An Introduction to the Astrology of William Lilly

Copyright © 2003 Sue Ward All rights reserved

Introduction

This paper addresses various points relating to the astrological system presented by William Lilly during the mid- to late seventeenth century. Its content is based largely on the Considerations Before Judgement, and some points are treated broadly, while others are dealt with in more detail. All have exercised the minds of the astrologers of our present age.

William Lilly was the last truly great astrologer of the West; his influence within political circles during the English Civil War was remarkable and where his influence ended, that of his friends began. What makes this more notable is that he came from a poor farming family in Leicestershire and, although landowners, Lilly’s father could not afford to send him to university1. It did not prevent him from becoming the confidante of, and adviser to, some of the most powerful men of the time.

Lilly’s work ranks alongside, and derives from, amongst others, Ptolemy, Dariot, Cardan and Bonatti:

"It remaines, that I give every Author his due, and deale plainly, unto which of them I am engaged for such matter as they have assisted me with in the Introductory part: verily the Method is my owne, it’s no translation; yet have I conferred my notes with Dariot, Bonatus, Ptolomey, Haly, Etzler, Dietericus, Naibod, Hasfurtus, Zael, Tanstetor, Agrippa, Ferriers, Duret, Maginus, Origanus, Argol."2

Regarding his sources for the second book on horary he adds: "Dariot, Leupoldus, Pontanus, Avenezra". He also mentions examining the work of "Ancient and Reverend Professors in the Art", as well as Alkindi. His nominated authorities are increased for the third volume (nativities) by "Leovitius, … Origanus, Junctine, Pezelius, Garceus, Schonerus, Albubater, Montulmo, Judeus, Lindholt"3

For the third book Lilly says that he drew heavily upon "Leovitius" for method and content, but he also referred to "Origanus, Junctine, Peælius, Naibod, Cardan, Garceus, Schonerus, Albubater, Montulmo, Judeus, Ptolomey, Lindholt:"4

In Christian Astrology Lilly presents, what he calls, his own method, and this should be interpreted as his method of ordering and classifying the material. He does not present us with a new astrological system, or a new "astrology". In his reference to "Leovitius" above, he says: "part of the Method and much of the matter I had from Leovitius, who was the first that methodized the Art of Nativities, before his time extremely defective in that point;".5 It is clear from his further comments in that Letter, that he has produced a new method of teaching the art; he has "framed this De Novo". He is particular with respect to the Introduction (the first book) where he says that

he "refused the Methods of all former Authors" and yet the content of that book holds no new material. When added to the fact that he had written the first astrological book to be published in English, it is obvious that his intentions are to make the art accessible and "very convenient for Learners, it being my whole intention to advance this Art, and make even a slender wit capable hereof."6

The quality of his application of the theory has been developed from a high level of astrological scholarship and research. He has then enhanced this with the practical experience gained from his very large practice, providing us with more evidence of the importance of his work.

Lilly’s practice is a development of ancient doctrines and before he could achieve this he had to know and understand the work of his predecessors. He disagrees with certain astrological techniques, but he never attempts to change astrological symbolism, or break away from its lineage as has been done in more recent times.

"Perhaps some will accuse me for dissenting from Ptolomey; I confesse I have done so, and that I am not the first, or shall I that have done so, be the last; for I am more led by reason and experience, then by the single authority of any one man, &c. I have inserted many judgments of my owne, I could have added many more: but who am I? being all errour, that should contradict the sayings of so many wise men, whose learning and paines I so much esteem and reverence."7

This should not lead to conclusions of any revisionist tendency; in Lilly’s own view he was trying to rid astrology of bad practice and to reintroduce a working system of astrology: "I am what I am, and Astrology is in despight of her enemies restored, and must call him [Whitelock] her Restaurator " and "since which time [the publication of his almanac 1644], the Judicious of the whole Kingdome had it [astrology] in better esteem;" For him "to rectifie them according unto Art," is not the same thing as revising; restoration is the key word.

The result is that he then passed on that legacy to others and indeed his decision to ensure that his works were written in English should not be underestimated. For by that act alone he was responsible for keeping an important body of esoteric and practical knowledge in the English-speaking world. Had he not, it is unlikely that so many people would be studying astrology today, for the alternative was to publish in Latin, the language of those who had the benefit of an expensive education.

He systematised and clarified the texts at his disposal, and often exhorted his readers to use "art and discretion" – the rules and common sense – that is, to apply reason and intellect; for example:

"This Question fals not under the notion of vulgar rules, or must the Astrologian expect particular Rules to governe his fancy in every Question; it was well said, A te & a scientia for I doe daily resolve such Questions as come not into the vulgar Rules of Guido or Haly; and yet I was never to seek a sufficient reason in Art, whereby to give a good and satisfactory answer to the Proponent, etc ."8

"...and if my Judgments doe vary from the common Rules of the Ancients, let the Candid Reader excuse me, sith he may still follow their Principles if he please; and he must know, that from my Conversation in their Writings, I have attained the Method I follow."9

Clearly he is presenting a method that has developed from a thorough scrutiny of the established authorities. In Christian Astrology, he publishes a method which has evolved from study and

experience.

Horary Astrology

Horary astrology answers specific questions using a chart erected solely for that purpose. For it to be at its most effective, the question itself needs to be carefully scrutinised, the chart thoroughly examined and the prediction clearly put. There is no room for fakery or creativity and, simply speaking, the astrologer is either right or wrong. Thus, horary astrology is a good test bed for a variety of techniques.

Astrology is a complex and highly organised system; as such it can be difficult to isolate a single configuration and by so doing prove a point. In practice this is wholly undesirable. What does happen is that in each chart we focus on one particular argument that is the crux of the judgement. If we focus incorrectly, but are convinced of its rectitude, then, in effect, we have begun to dismantle the original system.

Horary became a pariah because, among other things, its foundation had been eroded and its techniques and correspondences supplanted – it would not work. This became an argument that it could not work, followed soon after by the conclusion that prediction as a whole could not work, and even if it could, it was wrong for astrologers to attempt it. The focus was incorrect and astrology was dismantled.10

Even today horary is often looked upon as a separate astrology with separate rules. In this way, some astrologers will use Lilly’s astrological techniques for horary work, while using others for natal work. The fact is, that horary is one application of astrology, but it belongs to the whole of astrology. When we move from one astrological application to another all we need change is the context and our perspective, not the method or system. The astrological system should have the flexibility to be applied to all perspectives whether they be horary, natal, mundane or election.

