Subject index review of palaeobotany and palynology volumes 51–100

ELSEVIER Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 100 (1998) 189–255

Subject IndexReview of Palaeobotany and Palynology

Volumes 51–100

Abean Orogeny see Hercynian OrogenyAbelia

paleobotany 96(3-4) 231-240Aberdeen Scotland

paleobotany 90(3-4) 175-193Abies

92(3-4) 389-393Canada, Quaternary 79(1-2) 7-30Quebec, Quaternary 79(1-2) 31-68

Abies balsameaQuaternary 79(1-2) 31-68

Abo Finland see Turku Finlandabsolute age see C-14; charcoal; K/Arabsolute dating see absolute ageAcacia

Oligocene 81(2-4) 327-335Acalypha

paleobotany 97(1-2) 123-153Acalyphoideae

paleobotany 81(2-4) 257-277Acanthaceae

paleobotany 72(3-4) 229-243; 84(3-4)331-345

AcantheaePlantae 92(3-4) 253-268

Acanthodiacrodiumpaleobotany 52(2-3) 161-177

AcanthopsisPlantae 92(3-4) 253-268

Acanthotricolpitespaleobotany 67(3-4) 217-227

AcanthusPlantae 92(3-4) 253-268

AcerFrance, Quaternary 82(1-2) 97-112

Achomosphaera argesensispaleobotany 59(1-4) 51-55

Acithecapaleobotany 67(1-2) 141-152

Acmisponpaleobotany 81(2-4) 233-255

acritarchs see also Baltisphaeridium93(1-4) 9-22Arctic region 56(3-4) 275-304Argentina, stratigraphy 98(1-2) 41-45Belgium, stratigraphy 98(1-2) 47-79Brazil, Permian 99(3-4) 217-233China 98(1-2) 15-25Colombia 71(1-4) 255-268Egypt 85(3-4) 303-317England 80(1-2) 39-54; 89(3-4) 305-317;

98(1-2) 81-94; 100(1-2) 89-98Estonia 100(1-2) 99-108France 62(1-2) 107-156

Devonian 87(1) 1-14stratigraphy 87(1) 27-41

Germany 100(1-2) 89-98stratigraphy 98(1-2) 47-79

Indian Ocean Islands 77(3-4) 213-233Iowa 98(1-2) 125-152Iran, paleomagnetism 86(1-2) 91-109Italy, Pliocene 84(1-2) 181-199Jordan, stratigraphy 66(3-4) 167-180Missouri 70(3) 217-223Morocco, Paleozoic 66(3-4) 211-227New Mexico 98(1-2) 153-157Norway 52(2-3) 137-159Poland, Cambrian 54(1-2) 1-10Quebec, Pisces 93(1-4) 191-215Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 19-25

stratigraphy 56(1-2) 41-60Spain 98(1-2) 95-103

stratigraphy 86(1-2) 111-133; 93(1-4)23-34; 98(1-2) 33-40; 98(1-2) 105-124

Sweden 52(4) 257-297; 68(1-2) 119-126;98(1-2) 27-32stratigraphy 65(1-4) 217-228

Turkey 93(1-4) 35-76Wales, Devonian 56(1-2) 69-87

Actinomycetalespaleontology 80(1-2) 75-84

actual age (absolute age) see absolute age

actualism see uniformitarianismAculeiferum

Oligocene 81(2-4) 327-335Adams County Ohio

paleobotany 85(3-4) 183-187palynomorphs 97(1-2) 1-8Plantae 92(3-4) 269-279

adaptive radiationCaribbean region, stratigraphy 100(1-2)

109-122paleontology 70(3) 259-261

Aesculus hippocastanumstratigraphy 81(1) 33-52

Africa see also Central Africa; East Africa;North Africa; Sahara; Southern Africa;West Africa

Carboniferous 83(1-3) 261-273Devonian, Ghadames Basin 58(2-4)

173-196paleobotany 67(1-2) 153-177; 80(3-4) 339;

84(3-4) 439-480Lake Malawi 97(1-2) 123-153Lake Tanganyika 61(1-2) 69-88

Permian 86(1-2) 157-173Plantae 92(3-4) 253-268Quaternary 55(1-3) 101-140; 99(1) 17-24

Kalahari Desert 55(1-3) 155-174Lake Tanganyika 78(3-4) 381-394Sahel 55(1-3) 141-154; 99(3-4) 235-246;

100(1-2) 39-72Spermatophyta 51(4) 327

Afropollispaleobotany 58(2-4) 289-299

Afzeliapaleobotany 83(1-3) 31-42

Aglaophyton majorpaleobotany 90(3-4) 175-193

Aglosperma quadrapartinapaleobotany 93(1-4) 235-252

Agnotozoic see ProterozoicAgoraie

0034-6667/98/$19.00 c 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.PII S 0 0 3 4 - 6 6 6 7 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 4 7 - 5

Abean Orogeny žAgoraie

190 Subject index volumes 51–100 / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 100 (1998) 189–255

Quaternary 63(3-4) 299-313Agrio Formation

Cretaceous 65(1-4) 319-330Ain France

Quaternary 82(1-2) 97-112Alabama see also Ripley Formation

paleobotanyClarke County Alabama 91(1-4) 23-34Washington County Alabama 91(1-4)

23-34Plantae 58(1) 61-83

Alabama River 58(1) 47-59Baldwin County Alabama(1) 47-59

Alabama RiverPlantae 58(1) 47-59

Alai Range see Hissar RangeAlangiaceae

paleobotany 94(1-2) 111-122Alangium

Eocene 63(3-4) 281-297paleobotany 94(1-2) 111-122

AlaskaCretaceous 81(1) 19-32Quaternary 63(1-2) 35-52; 92(1-2) 83-95

Alberta see also Edmonton Formation;Paskapoo Formation

paleobotany 70(1-2) 125-146Drumheller Alberta 70(1-2) 67-76

Plantae, Drumheller Alberta 70(1-2) 3-8Quaternary 79(1-2) 83-97stratigraphy, Red Deer River valley

65(1-4) 75-84Albian

Colombia 66(3-4) 345-359Maryland 80(3-4) 291-303Poland 87(1) 43-50Portugal 66(3-4) 313-344Texas 98(1-2) 177-186Virginia 72(3-4) 245-255

Alborz Mountains see ElburzAlchornea

Pliocene 78(1-2) 69-127Aldina

paleobotany 67(1-2) 153-177Aleteverrucosispora

paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220Alethopteris

paleobotany 57(3-4) 265-276Alethopteris zeilleri

paleobotany 78(1-2) 1-18Alexander Island

paleobotany 92(1-2) 1-28algae see also cyanobacteria; stromatolites

84(3-4) 201-220; 86(3-4) 287-314Australia, Permian 86(1-2) 157-173Botryococcus

Estonia 71(1-4) 1-15New South Wales Australia 71(1-4) 1-15Sweden 71(1-4) 1-15

calcareous algae, China 100(1-2) 73-88Charophyta 94(3-4) 259-293

China 100(1-2) 73-88South Africa 89(3-4) 417-428

China, Quaternary 55(1-3) 193-206Chlorophyceae

Denmark 74(1-2) 55-75Western Australia 80(3-4) 209-234

Chlorophyta 87(2-4) 81-322Colorado 59(1-4) 1-6New Mexico 59(1-4) 1-6Texas 98(1-2) 177-186

Chrysophyta, Mississippi 80(1-2) 75-84Corallinaceae

Europe 94(1-2) 1-9France 77(3-4) 263-272Spain 86(3-4) 265-285

Dasycladaceae 89(3-4) 489-490China 100(1-2) 73-88

diatomsBelgium 59(1-4) 7-36Commonwealth of Independent States

58(2-4) 357-362Netherlands 55(4) 273-316New South Wales Australia 80(3-4)

311-332paleontology 98(1-2) 3-14Sweden 83(1-3) 107-117

India, Permian 86(1-2) 157-173nannofossils

Belgium 99(3-4) 265-315Denmark 99(3-4) 265-315England 99(3-4) 265-315Italy 97(1-2) 177-196paleontology 98(1-2) 3-14

Norway 52(2-3) 137-159Phaeophyta 87(2-4) 81-322

South Africa 91(1-4) 143-149Pyrrhophyta

Arctic Ocean 98(1-2) 159-176Morocco 70(4) 325-338

Turkey, Tertiary 58(2-4) 139-161Algeria

paleobotany 86(1-2) 49-68Algidasphaeridium spongium

paleobotany 97(3-4) 319-337Alismidae

British Columbia 70(1-2) 173-185Alisocysta margarita

paleobotany 56(3-4) 327-344Alisporites

stratigraphy 61(1-2) 101-138Allan Hills

paleobotany 90(3-4) 303-318Allegheny Group

paleobotany 57(3-4) 299-312palynomorphs 90(1-2) 113-140

Allenby Formation

paleobotany 70(1-2) 147-162; 70(1-2)173-185

AllerodIreland 63(1-2) 1-11

alluvial deposits see alluviumalluvial fans

Italy, paleobotany 91(1-4) 63-84alluvium

Cambodia, paleobotany 68(1-2) 87-117Germany, paleobotany 91(1-4) 1-21Vietnam, paleobotany 68(1-2) 87-117

AlnusIreland, Quaternary 67(1-2) 75-113Netherlands, stratigraphy 52(2-3) 179-204stratigraphy 81(1) 65-82

Alnus glutinosastratigraphy 81(1) 65-82

Alnus virdisstratigraphy 81(1) 65-82

Alportianpaleobotany 80(1-2) 39-54

Alpspaleobotany 52(4) 375-402; 91(1-4) 63-84Quaternary, French Alps 89(3-4) 455-467;

91(1-4) 399-416; 97(3-4) 227-237stratigraphy, Dolomites 53(3-4) 329-348

Alrea roseapaleobotany 57(1-2) 45-74

Alsacepaleobotany 62(1-2) 107-156

Althacea hirsutapaleobotany 57(1-2) 45-74

Althaea officinalispaleobotany 57(1-2) 45-74

Amazon Basinpaleobotany 96(1-2) 31-45; 100(1-2)

123-124Quaternary 55(1-3) 73-81; 99(2) 143-156stratigraphy 86(1-2) 147-155

amberMississippi, paleontology 80(1-2) 75-84

Ambo Grouppaleobotany 80(1-2) 19-38

Amery Grouppaleobotany 79(3-4) 221-244

Ammonidium listerialgae 52(2-3) 137-159

AmmonoideaFrance, stratigraphy 87(1) 15-26Russian Federation, paleobotany 91(1-4)

187-240Amorgos

Quaternary 73(1-4) 133-143Amorpheae

paleobotany 64(1-4) 129-136Amphora coronata

paleobotany 84(1-2) 57-72Ampullula erchunensis

paleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48

Agrio Formation žAmpullula erchunensis

Subject index volumes 51–100 / Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 100 (1998) 189–255 191

Ampullula sueticapaleobotany 68(1-2) 119-126

AmsterdamoyaQuaternary 73(1-4) 145-151

Anabaenapaleobotany 83(1-3) 97-105

Anadenatherapaleobotany 52(4) 367-374

analogues, modern see modern analogsAnapaulia moodyi

Plantae 93(1-4) 127-145Anaxagorea brevipes

paleobotany 85(3-4) 123-152Andalusia Spain see Granada SpainAndalusiella

paleobotany 91(1-4) 171-186Andepts

Colombia, soils 60(1-2) 149-163Anderson County Kansas see Garnett

KansasAndes see also Argentina; Chile; Venezuela

paleobotany 83(1-3) 185-198Eastern Cordillera 71(1-4) 255-268;

92(1-2) 157-205palynomorphs, Eastern Cordillera 92(1-2)

97-156Pliocene, Eastern Cordillera 78(1-2)

69-127; 92(3-4) 329-350Quaternary, Eastern Cordillera 62(3-4)

249-290; 77(3-4) 235-262stratigraphy, Eastern Cordillera 98(1-2)

41-45Andhra Pradesh India

paleobotany 54(1-2) 11-42; 89(3-4)469-480

Andorrageochronology 69(4) 299-324

Andrographideaepaleobotany 72(3-4) 229-243

Andrographispaleobotany 72(3-4) 229-243

Androstrobus balmeipaleobotany 65(1-4) 165-173

Androstrobus phialophorapaleobotany 77(3-4) 301-304

Anemia dicksonioidespaleobotany 70(4) 279-295

Anemia sphenopteroidespaleobotany 70(4) 279-295

Angaridiumpaleobotany 90(1-2) 41-62

Angarolepispaleobotany 53(3-4) 359-376

Angiopteris blackiipaleobotany 51(1-3) 65-93

Angiospermae see also Dicotyledoneae;Monocotyledoneae

58(1) 33-46; 61(1-2) 147-173; 70(3)257-258; 75(3-4) 301-315; 75(3-4)

317-322; 83(4) 356; 85(3-4) 199-205;89(3-4) 487; 91(1-4) 423-424; 92(1-2)29-54; 98(3-4) 293-301

Alabama 91(1-4) 23-34Antarctica 74(3-4) 163-192; 86(3-4)

175-198stratigraphy 81(2-4) 151-164Atlantic Coastal Plain 90(3-4) 319-337British Columbia 78(3-4) 277-291Chile 91(1-4) 283-315Egypt 58(2-4) 289-299England 58(2-4) 289-299; 65(1-4)

145-151; 96(3-4) 231-240Europe 57(1-2) 1-154; 57(1-2) 45-74;

57(1-2) 75-79; 69(1-3) 109-112; 70(3)225-229; 84(3-4) 413-418

Germany 91(1-4) 1-21Gulf Coastal Plain, stratigraphy 82(3-4)

225-238Hungary 96(3-4) 231-240India 67(1-2) 59-74

Eocene 67(1-2) 1-11stratigraphy 86(3-4) 325-348

Ireland 57(1-2) 27-32Kansas 80(1-2) 1-18Mexico 58(1) 5-32Mississippi 91(1-4) 23-34Nebraska 80(1-2) 1-18New Jersey 90(3-4) 339-359Nigeria, stratigraphy 54(1-2) 151-158Northwest Territories, Quaternary 79(1-2)

99-112Peru 81(1) 99-113Queensland Australia 78(3-4) 183-234

stratigraphy 65(1-4) 153-163Rocky Mountains 57(3-4) 221-232Russian Federation 97(1-2) 67-78Scotland 57(1-2) 27-32Spain, Quaternary 91(1-4) 383-397Vermont, stratigraphy 82(3-4) 299-315Western Australia, Quaternary 98(3-4)

187-205Angophora costata

Quaternary 80(3-4) 311-332Anhui China

paleobotany 90(1-2) 63-77; 98(3-4)247-256

AnisianArctic Ocean 70(3) 199-216

AnisophylleaceaePlantae 64(1-4) 187-196

Annonaceae64(1-4) 109-127; 85(3-4) 123-152South America 83(1-3) 55-64

annual growth rings see tree ringsAnomaloplaisium johnsium

Silurian 89(1-2) 49-74Antarctic Continent see AntarcticaAntarctic Ocean see also Scotia Sea

paleobotany, Weddell Sea 84(1-2) 101-105stratigraphy 65(1-4) 131-144

Antarctic Peninsulapalynomorphs 74(3-4) 163-192; 91(1-4)

241-281Quaternary 51(4) 329stratigraphy 84(1-2) 113-120

Antarctica see also Beacon Supergroup;Lopez de Bertodano Formation;Seymour Island

Cretaceous 81(1) 19-32paleobotany 62(1-2) 41-64; 63(3-4) 315;

67(3-4) 179-198; 67(3-4) 229-236;79(3-4) 221-244; 82(3-4) 365; 86(3-4)175-198; 92(3-4) 207-227Alexander Island 92(1-2) 1-28Allan Hills 90(3-4) 303-318Beardmore Glacier 83(1-3) 227-239Queen Alexandra Range 67(3-4)

353-362; 74(1-2) 101-107; 78(3-4)269-276

Transantarctic Mountains 61(1-2) 53-61;61(3-4) 341-345; 66(1-2) 105-127;66(1-2) 129-145; 69(4) 353-368;74(1-2) 101-107; 83(1-3) 227-239;90(3-4) 303-318; 94(1-2) 11-24

palynomorphs 79(3-4) 205-219Antarctic Peninsula 74(3-4) 163-192;

91(1-4) 241-281Livingston Island 74(3-4) 163-192;

91(1-4) 241-281Permian, Queen Maud Land 86(1-2)

157-173; 89(3-4) 359-415Quaternary 61(3-4) 347-348

Antarctic Peninsula 51(4) 329stratigraphy 65(1-4) 131-144

Antarctic Peninsula 84(1-2) 113-120Livingston Island 84(1-2) 113-120Transantarctic Mountains 61(1-2)

101-138; 65(1-4) 257-265Antarctipteris

paleobotany 62(1-2) 41-64Anthemideae

paleobotany 62(1-2) 1-9Antwerp Belgium

stratigraphy 97(1-2) 97-107Anza-Borrego Desert State Park

paleobotany 56(3-4) 183-198Apache County Arizona

paleobotany 63(3-4) 189-195Apectodinium augustum

paleobotany 56(3-4) 327-344Apectodinium hyperacanthum

paleobotany 56(3-4) 327-344stratigraphy 60(3-4) 361-373

Apenninespaleobotany 80(1-2) 159-172

Ampullula suetica žApennines


Quaternary 63(3-4) 173-182; 63(3-4)299-313

stratigraphy 97(1-2) 177-196Aphanizomenon

paleobotany 83(1-3) 97-105Apiculatisporites

paleobotany 81(2-4) 213-231Apiculiretusispora coniferus

palynomorphs 93(1-4) 269-297Apiculiretusispora gulata

paleobotany 52(4) 403-416Apocynaceae

paleobotany 64(1-4) 165-174Appalachian Basin

paleobotany 57(3-4) 289-297palynomorphs 90(1-2) 113-140stratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283

Appalachiansstratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283

Apteodiniumpaleobotany 91(1-4) 187-240

AptianEgypt 58(2-4) 289-299; 94(1-2) 137-168England 58(2-4) 289-299; 65(1-4)

145-151; 83(1-3) 175-183Queensland Australia 65(1-4) 153-163Russian Federation 91(1-4) 187-240

Arabian Peninsula see also Saudi Arabia;Yemen

paleobotany 64(1-4) 343-350Paleozoic 89(1-2) 3

Arabian Seapaleobotany 97(3-4) 319-337

Aragon Spain see Teruel SpainAratrisporites spongeosus

paleobotany 68(3-4) 217-232Araucaria

paleobotany 72(1-2) 27-40; 94(3-4)357-358

Quaternary 97(1-2) 109-121Araucariaceae

paleobotany 75(1-2) 53-64Araucariacites

paleobotany 83(1-3) 185-198Araucarioxylon

paleobotany 80(3-4) 277-290; 85(3-4)341-350

Araucarites pedreranuspaleobotany 61(3-4) 303-318

Arcadia Formationpaleobotany 51(1-3) 51-58

archaeological sitesBelgium, Quaternary 73(1-4) 1-19;

73(1-4) 287-300China, Quaternary 89(3-4) 481-485England, Quaternary 73(1-4) 57-70Finland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 227-239Germany, Quaternary 73(1-4) 205-211

Israel, Quaternary 73(1-4) 153-160;73(1-4) 161-166

Italy, stratigraphy 70(3) 241-246Libya, Quaternary 73(1-4) 315-327Netherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 87-98;

73(1-4) 145-151; 73(1-4) 187-204;73(1-4) 287-300

Poland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 213-226Scotland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 49-56Spain, Quaternary 73(1-4) 35-47; 91(1-4)

383-397Turkey, Quaternary 73(1-4) 99-104Yemen, Quaternary 73(1-4) 241-257Yugoslavia, Quaternary 73(1-4) 181-185

archaeology see also artifacts; Bronze Age;Iron Age; middens; Neolithic; Paleolithic

England 73(1-4) 117-132; 73(1-4) 271-286Europe, Quaternary 73(1-4) 105-115France, Quaternary 73(1-4) 259-270;

73(1-4) 301-314Middle East, Quaternary 73(1-4) 21-33New South Wales Australia, Quaternary

80(3-4) 311-332Quaternary 73(1-4) 1-327; 80(1-2)

173-174Spain, Quaternary 61(3-4) 205-237

ArchaeopterisRussian Federation 53(1-2) 163-173

Archaeosigillariapaleobotany 57(3-4) 247-264

archeology see archaeologyArcheosigillaria

paleobotany 96(1-2) 47-70Arctic Archipelago


Arctic Oceanpaleobotany, Norwegian Sea 98(1-2)

159-176Plantae, Barents Sea 70(3) 199-216Quaternary, Norwegian Sea 83(4) 275-297stratigraphy, Barents Sea 63(1-2) 153-162;

