system.Short haul flights? →Qualification will take > 10 yrs and > 100 M$

Batteries: low specific energy (1/50), low energy density (1/14)• Long haul aviation not feasible – too heavyExample: Airbus A 380 would need a 14.000 ton batteryto replace current 260 ton kerosene pay-load

Bio Fuel: Current EU policy • Food vs. Fuel vs. Flora trilemma – there is not enough of itcurrent kerosene consumption 5Mbarrel/day (requires 2 to 5 x NL area )• Social acceptance

Hybrid: DLR H2 Antares, 36kW FC powered, 80 kg, 10 kWh battery 45-60kW @ 50kg, range 750km, speed 170km/hr, altitude 4 kmone seater glider

14Rome: 05 Nov 2019: EERA Joint Programmes FCH and Energy Storage Workshop

Attributional modelling

E-Bike 9 gCO2/kmEU mix electricityNo infrastructures

Car 229 gCO2/kmEU fuel mix No infrastructures

For accounting: a purely descriptive documentation of the potential environmental impacts of the system under analysis (e.g. a product, sector, or country).

For micro-scale decision support: the decisions, actions or products analysed are assumed to have limited or no structural consequences outside the decision-context, i.e. they are supposed not to change available production capacity

Example: Attributional inventory modelling

How do you go to the beach for an ice-cream???

E-Bike GHG savings = 220 gCO2/km

15Rome: 05 Nov 2019: EERA Joint Programmes FCH and Energy Storage Workshop

Consequential modelling

Decision support at strategic level :Decisions aimed at causing structural consequences outside the decision-context, (i.e. they are supposed to change available production capacity). (e.g. raw materials strategies, technology scenarios, policy options).

Expected impacts of a policy target of 1 M E-Bikes?

Walking 0 Gt CO2

Weighted average 23 gCO2/km

Car 271 Gt CO2(229 WTW + 42 constr)

Bus 101 Gt CO26 construction and disposal + 95 WTW

Bike 5 Gt CO2Only construction and disposal

5 %

75 %

3 %

7 %

Baseline scenario

Couch 0 Gt CO2Rebound effect

10 %

Weighted average 20

Higher cost Li = Less electric cars that may actually replace fossil fueled cars

iLUC (indirect Lithium Use Change)

E-Bike 27 Gt CO2(9 WTW+ 13 construction and disposal + 5 iLUC )

Competition for lithium batteries

Competition for raw materials

E-Bike 22 Gt CO21000 km/y (9 WTW+ 13 production and disposal)

Reference scenario

Food consumptionBike 21 (16 food + 5 production)

Weighted average 35

E-Bike GHG savings = 9 Gt CO2

Reduced consumption of other goodsHigher taxation = Lower incomeE-Bike 26 gCO2/km(9 WTW+ 13 prod. +5 iLUC -1 LowCons.)

EERA JP FCH and Energy Storage: Common Areas

Synergy mapping JP FCH JP Energy Storage New (uncovered) Joint

Tasks

Applications and

processes

Better electrodes, electrolytes,

bipolar plates

Manufacturing processes and

(durability) testing

Same plus plasmolysis

Synthesis of CO, hydrocarbons and

ammonia…

Direct Air Capture

TBD next Spring

Materials :

1. Conduction materials and oxygen evolution materials: improvement, upscaling

2. Components: microstructure, robustness and cost-effectiveness

3. Cation- and Anion-exchange membranes and systems

4. high/intermediate-temperature electrolytes: tailoring to applications

5. recycling and addressing supply chain bottlenecks

6. Explore link with EERA JP AMPEA

Putting the hydrogen into hybridization – JP FCH and ES 5 November 2019, Rome

EERA JP FCH and Energy Storage: Common Areas

Synergy mapping JP FCH JP Energy Storage New (uncovered) Joint

Tasks

Applications and

processes

Hydrocarbon synthesis

High-temperature chemical

engineering

Hydrogen (carrier) storage,

handling and transport

Power to X=Fuel and proteins… TBD next Spring

Storage and distribution:

1. Utilization of residual or renewable CO2, electrochemical reduction of CO2

2. Explore link with EERA JP Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

3. Thermal storage and high-temperature (>300°C) electrochemical reactors: integration

and optimization

4. Hydrogen injection into the gas grid: pipeline protection, hydrogen separation, metering

5. Hydrogen storage in gas, liquid and solid phases

6. Solar electrolysis

Putting the hydrogen into hybridization – JP FCH and ES 5 November 2019, Rome

EERA JP FCH and Energy Storage : Common Areas

Synergy mapping JP FCH JP Energy Storage New (uncovered) Joint

Tasks

Applications and

processes

HPC and open source modelling

Redox Flow Batteries with

innovative chemistries

Solid-state cells

Engineering of redox flow batteries

(stacks, feeds) to minimize losses

Optimal Operation of storage

technologies (Island and continental),

Techno-economic/environmental

aspects, system integration

TBD next spring

Emerging technologies:

1. Mathematical modelling: architectures, material design, stacking, packing, balance-of-

plant, upscaling

2. Redox flow batteries: corrosion, degradation, retention of charge, optimizing operational

conditions, device sizing and upscaling, ageing models

3. Electrolytes and electrodes for all solid-state energy storage devices: design, durability,

monitoring and diagnostics, cost, reversibility, balance-of-plant, cyclability

Putting the hydrogen into hybridization – JP FCH and ES 5 November 2019, Rome

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▪ Stephen McPhail – JPC FCH

▪ stephen.mcphail@enea.it

Thank you

https://www.eera-set.eu/eera-joint-programmes-jps/fuel-cells-and-hydrogen/