The Horary Question

Astrological analysis is based on a single moment and deciding which moment to accept for horary judgement can be difficult. However, no matter what the circumstances, the horary moment (when the chart is erected and from which the answer to the question is found) is the moment at which the astrologer is clear about the querent’s intention.11

Bonatti12 is a good source for clear explanation about the horary moment:

The First [Consideration] is to observe what it is that moves a person to propose or ask a question of an Astrologer; where we must take notice of three motions: the First, of the mind, when a man is stirred up in his thoughts and hath an intent to enquire; a Second, of the superior and celestial bodies; so that they at that time imprint on the thing inquired after, what shall become of it; the Third, of the free will which disposes him to the very act of enquiring; for although the mind be moved to inquire, ‘tis not enough, unless the superior bodies sympathize therewith; nor is such motion of the stars enough, unless by the election of his will the person does actually enquire.

This instruction helps to explain the nature of horary astrology: there should be an "intent to enquire", and the person actually does make that enquiry. The querent must have perfect accord between the thought and the deed; intention and action.

The questioner should intend that their question is to be investigated as a horary question, and he or she should approach the astrologer and pose the problem as a horary matter. The astrologer requires permission from the questioner to look into the matter astrologically and the querent must be sure in his mind and by his action that he grants this. Moreover, by the act of articulating the question to the astrologer, the querent is making plain his or her prayer to the Divine. We should not wonder at this, since astrology remains a sacred art, even though it might have become separated from its philosophical mother – the Hermetica. Evidence of this view abounds in ancient astrological literature and we need only take William Lilly’s address "To the Student in Astrology" as an example of his drawing from older authorities on this theme.13

"How many pre-eminences, priviledges, advantages hath God bestowed on thee? thou rangest above the heavens by contemplation, conceivest the motion and magnitude of the stars; thou talkest with Angels, yea with God himself;"14

Bonatti himself carries this forward in his Second Consideration where he exhorts the questioner "with a devout spirit, pray unto the Lord, from whom proceeds the success of every lawful enterprise, that he would grant him the knowledge of those things the truth of which would be resolved;" The querent should have a serious intent and the question should not be on some light or trivial matter. Except where events demand immediate action, "the matter should have disturbed his [the querent’s] mind for the space of a day or night or longer;".

Clearly, the foundation and construction of the question is of the greatest importance. Lilly emphasises it:

"Those that take this sober course, shall find the truth in what they enquire after; but whosoever do otherwise, deceive both themselves and the artist; for a foolish Querent may cause a wise Respondent to err, which brings a scandal upon the Art amongst inconsiderate people, whereas the Astrologer is not blameable, but the ignorant, silly Querent."15

Once the astrologer is convinced of the sincerity and honesty of the question and its subject matter, it must be confirmed by the heavens. Bonatti says that the heavenly bodies must "imprint" on the matter the future course of events and that the planets should "sympathize" with the enquiry. In this he might be alluding to what are usually termed the Considerations Before Judgement; that list of astrological conditions which should be fulfilled before proceeding to judge the chart. It is also possible that Bonatti demands that the descriptions offered by the chart, of the matter and the parties involved, should correspond. Such correspondences have great practical import, since the future cannot be described if the past and present have not been. In the following, the notion of description is raised repeatedly.

The Considerations Before Judgement

These are matters that the astrologer must consider before proceeding to judge a horary

question. Sometimes they are termed ‘strictures’, implying a prohibitive statement precluding judgement. Research and practice shows, however, that few prevent judgement, although they often herald difficulties, and, in fact, assist in discovering those vital descriptions mentioned earlier.

The Considerations appear to serve two main purposes, those same two that Bonatti explains: to confirm that the querent has a serious intent about an honest and lawful matter and that the heavens sympathise with that intent. Within these is perhaps a third: the protection of the astrologer and the art itself, echoing Lilly’s comments relating to the unsound question bringing disrepute to the art and to the artist.

Each of the Considerations describes a possible, or potential, shortcoming in the question, as will be explained in detail with examples from Christian Astrology. Lilly includes some thirty-nine example charts and there is no better way to understand a principle than to see how it is applied in practice. Lilly’s workbooks for parts of the years 1647 and 164916, will also assist by extending our investigations into Lilly’s daily practices.17

Before judging a chart it was Lilly’s custom to ascertain the physical description of the party or parties concerned from that chart. He was meticulous in this respect, and his workbooks offer strong evidence for his regular use of this test for radicality. Moreover, when a Consideration is found to be operating in a chart, it can often provide its own answer which might add to that found elsewhere; examples are presented below.

These workbooks, numbering some 219 charts, show, from the time sequences, that at the same time that some Considerations were in operation Lilly suspended work. There is no way of knowing the reasons for that, but there is a pattern suggesting that he did not judge just anything at any time (See Figure K).

Not all horary questions can be answered. The horary art assumes in most cases that the querent has some control or influence over the matter asked about. It assumes that there is choice. It is pointless asking if the house is a good purchase if the deal has progressed beyond the point of no return. It is clear from his published work that Lilly does not restrict himself to personal matters, but also deals with political questions, that is, questions over which the querent has no personal control. His question regarding William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury,18 is impersonal in this respect; however his genuine concern regarding the struggles between the King and Parliament, and his sorrow in this particular case are clear enough. He goes to some lengths to justify his use of this chart, relying on its descriptive qualities. In attempting to understand Lilly’s publication of such horaries as this, we should keep in mind historical context so that we should not fall into the trap of considering them idle questions. Furthermore, Lilly produced Christian Astrology as a primer so it is unlikely that he would have included examples of dubious radicality.

Caution is also advisable where the main issue of the question does not relate to the querent, for example, enquiring about a neighbour’s relationship. ‘Third party’ questions are notoriously complicated to judge, and besides, prying is inexcusable. On the other hand, the querent might justifiably ask about his or her child, or parent; nevertheless it is wise to be cautious.

"…yet sometimes men propound such questions as put the poore Artist to his trumpes; amongst these one propounds, if he shall enjoy such a woman for his wife, his own wife, the quesiteds husband being all alive, its impossible to resolve this, for I see not how the lives of so many can be included in one question, two at least not consenting to the Quere;"19

Referring back to Bonatti’s instructions regarding the asking of the question, it is interesting to note Lilly’s words summing up exactly the same point: "two at least not consenting to the Quere".