82(3-4) 317-349Arctic region see also Greenland; Svalbard

paleobotany 62(3-4) 363; 92(3-4) 229-243Svalbard 56(3-4) 275-304

Quaternary 63(1-2) 35-52Ardennes

paleobotany 75(3-4) 273-288areal geology see bibliographyArecaceae

paleobotany 64(1-4) 137-147stratigraphy 100(1-2) 109-122ArecidaeArecidae 87(2-4) 81-322

Arecipitesstratigraphy 81(2-4) 151-164

ArenigianAlgeria 86(1-2) 49-68

Belgium 98(1-2) 47-79China 86(1-2) 13-48England 98(1-2) 81-94Germany 98(1-2) 47-79Iran 86(1-2) 91-109Northwest Territories 86(1-2) 69-90Sweden 86(1-2) 1-11

Argentina see also Patagonia; Tierra delFuego

paleobotany 57(3-4) 247-264; 70(3)187-197Chubut Argentina 51(1-3) 3-30; 63(1-2)

117-135La Rioja Argentina 51(1-3) 3-30Mendoza Argentina 68(3-4) 217-232Neuquen Argentina 65(1-4) 209-216San Juan Argentina 91(1-4) 107-119;

99(1) 55-59Santa Cruz Argentina 59(1-4) 109-126;

59(1-4) 145-151; 89(3-4) 213-233;99(3-4) 247-263

Plantae, San Juan Argentina 86(3-4)315-323

Quaternary, Santa Cruz Argentina 77(1-2)129-142

stratigraphy, Salta Argentina 98(1-2) 41-45Ariadnaesporites

paleobotany 83(1-3) 159-174Aristolochia macrophylla

stratigraphy 81(1) 65-82Arizona see also Chinle Formation;

Morrison Formation; Sonoran Desertpaleobotany 55(4) 337-356

Apache County Arizona 63(3-4) 189-195Petrified Forest National Park 63(3-4)

189-195Quaternary 64(1-4) 359-366

Arkhangelsk Russian Federation see FranzJosef Land

Arkoniastratigraphy 98(1-2) 47-79

Armorican MassifDevonian 87(1) 1-14thallophytes 77(3-4) 263-272

Arnager Limestone Formationpaleobotany 72(1-2) 1-25

Artemisia85(1-2) 13-34Colorado, Quaternary 74(3-4) 293-313France, Quaternary 97(3-4) 227-237Greece, Pleistocene 52(2-3) 89-117Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368

Arthropoda see MandibulataArticulatae

Germany 100(1-2) 1-26artifacts see archaeological sitesArtinskian

Western Australia 75(3-4) 153-182

Aphanizomenon žArtinskian


AsbianEngland 84(3-4) 305-329

Ascomycetespaleobotany 59(1-4) 127-131

Ashgillian98(1-2) 33-40Algeria 86(1-2) 49-68Northwest Territories 86(1-2) 69-90

Asia see also Arabian Peninsula; CentralAsia; Far East; Himalayas; IndianPeninsula; Middle East; Sri Lanka

paleobotanyBengal 91(1-4) 331-352Hissar Range 51(1-3) 127-131Kamchatka Russian Federation 59(1-4)

77-91; 97(1-2) 67-78Russian Far East 97(1-2) 67-78Siberia 53(3-4) 359-376

QuaternaryBengal 65(1-4) 25-35Kashmir 80(1-2) 173-174

stratigraphy 51(1-3) 205-212Tien Shan 81(2-4) 193-211

Asia Minor see TurkeyAspleniaceae

paleobotany 64(1-4) 149-158Asplenium

paleobotany 64(1-4) 149-158Assam India

paleobotany 72(3-4) 325-333Assendelver Polder

paleobotany 58(2-4) 231-288Plantae 62(3-4) 363

Assiros ToumbaQuaternary 73(1-4) 133-143

AsteliaQuaternary 89(3-4) 429-440AsteridaeAsteridae 87(2-4) 81-322

Asterocelastrus cretaceapaleobotany 60(1-2) 1-6

Asturias Spainpaleobotany 80(1-2) 65-74

Ataxiodinium confusumpaleobotany 85(3-4) 213-229

Athrotaxus ungeripaleobotany 89(3-4) 257-286

Atlantic Coastal Plain see also Virginiapaleobotany 90(3-4) 319-337

Atlantic Ocean see also North Atlanticpaleobotany 79(3-4) 335-368Paleogene

Rockall Plateau 65(1-4) 331-339Sohm abyssal plain 65(1-4) 331-339

palynomorphs 74(1-2) 1-53Quaternary 63(1-2) 1-11; 73(1-4) 49-56

Gulf of Guinea 84(1-2) 1-22Labrador Sea 83(4) 275-297

Atlantic Ocean Islands see Shetland Islands

atmosphereColorado, paleobotany 72(3-4) 169-197paleobotany 96(1-2) 1-30Quaternary 81(1) 11-17

atmospheric precipitationEurope, Quaternary 82(1-2) 175-189France, Plantae 64(1-4) 45-51India, paleobotany 64(1-4) 71-77

atmospheric transportJapan, paleobotany 64(1-4) 61-69Mediterranean region, paleobotany 79(3-4)

335-368Sahara, paleobotany 79(3-4) 335-368

Atopochara trivolvisthallophytes 94(3-4) 259-293

Atopodinium haromensestratigraphy 56(3-4) 313-326

Auckland Islandspaleobotany 96(3-4) 317-338

Aucuba japonicapaleobotany 85(3-4) 199-205

Aude France see CorbieresAuriculizonospora

paleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40Australasia see New ZealandAustralia see also New South Wales

Australia; Queensland Australia; SouthAustralia; Tasmania Australia; VictoriaAustralia; Western Australia

Eocene 81(2-4) 165-183paleobotany 58(2-4) 95-109; 94(1-2)

111-122palynomorphs, Surat Basin 78(3-4)

183-234Permian 86(1-2) 157-173Officer Basin 65(1-4) 229-237Phanerozoic 65(1-4) 195-207Plantae 91(1-4) 424-425Quaternary 55(1-3) 229-245stratigraphy 84(1-2) 113-120Otway Basin 65(1-4) 131-144Tertiary 65(1-4) 47-55

Australoxylonpaleobotany 92(3-4) 207-227

Austrocalyx jejenensispaleobotany 91(1-4) 107-119

Autuniapaleobotany 54(3-4) 249-360; 78(1-2)

1-18; 91(1-4) 35-62Autunia conferta

paleobotany 78(1-2) 1-18Autunian

France 67(1-2) 141-152; 72(3-4) 299-315Avila Spain

Quaternary 82(1-2) 127-139Axel Heiberg Island

paleobotany 70(1-2) 89-111; 97(1-2)197-226

stratigraphy 81(1) 83-97

AzollaIndia 69(4) 325-336

Azolla deccanianapaleobotany 69(4) 325-336

Bacillariophytathallophytes 58(2-4) 357-362

Bacuspinulopollenitespaleobotany 67(1-2) 59-74

Bainmedart Coal Measurespaleobotany 92(3-4) 207-227

BajocianArgentina 65(1-4) 319-330Commonwealth of Independent States

51(1-3) 127-131Bakony Mountains

stratigraphy 66(3-4) 361-377Baldwin County Alabama

Plantae 58(1) 47-59balls, coal see coal ballsBalmeiopsis

paleobotany 83(1-3) 185-198Balmeisporites

palynomorphs 89(3-4) 287-296Baltic region see also Estonia

Ordovician 79(3-4) 245-269paleobotany 98(1-2) 27-32

Baltic SeaQuaternary 82(1-2) 192-193

BalticaChina, palynomorphs 86(1-2) 1-173Europe, stratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145

Baltisphaeridium86(3-4) 287-314China 52(2-3) 161-177; 86(1-2) 13-48Saudi Arabia, Silurian 89(1-2) 49-74Sweden 86(1-2) 1-11

Banatpaleobotany 94(3-4) 345-356

Banatozamites chlamydostomuspaleobotany 94(3-4) 345-356

Banksia integrifoliaQuaternary 80(3-4) 311-332

Banksites lineatuspaleobotany 52(2-3) 119-129

Baquero Formationpaleobotany 59(1-4) 109-126; 89(3-4)

213-233; 99(3-4) 247-263Barakar Stage

India 63(3-4) 183-187; 90(1-2) 79-98Barakella rara

paleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48Baranya Mountains see Mecsek MountainsBarents Sea

Plantae 70(3) 199-216stratigraphy 63(1-2) 153-162; 82(3-4)

317-349Barinophytopsida

thallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322

Asbian žBarinophytopsida


BarrandianEurope 86(1-2) 135-145

BarremianEngland 65(1-4) 145-151; 83(1-3)

175-183; 100(1-2) 89-98Germany 100(1-2) 89-98Queensland Australia 65(1-4) 153-163Rocky Mountains 57(3-4) 221-232Russian Federation 91(1-4) 187-240

Barry Harbour LimestoneDevonian 56(1-2) 69-87

Barssidinium olymposapaleobotany 96(3-4) 281-304

Barteniathallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234

BashkirianChina 81(2-4) 193-211

BASICIndia, paleobotany 64(1-4) 71-77

Basidiomycetespaleobotany 95(1-4) 83-94

Basin and Range Province see Arizona;Nevada; New Mexico; Utah

basinsColorado, paleobotany 72(3-4) 169-197France, stratigraphy 84(1-2) 121-128Italy, paleobotany 91(1-4) 63-84Ivory Coast, paleobotany 91(1-4) 171-186paleobotany 51(4) 328-329

basins, drainage see drainage basinsBathonian

Arctic region 56(3-4) 275-304; 62(3-4)363

Commonwealth of Independent States51(1-3) 127-131

Morocco 77(1-2) 97-106Russian Federation 61(1-2) 139-145

Batioladinium gochtiipaleobotany 91(1-4) 187-240

Bauhiniapaleobotany 83(1-3) 31-42

Bauxaceaepaleobotany 69(1-3) 113-115

Bavaria Germany see also BayreuthGermany

Quaternary 73(1-4) 205-211Bay Fiord Formation

stratigraphy 86(1-2) 69-90Bay of Naples

paleobotany 84(1-2) 45-56Bayreuth Germany

paleobotany 71(1-4) 239-254Beacon Supergroup

paleobotany 61(1-2) 53-61; 74(1-2)101-107

stratigraphy 83(4) 329-337Beardmore Glacier

paleobotany 83(1-3) 227-239Beauprea

paleobotany 53(3-4) 305-327Beaver Lake

paleobotany 79(3-4) 221-244Bedinan Formation

paleobotany 93(1-4) 35-76Behuninia

paleobotany 71(1-4) 219-238Belgian Congo see Congo Democratic

RepublicBelgium see also Meuse Valley

paleobotany 55(4) 317-335; 64(1-4)315-324; 72(1-2) 149-158; 75(3-4)273-288; 77(1-2) 1-22; 93(1-4) 217-233;99(3-4) 343

Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315palynomorphs 93(1-4) 269-297Plantae, Dinant Basin 93(1-4) 89-106Quaternary 59(1-4) 7-36; 73(1-4) 1-19;

73(1-4) 287-300sedimentary petrology 93(1-4) 317-331Spermatophyta, Dinant Basin 98(3-4)

303-324stratigraphy 98(1-2) 47-79Antwerp Belgium 97(1-2) 97-107Namur Belgium 80(1-2) 55-63

BelizePlantae 58(1) 85-94

Bell, Walter A.Carboniferous 95(1-4) 3-5

Bellatudinium hokkaidoanumstratigraphy 84(1-2) 129-153

Belonechitinapaleobotany 86(1-2) 49-68

Bembridge Marlspaleobotany 96(3-4) 231-240

Bengalpaleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352Quaternary 65(1-4) 25-35

Beninpaleobotany 57(3-4) 173-186

BennettitalesDenmark 51(1-3) 117-126Europe 84(3-4) 389-412France 51(1-3) 117-126Greenland 60(1-2) 7-24North Carolina 85(3-4) 189-198Romania 94(3-4) 345-356Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51

Berkshire EnglandPlantae 64(1-4) 289-296

Bernettia phialophorapaleobotany 77(3-4) 301-304

bernstein see amberBerriasian

Antarctica 91(1-4) 241-281France 68(1-2) 49-63; 92(3-4) 367-382Italy 68(1-2) 49-63Libya 81(2-4) 297-311Portugal 66(3-4) 313-344

Switzerland 92(3-4) 367-382Berwath Formation

paleobotany 89(1-2) 115-123Besselia nunaatica

paleobotany 56(3-4) 305-311Besselia polaris

paleobotany 56(3-4) 305-311Betsiboka Basin

paleobotany 77(3-4) 213-233Betula

Alberta, Quaternary 79(1-2) 83-97British Columbia, Quaternary 79(1-2)

83-97England, stratigraphy 81(1) 33-52France 64(1-4) 53-59

Quaternary 82(1-2) 97-112; 89(3-4)455-467

Netherlands, stratigraphy 52(2-3) 179-204Norway 85(3-4) 243-262

Quaternary 53(3-4) 185-231Portugal, Quaternary 97(3-4) 239-285Quebec, Quaternary 79(1-2) 31-68

Betula albaQuaternary 97(3-4) 239-285

Betula pendulastratigraphy 81(1) 33-52

bibliography see also biographyEurope, paleobotany 78(3-4) 403-404;

99(3-4) 341paleobotany 52(1)

Bicarinellum tricarinelloidespaleobotany 78(3-4) 353-379

Bighorn Basinpaleobotany 64(1-4) 325-329

Bihar India see Rajmahal Hills; RajmahalIndia

Biharisporites capillatuspaleobotany 52(4) 403-416

bioclastic sedimentationBritish Columbia, Quaternary 75(1-2)

103-131biodiversity

Antarctica, paleobotany 86(3-4) 175-198China, paleobotany 75(3-4) 239-258France, Plantae 64(1-4) 45-51fungi 64(1-4) 29-34Germany, paleontology 89(3-4) 487-489India, paleobotany 85(3-4) 319-340Japan, paleobotany 64(1-4) 61-69Kazakhstan, paleobotany 85(3-4) 207-211Mediterranean region, paleobotany 79(3-4)

335-368paleobotany 74(3-4) 315-316; 78(3-4)

293-319; 84(3-4) 331-345paleontology 70(3) 259-261; 91(1-4)

426-428Poland, stratigraphy 87(1) 43-50Sahara, paleobotany 79(3-4) 335-368

Barrandian ž biodiversity


Tasmania Australia, Quaternary 84(3-4)375-387

biogenic structures see ichnofossils;stromatolites

biogeography see also adaptive radiation;floral provinces

Africa, stratigraphy 84(3-4) 347-364;86(1-2) 147-155

Algeria, paleobotany 86(1-2) 49-68Antarctic Ocean, Eocene 86(3-4) 235-263Arabian Peninsula, Paleozoic 89(1-2) 3Argentina, paleobotany 91(1-4) 107-119Australia

Permian 86(1-2) 157-173Plantae 91(1-4) 424-425Tertiary 65(1-4) 47-55

BelgiumQuaternary 73(1-4) 1-19; 73(1-4)

287-300stratigraphy 98(1-2) 47-79

ChinaOrdovician 99(1) 61-74paleobotany 75(3-4) 239-258Plantae 96(1-2) 229stratigraphy 81(2-4) 193-211

ColombiaQuaternary 62(3-4) 249-290stratigraphy 66(3-4) 345-359

Commonwealth of Independent Statespaleobotany 91(1-4) 35-62stratigraphy 83(1-3) 131-136

Egypt, paleobotany 58(2-4) 129-138England

paleobotany 89(3-4) 305-317; 95(1-4)227-253; 96(3-4) 231-240

Quaternary 73(1-4) 271-286stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72

EuropeJurassic 91(1-4) 353-370paleobotany 52(2-3) 119-129stratigraphy 90(1-2) 141-153

Finland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 227-239France

Plantae 75(1-2) 77-102Quaternary 73(1-4) 259-270

Germanypaleobotany 56(1-2) 177-181paleontology 89(3-4) 487-489Quaternary 73(1-4) 205-211stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72; 98(1-2)

47-79Hungary, paleobotany 96(3-4) 231-240India

paleobotany 58(2-4) 205-213; 90(1-2)79-98

Permian 86(1-2) 157-173Plantae 76(1) 49-82

Israel, Quaternary 73(1-4) 161-166Italy


Kansas, paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113Nebraska, paleobotany 74(3-4) 267-282Netherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 287-300New South Wales Australia

paleobotany 64(1-4) 97-101Quaternary 65(1-4) 305-310

New York, Quaternary 63(1-2) 53-76Niger, Permian 66(3-4) 243-261Nigeria, Quaternary 100(1-2) 39-72North Sea, paleobotany 84(1-2) 169-180Norway, Quaternary 61(3-4) 177-203Ohio, paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113Ordovician 66(3-4) 181-209paleobotany 57(3-4) 277-287; 75(3-4) 323;

84(1-2) 23-44; 85(3-4) 153-182; 95(1-4)83-94; 95(1-4) 155-189; 98(3-4) 257-291

palynomorphs 89(3-4) 287-296Plantae 90(1-2) 1-3; 90(1-2) 1-153Queensland Australia, stratigraphy 65(1-4)

153-163Rocky Mountains, paleobotany 57(3-4)

221-232Saudi Arabia, stratigraphy 56(1-2) 41-60South America, stratigraphy 86(1-2)

147-155Spain


stratigraphy 86(1-2) 111-133Sudan, Quaternary 99(3-4) 235-246Tennessee, paleobotany 58(2-4) 111-128Tunisia, Paleogene 65(1-4) 85-94Wales, paleobotany 95(1-4) 227-253

biography73(1-4) vii-xii; 89(3-4) 151Canada, Carboniferous 95(1-4) 3-5paleobotany 51(1-3) 1-2; 52(2-3) 67-71;

56(1-2) 1-4; 66(1-2) 1-2; 83(1-3) ix-xiii;93(1-4) 3-8; 96(3-4) 347-349; 96(3-4)449-451

paleontology 98(1-2) 3-14Quaternary 79(1-2) 1-5

biologic evolution see also adaptiveradiation; cladistics; life origin

Antarctica, paleobotany 74(1-2) 101-107Argentina, paleobotany 91(1-4) 107-119Belgium, paleobotany 74(1-2) 139-157China

Ordovician 99(1) 61-74paleobotany 60(3-4) 205-223

England, palynomorphs 93(1-4) 333-340Europe, paleobotany 78(1-2) 41-54; 99(1)

25-54France, stratigraphy 87(1) 27-41Germany, paleobotany 77(3-4) 185-212India, paleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352Nebraska, paleobotany 74(3-4) 267-282

New Jersey, paleobotany 90(3-4) 339-359Ohio, palynomorphs 97(1-2) 1-8paleobotany 53(1-2) 141-149; 57(3-4)

277-287; 59(1-4) 153-160; 65(1-4)179-193; 67(1-2) 13-39; 70(3) 257-258;72(3-4) 336; 90(3-4) 209-222; 91(1-4)428-429; 96(3-4) 351-447; 96(3-4)449-451

paleontology 83(4) 352-353; 83(4)353-354

Peru, paleobotany 81(1) 99-113Plantae 79(3-4) 369-370; 81(2-4) 339-340;

90(3-4) 223-247Poland, paleobotany 52(4) 403-416Scotland, paleobotany 72(3-4) 273-284Tennessee, paleobotany 74(3-4) 249-266

biological diversity see biodiversitybiological zones see biozonesbiomarkers

Alaska, Cretaceous 81(1) 19-32stratigraphy 81(1) 1-113

biomechanicsPlantae 83(4) 355

biometryEurope, stratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145Ivory Coast, paleobotany 91(1-4) 171-186Plantae 90(3-4) 195-207biomineralizationbiomineralization 99(3-4) 203-215;

100(1-2) 73-88biopelite see black shalebiostratigraphy see also biozones;

megaspores; miospores; nannofossils;paleoecology; palynomorphs;stromatolites

52(2-3) 131-135; 77(1-2) 144-146; 82(3-4)197-224; 87(1) vii-viii; 93(1-4) 23-34

Alabama, Plantae 58(1) 47-59Arabian Peninsula 89(1-2) 3Arctic Ocean, paleobotany 98(1-2)

159-176Argentina 65(1-4) 319-330Belgium 98(1-2) 47-79Brazil, Quaternary 99(2) 115-129Canada 95(1-4) 3-5Chile, paleobotany 91(1-4) 283-315China, paleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48; 98(1-2)