Considerations concerning the Moon

The Moon holds great potency for the horary chart. Through its speed of motion and proximity to the Earth the Moon transfers the qualities of all the planets to the sublunary world. It is the queen of the heavens, as the Sun is the king; nothing can happen without the permission of the rulers of the heavens. Hence the Moon is held to be the natural significator of the question.

The Moon has a variety of roles to play in any chart, but its main purpose is to describe the events surrounding the matter under investigation, past, present and future. It is said that the Moon shows "the action", and to an extent that is true, but other planets participate, too. This role has given it the name of ‘co-significator of the querent’, and while this too has validity, it rather oversimplifies its operation.

The querent might present their question as one in which they have control, choice or influence, but the Moon’s condition will confirm or deny that and should be closely scrutinised. In a 7th house matter, say to discover if a business partnership will go ahead, and Cancer descends on that cusp, the Moon thus signifies the quesited (that person or matter about which the querent is enquiring). In this case, it shows that the issue of partnership depends on the quesited, the person signified by the 7th house. For example, the querent might ask if he will marry his lover and Cancer is on the 7th, thus the quesited is signified by the Moon. This indicates that the querent must wait for his lover to approach him on the matter, he must wait for her to ask him. The querent has less choice, control or influence than he or she supposes. The action lies with the quesited, not the querent, a condition which would also be shown by the Moon’s position in the 7th house.

If the Moon is afflicted or impedited, particularly by combustion, the matter will come to no good because its ability to perform is overcome by the Sun’s power. The Moon’s operation is also impeded when it is void of course, which is discussed later. For the business of the horary question to proceed smoothly, it is essential that the Moon is performing well.

Considerations concerning Planetary Hours

Planetary hours reflect mythology of great antiquity. It is part of the story of the Sun God’s journey into the Underworld at the end of each day. His progress throughout the night was achieved one hour at a time and the gate leading into each successive hour was guarded. In some versions, Re (Ra) must know the names of the Guardians of the Gates to gain entry to the next stage of the journey. On giving the correct password, the Sun God would be allowed through the Gate, until being born again into a new day.20

The Sun is reborn in its rising, at the Ascendant, and progresses to its height of vigour at its zenith (about midday). As it passes the zenith it falls towards death beginning at the 8th house cusp and manifesting at the 7th house cusp (the Descendant, the point in the horoscope opposite the Ascendant – which marks the physical horizon) and sunset, whence it journeys towards the end of death at the 4th house cusp and begins its rise to rebirth.21 In order to achieve that, the Sun, must fulfil the demands of the Gatekeepers of the Hours.

This provides an intense image of how to use the planetary hours. Its accord with the Ascendant (the querent), demonstrates a harmony between them: they should be of the same nature. So, if Gemini rises, it being ruled by Mercury, a planet with a cold and dry nature, we would find such accord if the planet ruling the hour was Mercury itself, or Saturn, the only other planet with a cold and dry nature. Both Mercury and Saturn would also agree with the rising sign because Saturn rules the air triplicity in the day and Mercury rules it at night. The querent is not attempting to go against the tide of events, but is moving with the flow. Clearly, a lack of accord would not necessarily prevent a positive outcome, but it would make it more difficult and require more effort. It also offers advice on the querent’s approach to the matter. For example, in an economic recession, when a question is asked about a new business venture, the planetary hour disagreeing with the Ascendant suggests that the querent’s timing is wrong and that what is proposed is not workable.

There is the same image of a gate being opened for the querent, when permission to proceed has been granted. Without this agreement, then the querent has to go to the extra effort of opening the gate for him or herself without being able to see what is on the other side and without the reassurance that it is safe to move forward, perhaps even forcing a way through.

To find accord between the hour and the Ascendant, Lilly provides three criteria:

1. that the ruler of the hour and the ruler of the Ascendant are the same planet; 2. that the ruler of the hour and the ruler of the Ascendant triplicity are the same

planet; 3. that the ruler of the hour and the ruler of the Ascendant are of the same

nature. (Not, as has been said, the ruler of the hour and the ascending sign.)

If there is no accord by these three methods, then the chart is not radical: it is unsuitable for judgement. Lilly’s examples demonstrate how radicality can be extended, although such charts hold difficulties for the querent in achieving the desired goal. So, in our analogy, it is possible for the querent to open the gate, but as yet the astrologer cannot tell how much effort will be needed to do that, or whether that effort is worthwhile.

Considerations concerning Early and Late Degrees Rising on the Ascendant

Another Consideration concerns the degree on the Ascendant. Where 0, 1 or 2 degrees ascend, especially in signs of short ascension22, judgement should not be given. However, where the querent is very young and his or her physical description and moles, marks and scars23 match the Ascendant then judgment may still be given.

So, generally an early degree on the Ascendant shows that the question is premature. For example, a man asked if his wife was pregnant and the chart produced an early Ascendant. It showed that his question was premature, other factors led to the conclusion that his wife was not pregnant and that he should await the test results. It transpired that she was not pregnant.

Often an early Ascendant indicates the querent’s failure to put anything in motion. A question regarding winning a lottery would be premature if the querent had not yet bought a ticket. The same applies to a question of marriage when the querent has yet to form any kind of romantic relationship. In some cases there might not be an early Ascendant, and the chart will produce an answer such as that once the ticket is bought the querent will indeed win the lottery, but this is rare and might only arise in a question prefixed by "will I ever…?". A significant planet (a

significator) or the Ascendant in early degrees could also be describing a new situation, or a recent change in circumstances.

When the early Ascendant cannot be explained in any of these ways, it becomes necessary to check the querent’s physical descriptions. A significant factor in the querent’s nativity might reflect such an early Ascendant. (‘Significant’ here means a natal connection with the horary which must be important and relevant to the question.) So, a similar rising sign and degree would be acceptable, or the early Ascendant found to be repeated on a relevant house cusp in the nativity is acceptable. For example, in the horary, "If I should purchase Master B. his houses."(See Figure B) Lilly says:

"The Signe ascending is Libra , the degree of the Signe is the same wherein j was in my Radix; I looked upon this as a good Omen in the first place. [On the same subject:] …and usually I have found that whoever propounds a Question to the Astrologer, I meane in their first Question, they have a Signe of the same Triplicity ascending in their Question, agreeable to the nature of the Ascendant in their Nativity, and many times the very self same Signe and degree is ascending upon the an Horary Question which was ascending in the Nativity."24

Where a horary question has 27, 28 or 29 degrees rising, it is unsafe to proceed. Late degrees in general indicate that a change is imminent and might describe a change that will make the question irrelevant. Experience has shown that late degrees rising in questions about missing or absent people offer an argument of death. These degrees can also show that the matter is settled, or has progressed beyond recall.

It is clear from the foregoing that an answer is being produced, but whether or not it should be given to the querent depends on other factors. Thus, as an example, in a case where a loved one is missing and the horary shows a late Ascendant, it might be helpful to advise the querent to make an official missing persons report, or take other professional advice. If you are convinced of the querent’s sincerity and capacity for a true, if unwelcome, answer, then it might be useful to give an answer.

Where an early Ascendant is in evidence, the astrologer might want to reassure the querent that they are worrying too soon, or that they do not have enough information. Much depends on what else the chart has to offer, but should the astrologer decide to proceed with early and late degrees rising, as is the case with most of the Considerations, the condition should be allowed to modify the judgement.

Considerations concerning the Moon in Late Degrees

When the Moon is in late degrees, especially when in Gemini, Scorpio or Capricorn, it bodes ill. In Ptolemy’s Table of Dignities all of the terms of the planets in late degrees (that is, at least the last three degrees) in all signs belong to one of the malefics, Mars or Saturn. The Moon has her fall in Scorpio and detriment in Capricorn and in both cases is disposited by a malefic. The Moon itself can indicate change and fluctuation, so in late degrees in the signs and/or terms of malefics, the nature of that change is made more disadvantageous to the querent. In Gemini the Moon is cadent from its own sign, that is it is in the 12th sign from its own of Cancer, weakening its action.

Considerations concerning the Moon in Via Combusta

When the Moon is in the Via Combusta, Lilly says that "some say" that it is not safe to judge the chart when the Moon is so placed, that is, between 15° Libra and 15° Scorpio. It seems to describe a restrictive or oppressive situation, such as illness, imprisonment and difficulties generally. It might be an indication of the querent’s lack of choice, influence and control. Its descriptive value maintains, though.

Lilly’s chart examples provide little evidence that he took account of this condition, and none that it prevented his judging the chart.

Consideration concerning the Moon when Void of Course

This Consideration requires closer attention because its understanding has become corrupted over time.

Lilly states the definition like this:

"A Planet is voyd of course, when he is seperated from a Planet, nor doth forthwith25, during his being in that signe, apply to any other:"26

The Moon27 is void of course when, having separated from a planet, it does not henceforth28 apply to another while in its current sign.

In recent times this has been interpreted as allowing all the possible major aspects the Moon can make to other planets in its current sign. However, that requires that the word "aspect" is used interchangeably with the word "apply" and that is incorrect. Research shows that the true definition of the term "to apply" or "application" is found repeatedly in sources predating Lilly. Dariot, an established authority for Lilly and his contemporaries, and one of Lilly’s quoted sources in Christian Astrology, puts it clearly:

"The Application happeneth when as the Circles or beames of the Planettes come to joyne togeather by a corporall Coniunction, or by aspecte of the one halfe of their Deamiters."29

Application occurs when the orbs of the planets come into contact through conjunction or aspect by half of their orbs (moiety). So, unless the moieties of the planets touch whilst moving towards an aspect, there is no application. This is what is commonly known as the planets " being within orb of aspect"30.

The Western astrological system is based upon the issuing of light or rays by each planet. Light equals life and the more light a planet (or other celestial body) shows, the greater its life force or vital spirit, or in more modern terms, the greater its energy. The nature, or virtue, of each planet is carried on its light or rays which it transmits to other planets; this notion of transmission of light is central to the astrological scheme and explains the principle of aspecting. When two planets meet by application, their rays intermingle and from that the astrologer can deduce an action or event.

However for that meeting to occur, account needs to be taken of the amount of light each planet ‘emits’, in other words, the distance the planets’ orbs traverse.

Each planet has its own orb of influence, which extends from the centre of the planet and extends to surround it. When seen in two dimensions, that orb is divided in two with half projecting in front of the planet and half behind it. These halves are known as ‘moieties’ and those provided by Lilly31 are:

Saturn 4.5° to 5°

Jupiter 4.5° to 6°

Mars 3.5° to 3.75°

Sun 7.5° to 8.5°

Venus 3.5° to 4°

Mercury 3.5°

Moon 6° to 6.25°

To repeat: the above moieties extend before and behind each of the named planets, so that although Saturn’s overall orb is between 9° and 10°, only 4.5° to 5° extend before and behind it on our two-dimensional chart wheel.

The reason for the range of values is that there was some disagreement, but the only planets that this makes any notable difference to are the Sun and Jupiter. It is possible that some astrologers allowed a greater orb when the planet was shining more brightly. So it is unsurprising that the luminaries should have such wide orbs. It is also possible that there were ideological differences where some preferred to allow a greater orb for the Lord of the Heavens and the Greater Benefic. Lilly himself is undisturbed by these differences and tells us that he used whichever he remembered.32

The following diagram demonstrates the operation of application.

The diagram provides a simple impression of Mercury applying to Saturn and Mercury moving towards Saturn.

Application begins in the upper diagram because the orbs of the two are in contact. In the lower diagram, application has yet to begin. Mercury has a moiety of 3.5° and Saturn, about, 4.5°, so when these two are 8° apart, if they are in the correct signs, application to major aspect33 has begun.

Returning to the matter of the void of course Moon, let us look again at the definition:

"A Planet is voyd of course, when he is seperated from a Planet, nor doth forthwith, during his being in that signe, apply to any other:"

Once the term "application" has been defined, it is clear that it is that operation which must have begun whilst the Moon is in its current sign in order to prevent the Moon being void of course. The application must be operating at the moment of the chart.

Furthermore, it does not matter whether or not that application is completed (perfected) in that sign, and we find many examples of this in Christian Astrology which will be demonstrated later. To use the analogy of two people instead of two planets, A and B, are in the same room, but they are too far away to touch. A is faster than B and moves towards B. Both have their arms extended towards each other, as their fingertips touch an application has begun. When they are fully embraced it is equivalent to an exact conjunction.