15-25Colombia, paleobotany 71(1-4) 255-268Egypt 63(3-4) 259-267

paleobotany 85(3-4) 303-317England 95(1-4) 51-72

paleobotany 80(1-2) 39-54Europe 86(1-2) 135-145France, paleobotany 92(3-4) 367-382Germany 95(1-4) 51-72; 98(1-2) 47-79Greece 52(2-3) 73-88Gulf Coastal Plain 82(3-4) 225-238

biogenic structures ž biostratigraphy


India, paleobotany 85(3-4) 319-340;91(1-4) 331-352

Ireland, Quaternary 63(1-2) 1-11Italy 87(1) 51-79

Quaternary 81(2-4) 313-325Jordan 66(3-4) 167-180Libya 81(2-4) 297-311Mexico, Quaternary 99(2) 77-93New Mexico, paleobotany 98(1-2)

153-157Nova Scotia 58(2-4) 301-331paleobotany 91(1-4) 423-424Plantae 58(1) 1-3; 95(1-4) 1-304Poland 87(1) 43-50Quebec 97(1-2) 155-175Romania, paleobotany 82(3-4) 351-363Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 5-17; 89(1-2) 27-48;

89(1-2) 49-74; 89(1-2) 139-150Scotland 84(3-4) 255-279Spain 66(1-2) 25-45; 81(2-4) 327-335;

95(1-4) 51-72Sri Lanka 58(2-4) 197-203Sweden, paleobotany 98(1-2) 27-32Switzerland, paleobotany 92(3-4) 367-382Vermont 82(3-4) 265-297; 82(3-4)

299-315Virginia 54(1-2) 105-119

biostromesChina, paleobotany 91(1-4) 121-142

biozonesAfrica, stratigraphy 86(1-2) 147-155Algeria, paleobotany 86(1-2) 49-68Antarctica, stratigraphy 61(1-2) 101-138Australia

Eocene 81(2-4) 165-183stratigraphy 84(1-2) 113-120Tertiary 65(1-4) 47-55

Basin and Range Province, Quaternary64(1-4) 359-366

BelgiumPaleocene 99(3-4) 265-315stratigraphy 80(1-2) 55-63

Burundi, Quaternary 75(1-2) 133-151Cameroon, Quaternary 99(2) 157-188Canada, Carboniferous 95(1-4) 7-29China


Colorado Plateau, Quaternary 64(1-4)359-366

DenmarkJurassic 75(1-2) 33-52Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315stratigraphy 78(3-4) 321-351thallophytes 74(1-2) 55-75

EnglandJurassic 75(1-2) 33-52paleobotany 95(1-4) 227-253; 98(1-2)

81-94

Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315Quaternary 85(3-4) 263-287stratigraphy 74(3-4) 207-237

Francepaleobotany 85(3-4) 231-242stratigraphy 87(1) 15-26

Germany, Quaternary 73(1-4) 167-180Greece, Pleistocene 52(2-3) 89-117Gulf of Mexico, Paleogene 65(1-4)

331-339Hungary, stratigraphy 66(3-4) 361-377India

Cretaceous 65(1-4) 119-129Permian 65(1-4) 239-255Quaternary 65(1-4) 25-35stratigraphy 86(3-4) 325-348

Iran, paleomagnetism 86(1-2) 91-109Italy


Kenya, paleobotany 74(1-2) 77-100Libya, Devonian 66(3-4) 229-242Nepal, paleobotany 91(1-4) 317-329Netherlands, stratigraphy 65(1-4) 275-285North Sea, Quaternary 79(3-4) 285-295Northwest Territories, stratigraphy 86(1-2)

69-90Norway

algae 52(2-3) 137-159paleobotany 85(3-4) 243-262stratigraphy 62(1-2) 157-186; 82(3-4)

317-349Nova Scotia, stratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283Ohio, stratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283Ordovician 66(3-4) 181-209paleobotany 67(1-2) 13-39Poland

Jurassic 75(1-2) 33-52Ordovician 79(3-4) 245-269stratigraphy 65(1-4) 287-292

Russian Federation, paleobotany 91(1-4)187-240

Saskatchewan, Quaternary 96(1-2)183-224

Saudi ArabiaDevonian 89(1-2) 105-113stratigraphy 89(1-2) 75-90

Scotland, Quaternary 85(3-4) 263-287South America, stratigraphy 86(1-2)

147-155Sweden


Wales, paleobotany 95(1-4) 227-253Western Sahara, palynomorphs 74(1-2)

1-53Bitectatodinium tepekiense

Quaternary 84(3-4) 221-253Bitelaria dubjanskii

paleobotany 74(1-2) 109-138Bitubericysta boroijiana

thallophytes 70(4) 325-338bitumenite see torbanitebituminous shale see black shaleBlack Alley Shale

paleobotany 62(1-2) 11-40Black Creek Formation

paleobotany 94(1-2) 39-55Black Sea

paleobotany 91(1-4) 151-169black shale

England, stratigraphy 54(1-2) 85-103Germany, stratigraphy 54(1-2) 85-103

BlepharisPlantae 92(3-4) 253-268

bloating shale see shaleBlomidon Formation

stratigraphy 86(3-4) 211-233blue-green algae see cyanobacteriaBo Hai see Bohai BayBogota Colombia


bogsArgentina, Quaternary 89(3-4) 429-440Brazil, Quaternary 97(1-2) 109-121France, Quaternary 82(1-2) 97-112Netherlands

geochemistry 58(2-4) 365Quaternary 51(4) 271-287; 94(1-2)

75-100; 96(3-4) 459Poland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 213-226Saskatchewan, Quaternary 96(1-2)

183-224Scotland, paleobotany 72(1-2) 159-164

Bohai Baypaleobotany 92(3-4) 383-388

Bohemia see also Sokolov Basinpaleobotany 60(1-2) 1-6; 83(1-3) 159-174;

84(3-4) 389-412stratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145

Bohemian Basinpaleobotany 96(1-2) 81-97

Bohemian Massifpaleobotany 97(1-2) 41-52

Bois Collet Quarrypaleobotany 74(1-2) 139-157

book reviewsAfrica, paleobotany 80(3-4) 339Antarctica, Quaternary 51(4) 329; 61(3-4)

347-348Argentina, paleobotany 94(3-4) 357-358Australia, Plantae 91(1-4) 424-425Belgium, paleobotany 99(3-4) 343Canada, paleobotany 89(3-4) 491-492Colombia, paleobotany 100(1-2) 123-124environmental geology 69(4) 371-372

biostromes žbook reviews


Europe, paleobotany 78(3-4) 403-404;80(3-4) 339; 99(3-4) 341

France, Plantae 96(1-2) 226-227Gabon, Spermatophyta 51(4) 328Germany

paleontology 89(3-4) 487-489Plantae 96(1-2) 225-226

Hungary, Plantae 70(3) 261ichnofossils 89(3-4) 490-491India

paleobotany 72(3-4) 335; 83(4) 354Spermatophyta 51(4) 327stratigraphy 61(3-4) 352-354

New Zealand, paleobotany 84(3-4)482-483

North Carolina, Plantae 77(3-4) 305-306North Sea, paleontology 74(1-2) 159Northwest Territories, stratigraphy 77(1-2)

143-144paleobotany 51(4) 328-329; 51(4)

329-330; 52(2-3) 251-252; 52(2-3)255-256; 57(3-4) 341-344; 58(2-4) 363;58(2-4) 363-364; 61(1-2) 175-176;67(3-4) 363-364; 70(3) 257-258; 72(3-4)336; 74(1-2) 159-160; 74(3-4) 315-316;75(3-4) 323; 77(1-2) 146-147; 77(3-4)305; 83(4) 351-352; 89(3-4) 487;89(3-4) 489-490; 91(1-4) 423-424;91(1-4) 428-429

paleontology 70(3) 259-261; 83(4)352-353; 83(4) 353-354; 84(3-4)481-482; 91(1-4) 426-428; 99(3-4)341-343

palynomorphs 57(3-4) 341; 61(3-4)354-355

Plantae 61(3-4) 348-352; 79(3-4) 369-370;81(2-4) 339-340

Quaternary 52(2-3) 252-254; 80(1-2)173-174; 80(3-4) 339-341; 91(1-4)425-426

Saskatchewan, Plantae 80(3-4) 341South Africa, paleobotany 51(4) 330-331South America, Quaternary 51(4) 329;

61(3-4) 347-348stratigraphy 52(2-3) 251; 52(2-3) 254-255;

77(1-2) 144-146Sweden

Invertebrata 70(3) 258-259paleobotany 79(3-4) 370; 79(3-4)

370-371Yukon Territory, stratigraphy 77(1-2)

143-144Borneo see Kalimantan IndonesiaBornholm

paleobotany 66(1-2) 47-63; 72(1-2) 1-25Bosqueiopsis

paleobotany 57(3-4) 187-220Bostonia perplexa


botany, paleo- see paleobotanyBotryococcaceae

algae 86(3-4) 287-314Botryococcus


Botryodiplodiapaleobotany 77(1-2) 107-118

Botryopteridaceaepaleobotany 77(1-2) 45-49

Botryopterispaleobotany 77(1-2) 45-49

Bouchet Lake see Lac du Bouchetboundaries, stratigraphic see stratigraphic

boundaryBourbon County Kansas

Pennsylvanian 98(3-4) 223-246Bourkidinium elegans

paleobotany 96(3-4) 339-345Bowen Basin

paleobotany 62(1-2) 11-40; 97(3-4)339-359

Bowser Basinpaleobotany 70(1-2) 9-45stratigraphy 70(1-2) 47-65

Bowser Lake Grouppaleobotany 70(1-2) 9-45

Brachyphyllumpaleobotany 78(1-2) 145-166

Brachyphyllum castatumpaleobotany 51(1-3) 169-187

Brachysporisporites infacetuspaleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226

Brandenberg FormationPlantae 97(3-4) 381-393

Brandon LigniteMiocene 82(3-4) 265-297stratigraphy 82(3-4) 299-315

Brazil see also Amazon Basin; Parana Basinpaleobotany 77(3-4) 171-184; 94(1-2)

123-135; 97(3-4) 287-299Permian, Rio Grande do Sul Brazil 99(3-4)

217-233Quaternary 99(2) 115-129; 99(2) 131-142

Parana Brazil 97(1-2) 109-121Brazilea

paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220Brevitriletes

Permian 89(3-4) 359-415Brigantian

stratigraphy 84(3-4) 305-329British Columbia see also Canadian Rocky

Mountainspaleobotany 70(1-2) 147-162; 70(1-2)

163-172; 70(1-2) 173-185; 78(3-4)277-291Bowser Basin 70(1-2) 9-45

Quaternary 79(1-2) 83-97; 79(1-2)113-119

stratigraphy, Bowser Basin 70(1-2) 47-65British Honduras see BelizeBronze Age

England 73(1-4) 71-86Germany 73(1-4) 205-211Greece 73(1-4) 133-143Italy 70(3) 241-246Portugal 89(3-4) 441-454Yugoslavia 73(1-4) 181-185

Brorup Interstadialpaleobotany 85(3-4) 231-242

Brosimum alicastrumpaleobotany 57(3-4) 187-220

brown algae see PhaeophytaBrunner Coal Measures

sedimentary petrology 80(1-2) 85-114Bryophyta see also Hepaticae; Musci

87(2-4) 81-322Colorado 72(3-4) 169-197Senegal, Quaternary 67(1-2) 41-58Togo, Quaternary 67(1-2) 41-58

Buchanan Lake Formationpaleobotany 70(1-2) 89-111stratigraphy 81(1) 83-97

Buckley Formation65(1-4) 257-265paleobotany 69(4) 353-368

Buckley Island Quadranglepaleobotany 67(3-4) 353-362

Buda Limestonepaleobotany 98(1-2) 153-157

Buedingiisphaeridium incertumSilurian 89(1-2) 49-74

BurdigalianFrance 72(3-4) 317-323

Burgess Shalepaleobotany 70(1-2) 1-2

buried channelsFrance, paleobotany 70(3) 247-253Germany, paleobotany 91(1-4) 1-21Italy, paleobotany 91(1-4) 85-105

Burngrove Formationpaleobotany 62(1-2) 11-40

BurseraceaePlantae 76(1) 49-82

Burundi see also Lake Tanganyikapaleobotany 67(3-4) 315-330Quaternary 75(1-2) 133-151

Butea monospermapaleobotany 96(3-4) 255-280

Buthotrephis trichotomathallophytes 91(1-4) 143-149

Buxus sempervirenspaleobotany 69(1-3) 113-115

Byers Grouppalynomorphs 91(1-4) 241-281stratigraphy 84(1-2) 113-120

Borneo žByers Group


C see carbonC-12/C-13 see C-13/C-12C-13

Ireland, stratigraphy 81(1) 53-64C-13/C-12

Cameroon, Quaternary 99(2) 157-188Great Plains, Quaternary 99(1) 17-24sedimentary petrology 96(3-4) 457

C-14Belgium, Quaternary 73(1-4) 1-19Brazil, Quaternary 97(1-2) 109-121Chile, paleobotany 91(1-4) 283-315England, Quaternary 73(1-4) 71-86Germany, Quaternary 73(1-4) 205-211Ireland, Quaternary 67(1-2) 75-113Israel, Quaternary 73(1-4) 161-166Italy, Quaternary 63(3-4) 173-182; 63(3-4)

299-313Mexico, Quaternary 99(2) 77-93Netherlands, Quaternary 51(4) 235-269;

51(4) 271-287New Zealand, Quaternary 99(2) 189-202Ontario, paleobotany 96(3-4) 241-254Portugal, Quaternary 97(3-4) 239-285Scotland

Holocene 54(1-2) 175-180; 54(1-2)181-185

Quaternary 73(1-4) 49-56South Africa, Quaternary 53(1-2) 1-10;

74(3-4) 283-291Sweden


Ukraine, Quaternary 85(3-4) 289-301Western Sahara, palynomorphs 74(1-2)

1-53Cadmisega

paleobotany 53(3-4) 359-376Caesalpiniaepollenites

paleobotany 66(1-2) 13-24Caesalpiniodeae

paleobotany 83(1-3) 31-42Caesalpiniodideae

stratigraphy 84(3-4) 347-364Caesalpinioidacea

paleobotany 66(1-2) 13-24Caesalpinioideae

paleobotany 62(3-4) 339-361Cainozoic see CenozoicCairngorm Mountains

Holocene 54(1-2) 175-180; 54(1-2)181-185

Calaminaepaleobotany 85(3-4) 153-182

CalamitesKentucky 57(3-4) 265-276New Brunswick 95(1-4) 31-50Nova Scotia 95(1-4) 31-50

Calamopityaceae

paleobotany 72(1-2) 73-102; 75(1-2) 1-32Calamospora

paleobotany 81(2-4) 213-231Permian 89(3-4) 359-415

Calamuspaleobotany 85(3-4) 153-182

calcareous algaeChina 100(1-2) 73-88

calcareous clay see marlcalcareous nannofossils see nannofossilsCalciarpinum

paleobotany 78(3-4) 353-379Calcicarpinum bivalvum

paleobotany 78(3-4) 353-379Calciferous Sandstone Measures

paleobotany 72(3-4) 273-284Calciperidinium asymmerticum

paleobotany 78(3-4) 353-379Calcutta India

Quaternary 65(1-4) 25-35Caledonian Orogeny

Iran 86(1-2) 91-109California

paleobotany 60(1-2) 165-177Anza-Borrego Desert State Park 56(3-4)

183-198Quaternary, Mojave Desert 64(1-4)

359-366Calingasta

paleobotany 57(3-4) 247-264Callialasporites

paleobotany 83(1-3) 185-198Calliergon

Neogene 79(1-2) 121-131Callipteris

Europe 54(1-2) 135-150Callitris strahanensis

Quaternary 84(3-4) 375-387Callixylon clevelandensis

paleobotany 53(3-4) 349-357Callovian

Denmark 51(1-3) 117-126France 51(1-3) 117-126; 87(1) 15-26

Calluna vulgarisQuaternary 82(1-2) 157-163

Cambodiapaleobotany 68(1-2) 87-117Quaternary 67(1-2) 115-132

CambrianBarrandian, Europe 86(1-2) 135-145Burgess Shale, paleobotany 70(1-2) 1-2China 52(2-3) 161-177Estonia 100(1-2) 99-108Jordan 66(3-4) 167-180Poland 54(1-2) 1-10Sweden 98(1-2) 27-32

Cambridge Greensandpaleobotany 65(1-4) 311-318

Cameroon

Quaternary 99(2) 157-188Campania Italy see Bay of NaplesCampanian

Antarctica 65(1-4) 105-113; 81(2-4)151-164

Australia 65(1-4) 131-144Egypt 56(1-2) 123-140; 85(3-4) 303-317Germany 84(1-2) 57-72Israel 94(1-2) 101-109Nigeria 80(1-2) 131-147Spain 51(4) 309-326Tunisia 65(1-4) 85-94Utah 97(1-2) 53-66

Campo Chico Formationpaleobotany 81(2-4) 141-150Plantae 93(1-4) 127-145

Canada see also Burgess Shale; EasternCanada; Northwest Territories; WesternCanada

paleobotany 61(1-2) 63-68; 63(1-2)137-152; 64(1-4) 103-108; 89(3-4)491-492


Canadian Rocky Mountains 75(1-2)103-131

stratigraphy, Mackenzie District NorthwestTerritories 77(1-2) 143-144

Canadian Rocky MountainsQuaternary 75(1-2) 103-131

Canning Basinpaleobotany 68(1-2) 37-48

canonical analysisPliocene 84(1-2) 181-199

Cantabrianpaleobotany 66(1-2) 3-11stratigraphy 58(2-4) 301-331

Cantabrian Mountainspaleobotany 80(1-2) 65-74

Canterbury New ZealandEocene 65(1-4) 57-69Quaternary 64(1-4) 263-272

Cap BlancQuaternary 55(1-3) 101-140

Cape Phillips Formationstratigraphy 86(1-2) 69-90

Cape Province regionecology 60(1-2) 131-147

Capillisporitespaleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40

CappelersielQuaternary 73(1-4) 167-180

Caprifoliaceaepaleobotany 96(3-4) 231-240

Capsicum annuumpaleobotany 85(1-2) 53-62

Capulisporitespaleobotany 83(1-3) 159-174

C žCapulisporites


CaradocianNorthwest Territories 86(1-2) 69-90Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 19-25

carbargilite see coalcarbon

C-13, Ireland 81(1) 53-64C-13/C-12

Cameroon 99(2) 157-188Great Plains 99(1) 17-24sedimentary petrology 96(3-4) 457

C-14Belgium 73(1-4) 1-19Brazil 97(1-2) 109-121Chile 91(1-4) 283-315England 73(1-4) 71-86Germany 73(1-4) 205-211Ireland 67(1-2) 75-113Israel 73(1-4) 161-166Italy 63(3-4) 173-182; 63(3-4) 299-313Mexico 99(2) 77-93Netherlands 51(4) 235-269; 51(4)

271-287New Zealand 99(2) 189-202Ontario 96(3-4) 241-254Portugal 97(3-4) 239-285Scotland 54(1-2) 175-180; 54(1-2)

181-185; 73(1-4) 49-56South Africa 53(1-2) 1-10; 74(3-4)

283-291Sweden 58(2-4) 163-171; 63(3-4)

233-257Ukraine 85(3-4) 289-301Western Sahara 74(1-2) 1-53

New South Wales Australia, Quaternary80(3-4) 311-332

carbon dioxidepaleobotany 96(1-2) 1-30Quaternary 81(1) 11-17stratigraphy 95(1-4) 73-82

carbon-13 see C-13carbon-14 see C-14carbonaceous shale see black shalecarbonate rocks see also chalk; limestone

Tunisia, stratigraphy 66(3-4) 273-291Carboniferous see also Beacon Supergroup;

Mississippian; Pennsylvanian59(1-4) 161-363; 67(3-4) 331-340; 81(1)

1-113; 90(3-4) 263-285; 90(3-4)287-302; 95(1-4) 1-304; 95(1-4) 73-82;95(1-4) 83-94; 95(1-4) 155-189; 95(1-4)191-209

Argentina 86(3-4) 315-323; 99(1) 55-59Asbian, England 84(3-4) 305-329Bashkirian, China 81(2-4) 193-211Belgium 93(1-4) 317-331Belize 58(1) 85-94Canada 63(1-2) 137-152; 95(1-4) 3-5;

95(1-4) 7-29China 83(1-3) 261-273; 93(1-4) 317-331

DinantianArgentina 57(3-4) 247-264; 70(3)

187-197Europe 90(1-2) 141-153Germany 93(1-4) 299-315; 97(3-4)

361-379Ireland 81(1) 53-64Northern Ireland 56(3-4) 345-359Scotland 60(3-4) 295-309Virginia 54(1-2) 105-119Wales 56(1-2) 69-87