Now if A is outside that room with B just inside it, A is still the faster and they both still reach towards each other. Their fingertips touch while A is before the threshold; A must enter the room

to embrace B. In so doing A moves from one environment, or set of circumstances, into another in order to fulfil the promise of that application. Unless A turns around and walks away (retrograde motion34), A will continue the application across the threshold and into B’s arms. (Notice how this refers back to the earlier explanation of early and late degrees.)

So, as the Moon is the prime mover in a horary chart, its lack of applications, which can occur anywhere within the sign, might show that nothing can happen or that the querent is not able to affect the situation. Lilly says, that the Moon is not so ineffective when void of course and in the signs of Taurus (the Moon’s exaltation), Cancer (the Moon’s sign of rulership), Sagittarius or Pisces (both signs ruled by the greater benefic, Jupiter). The Moon when void of course is impedited because it cannot carry out its task of transferring planetary virtues. But, as Lilly’s examples will show, this does not necessarily preclude judgement. It might show, though, that the querent has less influence unless the other significators are strong and active.

Considerations of the 7th House and its Ruler

The following Considerations only take effect where the question is not about 7th house matters.

Since the 7th house represents the astrologer (where the querent is not the astrologer), attention should be paid to any afflictions of the 7th house or its ruler.

The 7th house signifies, among other things, our associates, those that we deal with (it is not the "unknown other"). Lilly notes that if the cusp is afflicted, or the ruler retrograde or impedited, the astrologer will be unable to please the querent. Whatever judgement the astrologer gives, the client will be dissatisfied.

Considerations of the Arabian Rules

The following are the so-called Arabian Rules. It is unclear why they are called such but it is assumed that they were thought to originate from the astrological texts written in the Middle East. When we examine Lilly’s example chart we will see just how much weight he gave to them.

If Saturn is in the 1st house, especially if retrograde, Lilly says that the matter seldom produces benefit. If in the 7th it corrupts the judgement of the astrologer or indicates that the matter will degenerate. If the ruler of the 7th is unfortunate, in fall, or the terms of the infortunes, it will affect the astrologer’s ability to give a sound judgement. So, if the 7th house or its ruler is afflicted, impedited or unfortunate the astrologer is at risk.

If the ruler of the Ascendant, that is, the querent’s significator, is combust, the question is unsound or the querent will not heed the judgement. Combustion often shows stress, lack of clarity of thought, illness or even secrets, so it would be unsurprising in these circumstances for the question to be wholly reliable.

Equal Testimonies

In horary, the astrologer collects testimonies for or against a desired outcome. Sometimes these arguments are equal and when this happens then judgement should be postponed until a later time when the question can be posed again. Lilly is not suggesting that the querent should keep asking the same question until he or she obtains the answer they like best.

Where Considerations arise, particularly in combination, the likelihood of the querent obtaining a beneficial answer is reduced. It is for the astrologer to decide whether or not to proceed with the judgement and declare it to the querent.

Lilly’s Chart Examples

The following charts are taken from Christian Astrology and Lilly’s workbooks as indicated on each chart.

Planetary Hour

The following examples demonstrate the ruler of the hour when it disagrees with the Ascendant in the three orthodox ways.

Figure A: If he should be rich, or subsist of himself without marriage?

Ascendant: Libra. Triplicity ruler: Saturn. Hour ruler: Sun.

The Sun is hot and dry, the ruler of the Ascendant, Venus, is cold and moist. The Sun is, however, trine Saturn and is angular35. The result was positive, but not without difficulty and worry.

Figure B: If I should purchase Master B. his houses?

This question is Lilly’s own.

Ascendant: Libra. Triplicity ruler: Saturn. Hour ruler: Sun.

The Sun is trine Saturn and conjunct Venus, ruler of the Ascendant. Also, the Sun is angular. This chart had a good outcome, but there were short and long term difficulties.

Figure C: If the Querent should ever have children?

Ascendant: Virgo. Triplicity ruler: Venus. Hour ruler: Jupiter.

There is no mitigation in this chart other than that Jupiter is the natural ruler of pregnancy and fertility36. The result was that the querent was incapable of having children.

Figure D: A sick doctor, what was his disease? If curable?

Ascendant: Scorpio. Triplicity ruler: Mars. Hour ruler: Venus.

Venus is angular. The doctor died.

Figure E: A lady, if marry the gentleman desired?

Ascendant: Leo. Triplicity ruler: Sun. Hour ruler: Saturn.

Saturn is angular and is in an applying sextile from the Sun, both of which are primary significators. The lady got her man, but with some difficulty.

Figure F: A Dogge missing, where?

Ascendant: Capricorn. Triplicity ruler: Venus. Hour ruler: Mars.

Mars is in the 6th house of the quesited. The dog was found, but did not return of its own accord, so effort and a degree of difficulty was involved.

Figure G: Money lost, who stole it? If recoverable?

Ascendant: Scorpio. Triplicity ruler: Mars. Hour ruler: Jupiter.

There appears to be no mitigation. This chart had a positive outcome, but Lilly’s dislike of the querent is made obvious.

Figure H: A woman of her husband at sea, if alive ...?

Ascendant: Virgo. Triplicity ruler: Venus. Hour ruler: Mars.

This is a chart directly connected with the Civil War, and Mars is the natural significator of war. He did return but only after great dangers and being imprisoned by the King’s forces.

Figure I: What manner of death Canterbury should die?

Ascendant: Taurus. Triplicity ruler: Venus. Hour ruler: Sun.

The Sun is placed in the 8th of death. He was beheaded, which was considered to be a more noble method of execution than hanging, which had been threatened.

Figure J: If bewitched?

Ascendant: Gemini. Triplicity ruler: Saturn. Hour ruler: Mars.

Mars rules the 12th house of witchcraft. The querent was not bewitched, but was sick and it took some time for him to recover.

Of these ten charts, eight show an important link with the ruler of the hour, but a degree of difficulty is shown. In the two with no planetary hour connection at all, the matter ended unfortunately.

Lilly did not ignore the planetary hour, since it is included in so many charts. The fact that it is not included in all of them is not material, as the charts in his workbooks illustrate, where none was shown. However, a lack of strict radicality did not prevent him from judging those charts.

Early degrees on the Ascendant

Early degrees on any significant cusp show immaturity or newness, so on the Ascendant they suggest that the matter needs to develop further before the question becomes relevant, if it ever does. Such a condition can also show a recent change of circumstances. While this does not appear to be the case with the chart in Figure H, Lilly is at pains to provide a detailed physical description of the querent and the conditions of the quesited. It is an important feature of Lilly’s judgements, both published and unpublished, that he obtains a physical and/or temperamental description of the querent before proceeding.

Late degrees on the Ascendant

Late degrees can show just that: lateness, and this position is often indicative of an imminent change of circumstances that could affect the relevance of the question. This in itself can give an answer, depending on context. It can also show that the querent is being frivolous. Where the question relates to it, say in the case of a missing person, a late Ascendant is an argument of

death.

There are a few charts in Lilly’s workbooks with late degrees rising, one of which was entitled, "One at Twickenham, of her sweetheart" (Figure K). The chart is generally afflicted, so whatever the circumstances, the outcome would have been unfortunate.

The Moon in late degrees

Although there are no charts in Christian Astrology with the Moon in late degrees of Gemini, Scorpio or Capricorn, there are in the workbooks: on 18 September 1649 there are three horary charts with the Moon at 27°, 28° and 30° (as noted by Lilly) in Gemini. Then there are four charts with the Moon in late Scorpio in November 164937. Again, this does not mean necessarily that Lilly disregarded this rule, but perhaps judged accordingly. In life and death questions you would not reject a chart simply because of late degrees. In fact, the first of these charts has the inscription: "A woaman of her husband on Hisp..."38 (Figure L), suggesting that the husband was away at sea.

Figure C: If the Querent should ever have children?

In this chart the Moon is at 29° 53’ of Virgo in the 2nd house. Lilly notes that Virgo is a sign of barrenness and that the Moon is in the terms of Mars, but does not comment on the lateness of the position. As previously noted, the querent was judged to be incapable of having children.

Figure D: A sick doctor, what was his disease? If curable?

The Moon is at 27° 57’ Aquarius in the 4th house. Again, Lilly makes no mention of the lateness of the Moon’s position. The doctor, in fact, died.

Figure E: A lady, if marry the gentleman desired?

In this chart the Moon is at 28° 09’ Sagittarius and again he mentions nothing about its lateness. She did achieve her desired aim, but not without problems.

As mentioned before, these areas of the signs are the terms of the malefics and afflict the Moon when it is so placed. However, this can be descriptive, much depends on the context of the question.

Via Combusta

Lilly does not allow this Consideration to prevent him judging a chart and in the following examples he makes no mention of the Via Combusta.

In Figure N a question is asked about which of the husband or wife would die first. Lilly advises us that there were many serious reasons why the question was asked. He uses the Moon to show the wife’s conditions, which are commensurate with those of the Moon: she died soon after.

The other horary where the Moon in the Via Combusta (Figure J) is that of bewitchment. The querent was ill and in fear of being attacked by witchcraft.

In his workbook for 1 March 1647, Lilly judged six charts while the Moon was so placed. The last, asked by a woman, was about the life or death of her husband (Figure L).

When the 7th cusp or its ruler is afflicted

Here we are dealing directly with the safety of the astrologer, but not in those cases where the astrologer asks his or her own question. So, an element of personal control can be put into effect here. Also, questions about 7th house matters are exempt from this rule. It seems from the examples in Christian Astrology that Lilly conforms with this Consideration in all but one example:

Figure N: The 7th ruler Moon is in fall, so it is unfortunate. However, in this case – and remember that we are dealing with the astrologer’s position – the Moon is trine the 7th cusp, as is the Sun. The Moon is also in trine with an exalted Jupiter, which is considered protective.

Saturn in the 1st house

The chart in Figure O, has Saturn retrograde in the 1st house. This question, "If he should obtaine the parsonage desired?", was distasteful to Lilly, since he disliked the priest and his reasons for asking. Nonetheless, he judges the chart and, in fact, uses Saturn’s position to describe the querent’s conditions: "Saturn is impedited in the Ascendant, and by his presence infortunates the question, causing the querent to despaire in the obtaining of it" So, he agrees that Saturn here is afflicting the chart as a whole. The priest did not obtain the parsonage and was advised by Lilly not to proceed with the matter. The matter ended unfortunately because the priest did proceed and was subsequently reported anonymously for some liaison with a woman, ruining his chance of getting the post.

This matter ended badly for the querent, but that does not mean that it should not have been judged. Suppose Saturn represented a lost or stolen item; found in the 1st and retrograde it could be said that the item would be recovered or returned39. Saturn is often found in the Ascendant in charts about kidnap and other serious crime, where it can show someone in fear for their life. Saturn also describes worry and old age, so any of these descriptions can be useful in finding radicality rather than denying it.

Saturn in the 7th house

Again, it is not clear whether Lilly actually advocated the use of this rule or not, but each of these 7th house considerations can only apply when it is not a 7th house matter under scrutiny. In each of Lilly’s charts, where this condition is apparent, the questions relate to 7th house matters.

Ruler of the Ascendant combust

Combustion is used to show hidden matters and secrets, so getting description from the chart is vital to ensure you are not being duped or misled. However, it can describe the querent as ill, overwhelmed or imprisoned.

Figure B: If I should purchase Mr. B his houses?

This was Lilly’s own question, and his significator is combust in the 7th house. However, these are the two primary significators and it was the perfection of their conjunction which successfully completed the deal after some problems. He makes it plain that as a matter of business it was not beneficial to him, but he overlooks this for emotional reasons.

Figure G: Money lost, who stole it? If recoverable?

In this horary it is the Moon that is combust, rather than the ruler of the Ascendant, although it is possible that Lilly was using a strict 8° orb and this falls just outside of that. All he has to say about it is: "…but more young, because the Moon was so neer the Sun, and scarce separated from him, I said that he was of reasonable stature…"

Ruler of the 7th unfortunate

As this Consideration is more or less the same as having Saturn in the 7th and the 7th cusp or its ruler afflicted, the same arguments apply.

Equal testimonies

Lilly’s charts were not checked for evidence of this criterion because since he was able to draw a conclusion in all of them, we must assume that he found no equality of argument.

Void of Course

The Modern method of deciding when this rule is in effect is when the Moon has no more major aspects to perfect in its sign. So, at first glance there are five charts in Christian Astrology which have the Moon void of course, but when the correct definition is applied to them, it becomes clear that this is not the case.

The most telling example of how application was used and, perhaps, also an explanation of how it became confused, is the well known horary 'If Presbytery shall stand?' (Figure P).