England 69(4) 337-351; 71(1-4) 191-206;89(3-4) 305-317; 93(1-4) 317-331

Europe 57(1-2) 1-25Germany 62(3-4) 205-248; 95(1-4)

285-304Indiana 93(1-4) 317-331Karharbari Stage, India 90(1-2) 79-98Kasimovian, Spain 80(1-2) 65-74Morocco 83(1-3) 241-251Moscovian

China 81(2-4) 193-211Spain 80(1-2) 65-74

NamurianArgentina 91(1-4) 107-119China 77(3-4) 273-300; 89(3-4) 335-357England 77(1-2) 23-43; 80(1-2) 39-54;

94(3-4) 211-230; 95(1-4) 51-72Germany 89(3-4) 297-303; 95(1-4)

51-72Poland 65(1-4) 287-292Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 115-123Spain 95(1-4) 51-72

Niger 89(3-4) 319-334Nova Scotia 66(1-2) 3-11Peru 80(1-2) 19-38Queensland Australia 67(1-2) 133-139Scotland 63(1-2) 137-152; 67(1-2)

133-139Silesian

England 80(1-2) 39-54Nova Scotia 58(2-4) 301-331

Stellarton Group, palynomorphs 95(1-4)31-50

StephanianEngland 95(1-4) 227-253France 63(1-2) 163-171; 67(1-2)

141-152; 72(3-4) 299-315; 96(1-2)226-227

Kansas 98(3-4) 223-246Nova Scotia 58(2-4) 301-331; 95(1-4)

255-283Ohio 95(1-4) 255-283Poland 65(1-4) 287-292Spain 80(1-2) 65-74Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

Talchir Series, paleobotany 90(1-2) 79-98Tournaisian

Belgium 72(1-2) 149-158; 80(1-2)55-63; 93(1-4) 269-297

France 61(3-4) 239-271; 63(1-2) 91-115Ireland 56(1-2) 61-68Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 115-123Scotland 72(3-4) 273-284; 81(2-4)

213-231Visean

France 83(1-3) 253-260; 99(3-4)203-215

Ireland 56(1-2) 61-68Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 115-123Scotland 63(1-2) 77-90

Westphalian 95(1-4) 129-153England 77(1-2) 23-43; 95(1-4) 51-72;

95(1-4) 227-253Germany 80(3-4) 259-275; 95(1-4)

51-72Kansas 98(3-4) 223-246Netherlands 65(1-4) 275-285Nova Scotia 58(2-4) 301-331Poland 77(1-2) 45-49Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 125-137Spain 80(1-2) 65-74; 95(1-4) 51-72Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

Cardiocarpalespaleobotany 77(1-2) 65-74

Cardiocarpus spinatusstratigraphy 53(3-4) 233-250

Cardiopteridiumstratigraphy 54(1-2) 105-119

Cardueaepaleobotany 62(1-2) 1-9

Carex rostrataQuaternary 51(4) 235-269

Caribbean regionstratigraphy 100(1-2) 109-122

Carnarvonodinium granulatumpaleobotany 74(1-2) 77-100

CarnianAntarctica 61(1-2) 101-138Arizona 55(4) 337-356Europe 83(1-3) 217-226Italy 53(3-4) 329-348

Caroline IslandsQuaternary 55(1-3) 247-251

Carpathiansstratigraphy 87(1) 43-50

CarpinusQuaternary 82(1-2) 97-112

CaryaEurope 69(1-3) 79-95France 53(3-4) 251-287

Caryophyllaceaepaleobotany 88(1-4) 83-272

Cassian Dolomitestratigraphy 53(3-4) 329-348

Cassian Formationstratigraphy 53(3-4) 329-348

Caradocian žCassian Formation


Cassinisia orobicapaleobotany 91(1-4) 63-84; 91(1-4) 85-105

Cassinium dongolensepaleobotany 59(1-4) 37-50

Castaneapaleobotany 64(1-4) 53-59

Castilla la Nueva see New Castile SpainCastilla la Vieja see Old Castile SpainCastilla y Leon Spain see Avila SpainCastilla-La Mancha Spain see Cuenca SpainCastle Sandstone

palynomorphs 90(3-4) 159-173Castlegate SandstoneCastlegate Sandstone 97(1-2) 53-66

CasuarinaQuaternary 80(3-4) 311-332

CasuarinaceaeEocene 65(1-4) 57-69

catalogsAfrica, paleobotany 80(3-4) 339Europe, paleobotany 80(3-4) 339Hungary, Plantae 70(3) 261Plantae 53(1-2) 11-139; 59(1-4) 161-363thallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322

Catalonia Spain see Gerona Spain; LeridaSpain

cataphoresis see electrophoresiscatastrophism

paleobotany 64(1-4) 5-11catchments see drainage basinsCatharanthus roseus

paleobotany 64(1-4) 165-174Cathaysia

China, paleobotany 90(1-2) 63-77Catskill Formation

paleobotany 64(1-4) 305-313Caudatosporites

paleobotany 67(3-4) 331-340Causses

paleobotany 78(1-2) 145-166Cauvery Basin

paleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352Cavitatus

thallophytes 58(2-4) 357-362Caytoniales see also Pachypteris

Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51Tasmania Australia 56(1-2) 141-150

Cechy Republic see Czech RepublicCedar Valley Formation

paleobotany 98(1-2) 125-152Cedrelospermum

paleobotany 52(2-3) 119-129; 81(2-4)115-128

Cenomanian see also lower CenomanianColombia 66(3-4) 345-359England 54(1-2) 85-103Europe 78(1-2) 41-54; 84(3-4) 389-412;

97(1-2) 41-52Germany 54(1-2) 85-103

Kansas 60(3-4) 255-282; 80(1-2) 1-18Nebraska 80(1-2) 1-18New Mexico 98(1-2) 153-157Poland 87(1) 43-50

Cenozoic see also Quaternary; TertiaryAfrica 84(3-4) 439-480Australia 91(1-4) 424-425Bronze Age

England 73(1-4) 71-86Germany 73(1-4) 205-211Greece 73(1-4) 133-143Italy 70(3) 241-246Portugal 89(3-4) 441-454Yugoslavia 73(1-4) 181-185

Iron AgeEngland 73(1-4) 71-86Spain 73(1-4) 35-47Yugoslavia 73(1-4) 181-185

NeolithicBelgium 73(1-4) 1-19England 73(1-4) 71-86Ireland 67(1-2) 75-113Spain 91(1-4) 383-397

Nigeria 77(1-2) 119-127Paleolithic, Israel 73(1-4) 161-166Peru 81(1) 99-113Siwalik System, Plantae 76(1) 49-82

Central Africa see Burundi; Congo; CongoDemocratic Republic; Gabon

Central America see Belize; Caribbeanregion; Costa Rica; Latin America;Panama

Central Asia see KazakhstanCentral Europe see Bohemian Massif; Czech

Republic; Germany; Hungary; Poland;Pomerania; Switzerland; Vienna Basin

Central Massif see also Montagne NoireQuaternary 54(3-4) 233-248

Central Rocky Mountainspaleobotany 57(3-4) 221-232; 94(3-4)

197-210Cephalopoda see TetrabranchiataCeratolobus

paleobotany 85(3-4) 153-182Cercosporites salmonii

paleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226Cerealia

Quaternary 73(1-4) 21-33cereals

Belgium, Quaternary 73(1-4) 287-300Europe, Quaternary 73(1-4) 105-115France, Quaternary 73(1-4) 301-314Germany, Quaternary 73(1-4) 205-211Israel, Quaternary 73(1-4) 161-166Libya, Quaternary 73(1-4) 315-327Middle East, Quaternary 73(1-4) 21-33Netherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 145-151;

73(1-4) 287-300Turkey, Quaternary 73(1-4) 99-104

Cestroideaepaleobotany 83(1-3) 1-30

Ceylon see Sri LankaCh’ang-hsing China see Changxing ChinaCh’ing-hai China see Qinghai ChinaChacassopteris

paleobotany 90(1-2) 41-62Chadron Formation

paleobotany 78(1-2) 55-67Chadronian

Nebraska 74(3-4) 267-282Chaeonosphaerula magnifica

paleobotany 98(1-2) 159-176Chaetacanthus

paleobotany 84(3-4) 331-345Chaldecoste Formation

paleobotany 78(1-2) 145-166chalk

Germany, paleobotany 84(1-2) 57-72Chamaecyparis lawsoniana

paleobotany 85(1-2) 35-51Chambers County Texas

paleobotany 64(1-4) 297-303Chandler Formation

paleobotany 92(3-4) 229-243Chandler Lake Quadrangle

Quaternary 63(1-2) 35-52Changamwe Shale Formation

paleobotany 74(1-2) 77-100Changxing China

stratigraphy 66(1-2) 65-103channels

Italy, paleobotany 91(1-4) 63-84New York, paleobotany 64(1-4) 305-313

charcoalAlaska, Quaternary 92(1-2) 83-95Andorra, geochronology 69(4) 299-324France

geochronology 69(4) 299-324Holocene 71(1-4) 111-120Quaternary 91(1-4) 399-416

Italy, stratigraphy 70(3) 241-246paleobotany 63(3-4) 269-279; 92(3-4)

389-393Portugal, paleobotany 89(3-4) 441-454Spain, Quaternary 91(1-4) 383-397

Charlesdownieapaleobotany 58(2-4) 215-229

Charophyta94(3-4) 259-293China 100(1-2) 73-88South Africa 89(3-4) 417-428

Chatham GroupTriassic 77(1-2) 75-95

Cheirolepidiaceaepaleobotany 51(1-3) 95-105; 68(1-2)

147-179; 78(1-2) 145-166Chelinospora arabiensis

Cassinisia orobica žChelinospora arabiensis


Silurian 89(1-2) 91-104chemical analysis

Plantae 70(1-2) 3-8chemically precipitated rocks see chertChenopodietea

Quaternary 73(1-4) 133-143Chenque Formation

paleobotany 72(1-2) 55-59Cherokee County Kansas

paleobotany 56(3-4) 199-204chert

British Columbia, paleobotany 78(3-4)277-291

Canada, paleobotany 70(1-2) 1-2Chester Cone Formation

stratigraphy 84(1-2) 113-120Chiapas Mexico

paleobotany 59(1-4) 93-107Chiba Japan

paleobotany 64(1-4) 61-69Chickasawhay Formation

paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34Chile see also Patagonia


China see also Anhui China; Hebei China;Henan China; Hubei China; HunanChina; Jiangsu China; Jiangxi China;Liaoning China; Qinghai China; ShaanxiChina; Shanxi China; Sichuan China;Xinjiang China; Yunnan China; ZhejiangChina

Neogene 82(3-4) 239-250paleobotany 77(3-4) 273-300; 84(3-4)

419-438; 89(3-4) 335-357Qinling Mountains 98(1-2) 15-25South China Block 90(1-2) 41-62

palynomorphs 86(1-2) 1-173Plantae 96(1-2) 229sedimentary petrology 93(1-4) 317-331stratigraphy 81(2-4) 193-211; 82(3-4)

197-264Chinghai China see Qinghai ChinaChinle Formation

paleobotany 51(1-3) 37-49; 63(3-4)189-195; 68(3-4) 269-287

ChitinozoaAlgeria 86(1-2) 49-68Europe, stratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145France, Devonian 87(1) 1-14Iowa 98(1-2) 125-152Jordan, stratigraphy 66(3-4) 167-180Morocco, Paleozoic 66(3-4) 211-227Northwest Territories, stratigraphy 86(1-2)

69-90Ordovician 66(3-4) 181-209Poland, Ordovician 79(3-4) 245-269Quebec, Devonian 97(1-2) 155-175Saudi Arabia

Ordovician 89(1-2) 27-48Silurian 89(1-2) 139-150stratigraphy 56(1-2) 41-60; 89(1-2)

75-90Chlamydolepis lautneri

paleobotany 71(1-4) 239-254Chlamydophorella ectotabulata

paleobotany 61(1-2) 139-145; 62(3-4) 363Chlorococcales

algae 86(3-4) 287-314thallophytes 74(1-2) 55-75; 80(3-4)

209-234Chlorophyceae see also Dasycladaceae

Denmark 74(1-2) 55-75Western Australia 80(3-4) 209-234

chlorophyllAntarctic Ocean, paleobotany 84(1-2)

101-105Chlorophyta see also Botryococcus;

Charophyta; Chlorophyceae87(2-4) 81-322Colorado 59(1-4) 1-6New Mexico 59(1-4) 1-6Texas 98(1-2) 177-186

ChoartaCretaceous 60(1-2) 191-201

Chordata see Vertebratachorology see biogeographyChrysophyta

Mississippi, paleontology 80(1-2) 75-84Chubut Argentina

paleobotany 51(1-3) 3-30; 63(1-2) 117-135Cicatricosisporites

Libya, stratigraphy 81(2-4) 297-311Cidarophyton rewanense

paleobotany 51(1-3) 51-58Cingulochitina cingulata

stratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145Circulisporites

paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220thallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234

Circumpollespaleobotany 65(1-4) 179-193; 71(1-4)

17-35Cirratriradites

stratigraphy 89(1-2) 125-137Cisocysta wallii

paleobotany 96(3-4) 281-304cladistics

China, paleobotany 68(3-4) 203-216paleobotany 51(4) 329-330; 90(3-4)

361-373; 92(1-2) 29-54; 96(3-4) 255-280paleontology 80(1-2) vii-viii; 84(3-4)

481-482Plantae 64(1-4) 187-196South America, paleobotany 83(1-3) 55-64Tasmania Australia, paleobotany 80(1-2)

115-121thallophytes 94(3-4) 259-293

Cladoxylalespaleobotany 74(1-2) 139-157

Cladoxylonpaleobotany 61(3-4) 239-271

Cladoxylopsidapaleobotany 77(1-2) 1-22

Claiborne Formationpaleobotany 58(2-4) 111-128; 62(3-4)

339-361Claiborne Group

paleobotany 74(3-4) 249-266Clairac Formation

Devonian 87(1) 1-14Clarke County Alabama

paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34Clarno Formation

paleobotany 80(3-4) 175-207Classopollis

Morocco, stratigraphy 77(1-2) 97-106Tertiary 82(3-4) 197-224

Classostrobus cloughtonensispaleobotany 51(1-3) 95-105

clastic rocks see black shale; claystone;marl; red beds; sandstone; shale;siltstone

clastic sediments see also alluvium; clay;sand

England, paleobotany 94(3-4) 211-230Clathropteris meniscoides

paleobotany 82(3-4) 351-363Clavamonocolpites plygonalis

stratigraphy 81(2-4) 151-164Clavastephanocolporites blysus

paleobotany 94(1-2) 111-122Clavastephanocolporites meleosus

paleobotany 94(1-2) 111-122Clavatipollenites

Tertiary 82(3-4) 197-224Clavatipollenites hughesii

stratigraphy 81(2-4) 151-164Clavator

thallophytes 94(3-4) 259-293Clavatoraceae

thallophytes 94(3-4) 259-293clay

Netherlands, paleobotany 91(1-4) 417-422claystone

England, stratigraphy 74(3-4) 207-237Clematis vitalba

stratigraphy 81(1) 65-82Clepsydropsis

paleobotany 61(3-4) 239-271Cleveland Member

paleobotany 72(3-4) 257-271Cleveland Ohio

paleobotany 72(3-4) 257-271climate change

Nigeria, Quaternary 100(1-2) 39-72

chemical analysis ž climate change


Portugal, Quaternary 97(3-4) 239-285Quaternary 91(1-4) 425-426

climatic orbital forcing see orbital forcingclimatology, paleo- see paleoclimatologyClypeolus tortugaides

paleobotany 98(1-2) 95-103CO2 see carbon dioxidecoal see also coal balls; coal fields; coal

seams; ligniteBelgium, paleobotany 64(1-4) 315-324Kentucky 60(1-2) 179-189

paleobotany 57(3-4) 265-276New Brunswick, paleobotany 74(1-2)

109-138Nova Scotia, stratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283Ohio, stratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283Plantae 95(1-4) 1-304Virginia, paleobotany 64(1-4) 315-324West Virginia, paleobotany 64(1-4)

315-324coal balls

Belgium, sedimentary petrology 93(1-4)317-331

Chinapaleobotany 77(1-2) 65-74sedimentary petrology 93(1-4) 317-331

Englandpaleobotany 95(1-4) 227-253sedimentary petrology 93(1-4) 317-331stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72

Germany, stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72Illinois, stratigraphy 56(1-2) 151-176Indiana

paleobotany 95(1-4) 211-225sedimentary petrology 93(1-4) 317-331

Iowapaleobotany 95(1-4) 211-225stratigraphy 53(3-4) 233-250

New Brunswick, palynomorphs 95(1-4)31-50

Nova Scotia, palynomorphs 95(1-4) 31-50paleobotany 77(1-2) 51-63; 95(1-4) 83-94Pennsylvania, paleobotany 57(3-4)

299-312sedimentary petrology 96(3-4) 457Spain, stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72Wales, paleobotany 95(1-4) 227-253

coal beds see coal seamscoal fields

Nova Scotiapaleobotany 66(1-2) 3-11stratigraphy 58(2-4) 301-331

Pennsylvania, sedimentary petrology59(1-4) 365

coal seams see also coal ballsCanada, Carboniferous 95(1-4) 7-29New Zealand, sedimentary petrology

80(1-2) 85-114Coalbrookdale Formation

stratigraphy 84(3-4) 305-329coalfields see coal fieldscoastal features see shore featuresCobricosphaeridium

Quaternary 65(1-4) 305-310Codonotheca

paleobotany 80(3-4) 235-257Collie Basin

paleobotany 75(3-4) 153-182Permian 65(1-4) 229-237; 67(3-4) 237-314

Collie Coal Measurespaleobotany 75(3-4) 153-182

Collio Formationpaleobotany 91(1-4) 63-84

Colombia see also Amazon Basin; EasternCordillera

paleobotany 94(1-2) 123-135Bogota Colombia 92(1-2) 157-205

Quaternary 55(1-3) 19-72Bogota Colombia 62(3-4) 249-290

soils, Nevado del Ruiz 60(1-2) 149-163stratigraphy 66(3-4) 345-359

color alteration indexMorocco, Paleozoic 66(3-4) 211-227

Colorado see also Green River Formation;Morrison Formation; Raton Formation

paleobotany 94(3-4) 197-210Crested Butte Colorado 72(3-4) 169-197

Quaternary, Crested Butte Colorado74(3-4) 293-313

Colorado Plateau see New Mexico; UtahColumbiana County Ohio

paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113Comanchean see Buda LimestoneCometia biloba

paleobotany 62(1-2) 11-40Commelinidae

Kenya 59(1-4) 67-76Commonwealth of Independent States see

also Hissar Range; Kazakhstan; Ukraine;Urals

paleobotany 53(3-4) 359-376; 57(3-4)313-339

thallophytes 58(2-4) 357-362; 71(1-4) 1-15CompositaeCompositae 52(2-3) 233-246; 62(1-2) 1-9

Compsostrobus neotericuspaleobotany 51(1-3) 59-64

computer programs see also BASICFrance, Plantae 75(1-2) 77-102New England, paleobotany 84(3-4)

365-374paleobotany 83(1-3) 73-81

Concavissimisporites punctatusstratigraphy 81(2-4) 297-311

Concentricystespaleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220

Concholepis harrisiipaleobotany 96(3-4) 351-447

concretionsBelgium 93(1-4) 317-331China 93(1-4) 317-331England 93(1-4) 317-331Indiana 93(1-4) 317-331

Conemaugh Group95(1-4) 255-283paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113palynomorphs 90(1-2) 113-140

Congostratigraphy 84(3-4) 347-364

Congo Democratic Republic see LakeTanganyika

Congo, Democratic Republic see CongoDemocratic Republic

ConiacianDenmark 72(1-2) 1-25

ConiferaeAntarctica 74(3-4) 163-192Argentina 94(3-4) 357-358

Coniferales see also Cupressaceae; Picea;Pinaceae; Taxodiaceae; Taxodium

53(1-2) 141-149; 67(1-2) 13-39; 71(1-4)219-238; 87(2-4) 81-322; 96(3-4)351-447; 96(3-4) 449-451

Alps 52(4) 375-402Antarctica 67(3-4) 179-198; 78(3-4)

269-276Argentina 51(1-3) 3-30; 59(1-4) 109-126;

99(3-4) 247-263China 59(1-4) 133-143; 68(3-4) 197-201;

80(3-4) 277-290; 84(3-4) 419-438;91(1-4) 121-142; 98(3-4) 247-256

stratigraphy 81(2-4) 193-211England 51(1-3) 95-105; 51(1-3) 107-115;