Venus, ruler of the 9th house, is at 9°16’ Aries, Lilly says: "... but before she fully get out of this movable signe Aries, she first hath occurse to the sinister square of Jupiter, then of Mars, …" Jupiter is at 28°54’ Cancer and Mars is at 25°40’ Cancer, both are out of orb, so Venus is not applying to aspect either of them. He is acknowledging this by using the word "occurse", meaning that Venus is moving towards them and will make these aspects before leaving the sign. He is not saying that Venus is applying to aspect these two.

This is further supported in the same judgement: "We have the Moon separating from Venus in the eighth, then going to be vacua cursus [void of course] afterwards she squares with Mars, then with Jupiter: ... The Moon is at 13°37’ Libra, Mars is at 25°40’ Cancer and Jupiter is at 28°54’ Cancer. Mars and Jupiter are out of orb of the Moon and so the Moon is not applying, but because he feels that these aspects are relevant he mentions them as occurring later. This chart has been judged with the Moon void of course.

The following charts, often cited as having the Moon void of course, are good examples of the rule in practice.

Figure Q: The Moon is at 26°43’ Pisces and the Sun is at 7°03’ Leo. These two are within orbs of a trine (the Moon applies to a trine of the Sun) and so the Moon is not void of course.

Figure C: The Moon is at 29°53’ Virgo and is within orbs of a square to the Sun at 0°31’ Cancer (the Moon applies to a square of the Sun) and so the Moon is not void of course.

Figure E: This is a good example, because Lilly has noted the Moon’s progress as "a vac [from void of course] ad opposition Sun [to the opposition of the Sun]". The Moon’s last aspect was an opposition with Mercury over 12° before. The Moon has a moiety of around 6° and Mercury has a moiety of 3.5°, therefore at about 9° or 10° before, they were in aspect. Since then the Moon has been within the orbs of no other planet and so was void of course. The Moon is at 28°09’ Sagittarius and the Sun is at 5°31’ Cancer, so the Moon is applying to the opposition of the Sun.

Figure R: Lilly states again that the Moon is separating from void of course, but in this case its application is to a sextile of Mars. The Moon’s last aspect was by trine to Jupiter, but that was more than 17.5° before and their combined moieties are about 11°. The Moon is at 27°33’ Leo and Mars is at 5°14’ Cancer which constitutes an applying trine.

Figure S: The Moon is at 29°10’ Aquarius and applies to sextile Saturn, which is at 0°36’ Taurus and then to a trine of Jupiter at 5°53’ Cancer. Both are counted because both are within orbs, in fact, if you needed to, you might also include the applying trine to the Sun at 6°30’ Scorpio.

As for the interpretation of the Moon void of course, astrologers tend to use one or two: "nothing will happen" or "there is nothing that can be done", but Lilly gives several: pages 190, 192, 299, 310, 377 and 448. The fact that he does this supports the other evidence that he did not reject a chart because the Moon was void of course. He accepts the interpretation it offers.

Conclusion

The Considerations, are not strictures, but they should not be discarded. Radicality must be found, but it is clear that the methods of finding that allow a little more scope than the so-called strictures would admit. The evidence, as far as can be ascertained, shows that Lilly did acknowledge the Considerations. We know that he spent a considerable amount of time finding description in the chart, and this must be the ultimate test of radicality. Henry Coley verifies this: "But when the sign ascending, and his lord represent the querent, or a planet in the Ascendant signifies him truly, you may safely venture to give your judgement."40

Furthermore, we need to separate the charts we do for clients and those we do for ourselves. If any of these rules are in operation with no descriptive reason, then it would be better not to give judgement to a client.

No chart should be rejected simply because one or other of the Considerations is in operation, but a careful appraisal of the situation should be made. Always find the description and if it fits go ahead, but be careful, particularly if you have to give judgement to a client. If you cannot find strict radicality it is likely that difficulties can be anticipated. It would appear from Lilly’s own work that the smooth and easy perfection of a chart sought by the querent was obstructed or interrupted by the operation of the Considerations. They might even provide a negative answer to the question; we cannot always have everything we ask for.

An afflicted chart is one which holds many unfavourable configurations, and under the stricture regime would be discarded as being not fit for judgement. But these charts are often about very serious matters: kidnappings, murder, or war, and it would be unrealistic to expect a perfectly straightforward chart in such circumstances. So, a certain amount of discretion and common sense must always be applied within the context of the question.

The matters dealt with here demonstrate what can be achieved by meeting the source material on its own terms, by asking questions of it, rather than imposing answers.

References

CA : William Lilly, Christian Astrology, Regulus 1985, facsimile of 1647, London.

1.Lilly’s autobiography MS Ashm. 210. 2. CA, “Letter to the Reader”. 3.Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. CA p.452 9. CA p.142