51(1-3) 169-187France 78(1-2) 145-166Germany 62(3-4) 205-248; 68(1-2)

147-179; 96(1-2) 71-79Italy 91(1-4) 63-84; 91(1-4) 85-105;

97(1-2) 9-39Japan 72(1-2) 27-40Kansas 95(1-4) 95-113Mediterranean region, stratigraphy 62(3-4)

309-338Morocco 83(1-3) 241-251New Zealand, Quaternary 99(2) 189-202North Carolina 51(1-3) 59-64Norway 51(1-3) 145-168; 68(3-4) 233-256Ohio 95(1-4) 95-113Poland 51(1-3) 133-143Scotland, Holocene 54(1-2) 181-185Spain 61(3-4) 303-318; 75(1-2) 53-64Sweden, Quaternary 58(2-4) 163-171;

82(1-2) 37-45Tasmania Australia, Quaternary 84(3-4)

375-387Virginia 72(3-4) 245-255; 89(3-4) 257-286

climatic orbital forcing žConiferales


Coniferopsidathallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322

Coniopteris burejensispaleobotany 61(3-4) 273-301

Coniopteris sibiricumpaleobotany 61(3-4) 273-301

Conites berryipaleobotany 51(1-3) 169-187

Conklin Quarrypaleobotany 98(1-2) 125-152

ConnemaraQuaternary 67(1-2) 75-113

Conochitina gracilisstratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145

conodont alteration index see coloralteration index

ConodontaNorthwest Territories, stratigraphy 86(1-2)

69-90Constantinisporis

Paleogene 65(1-4) 85-94Contagisporites optivus

palynomorphs 93(1-4) 159-189continental drift

India, paleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352continental shelf

Atlantic Ocean, Quaternary 84(1-2) 1-22Converrucosisporites

Permian 89(3-4) 359-415Cooksonia pertoni

palynomorphs 90(3-4) 159-173copper

environmental geology 84(1-2) 107-112coprolites

England, palynomorphs 90(3-4) 159-173Saskatchewan, paleobotany 59(1-4) 57-66

Coprosmapaleobotany 96(3-4) 317-338

coral reefs see reefsCorallinaceae

Europe 94(1-2) 1-9France 77(3-4) 263-272Spain 86(3-4) 265-285

CorbieresHolocene 71(1-4) 111-120

Cordaitales see also CordaitesCambodia, Quaternary 67(1-2) 115-132Commonwealth of Independent States

57(3-4) 313-339Iowa, stratigraphy 53(3-4) 233-250Utah 51(1-3) 37-49

Cordaitanthalespaleobotany 57(3-4) 313-339

Cordaitanthuspaleobotany 57(3-4) 313-339

CordaitesEngland 95(1-4) 227-253Kentucky 57(3-4) 265-276New Brunswick 95(1-4) 31-50

Nova Scotia 95(1-4) 31-50Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

Cordillera Oriental see Eastern CordilleraCordylosporites turritus

palynomorphs 93(1-4) 269-297Cornaceae

paleobotany 69(1-3) 97-108; 85(3-4)199-205; 92(1-2) 29-54

Cornetipollis reticulatapaleobotany 55(4) 337-356

Cornuspaleobotany 69(1-3) 97-108

Corollinapaleobotany 78(1-2) 145-166

Coronifera kiraepaleobotany 71(1-4) 255-268

Coronillapaleobotany 94(3-4) 239-257

Coronilleaepaleobotany 81(2-4) 233-255; 94(3-4)

239-257Coronispora variabilis

paleobotany 52(4) 403-416Corsica

Plantae 75(1-2) 77-102Corylus

Netherlands, stratigraphy 52(2-3) 179-204Corynepteris

paleobotany 81(2-4) 213-231Coryphidium

paleobotany 52(2-3) 161-177; 98(1-2)81-94

Corystisporitespaleobotany 93(1-4) 107-125

Corystospermalespaleobotany 82(3-4) 365; 90(3-4) 303-318palynomorphs 79(3-4) 205-219

Costa Ricapalynomorphs 72(1-2) 119-128

Costathecapaleobotany 78(1-2) 41-54

Costatilobuspaleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48

CrataegusQuaternary 82(1-2) 75-82

Crested Butte Coloradopaleobotany 72(3-4) 169-197Quaternary 74(3-4) 293-313

Cretaceous see also upper GondwanaSystem

77(1-2) 144-146; 79(3-4) 271-284; 89(3-4)287-296; 92(3-4) 351-366

Alaska 81(1) 19-32Albian

Colombia 66(3-4) 345-359Maryland 80(3-4) 291-303Poland 87(1) 43-50Portugal 66(3-4) 313-344Texas 98(1-2) 177-186

Virginia 72(3-4) 245-255Andes 83(1-3) 185-198Antarctica 74(3-4) 163-192; 86(3-4)

175-198; 92(1-2) 1-28Aptian

Egypt 58(2-4) 289-299; 94(1-2) 137-168England 58(2-4) 289-299; 65(1-4)

145-151; 83(1-3) 175-183Queensland Australia 65(1-4) 153-163Russian Federation 91(1-4) 187-240

Arctic region 92(3-4) 229-243Argentina 59(1-4) 145-151; 65(1-4)

319-330; 94(3-4) 357-358Atlantic Coastal Plain 90(3-4) 319-337Australia 84(1-2) 113-120; 91(1-4)

424-425Baquero Formation, paleobotany 59(1-4)

109-126; 89(3-4) 213-233; 99(3-4)247-263

BarremianEngland 65(1-4) 145-151; 83(1-3)

175-183; 100(1-2) 89-98Germany 100(1-2) 89-98Queensland Australia 65(1-4) 153-163Rocky Mountains 57(3-4) 221-232Russian Federation 91(1-4) 187-240

BerriasianAntarctica 91(1-4) 241-281France 68(1-2) 49-63; 92(3-4) 367-382Italy 68(1-2) 49-63Libya 81(2-4) 297-311Portugal 66(3-4) 313-344Switzerland 92(3-4) 367-382

Black Creek Formation, paleobotany94(1-2) 39-55

Brazil 77(3-4) 171-184; 94(1-2) 123-135British Columbia 70(1-2) 9-45; 70(1-2)

47-65Buda Limestone, paleobotany 98(1-2)

153-157Campanian

Antarctica 65(1-4) 105-113; 81(2-4)151-164

Australia 65(1-4) 131-144Egypt 56(1-2) 123-140; 85(3-4) 303-317Germany 84(1-2) 57-72Israel 94(1-2) 101-109Nigeria 80(1-2) 131-147Spain 51(4) 309-326Tunisia 65(1-4) 85-94Utah 97(1-2) 53-66

Canada 65(1-4) 75-84Castlegate Sandstone 97(1-2) 53-66

Colombia 66(3-4) 345-359England 54(1-2) 85-103Europe 78(1-2) 41-54; 84(3-4) 389-412;

97(1-2) 41-52Germany 54(1-2) 85-103

Coniferopsida žCretaceous


Kansas 60(3-4) 255-282; 80(1-2) 1-18Nebraska 80(1-2) 1-18New Mexico 98(1-2) 153-157Poland 87(1) 43-50

China 51(1-3) 189-204; 65(1-4) 95-104;65(1-4) 115-118; 82(3-4) 197-264;84(3-4) 419-438

Colombia 71(1-4) 255-268; 94(1-2)123-135

Colorado 59(1-4) 1-6Coniacian, Denmark 72(1-2) 1-25Dakota Formation 60(3-4) 255-282

paleobotany 80(1-2) 1-18Denmark 66(1-2) 47-63Duwi Formation, paleobotany 85(3-4)

303-317Edmonton Formation 83(1-3) 137-158Egypt 66(3-4) 293-312England 51(1-3) 169-187; 54(1-2) 165-173Eureka Sound Formation, paleobotany

97(1-2) 197-226Europe 60(1-2) 1-6; 96(1-2) 81-97; 99(1)

25-54Greenland 51(1-3) 205-212Gulf Coastal Plain 82(3-4) 225-238Hauterivian

France 92(3-4) 367-382Netherlands 91(1-4) 417-422Russian Federation 91(1-4) 187-240Switzerland 92(3-4) 367-382

Horseshoe Canyon Formationpaleobotany 70(1-2) 67-76Plantae 70(1-2) 3-8

India 65(1-4) 119-129; 69(4) 325-336Iraq 60(1-2) 191-201Italy 96(3-4) 339-345Japan 72(1-2) 27-40; 76(1) 83-96K-T boundary 70(3) 259-261

Alberta 83(1-3) 137-158Europe 78(1-2) 41-54Utah 97(1-2) 53-66

Kazakhstan 85(3-4) 207-211Lopez de Bertodano Formation 81(2-4)

151-164lower Cenomanian

England 65(1-4) 311-318France 84(1-2) 121-128

Maestrichtian 83(1-3) 43-53Alabama 79(3-4) 179-204Antarctica 81(2-4) 151-164Australia 65(1-4) 131-144Benin 57(3-4) 173-186Denmark 78(3-4) 321-351Egypt 85(3-4) 303-317Georgia 79(3-4) 179-204India 77(1-2) 107-118Israel 94(1-2) 101-109Italy 97(1-2) 177-196Ivory Coast 91(1-4) 171-186

Nigeria 57(3-4) 173-186; 80(1-2)131-147

Spain 51(4) 309-326Tunisia 56(1-2) 5-19

Mexico 59(1-4) 93-107Mongolia 94(3-4) 231-238Neocomian 82(3-4) 197-224

Egypt 58(2-4) 129-138New Mexico 59(1-4) 1-6New South Wales Australia 71(1-4)

149-190Nigeria 54(1-2) 151-158Northwest Territories 77(1-2) 143-144;

81(1) 83-97Norway 62(1-2) 157-186Nubian Sandstone 81(2-4) 297-311

paleobotany 59(1-4) 37-50Peru 81(1) 99-113Potomac Group, paleobotany 69(4)

277-290; 70(3) 225-229; 70(4) 279-295;72(3-4) 245-255; 80(3-4) 291-303;89(3-4) 257-286

Price River Formation 97(1-2) 53-66Queensland Australia 71(1-4) 149-190;

78(3-4) 183-234Ripley Formation, paleobotany 79(3-4)

179-204Russian Federation 59(1-4) 77-91Santonian, Europe 83(1-3) 159-174Senonian, Hungary 66(3-4) 361-377South Africa 51(4) 330-331Spain 61(3-4) 303-318; 75(1-2) 53-64;

82(3-4) 197-264Sudan 75(3-4) 289-299Sweden 79(3-4) 370; 79(3-4) 370-371Turonian

Egypt 94(1-2) 137-168England 54(1-2) 85-103Europe 83(1-3) 159-174Germany 54(1-2) 85-103New Jersey 90(3-4) 339-359

United States 65(1-4) 75-84Valanginian

France 84(1-2) 121-128; 92(3-4)367-382

Switzerland 92(3-4) 367-382Vermont 82(3-4) 299-315Virginia 89(3-4) 235-256Wealden, England 83(1-3) 175-183Whitemud Formation, paleobotany 59(1-4)

57-66Yukon Territory 77(1-2) 143-144

Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary see K-Tboundary

Cretepaleobotany 78(3-4) 353-379

Cribroperidinium volkovaepaleobotany 91(1-4) 187-240

Cromerian

Greece 52(2-3) 73-88crops

England, Quaternary 73(1-4) 57-70Greece, Quaternary 73(1-4) 133-143Libya, Quaternary 73(1-4) 315-327Yugoslavia, Quaternary 73(1-4) 181-185

Crossozamiapaleobotany 60(3-4) 205-223

Crotonoideaepaleobotany 81(2-4) 257-277; 98(3-4)

257-291Crucigeniella torques

thallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234Cruciptera

paleobotany 96(3-4) 231-240cryokarst see thermokarstCryptoletes rugulatus

paleobotany 94(3-4) 211-230Cryptomeria


crystal growthItaly, paleobotany 91(1-4) 85-105

Ctenolophonpaleobotany 59(1-4) 153-160

Cu see copperCuddalore Series

paleobotany 67(1-2) 59-74; 91(1-4)331-352

Cuddalorippollispaleobotany 67(1-2) 59-74

Cuenca Spainpaleobotany 78(3-4) 395-402stratigraphy 66(1-2) 25-45

Cullen Formationpaleobotany 72(1-2) 49-53

Cumnock FormationTriassic 77(1-2) 75-95

Cunninghamia lanceolatapaleobotany 64(1-4) 175-179

Cupressaceae85(1-2) 35-51Japan 64(1-4) 79-86Ontario 96(3-4) 241-254

Cupressinocladus cracoviensispaleobotany 51(1-3) 133-143

Cura Niyeau FormationCretaceous 65(1-4) 319-330

Curiri Formationpaleobotany 96(1-2) 31-45

currents see ocean currentsCurrier Formation

paleobotany 70(1-2) 9-45Cutch India see Kutch IndiaCuyahoga County Ohio see Cleveland Ohiocyanobacteria

Italy, paleobotany 91(1-4) 85-105Poland, paleobotany 83(1-3) 97-105

Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary ž cyanobacteria


Cyathaceaepaleobotany 64(1-4) 149-158

Cyatheapaleobotany 64(1-4) 149-158

Cyatheaceaepaleobotany 78(1-2) 55-67

CycadalesArctic region 92(3-4) 229-243Argentina 89(3-4) 213-233China 60(3-4) 205-223England 65(1-4) 165-173; 71(1-4) 191-206Europe 84(3-4) 389-412; 96(1-2) 81-97Germany 71(1-4) 239-254Japan 51(1-3) 213-225New Zealand 80(1-2) 123-130Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51Tasmania Australia 80(1-2) 123-130

CycadofilicalesEurope 97(1-2) 41-52Russian Federation 53(1-2) 163-173

Cycadopitesstratigraphy 86(3-4) 211-233

Cycadopsidathallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322

Cyclobalanopsispaleobotany 75(3-4) 259-271

Cyclogranisporitespalynomorphs 93(1-4) 269-297Permian 89(3-4) 359-415

Cymbosporites dammamensisSilurian 89(1-2) 91-104

Cynometroxylon holdeniipaleobotany 58(2-4) 333-355

Cyparissidiumpaleobotany 96(3-4) 351-447

CyperaceaeAfrica 97(1-2) 123-153Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368

Cystacanthuspaleobotany 72(3-4) 229-243

Cystosporitespaleobotany 67(3-4) 331-340

Cystosporites devonicuspaleobotany 63(1-2) 137-152

cystsArabian Sea, paleobotany 97(3-4) 319-337Benin, paleobotany 57(3-4) 173-186Egypt, paleobotany 56(1-2) 123-140England, stratigraphy 56(3-4) 313-326Italy, paleobotany 96(3-4) 339-345Japan, paleobotany 56(1-2) 95-122Morocco, paleobotany 96(3-4) 281-304New South Wales Australia, Quaternary

65(1-4) 305-310Nigeria, paleobotany 57(3-4) 173-186North Sea, paleobotany 56(3-4) 327-344paleobotany 58(2-4) 215-229; 65(1-4)

293-303; 66(1-2) 163

Portugal, stratigraphy 66(3-4) 313-344Tunisia, stratigraphy 56(1-2) 5-19

Czech Republic see also Bohemia;Bohemian Basin; Bohemian Massif


Czekanowskiapaleobotany 79(3-4) 271-284; 81(2-4)

129-140Czekanowskiales

Colorado Plateau 81(2-4) 129-140Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51

D/HScotland, Holocene 54(1-2) 181-185

Dacrycarpus carpenteriiQuaternary 84(3-4) 375-387

Dactylofusa horridaSilurian 89(1-2) 49-74

Dactylofusa maranhensisstratigraphy 86(1-2) 111-133

Dadas Formationpaleobotany 93(1-4) 35-76

Dadoxylon67(1-2) 13-39India 85(3-4) 341-350

Dahomey see BeninDakota Formation

60(3-4) 255-282paleobotany 80(1-2) 1-18

Dakshinipollenitespaleobotany 67(3-4) 205-215

Dalembiapaleobotany 59(1-4) 77-91

Dammarites coriaceapaleobotany 75(1-2) 53-64

Damodar Valleypalynomorphs 94(1-2) 169-196

Damuda Series see Barakar Stage;Karharbari Stage; Raniganj Formation

Dan Fieldstratigraphy 78(3-4) 321-351

DanianAntarctica 81(2-4) 151-164Tunisia 56(1-2) 5-19

Darneyapaleobotany 84(3-4) 281-303

Dasycladaceae89(3-4) 489-490China 100(1-2) 73-88

data basesFrance, Plantae 75(1-2) 77-102India, paleobotany 64(1-4) 71-77stratigraphy 86(1-2) 111-133thallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322

Dawan Formationpaleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48

Dawes County Nebraskapaleobotany 74(3-4) 267-282

Dawlish Sandstone

Permian 66(3-4) 263-272death assemblages see thanatocenosesDeccan Intertrappean Series see

Intertrappean BedsDeep Sea Drilling Project see IPOD; Leg 38Deflandrea

North Sea 56(3-4) 327-344Deflandrea oebisfeldensis

paleobotany 56(3-4) 327-344deforestation

England, Quaternary 73(1-4) 71-86environmental geology 69(4) 371-372France, Quaternary 91(1-4) 399-416Italy, Quaternary 63(3-4) 173-182Spain, Quaternary 91(1-4) 383-397

Degerhamn Quarrypaleobotany 98(1-2) 27-32

Degibadam Formationpaleobotany 51(1-3) 127-131

deglaciationBrazil, Quaternary 99(2) 115-129Canada, Quaternary 79(1-2) 7-30Mediterranean Sea, Quaternary 84(3-4)

221-253Quebec, Quaternary 79(1-2) 31-68Venezuela, Quaternary 99(2) 95-114

Del Raton Formationpaleobotany 57(3-4) 247-264

Delosoruspaleobotany 89(3-4) 235-256

Demersatheca contiguaPlantae 93(1-4) 77-88

dendrochronology see tree ringsDenmark see also Jutland

Jurassic 75(1-2) 33-52paleobotany 51(1-3) 117-126; 56(1-2)

89-93Bornholm 66(1-2) 47-63; 72(1-2) 1-25

Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315stratigraphy 78(3-4) 321-351

Derbyshire Englandpaleobotany 71(1-4) 191-206stratigraphy 77(1-2) 23-43

Des Moines Series see DesmoinesianDeschampsia flexuosa

Quaternary 82(1-2) 157-163desertification

Brazil, Quaternary 99(2) 115-129Desmidiospora marginiconvoluta

paleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226Desmoinesian

Indiana 95(1-4) 211-225Iowa 95(1-4) 211-225

detrital fan see alluvial fansdeveloping countries

Pliocene 92(3-4) 329-350Devensian

Ireland 63(1-2) 1-11

Cyathaceae žDevensian


Devonian see also Catskill Formation81(2-4) 289-295; 87(2-4) 81-322; 95(1-4)

73-82; 95(1-4) 83-94; 98(1-2) 105-124Belgium 72(1-2) 149-158; 93(1-4) 89-106;

99(3-4) 343Canada 63(1-2) 137-152Cedar Valley Formation, paleobotany

98(1-2) 125-152China 68(3-4) 181-195; 71(1-4) 121-147;

93(1-4) 77-88; 100(1-2) 73-88Cleveland Member, paleobotany 72(3-4)

257-271Eifelian

Germany 97(3-4) 381-393Tunisia 74(3-4) 193-205

EmsianBelgium 55(4) 317-335; 74(1-2)

139-157; 98(3-4) 303-324New Brunswick 74(1-2) 109-138Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 91-104Tunisia 74(3-4) 193-205

England 93(1-4) 333-340Europe 93(1-4) 107-125Famennian

Belgium 64(1-4) 315-324; 80(1-2)55-63; 93(1-4) 217-233

Brazil 96(1-2) 31-45China 83(1-3) 261-273Iran 86(1-2) 91-109South Africa 91(1-4) 143-149Virginia 64(1-4) 315-324West Virginia 64(1-4) 315-324

France 77(3-4) 263-272; 87(1) 1-14Frasnian

Africa 86(1-2) 147-155China 83(1-3) 261-273Iran 86(1-2) 91-109South America 86(1-2) 147-155

Germany 56(1-2) 177-181Givetian

Africa 86(1-2) 147-155Belgium 77(1-2) 1-22South America 86(1-2) 147-155Western Australia 68(1-2) 37-48

Hampshire Formation, paleobotany64(1-4) 315-324

Ireland 93(1-4) 253-268Libya 58(2-4) 173-196; 66(3-4) 229-242Lochkovian, England 90(3-4) 159-173New Albany Shale, paleobotany 72(1-2)

73-102; 75(1-2) 1-32New York 60(3-4) 311-359; 93(1-4)