10. See for example, Sue Ward, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto: and investigation into the sources of their symbolism. www.sue-ward.co.uk 11.Lilly is clear about the matter and explains in CA p.166, emphasising the point regarding the astrologer’s own questions on p.219. 12.Anima Astrologiae and originally, Liber astronomiae 13. Firmicus Maternus, for example: “Now, you whoever you are who try to read these books, since you have received the whole knowledge of this divine science and are now endowed with the secrets of the stars and have learned the first principles of the art, shape yourself in the image and likeness of divinity, so that you may always be a model of excellence. He who daily speaks about the gods or with the gods must shape his mind to approach the likeness of divinity.” Ancient Astrology Theory and Practice, also known as The Mathesis, c. 334 AD, translator Jean Rhys Bram, Noyes Press. 14. CA 15. “I have also erred, but it was in not heedfully observing my Rules; or when the question was not radicall: I hold a Radicall question like a perfect instrument in the hands of a workeman, with which instrument if good worke be not made, he is no workeman but a botcher:” William Lilly, Propheticall Merline, 1644, London. 16. MS Ashm. 210 and 420. 17. The workbooks take the form of large ledgers, which he stamped with chart squares as required. There could be up to six on a page. It was not unusual for him to undertake eight charts a day, beginning at around 7.00 am. These were mainly horaries, but also included event and natal charts. He would see clients personally and also deal with questions by post.Sometimes there are notes about the querent, the question and, occasionally, the answer. Sometimes he calculated the planets’ positions roughly, sometimes more accurately – significators were dealt with more carefully. He would have been aware of the planetary hour and restrictive phenomena, such as a void of course Moon, early and late degrees rising, Moon in the Via Combusta or late degrees of a sign because his charts often had only minutes separating them. 18. CA p. 419. 19. William Lilly, Propheticall Merline, 1644, London. 20. For example, E.A. Wallis Budge, The Book of Gates, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London 1905. 21. The houses are attributed their values and signification in this order also. See the article The Houses in Traditional Astrology at www.sue-ward.co.uk/articles for further explanation. 22.These are the signs of Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus and Gemini all of which rise over the Ascendant within two hours. It seems likely that these should be reversed in Southern latitudes. 23. CA p.148, Lilly gives a method of discovering the locations of skin marks. It works not only in horary charts, but in nativities, too, and gives a quick method of checking the rising sign. 24.CA p.219 25. “Immediately; without delay”, OED. 26. CA p.112. 27. Here we are dealing with the Moon, but planets can also be void of course. 28. “From this time onwards.” OED. 29. Claudius Dariot, A Brief and Most Easy Introduction to the Astrological Judgment of the Stars, (1583) 30 This view is differs from that of the Modern school of thought. The Modern view gives the orb to the aspect not to the planet. Thus, a sextile occurs between any two planets when their longitudinal distance is about sixty degrees. This distance varies more or less depending on the orb an astrologer might want to allow – in the case of sextile commonly four degrees – planets placed between 56 and 64 degrees apart would be accepted as forming a sextile aspect. 31. CA p.107. 32. Ibid. 33. The major aspects are: conjunction, sextile, square, trine and opposition. These are the aspects that both divide the circle equally and form natural aspects to the Ascendant. 34. Or a number of other “prohibitions”. 35. Experience has shown that the planetary hour ruler being angular is more important than any other of the extended arguments.

36. When the ruler of the hour is also the natural ruler of the matter enquired after, it offers another firm extension of this Consideration. 37. MS Ashmole 210, Bodleian Library 38. Illegible, but suggests the name of a ship. 39. On page 355 of CA Lilly gives this as a sign of recovery of lost or stolen goods: “Lord of the second … in the Ascendant.” Also, on page 209 he says: “But if an Infortune be in the Ascendant (it’s no matter which of them) if the man have taken the thing ere he come unto you, it now repents him;” and so on. 40. Henry Coley, Key to the Whole Art of Astrology page 127.

Chart References

Figure A

Christian Astrology page 177 16 July 1634

11.06 am Day: Mercury

Hour: Sun

Moon separates from conjunct Mercury and applies to conjunct Venus

Figure B

Christian Astrology page 219

31 March 1634 6 pm

Day: Moon Hour: Sun

Moon separates from conjunct Mars and applies to square Saturn

Figure C

Christian Astrology page 238 11 June 1635

2.30 pm Day: Jupiter Hour: Jupiter

Moon separates from square Saturn and applies to square Sun

Figure D

Christian Astrology page 286 8 May 1645

6.15 pm Day: Jupiter Hour: Venus

Moon separates from trine Mercury and applies to square Sun and sextile Saturn

Figure E

Christian Astrology page 385 16 June 1646

19.26 pm Day: Mars

Hour: Saturn

Moon separates from void of course and applies to opposition Sun

Figure F

Christian Astrology page 392 29 August 1646

4.05 pm Day: Saturn Hour: Mars

Moon separates from square Saturn and applies to sextile Mars

Figure G

Christian Astrology page 395 24 May 1647

5 pm Day: Moon

Hour: Jupiter

Figure H

Christian Astrology page 417 15 April 1645

1.10 pm Day: Mars Hour: Mars

Moon separates from conjunct Saturn and applies to conjunct Mercury and Sun.

Figure I

Christian Astrology page 419 3 December 1644

2.24 pm Day: Mars Hour: Sun

Moon separates from sextile Saturn and applies to opposition Sun and conjunct Mars

Figure J

Christian Astrology page 468 13 March 1646/7

8.03 am Day: Saturn Hour: Mars

Moon separates from square Jupiter and applies to opposition Saturn

Figure K

Lilly’s Workbook 1647: One at Twickenham of her sweetheart 3 June 1647

9.30 a.m. Day: Jupiter

Moon separates from square Jupiter and applies to void of course. Computer generated approximation (Janus)

Figure L

Lilly’s Workbook

1648 2 March 1648

8.06 a.m. Day: Jupiter

Hour: not noted Moon separates from sextile Jupiter and applies to square Venus.

(Computer approximation and transliteration follows.)

2 March 1648 8.17 a.m. London

Mulier an vir erat in vivis [or vitis]:

Dixi mortuum quia U seperatira [?]

a # W et " V et ! S domini 2d viz: 8th a 7th –.

Went away 1° Aprill 1645 to east India.

Vir erat full faced, a sad haired and his Mate – angry, quarrelsome

cum U et T erunt [?] in ! shee shall heare certaine newes of him. viz. may 1648.

Loose translation:

A woman: if her husband is alive.

I said he is dead because Mars separates from a square of Saturn and opposition of Jupiter and a conjunction of Mercury, Lord of the

2nd, that is the 8th from the 7th.

Figure M

Christian Astrology page 415 6 February 1644

9.10 p.m. Day: Jupiter

Hour: not noted

Moon separates from trine Sun and applies to trine Mercury

Figure N

Christian Astrology page 196 7 November 1645

Midday Day: Friday [Venus]

Hour: not noted

Moon’s separation and application not noted.

Figure O

Christian Astrology page 437 6 August 1644

8.24 p.m. Day: Mars

Hour: not noted

Moon separates from trine Mars and applies to opposition Mercury

Figure P

Christian Astrology page 439 11 March 1646/7

4.45 p.m. Day: Jupiter

Hour: Mercury

Moon separates from opposition Venus and applies to void of course, then applies to square Mars and Jupiter.

Figure Q

Christian Astrology page 152 19 July 1638 23.45 p.m.

Day: Jupiter Hour: not noted

Moon’s aspects not noted

Figure R

Christian Astrology page 401 17 April 1643

6.50 p.m. Day: Moon Hour: Sun

Moon separates from void of course and applies to sextile Mars and trine Sun

Figure S

Christian Astrology page 471 19 October 1645

7.20 p.m. Day: not noted Hour: not noted

Moon separates from trine Mercury and applies to sextile Saturn and applies to trine Jupiter.

13th December 2003