147-158; 96(1-2) 47-70Northwest Territories 77(1-2) 143-144Ohio 53(3-4) 349-357Poland 52(4) 403-416Quebec 93(1-4) 191-215; 97(1-2) 155-175Russian Federation 53(1-2) 163-173Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 105-113

Scotland 63(1-2) 137-152; 84(3-4)255-279; 90(3-4) 175-193; 93(1-4)159-189

Siegenian, China 57(3-4) 155-171South Africa 51(4) 330-331; 89(3-4)

417-428Tunisia 58(2-4) 173-196Venezuela 81(2-4) 141-150; 93(1-4)

127-145; 96(1-2) 47-70Wales 56(1-2) 69-87; 93(1-4) 235-252Yukon Territory 77(1-2) 143-144

Devonshire England see also ExeterEngland

paleobotany 81(2-4) 279-288Diablo Member

paleobotany 56(3-4) 183-198Diacromophitae

paleobotany 98(1-2) 27-32diagenesis

Europe, stratigraphy 90(1-2) 141-153Germany, paleobotany 77(3-4) 149-170Ireland, stratigraphy 81(1) 53-64Italy, paleobotany 91(1-4) 85-105Plantae 58(1) 1-3

Dialiumstratigraphy 84(3-4) 347-364

DianchiQuaternary 55(1-3) 193-206

Diaphorodendronpaleobotany 57(3-4) 265-276stratigraphy 56(1-2) 151-176; 81(1) 65-82

diatomsBelgium, Quaternary 59(1-4) 7-36Commonwealth of Independent States

58(2-4) 357-362Netherlands, Quaternary 55(4) 273-316New South Wales Australia, Quaternary

80(3-4) 311-332paleontology 98(1-2) 3-14Sweden, Quaternary 83(1-3) 107-117

Dicellaeporisporites poratuspaleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226

Dicellaesporites septoconstrictuspaleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226

Dichastopollenites ghazalatensispaleobotany 94(1-2) 137-168

Dichrostachyoxylon zirkeliipaleobotany 72(3-4) 317-323

Dickoniaceaepaleobotany 92(3-4) 245-252

Dicksonia dissectapaleobotany 92(3-4) 245-252

Dicksoniaceaepaleobotany 61(3-4) 273-301; 66(1-2)

47-63Dicolpopollis

paleobotany 62(1-2) 97-105Dicotyledoneae see also Acer; Alnus;

Annonaceae; Artemisia; Asteridae;

Betula; Carya; Compositae; Corylus;Dilleniidae; Dryas; Euphorbiaceae;Fagus; Juglandaceae; Juglans;Lauraceae; Leguminosae; Magnoliidae;Myrica; Nothofagus; Platanus;Pterocarya; Quercus; Rosidae; Salix;Tilia; Ulmaceae; Ulmus

56(3-4) 361-364; 57(3-4) 187-220; 64(1-4)159-164; 64(1-4) 165-174; 70(4)297-323; 72(3-4) 229-243

Alberta 70(1-2) 125-146Australia 94(1-2) 111-122Europe 57(1-2) 81-151; 60(1-2) 1-6;

69(1-3) 23-47; 69(1-3) 49-78; 69(1-3)97-108; 69(1-3) 113-115; 69(1-3)117-271

Germany 77(3-4) 149-170India 58(2-4) 205-213New Caledonia 53(3-4) 305-327New South Wales Australia 64(1-4)

97-101Oregon 80(3-4) 175-207Russian Federation 59(1-4) 77-91Saskatchewan 59(1-4) 57-66; 70(1-2)

77-88Sudan 75(3-4) 289-299Tennessee 74(3-4) 249-266Texas 68(3-4) 257-267Thailand 58(2-4) 333-355

Dicotylophyllum lobatuspaleobotany 92(1-2) 1-28

Dicranophyllalespaleobotany 63(1-2) 117-135

DicranumNeogene 79(1-2) 121-131

Dicrodium fremouwensispaleobotany 66(1-2) 129-145

Dictyoclavator fieriithallophytes 94(3-4) 259-293

Dictyopteridium walkomiipaleobotany 62(1-2) 11-40

Dictyosporites globimuriformispaleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226

Dictyotriletes micromurornatuspaleobotany 81(2-4) 213-231

DidecitriletesPermian 89(3-4) 359-415

Didymorporisporonites conicuspaleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226

Didymosporites scottiipaleobotany 63(1-2) 137-152

Diettertiapaleobotany 57(3-4) 277-287

Diichniapaleobotany 75(1-2) 1-32

Dijkstraisporitespaleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40

Dilatisphaera williereae

Devonian žDilatisphaera williereae


stratigraphy 86(1-2) 111-133DilleniidaeDilleniidae 87(2-4) 81-322

Dinant BasinPlantae 93(1-4) 89-106Spermatophyta 98(3-4) 303-324

Dinantian see also Asbian; Tournaisian;Visean

Argentina 57(3-4) 247-264; 70(3) 187-197Europe 90(1-2) 141-153Germany 93(1-4) 299-315; 97(3-4)

361-379Ireland 81(1) 53-64Northern Ireland 56(3-4) 345-359Scotland 60(3-4) 295-309Virginia 54(1-2) 105-119Wales 56(1-2) 69-87

Dingle PeninsulaQuaternary 64(1-4) 235-245

Dingodinium tuberosumstratigraphy 56(3-4) 313-326

Diniziapaleobotany 52(4) 367-374

Dinoflagellata see also Deflandrea58(2-4) 215-229; 65(1-4) 293-303; 66(1-2)

163; 74(1-2) 159-160; 84(1-2) 23-44;84(1-2) 73-99; 89(3-4) 493-494; 92(3-4)351-366

Alabama 79(3-4) 179-204Antarctic Ocean 84(1-2) 101-105

Eocene 86(3-4) 235-263Arabian Sea 97(3-4) 319-337Arctic Ocean 98(1-2) 159-176Arctic region 56(3-4) 275-304; 62(3-4)

363Argentina, Cretaceous 65(1-4) 319-330Atlantic Ocean, Quaternary 84(1-2) 1-22Australia, stratigraphy 84(1-2) 113-120Belgium, Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315Benin 57(3-4) 173-186Canada 61(1-2) 63-68China 92(3-4) 383-388Colombia 71(1-4) 255-268Denmark 72(1-2) 1-25

Jurassic 75(1-2) 33-52Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315stratigraphy 78(3-4) 321-351

Egypt 56(1-2) 123-140; 85(3-4) 303-317;94(1-2) 137-168Cretaceous 66(3-4) 293-312stratigraphy 63(3-4) 259-267

England 65(1-4) 311-318; 100(1-2) 89-98Jurassic 75(1-2) 33-52Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315stratigraphy 54(1-2) 85-103; 56(3-4)

313-326; 60(3-4) 361-373; 74(3-4)207-237

environmental geology 84(1-2) 107-112

France 62(1-2) 107-156; 71(1-4) 269-294;92(3-4) 367-382stratigraphy 84(1-2) 121-128; 87(1)

15-26; 87(1) 27-41Georgia 79(3-4) 179-204Germany 84(1-2) 57-72; 100(1-2) 89-98

stratigraphy 54(1-2) 85-103Greece 78(3-4) 353-379Gulf of Mexico, Paleogene 65(1-4)

331-339Holocene 84(1-2) 1-199Hungary 96(1-2) 113-120India, Eocene 67(1-2) 1-11Iraq, Cretaceous 60(1-2) 191-201Ireland, Quaternary 63(1-2) 1-11Israel 94(1-2) 101-109Italy 78(3-4) 353-379; 84(1-2) 45-56;

85(3-4) 213-229; 96(1-2) 99-111;96(3-4) 339-345Pliocene 84(1-2) 181-199stratigraphy 87(1) 51-79; 97(1-2)

177-196Ivory Coast 91(1-4) 171-186Japan 56(1-2) 95-122; 74(3-4) 239-247


Kenya 74(1-2) 77-100Mediterranean Sea, Quaternary 84(3-4)

221-253Morocco 70(4) 325-338; 96(3-4) 281-304

stratigraphy 77(1-2) 97-106Netherlands 91(1-4) 417-422New Mexico 98(1-2) 153-157New South Wales Australia, Quaternary

65(1-4) 305-310Nigeria 57(3-4) 173-186; 80(1-2) 131-147North Sea 84(1-2) 169-180Poland

Jurassic 75(1-2) 33-52stratigraphy 87(1) 43-50

Portugal, stratigraphy 66(3-4) 313-344Romania 59(1-4) 51-55Russian Federation 61(1-2) 139-145;

91(1-4) 187-240stratigraphy 77(1-2) 144-146Sweden, stratigraphy 65(1-4) 217-228Switzerland 92(3-4) 367-382Tunisia, stratigraphy 56(1-2) 5-19Turkey 91(1-4) 151-169

Dinogymnium aerlicumpaleobotany 92(3-4) 367-382

Dinogymnium vergonsensepaleobotany 92(3-4) 367-382

DinophyceaEocene 86(3-4) 235-263

Dinophyceae see Dinoflagellatadinosaurs

Alberta, stratigraphy 83(1-3) 137-158Dioon spinulosum

paleobotany 51(1-3) 213-225Dioonopsis nipponica

paleobotany 51(1-3) 213-225Diotacanthus

paleobotany 72(3-4) 229-243Diphasiastrum

paleobotany 57(1-2) 1-25Diphyllopteris verticillata

paleobotany 51(1-3) 31-36Diplodia

paleobotany 77(1-2) 107-118Diplodites sweetii

paleobotany 77(1-2) 107-118Diplopsalidae

paleobotany 56(1-2) 95-122Diporicellaesporites

paleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226Dipterocarpaceae

Plantae 76(1) 49-82Diptychandra

paleobotany 83(1-3) 31-42Discalis longistipa

paleobotany 57(3-4) 155-171Discinites dentilongus

paleobotany 81(2-4) 185-192dispersion patterns

Colorado, paleobotany 72(3-4) 169-197displacement theory see continental driftDistrict of Mackenzie see Mackenzie

District Northwest TerritoriesDistrict of Sudbury see Sudbury District

OntarioDitton Formation

palynomorphs 93(1-4) 333-340Dockum Group see Chinle FormationDogger

France 87(1) 27-41Dolerotheca

paleobotany 80(3-4) 235-257Dolomites

stratigraphy 53(3-4) 329-348Dolomitia cittertiae

paleobotany 52(4) 375-402Don River

paleobotany 53(1-2) 163-173Dona Ana County New Mexico

paleobotany 98(1-2) 153-157Donalia

Quaternary 89(3-4) 429-440Donegal Ireland

stratigraphy 81(1) 53-64Dong Hai see East China SeaDongshan

paleobotany 60(3-4) 205-223Donotela fistulata

paleobotany 74(1-2) 109-138Dorinnotheca streelii

paleobotany 93(1-4) 217-233Dorreenipites

Dinant Basin žDorreenipites


paleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352Dorstenia

paleobotany 57(3-4) 187-220Dorstenieae

paleobotany 57(3-4) 187-220Dorud Formation

paleomagnetism 86(1-2) 91-109Dorycnium

paleobotany 81(2-4) 233-255Dracophyllum

paleobotany 96(3-4) 317-338drainage basins

Africa, paleobotany 97(1-2) 123-153Drakes Formation

paleobotany 85(3-4) 183-187Draugen Field

stratigraphy 62(1-2) 157-186Drepanocladus

Neogene 79(1-2) 121-131Dronning Maud Land see Queen Maud LandDroseridites baculatus

paleobotany 94(1-2) 137-168Drumheller Alberta

paleobotany 70(1-2) 67-76Plantae 70(1-2) 3-8

Drumhellera kurmanniaepaleobotany 70(1-2) 67-76

dry delta see alluvial fansDryadopollis inconspicus

palynomorphs 78(3-4) 183-234Dryandra polycephala

paleobotany 85(1-2) 111-121Dryas

Netherlands, Quaternary 60(1-2) 25-129Dryophyllum subcretaceum

paleobotany 56(3-4) 205-211Dryopteris pinnitifida

paleobotany 89(3-4) 235-256Dryopterites virginica

paleobotany 89(3-4) 235-256DSDP Site 338

paleobotany 98(1-2) 159-176DSDP Site 535

paleobotany 92(3-4) 367-382Duckeophyllum eocenicum

paleobotany 62(3-4) 339-361Dudley England

Quaternary 73(1-4) 271-286Duero Basin

Miocene 67(3-4) 341-351; 82(3-4)251-264

Duguetiapaleobotany 83(1-3) 55-64

dunesNew South Wales Australia, Quaternary

80(3-4) 311-332Dunkard GroupDunkard Group 95(1-4) 255-283

Dunrobin Bay Formation

Jurassic 56(1-2) 21-39Duquesne Coal

paleobotany 57(3-4) 289-297Duwi Formation

paleobotany 85(3-4) 303-317Dyadospora murusattenuata

palynomorphs 97(1-2) 1-8Dyadospora murusdensa

Plantae 92(3-4) 269-279Dyschoriste

paleobotany 84(3-4) 331-345Dyupetalum

stratigraphy 82(3-4) 317-349East Africa see Kenya; Sudan; Tanzania;

UgandaEast African Lakes see Lake Malawi; Lake

TanganyikaEast Anglia see Norfolk England; Suffolk

EnglandEast China Sea

paleobotany 72(1-2) 103-118East European Platform see Russian

PlatformEast Lothian Scotland

paleobotany 72(3-4) 273-284East Mediterranean see Black SeaEastern Alps see DolomitesEastern Canada see Maritime Provinces;

Newfoundland; Ontario; QuebecEastern Cordillera

paleobotany 71(1-4) 255-268; 92(1-2)157-205

palynomorphs 92(1-2) 97-156Pliocene 78(1-2) 69-127; 92(3-4) 329-350Quaternary 62(3-4) 249-290; 77(3-4)

235-262stratigraphy 98(1-2) 41-45

EbenaceaePlantae 76(1) 49-82

Ebenoxylon aegyptiacumpaleobotany 58(2-4) 333-355

Ebro BasinOligocene 81(2-4) 327-335stratigraphy 92(3-4) 281-305

Echinidiniumpaleobotany 97(3-4) 319-337

ecology see also biodiversity; biogeography;continental shelf; wetlands

84(1-2) 107-112Arabian Peninsula, paleobotany 64(1-4)

343-350British Columbia, Quaternary 75(1-2)

103-131China, paleobotany 75(3-4) 259-271Colombia, palynomorphs 92(1-2) 97-156France, paleobotany 70(3) 247-253Greece, Quaternary 73(1-4) 133-143Japan, Quaternary 84(1-2) 155-168Middle East, paleobotany 64(1-4) 343-350

Netherlands, Quaternary 96(3-4) 459New England, paleobotany 84(3-4)

365-374paleobotany 78(1-2) 167-182Poland


Portugal, Quaternary 89(3-4) 153-211Quaternary 80(1-2) 173-174Queensland Australia, paleobotany 83(1-3)

83-96Senegal, Quaternary 67(1-2) 41-58South Africa 60(1-2) 131-147Togo, Quaternary 67(1-2) 41-58Western Australia, Quaternary 98(3-4)

187-205economic geology see coal; lignite; oil shale;

peat; petroleum; shaleEcuador see also Amazon Basin

Quaternary 55(1-3) 83-99Edjeleh Formation

paleobotany 86(1-2) 49-68Edmonton FormationEdmonton Formation 83(1-3) 137-158

Edwardsiella sexispinosumpaleobotany 85(3-4) 213-229

EemianBelgium 97(1-2) 97-107Denmark 56(1-2) 89-93England 73(1-4) 117-132

Eger Hungarypaleobotany 96(3-4) 231-240

Egypt see also Duwi FormationCretaceous 66(3-4) 293-312paleobotany 56(1-2) 123-140; 58(2-4)

289-299; 94(1-2) 137-168Sinai Egypt 58(2-4) 129-138

Quaternary 71(1-4) 207-218Nile Delta 82(1-2) 191

stratigraphy, Nile Delta 63(3-4) 259-267Eifelian

Germany 97(3-4) 381-393Tunisia 74(3-4) 193-205

Eire see IrelandEisenackitina

paleobotany 86(1-2) 49-68El Bosque Mine

Quaternary 55(1-3) 19-72El Caballo Stade

Quaternary 99(2) 95-114El Kef Tunisia

Paleogene 65(1-4) 85-94elastic constants see Young’s modulusElatides harrisii

paleobotany 51(1-3) 189-204Elatides williamsonii

paleobotany 69(4) 291-298Elburz see Geirud Formation

Dorstenia žElburz


Elburz Mountains see Elburzelectron microscopy

paleobotany 63(1-2) 29-34Queensland Australia, paleobotany 67(1-2)

133-139Scotland, paleobotany 67(1-2) 133-139

electrophoresisenvironmental geology 84(1-2) 107-112

Ellesmere IslandNeogene 79(1-2) 121-131

Ellipsoidictyum groenlandicumpaleobotany 56(3-4) 275-304

Ellipsoidinium densireticulatumpaleobotany 74(1-2) 77-100

Elsikisporonitespaleobotany 63(1-2) 13-28

Embothrites borealispaleobotany 52(2-3) 119-129

Embryophytinapaleobotany 74(1-2) 109-138

Emi-Magri FormationDevonian 66(3-4) 229-242

Emilia-Romagna Italy see Parma Italyemmer

Belgium, Quaternary 73(1-4) 287-300Germany, Quaternary 73(1-4) 205-211Netherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 287-300Yugoslavia, Quaternary 73(1-4) 181-185

Empetrum nigrumQuaternary 82(1-2) 157-163

EmsianBelgium 55(4) 317-335; 74(1-2) 139-157;

98(3-4) 303-324New Brunswick 74(1-2) 109-138Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 91-104Tunisia 74(3-4) 193-205

encrustationsItaly, paleobotany 91(1-4) 63-84; 91(1-4)

85-105Endoceratium dettmannae

paleobotany 65(1-4) 311-318Endochaetophora

paleobotany 61(3-4) 341-345; 67(3-4)229-236

Endogonalespaleobotany 61(1-2) 53-61

Endomycorrhizaepaleobotany 95(1-4) 83-94

England see also Bembridge Marls; LondonClay; Skiddaw Slates

Cretaceous 54(1-2) 165-173Jurassic 75(1-2) 33-52paleobotany 51(1-3) 169-187; 58(2-4)

289-299; 63(3-4) 197-225; 65(1-4)145-151; 65(1-4) 311-318; 69(4)337-351; 83(1-3) 175-183; 100(1-2)89-98Derbyshire England 71(1-4) 191-206Devonshire England 81(2-4) 279-288

Forest of Dean 95(1-4) 227-253Isle of Sheppey 75(1-2) 65-75London Basin 75(1-2) 65-75North Yorkshire England 69(4) 291-298Northumberland England 94(3-4)

211-230Oxfordshire England 95(1-4) 227-253Sheffield England 89(3-4) 305-317Staffordshire England 80(1-2) 39-54Yorkshire England 51(1-3) 65-93;

51(1-3) 95-105; 51(1-3) 107-115;61(3-4) 273-301; 65(1-4) 165-173;71(1-4) 191-206

Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315palynomorphs 93(1-4) 333-340Somerset England 61(1-2) 89-99

Welsh Borderland 90(3-4) 159-173Permian, Exeter England 66(3-4)

263-272Plantae, Berkshire England 64(1-4)

289-296Quaternary 73(1-4) 117-132

Dudley England 73(1-4) 271-286Hampshire England 73(1-4) 57-70London England 73(1-4) 71-86Norfolk England 76(1) 1-47; 85(3-4)

263-287sedimentary petrology 93(1-4) 317-331stratigraphy 54(1-2) 85-103; 95(1-4) 51-72

Derbyshire England 77(1-2) 23-43Essex England 74(3-4) 207-237Kent England 74(3-4) 207-237London England 74(3-4) 207-237Norfolk England 74(3-4) 207-237Shropshire England 84(3-4) 305-329Suffolk England 60(3-4) 361-373;

74(3-4) 207-237Yorkshire England 56(3-4) 313-326

Ensivaliapaleobotany 99(3-4) 343

entrainment see transportenvironmental effects

Netherlands, Quaternary 96(3-4) 459environmental geology see ecology;

pollution; reclamationEocanthocarpus

paleobotany 97(3-4) 361-379Eocene

58(2-4) 215-229; 81(1) 1-113; 85(3-4)153-182

Antarctic Ocean 86(3-4) 235-263Argentina 72(1-2) 49-53Australia 81(2-4) 165-183Brazil 94(1-2) 123-135British Columbia 70(1-2) 147-162; 70(1-2)

163-172; 70(1-2) 173-185; 78(3-4)277-291

China 92(3-4) 383-388

Claiborne Group, paleobotany 74(3-4)249-266

Clarno Formation, paleobotany 80(3-4)175-207

Colombia 94(1-2) 123-135Commonwealth of Independent States

83(1-3) 131-136Egypt 63(3-4) 259-267England 96(3-4) 231-240Europe 52(2-3) 119-129; 78(1-2) 41-54;

84(3-4) 413-418France 66(1-2) 13-24Germany 77(3-4) 149-170; 89(3-4)

487-489Green River Formation, paleobotany

80(3-4) 305-310Hungary 96(3-4) 231-240India 63(3-4) 281-297; 67(1-2) 1-11;

86(3-4) 325-348Japan 84(1-2) 129-153Kentucky 62(3-4) 339-361London Clay 60(3-4) 361-373; 81(1)

33-52paleobotany 75(1-2) 65-75; 94(1-2)

25-37Morocco 70(4) 325-338Nebraska 74(3-4) 267-282; 78(1-2) 55-67New Zealand 65(1-4) 57-69; 80(1-2)

123-130North Sea 56(3-4) 327-344Northwest Territories 70(1-2) 89-111;

81(1) 83-97Shubuta Member, paleobotany 91(1-4)

23-34South Australia 86(3-4) 199-209South Dakota 78(1-2) 55-67Spain 92(3-4) 281-305Tasmania Australia 80(1-2) 123-130;

92(1-2) 55-67Tennessee 58(2-4) 111-128; 62(3-4)

339-361Vermont 82(3-4) 299-315Western Australia 86(3-4) 199-209Willwood Formation, paleobotany 64(1-4)

325-329Yegua Formation, paleobotany 68(3-4)

257-267Eogene see PaleogeneEoginkoites

paleobotany 85(3-4) 189-198Eomimosoidea plumosa

paleobotany 62(3-4) 339-361epeirophoresis theory see continental driftEphedrales

Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368

Ephedripitespaleobotany 71(1-4) 239-254

Ephedrites antiquus

Elburz Mountains žEphedrites antiquus


paleobotany 53(3-4) 359-376Equisetales see CalamitesEquisetites arenaceous

palynomorphs 100(1-2) 1-26Equisetopsida

thallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322Equisetosporites

paleobotany 55(4) 337-356Equisitales

palynomorphs 100(1-2) 1-26Ereophyes

paleobotany 94(3-4) 329-343Ereophyoidea

paleobotany 94(3-4) 329-343Eretmophyllum harrisii

paleobotany 51(1-3) 127-131Erica palaeoarborea

paleobotany 52(4) 299-366Eriocaulaceae

paleobotany 57(1-2) 27-32Eriocaulon aquaticum

paleobotany 57(1-2) 27-32Eriophorum

paleobotany 58(2-4) 231-288Ermaying Formation

paleobotany 91(1-4) 121-142Erodium maritimum

paleobotany 69(1-3) 49-78Eromanga Basin

palynomorphs 78(3-4) 183-234erosion

England, Quaternary 73(1-4) 71-86Portugal, Quaternary 89(3-4) 153-211Venezuela, Quaternary 99(2) 95-114

Escuminac FormationPisces 93(1-4) 191-215

Essex Englandstratigraphy 74(3-4) 207-237

Estherienschichtenpalynomorphs 83(1-3) 217-226

Estoniapaleobotany 100(1-2) 99-108thallophytes 71(1-4) 1-15

EucalyptusQuaternary 80(3-4) 311-332; 98(3-4)

187-205Eucaryoxylon

paleobotany 53(3-4) 251-287Eucommia ulmoides

paleobotany 70(4) 297-323Eugenia

Pliocene 78(1-2) 69-127Euphorbia

paleobotany 78(3-4) 293-319Euphorbiaceae

78(3-4) 293-319; 81(2-4) 257-277; 98(3-4)257-291

New Caledonia 53(3-4) 283-304Tennessee 58(2-4) 111-128

Eupoikilofusathallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234

Eurasia see also Uralspaleobotany 79(3-4) 271-284Quaternary 73(1-4) 259-270

Eure-et-Loir Francepaleobotany 72(3-4) 317-323

Eureka Sound Formationpaleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226

Europe see also Alps; Baltic region;Carpathians; Central Europe; Pyrenees;Southern Europe; Ukraine; WesternEurope

Jurassic 91(1-4) 353-370Swiss Jura Mountains 65(1-4) 349-355

Miocene, Duero Basin 67(3-4) 341-351;82(3-4) 251-264

paleobotany 52(2-3) 119-129; 54(1-2)135-150; 57(1-2) 1-25; 57(1-2) 1-154;57(1-2) 33-43; 57(1-2) 45-74; 57(1-2)75-79; 57(1-2) 81-151; 69(1-3) 1-22;69(1-3) 1-275; 69(1-3) 23-47; 69(1-3)49-78; 69(1-3) 79-95; 69(1-3) 97-108;69(1-3) 109-112; 69(1-3) 113-115;69(1-3) 117-271; 70(3) 225-229; 78(1-2)41-54; 78(3-4) 403-404; 80(3-4) 339;88(1-4) 3-24; 88(1-4) 25-46; 88(1-4)47-59; 88(1-4) 61-82; 99(1) 25-54;99(3-4) 341Ardennes 75(3-4) 273-288Banat 94(3-4) 345-356Bohemia 60(1-2) 1-6; 83(1-3) 159-174;

84(3-4) 389-412Bohemian Basin 96(1-2) 81-97Bohemian Massif 97(1-2) 41-52Czech Republic 96(3-4) 231-240Franz Josef Land 61(1-2) 139-145Meuse Valley 74(1-2) 139-157Moscow Basin 91(1-4) 187-240Pomerania 93(1-4) 107-125Saar Basin 80(3-4) 259-275Sokolov Basin 84(3-4) 413-418Vienna Basin 94(1-2) 1-9Voronezh Anteclise 53(1-2) 163-173

paleontology 74(1-2) 159palynomorphs 86(1-2) 1-173; 88(1-4)

3-272Iberian Peninsula 74(1-2) 1-53

Plantae 64(1-4) 35-40; 68(1-2) 29-36;90(1-2) 99-111

Pleistocene, Macedonia 52(2-3) 89-117Quaternary 73(1-4) 105-115

Fennoscandia 82(1-2) 37-45; 82(1-2)175-189

Greek Macedonia 73(1-4) 133-143Iberian Peninsula 82(1-2) 192Lapland Finland 82(1-2) 17-35Rhine Valley 73(1-4) 287-300

stratigraphy 90(1-2) 141-153

Bohemia 86(1-2) 135-145Czech Republic 95(1-4) 51-72Lower Rhine Basin 83(1-3) 119-129Macedonia 52(2-3) 73-88Scheldt River 97(1-2) 97-107Tisza River 66(3-4) 361-377

thallophytes, Jutland 74(1-2) 55-75Eurya

stratigraphy 62(3-4) 309-338eustacy

Europe, Jurassic 91(1-4) 353-370Eutheria see Hyracoidea; PrimatesEvacarpa polysperma

paleobotany 97(1-2) 67-78Everglades

Plantae 52(2-3) 217-231Evittosphaerula paratabulata

paleobotany 98(1-2) 159-176Exeter England

Permian 66(3-4) 263-272exine

Africa, paleobotany 67(1-2) 153-177Canada, paleobotany 63(1-2) 137-152England, palynomorphs 61(1-2) 89-99Europe, paleobotany 99(1) 25-54Italy, palynomorphs 97(1-2) 9-39paleobotany 53(1-2) 175-184; 64(1-4)

159-164; 64(1-4) 175-179; 75(3-4)301-315; 75(3-4) 317-322; 83(1-3)65-72; 83(1-3) 73-81; 85(1-2) 13-34;96(3-4) 255-280; 96(3-4) 305-315;98(3-4) 257-291; 98(3-4) 293-301

Plantae 64(1-4) 187-196; 64(1-4) 197-203Poland, paleobotany 52(4) 403-416Scotland, paleobotany 63(1-2) 137-152South America, paleobotany 67(1-2)

153-177Fabaceae

paleobotany 61(3-4) 319-339Plantae 76(1) 49-82

Fagaceaepaleobotany 58(2-4) 95-109; 75(3-4)

259-271Fagales

paleobotany 64(1-4) 53-59; 80(1-2)115-121; 94(1-2) 11-24

palynomorphs 86(3-4) 199-209Fagus

83(1-3) 65-72France, Quaternary 82(1-2) 97-112Spain 94(3-4) 329-343

Fagus pristinapaleobotany 94(3-4) 329-343

Fagus sylvaticapaleobotany 53(1-2) 175-184; 83(1-3)

65-72Fair Hill Formation


Equisetales žFair Hill Formation


Faironellapaleobotany 99(3-4) 343

Falkenau Basin see Sokolov BasinFalla Formation

paleobotany 78(3-4) 269-276stratigraphy 61(1-2) 101-138; 65(1-4)

257-265Fallaciodinium minutum

paleobotany 100(1-2) 89-98Fallopia aubertii

stratigraphy 81(1) 65-82Famennian

Belgium 64(1-4) 315-324; 80(1-2) 55-63;93(1-4) 217-233

Brazil 96(1-2) 31-45China 83(1-3) 261-273Iran 86(1-2) 91-109South Africa 91(1-4) 143-149Virginia 64(1-4) 315-324West Virginia 64(1-4) 315-324

Far East see also Cambodia; China;Indonesia; Japan; Mongolia; Thailand;Vietnam

paleobotany, Sino-Korean Platform90(1-2) 41-62

Plantae, Kalimantan Indonesia 72(3-4)199-227

Quaternary, Mahakam Delta 55(1-3)217-220

features, shore see shore featuresFedekurtzia

paleobotany 90(3-4) 287-302federal lands see public landsfeeding ground see drainage basinsFennoscandia

Quaternary 82(1-2) 37-45; 82(1-2)175-189

Ferromia pellitastratigraphy 93(1-4) 23-34

Ferugliocladaceaepaleobotany 51(1-3) 3-30

Ferugliocladus patagonicuspaleobotany 51(1-3) 3-30

Ferugliocladus riojanumpaleobotany 51(1-3) 3-30

Feysiapalynomorphs 83(1-3) 241-251

FezzanQuaternary 73(1-4) 315-327

Ficophyllum pallustrispaleobotany 92(1-2) 1-28

field, gravity see gravity fieldfields, coal see coal fieldsFife region Scotland

paleobotany 63(1-2) 77-90; 68(1-2) 65-85Filicopsida see also Archaeopteris; Azolla;

Gleicheniaceae; Pecopteris64(1-4) 149-158; 64(1-4) 213-221; 69(4)

369-370; 87(2-4) 81-322

Alberta 70(1-2) 113-124Antarctica 62(1-2) 41-64; 66(1-2)

129-145; 74(1-2) 101-107; 83(1-3)227-239

China 75(3-4) 219-238Denmark 66(1-2) 47-63England 51(1-3) 65-93; 61(3-4) 273-301France 63(1-2) 163-171Kansas 56(3-4) 199-204Maryland 70(4) 279-295Nebraska 78(1-2) 55-67Queensland Australia 66(1-2) 147-158Romania 82(3-4) 351-363Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51South Dakota 78(1-2) 55-67Tasmania Australia 70(4) 263-277Virginia 70(4) 279-295; 89(3-4) 235-256

FinlandQuaternary

Lapland Finland 82(1-2) 17-35Turku Finland 73(1-4) 227-239

Fireclay Formationpaleobotany 82(3-4) 351-363

firesAlaska, Quaternary 92(1-2) 83-95Brazil, Quaternary 97(1-2) 109-121France, Quaternary 91(1-4) 399-416Japan, Quaternary 98(3-4) 207-222

first occurrenceBelgium, stratigraphy 98(1-2) 47-79Germany, stratigraphy 98(1-2) 47-79

Flabellisporitespaleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40

Flanderspalynomorphs 93(1-4) 269-297Quaternary 73(1-4) 287-300

FlandrianIreland 63(1-2) 1-11

floral provincesArgentina

paleobotany 99(1) 55-59stratigraphy 98(1-2) 41-45

China, paleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48; 90(1-2)41-62; 90(1-2) 63-77

Europe, Plantae 90(1-2) 99-111France, paleobotany 63(1-2) 91-115Iran, paleomagnetism 86(1-2) 91-109paleobotany 90(1-2) 5-40stratigraphy 98(1-2) 33-40; 98(1-2)

105-124Sweden, paleobotany 86(1-2) 1-11Tertiary 82(3-4) 197-224

Florentinia perforatapaleobotany 79(3-4) 179-204

FloridaPlantae, Everglades 52(2-3) 217-231Quaternary, Sarasota County Florida 83(4)

275-297Florinites

Spain 80(1-2) 65-74Florinostrobus

paleobotany 51(1-3) 59-64flowers

Atlantic Coastal Plain, paleobotany90(3-4) 319-337

British Columbia, paleobotany 70(1-2)163-172

Saskatchewan, paleobotany 70(1-2) 77-88fluvial features see buried channelsfluvial transport see stream transportFoerstia

paleobotany 96(1-2) 31-45Follisdinellum splendidum

paleobotany 78(3-4) 353-379food

France, Quaternary 73(1-4) 259-270Israel, Quaternary 73(1-4) 153-160;

73(1-4) 161-166Yugoslavia, Quaternary 73(1-4) 181-185

Foord Seampalynomorphs 95(1-4) 31-50

Foozia minutapaleobotany 74(1-2) 139-157

Foraminifera98(1-2) 3-14Italy, stratigraphy 87(1) 51-79; 97(1-2)

177-196Forest of Ardennes see ArdennesForest of Dean

paleobotany 95(1-4) 227-253forests see rain forestsForillon Formation

Devonian 97(1-2) 155-175Fort Cooper Coal Measures

paleobotany 97(3-4) 339-359fossil localities

Kansas, paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113Ohio, paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113

fossil resins see resinsfossil soils see Paleosolsfossil wood

Africa, paleobotany 84(3-4) 439-480Alaska, Cretaceous 81(1) 19-32Andorra, geochronology 69(4) 299-324Antarctica, palynomorphs 74(3-4) 163-192Argentina


California, paleobotany 56(3-4) 183-198Cambodia


China, paleobotany 80(3-4) 277-290Colombia, paleobotany 92(1-2) 157-205England

paleobotany 75(1-2) 65-75; 81(2-4)279-288

Faironella ž fossil wood


stratigraphy 81(1) 33-52Europe

Jurassic 91(1-4) 353-370paleobotany 70(3) 225-229

Francegeochronology 69(4) 299-324paleobotany 53(3-4) 251-287; 67(1-2)

141-152; 72(3-4) 317-323; 99(3-4)203-215

India, paleobotany 58(2-4) 205-213;85(3-4) 341-350

Japan, Quaternary 97(1-2) 79-95; 98(3-4)207-222

Maryland, paleobotany 69(4) 277-290Morocco, paleobotany 94(1-2) 57-73Nebraska, paleobotany 74(3-4) 267-282Ohio, paleobotany 53(3-4) 349-357Oregon, paleobotany 80(3-4) 175-207paleobotany 63(3-4) 189-195Plantae 58(1) 1-3Spain, paleobotany 78(3-4) 395-402Sudan, paleobotany 59(1-4) 37-50; 75(3-4)

289-299Sweden, Quaternary 58(2-4) 163-171Texas, paleobotany 68(3-4) 257-267Thailand, paleobotany 58(2-4) 333-355Vietnam, paleobotany 68(1-2) 87-117

FossilryggenPermian 86(1-2) 157-173

Foveomorphomonocolpites rashadipaleobotany 94(1-2) 137-168

France see also CorsicaDevonian, Armorican Massif 87(1) 1-14geochronology 69(4) 299-324Holocene

Corbieres 71(1-4) 111-120Pyrenees-Orientales France 71(1-4)

111-120paleobotany 51(1-3) 117-126; 53(3-4)

251-287; 63(1-2) 163-171; 64(1-4)53-59; 67(1-2) 141-152; 83(1-3)253-260; 85(3-4) 231-242; 92(3-4)367-382Alsace 62(1-2) 107-156Causses 78(1-2) 145-166Eure-et-Loir France 72(3-4) 317-323Herault France 80(1-2) 149-157; 94(3-4)

295-328Languedoc 80(1-2) 149-157Loire France 72(3-4) 299-315Lozere France 78(1-2) 145-166Montagne Noire 61(3-4) 239-271;

63(1-2) 91-115; 70(3) 247-253Normandy 71(1-4) 269-294Paris Basin 66(1-2) 13-24; 71(1-4) 17-35Vosges France 99(3-4) 203-215

palynomorphs 83(1-3) 217-226Jura France 68(1-2) 49-63

Plantae

Paris France 64(1-4) 45-51Saint-Etienne coal basin 96(1-2) 226-227

Quaternary 73(1-4) 259-270; 73(1-4)301-314Ain France 82(1-2) 97-112Central Massif 54(3-4) 233-248French Alps 89(3-4) 455-467; 91(1-4)

399-416; 97(3-4) 227-237Lac du Bouchet 54(3-4) 233-248Savoie France 91(1-4) 399-416Touraine 82(1-2) 195Velay 54(3-4) 233-248

stratigraphy 87(1) 1-79; 87(1) 15-26Paris Basin 87(1) 27-41Vocontian Trough 84(1-2) 121-128

thallophytes, Armorican Massif 77(3-4)263-272

Frankenberg Germanypaleobotany 63(3-4) 197-225

Franklin County Kansaspaleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113

Franklin District Northwest Territories seeArctic Archipelago; Queen ElizabethIslands; Somerset Island

Franz Josef Landpaleobotany 61(1-2) 139-145

FrasnianAfrica 86(1-2) 147-155China 83(1-3) 261-273Iran 86(1-2) 91-109South America 86(1-2) 147-155

Fraxinoipollenites fragilispalynomorphs 78(3-4) 183-234

Fraxinuspaleobotany 74(3-4) 249-266

Fraxinus flexifoliapaleobotany 80(3-4) 305-310

Free State South AfricaQuaternary 74(3-4) 283-291

Fremouw Formation65(1-4) 257-265paleobotany 74(1-2) 101-107; 90(3-4)

303-318Fremouw Peak

paleobotany 61(1-2) 53-61; 61(3-4)341-345; 67(3-4) 179-198

Fremouwapaleobotany 62(1-2) 41-64

French AlpsQuaternary 89(3-4) 455-467; 91(1-4)

399-416; 97(3-4) 227-237Frenguellia

paleobotany 70(3) 187-197Frome

palynomorphs 61(1-2) 89-99Fromea

paleobotany 61(1-2) 63-68fructification

Poland, paleobotany 77(1-2) 45-49

Queensland Australia, paleobotany 62(1-2)11-40

Fruholmen Formationstratigraphy 63(1-2) 153-162

functional morphologyOhio, palynomorphs 97(1-2) 1-8Turkey, paleobotany 91(1-4) 151-169

Fundy Basin see Minas Basinfungi

63(3-4) 189-195; 64(1-4) 29-34; 90(3-4)249-262; 95(1-4) 83-94

Antarctica 61(1-2) 53-61; 61(3-4)341-345; 67(3-4) 229-236

Denmark 56(1-2) 89-93France 83(1-3) 253-260India 59(1-4) 127-131; 63(1-2) 13-28;

77(1-2) 107-118Eocene 67(1-2) 1-11

Mississippi, paleontology 80(1-2) 75-84Northwest Territories 97(1-2) 197-226Turkey, Tertiary 58(2-4) 139-161

Fusaeapaleobotany 83(1-3) 55-64

fusainEngland, paleobotany 81(2-4) 279-288Europe, paleobotany 70(3) 225-229paleobotany 63(3-4) 269-279

Fusiformisporites sigleraepaleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226

Ga’ara FormationTriassic 65(1-4) 267-274

Gaarderiapaleobotany 84(1-2) 73-99

GabonSpermatophyta 51(4) 328

GaleocorneaPaleogene 65(1-4) 85-94

Galway Ireland see ConnemaraGaramantes

Quaternary 73(1-4) 315-327Gardenieae

Spermatophyta 51(4) 328Gardodinium trabeculosum

paleobotany 92(3-4) 351-366Garnett Kansas

paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113Garugoxylon pinnatoides

paleobotany 68(1-2) 87-117gas chromatography

paleobotany 77(3-4) 149-170Gaspe Peninsula

Devonian 97(1-2) 155-175Pisces 93(1-4) 191-215Geirud FormationGeirud Formation 86(1-2) 91-109

Geminospora lemurataDevonian 89(1-2) 105-113palynomorphs 93(1-4) 159-189

Fossilryggen žGeminospora lemurata


Gemmamonocolpites pilulusstratigraphy 81(2-4) 151-164

general circulation modelsQuaternary 91(1-4) 425-426

Genistoxylon dorycnioidespaleobotany 78(3-4) 395-402

Genomosperma kidstonipaleobotany 90(3-4) 287-302

geoarchaeology see archaeologygeochronology see absolute age; Cambrian;

Carboniferous; Cenozoic; Cretaceous;Devonian; Eocene; Holocene; Jurassic;Mesozoic; Miocene; Mississippian;Neogene; Oligocene; Ordovician;Paleocene; Paleogene; Paleozoic;Pennsylvanian; Permian; Phanerozoic;Pleistocene; Pliocene; Precambrian;Proterozoic; Quaternary; Silurian;Tertiary; Triassic

geomorphology see glacial geology;sea-level changes; shore features

geophysical surveysArabian Peninsula, Paleozoic 89(1-2) 3

Georgia see Ripley Formationgeotectonics see tectonicsgeothermal gradient

Saudi Arabia, Silurian 89(1-2) 139-150geothermal surveys see heat flowGeraniaceae

paleobotany 71(1-4) 79-109Geranium molle

paleobotany 69(1-3) 49-78Germany

paleobotany 52(4) 299-366; 68(1-2)147-179; 77(3-4) 149-170; 77(3-4)185-212; 80(3-4) 259-275; 83(1-3)199-215; 84(1-2) 57-72; 91(1-4) 1-21;100(1-2) 89-98Bayreuth Germany 71(1-4) 239-254Frankenberg Germany 63(3-4) 197-225Harz Mountains 96(1-2) 71-79Hesse Germany 63(3-4) 197-225North Rhine-Westphalia Germany

95(1-4) 285-304Rhenish Schiefergebirge 56(1-2)

177-181Saar-Nahe Basin 54(3-4) 249-360;

62(3-4) 205-248Thuringia Germany 97(3-4) 361-379

paleontology, Messel Germany 89(3-4)487-489

palynomorphs 83(1-3) 217-226; 100(1-2)1-26Rhenish Schiefergebirge 89(3-4)

297-303Ruhr 89(3-4) 297-303

Plantae 96(1-2) 225-226; 97(3-4) 381-393Thuringia Germany 93(1-4) 299-315

Quaternary

Bavaria Germany 73(1-4) 205-211Lower Saxony Germany 73(1-4)

167-180Weser River 73(1-4) 167-180

stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72; 98(1-2) 47-79Helgoland 54(1-2) 85-103

Gerona SpainQuaternary 73(1-4) 35-47

Ghadames BasinDevonian 58(2-4) 173-196

Ghats see Western GhatsGhoshipora

palynomorphs 89(3-4) 287-296Gilboaphyton goldringiae

paleobotany 96(1-2) 47-70Gilboaphyton griersoni

paleobotany 96(1-2) 47-70Ginkgo

78(1-2) 167-182Argentina 59(1-4) 145-151

Ginkgo bilobapaleobotany 59(1-4) 145-151

Ginkgo yimaensispaleobotany 78(1-2) 167-182

Ginkgoales see also Czekanowskiales;Ginkgo

China 68(3-4) 203-216Commonwealth of Independent States

51(1-3) 127-131Germany 83(1-3) 199-215India 63(3-4) 183-187

Ginkgoopsidathallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322

Gissar Range see Hissar RangeGivetian

Africa 86(1-2) 147-155Belgium 77(1-2) 1-22South America 86(1-2) 147-155Western Australia 68(1-2) 37-48

glacial features see nunataksglacial geology see also glaciation; glaciers

Japan, Quaternary 97(1-2) 79-95glacial maximum, last see last glacial

maximumglaciation see also deglaciation; erosion;

glaciers; last glacial maximumAlgeria, paleobotany 86(1-2) 49-68Chile, Quaternary 65(1-4) 17-24Japan, Quaternary 84(1-2) 155-168Norway, paleobotany 85(3-4) 243-262Quaternary 80(3-4) 339-341; 99(2) 75-202

glaciers see also deglaciationNorway, Quaternary 82(1-2) 1-15

glaciology see glacial geologyGlaphyrocysta expansa

stratigraphy 97(1-2) 177-196Gleicheniaceae

China 54(1-2) 121-134New Zealand, Eocene 65(1-4) 57-69

Glenrosapaleobotany 72(3-4) 245-255

global changeQuaternary 79(1-2) 141-151; 80(3-4)

339-341global circulation models see general

circulation modelsGlobularia

paleobotany 69(1-3) 109-112Glossopleridales

paleobotany 97(3-4) 339-359Glossopteridales see also Glossopteris

90(3-4) 287-302Antarctica 90(3-4) 303-318

Glossopteris see also Glossopteris floraAntarctica 66(1-2) 105-127India 51(1-3) 31-36; 75(3-4) 183-218New South Wales Australia 97(3-4)

339-359Queensland Australia 62(1-2) 11-40;

97(3-4) 339-359Glossopteris flora

India 90(1-2) 79-98Gloucestershire England see Forest of DeanGlyptolepis richteri

paleobotany 96(1-2) 71-79Glyptostrobus

stratigraphy 81(1) 83-97Gnafalea

paleobotany 92(1-2) 1-28Gnetales

Brazil 77(3-4) 171-184Cambodia, Quaternary 67(1-2) 115-132Commonwealth of Independent States

53(3-4) 359-376Godavari Basin see Krishna-Godavari Basingolden-brown algae see ChrysophytaGondwana see also Laurasia

Africa, stratigraphy 86(1-2) 147-155Algeria, paleobotany 86(1-2) 49-68Argentina, paleobotany 51(1-3) 3-30;

99(1) 55-59Australia

Permian 86(1-2) 157-173Plantae 91(1-4) 424-425

Chinapaleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48palynomorphs 86(1-2) 1-173

Europe, stratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145India

paleobotany 63(3-4) 183-187Permian 86(1-2) 157-173stratigraphy 61(3-4) 352-354

Iran, paleomagnetism 86(1-2) 91-109Northwest Territories, stratigraphy 86(1-2)

69-90Ordovician 66(3-4) 181-209paleobotany 90(3-4) 287-302

Gemmamonocolpites pilulus žGondwana


South America, stratigraphy 86(1-2)147-155

stratigraphy 86(1-2) 111-133; 98(1-2)33-40; 98(1-2) 105-124

Sudan, paleobotany 75(3-4) 289-299Gondwana System see lower Gondwana

System; upper Gondwana SystemGoniosphaeridium

paleobotany 52(4) 257-297Silurian 89(1-2) 49-74

Gonyaulacaceaepaleobotany 91(1-4) 151-169

Gonyaulacineaepaleobotany 91(1-4) 151-169

Gonyaulacoideaepaleobotany 62(3-4) 363; 91(1-4) 151-169

GordonipollenitesMiocene 82(3-4) 265-297

Gorgonisphaeridiumpaleobotany 52(4) 257-297

Gothaniapaleobotany 57(3-4) 313-339

Gothlandian see SilurianGotland Sweden

Invertebrata 70(3) 258-259paleobotany 52(4) 257-297

Gotlandian see SilurianGotlandochitina martinssoni

stratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145Gottland see Gotland SwedenGrabowskia

paleobotany 96(3-4) 305-315Gracilopteris

paleobotany 69(4) 369-370Gralopteris raymondii

paleobotany 69(4) 369-370Gramineae

64(1-4) 87-95Africa 97(1-2) 123-153California 60(1-2) 165-177Colorado, Quaternary 74(3-4) 293-313England, Quaternary 73(1-4) 71-86France, Quaternary 73(1-4) 259-270Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Middle East, Quaternary 73(1-4) 21-33Nigeria, Cenozoic 77(1-2) 119-127Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368Turkey, Quaternary 73(1-4) 99-104

Grammatocaulis donponiipaleobotany 66(1-2) 147-158

Grampian Highlands see CairngormMountains

Grampian region Scotland seeAberdeenshire Scotland

Granada Spainpaleobotany 71(1-4) 37-77Quaternary 99(3-4) 317-340

Grandeuryconuspaleobotany 57(3-4) 313-339

Grandeuryella renaultipaleobotany 72(3-4) 299-315

Grandispora ciliatapaleobotany 52(4) 403-416

GraptolithinaEurope, stratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145

grassesIsrael, Quaternary 73(1-4) 161-166Netherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 145-151

gravity fieldQuaternary 52(2-3) 252-254

Great Britain see England; Scotland; WalesGreat Plains

Quaternary 99(1) 17-24Greater London England see London

EnglandGreece see also Macedonia

Neogene 62(3-4) 291-307paleobotany, Crete 78(3-4) 353-379Quaternary, Greek Macedonia 73(1-4)

133-143Greek Macedonia

Quaternary 73(1-4) 133-143green algae see ChlorophytaGreen Mountains

Miocene 82(3-4) 265-297Green River Formation

paleobotany 80(3-4) 305-310Greene County New York


Greenlandpaleobotany 77(3-4) 301-304

Northern Greenland 56(3-4) 305-311Scoresby Sound 60(1-2) 7-24

stratigraphy 51(1-3) 205-212Tertiary, Northern Greenland 62(3-4)

189-203Greenland Sea see Norwegian SeaGreenwood County Kansas

paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113Gres de Wepion Formation

paleobotany 74(1-2) 139-157Grevillea rosmarinifolia

paleobotany 85(1-2) 111-121Grevilloideaepites

paleobotany 67(3-4) 205-215Guaireoideae

paleobotany 77(1-2) 51-63Guezouman Formation

Carboniferous 89(3-4) 319-334Guinea

stratigraphy 84(3-4) 347-364Gujarat India see also Kutch India

Eocene 63(3-4) 281-297Gulf Coastal Plain see also Alabama

paleobotany 72(1-2) 61-72; 91(1-4) 23-34;92(1-2) 69-81

Plantae 58(1) 47-59

stratigraphy 82(3-4) 225-238Gulf of Chihli see Bohai BayGulf of Guinea

Quaternary 84(1-2) 1-22Gulf of Mexico see also DSDP Site 535

Paleogene 65(1-4) 331-339Gulf of Saint Lawrence coal field

Carboniferous 95(1-4) 7-29Gulpen flora

paleobotany 95(1-4) 285-304Gunflint Chert

paleobotany 70(1-2) 1-2Gunnison County Colorado see Crested

Butte ColoradoGymnospermae see also Bennettitales;

Caytoniales; Coniferae; Coniferales;Cordaitales; Cycadales; Cycadofilicales;Dadoxylon; Ephedrales; Ginkgoales;Glossopteridales; Gnetales;Pteridospermae

69(4) 369-370; 70(3) 257-258; 77(1-2)146-147; 79(3-4) 271-284; 85(1-2)13-34; 89(3-4) 487; 90(3-4) 263-285

Andes 83(1-3) 185-198Antarctica 79(3-4) 221-244; 82(3-4) 365Argentina 63(1-2) 117-135Belgium 77(1-2) 1-22; 93(1-4) 217-233British Columbia 70(1-2) 9-45

stratigraphy 70(1-2) 47-65China 77(1-2) 65-74Colombia, Quaternary 55(1-3) 19-72England 63(3-4) 197-225

stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72Europe 99(1) 25-54France 63(1-2) 91-115; 99(3-4) 203-215Germany 54(3-4) 249-360; 56(1-2)

177-181; 63(3-4) 197-225stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72

Greece, stratigraphy 52(2-3) 73-88Greenland, stratigraphy 51(1-3) 205-212India, Eocene 67(1-2) 1-11Italy 63(3-4) 197-225Kentucky 72(1-2) 73-102Nigeria, stratigraphy 54(1-2) 151-158Scotland 60(3-4) 295-309Spain, stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72stratigraphy 81(1) 65-82Wales 93(1-4) 235-252

Gymnostachyumpaleobotany 72(3-4) 229-243

gypsumItaly, paleobotany 91(1-4) 85-105

Gyrodinium instriatumpaleobotany 74(3-4) 239-247

Haddingtonshire Scotland see East LothianScotland

HaloragaciditesEocene 81(2-4) 165-183

Gondwana System žHaloragacidites


Hamamelidaethallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322

Hamatiapaleobotany 80(3-4) 291-303

Hamiapollenitesstratigraphy 82(3-4) 317-349

Hampshire EnglandQuaternary 73(1-4) 57-70

Hampshire Formationpaleobotany 64(1-4) 315-324

Haplanthuspaleobotany 72(3-4) 229-243

Harris, Thomas Maxwellpaleobotany 51(1-3) 1-2

Harrisiocarpus gucikiipaleobotany 51(1-3) 133-143

Harwich Memberstratigraphy 60(3-4) 361-373

Harz Mountainspaleobotany 96(1-2) 71-79

Hassl Touareg Formationpaleobotany 86(1-2) 49-68

Hastarianpaleobotany 72(1-2) 149-158palynomorphs 93(1-4) 269-297

Hastiere Formationpaleobotany 72(1-2) 149-158

Haute-Loire France see Lac du Bouchet;Velay

HauterivianFrance 92(3-4) 367-382Netherlands 91(1-4) 417-422Russian Federation 91(1-4) 187-240Switzerland 92(3-4) 367-382

Hawke’s Bay New ZealandEocene 65(1-4) 57-69

heat flow see geothermal gradientHebei China see Tianjin ChinaHebrides

Quaternary 73(1-4) 49-56Heerala

paleobotany 53(3-4) 359-376Helgoland

stratigraphy 54(1-2) 85-103Henan China

paleobotany 59(1-4) 133-143; 68(3-4)203-216; 80(3-4) 277-290; 90(1-2) 63-77

Quaternary 89(3-4) 481-485Henisporites

paleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40Henry County Tennessee

paleobotany 58(2-4) 111-128; 74(3-4)249-266

HepaticaeEngland 61(1-2) 89-99

Herault Francepaleobotany 80(1-2) 149-157; 94(3-4)

295-328herbivorous taxa

South Africa, Quaternary 74(3-4) 283-291Herbosisporites

paleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40Hercochitina

paleobotany 86(1-2) 49-68Hercynian Orogeny

Iran, paleomagnetism 86(1-2) 91-109Hermitia

palynomorphs 83(1-3) 241-251Herrin Coal Member

53(3-4) 233-250; 56(1-2) 151-176paleobotany 57(3-4) 265-276

Heshanggou Formationstratigraphy 54(3-4) 187-231

Heshangou Formationpaleobotany 91(1-4) 121-142

Hesse Germany see also Messel Germanypaleobotany 63(3-4) 197-225

Heterobractumpaleobotany 84(1-2) 73-99

HettangianFrance 62(1-2) 107-156; 78(1-2) 145-166;

87(1) 27-41Heweria kempii

paleobotany 70(4) 263-277Hexachara

thallophytes 89(3-4) 417-428High Plains see Great PlainsHighland region Scotland see Sutherland

ScotlandHilton Plant Beds

paleobotany 63(3-4) 197-225Himachal Pradesh India see Simla Hills;

Simla IndiaHimalayas see also India; Nepal

EoceneLesser Himalayas 67(1-2) 1-11Simla Hills 67(1-2) 1-11

Hirmeriellapaleobotany 78(1-2) 145-166

Hirmeriella muensteripaleobotany 68(1-2) 147-179

Hissar Rangepaleobotany 51(1-3) 127-131

Hoegklintiastratigraphy 86(1-2) 111-133

Hokkaidopaleobotany 72(1-2) 27-40; 76(1) 83-96Quaternary 97(1-2) 79-95stratigraphy 84(1-2) 129-153

Holland see NetherlandsHolocene see also Bronze Age; Iron Age

52(2-3) 254-255; 56(3-4) 361-364; 58(1)33-46; 64(1-4) 247-251; 79(1-2)133-140; 80(1-2) 173-174; 81(1) 11-17;82(1-2) 1-195; 82(1-2) 141-145; 82(1-2)157-163; 82(1-2) 165-173; 82(1-2) 193;82(1-2) 194; 84(1-2) 1-199; 84(1-2)23-44; 84(1-2) 73-99; 84(3-4) 201-220;

98(3-4) 257-291; 98(3-4) 293-301; 99(2)75-202

Africa 78(3-4) 381-394Alabama 58(1) 47-59; 58(1) 61-83Alberta 79(1-2) 83-97Andorra 69(4) 299-324Antarctic Ocean 84(1-2) 101-105Arabian Peninsula 64(1-4) 343-350Arabian Sea 97(3-4) 319-337Argentina 77(1-2) 129-142; 89(3-4)

429-440Atlantic Ocean 84(1-2) 1-22Australia 55(1-3) 229-245Belgium 59(1-4) 7-36Brazil 97(3-4) 287-299; 99(2) 115-129;

99(2) 131-142; 99(2) 143-156British Columbia 75(1-2) 103-131; 79(1-2)

83-97; 79(1-2) 113-119Burundi 67(3-4) 315-330; 75(1-2) 133-151Cameroon 99(2) 157-188Canada 64(1-4) 103-108; 79(1-2) 1-177;

79(1-2) 7-30Caribbean region 100(1-2) 109-122China 89(3-4) 481-485Colombia 55(1-3) 19-72; 60(1-2) 149-163Colorado 72(3-4) 169-197Ecuador 55(1-3) 73-81; 55(1-3) 83-99Egypt 71(1-4) 207-218; 82(1-2) 191England 73(1-4) 57-70; 73(1-4) 271-286;

76(1) 1-47; 85(3-4) 263-287Europe 82(1-2) 175-189; 82(1-2) 192Finland 73(1-4) 227-239; 82(1-2) 17-35Flandrian, Ireland 63(1-2) 1-11Florida 83(4) 275-297France 54(3-4) 233-248; 69(4) 299-324;

71(1-4) 111-120; 73(1-4) 259-270;73(1-4) 301-314; 82(1-2) 97-112;82(1-2) 195; 89(3-4) 455-467; 91(1-4)399-416; 97(3-4) 227-237

Great Plains 99(1) 17-24Iceland 83(4) 275-297India 54(1-2) 11-42; 64(1-4) 351-358;

65(1-4) 25-35; 89(3-4) 469-480Indonesia 72(3-4) 199-227Ireland 64(1-4) 235-245; 82(1-2) 75-82Israel 73(1-4) 153-160Italy 63(3-4) 173-182; 63(3-4) 299-313;

84(1-2) 45-56Japan 56(1-2) 95-122; 84(1-2) 155-168Libya 73(1-4) 315-327Louisiana 64(1-4) 253-261Mediterranean Sea 84(3-4) 221-253Mexico 99(2) 77-93Micronesia 55(1-3) 247-251Middle East 64(1-4) 343-350; 73(1-4)

21-33Neolithic

Belgium 73(1-4) 1-19

Hamamelidae žHolocene


England 73(1-4) 71-86Ireland 67(1-2) 75-113Spain 91(1-4) 383-397

Nepal 91(1-4) 317-329Netherlands 51(4) 271-287; 52(2-3)

179-204; 55(4) 273-316; 56(3-4)213-274; 58(2-4) 231-288; 73(1-4)87-98; 73(1-4) 145-151; 73(1-4)187-204; 96(3-4) 459

New South Wales Australia 65(1-4) 37-46;80(3-4) 311-332; 82(1-2) 83-96

New York 63(1-2) 53-76New Zealand 64(1-4) 263-272; 96(3-4)

317-338; 99(2) 189-202Nigeria 100(1-2) 39-72North Sea 84(1-2) 169-180Northwest Territories 79(1-2) 99-112Norway 53(3-4) 185-231; 82(1-2) 1-15;

85(3-4) 243-262Ontario 79(1-2) 69-81; 82(1-2) 147-155Poland 73(1-4) 213-226Portugal 89(3-4) 153-211; 97(3-4) 239-285Quebec 79(1-2) 31-68Queensland Australia 64(1-4) 281-288;

83(4) 299-327Saskatchewan 96(1-2) 183-224Scotland 54(1-2) 175-180; 54(1-2)

181-185; 73(1-4) 49-56; 85(3-4)263-287; 96(1-2) 121-144

Senegal 55(1-3) 141-154; 67(1-2) 41-58South Africa 74(3-4) 283-291South America 65(1-4) 9-15Spain 82(1-2) 113-125; 82(1-2) 127-139Sudan 99(3-4) 235-246Sweden 58(2-4) 163-171; 63(3-4)

233-257; 82(1-2) 37-45; 82(1-2) 47-73;82(1-2) 192-193

Switzerland 91(1-4) 371-381Texas 98(1-2) 177-186Togo 67(1-2) 41-58Ukraine 85(3-4) 289-301Victoria Australia 97(3-4) 301-318Virginia 83(4) 275-297Western Australia 98(3-4) 187-205Yemen 73(1-4) 241-257

Homerianstratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145

Homo sapiensNetherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 187-204

homologypaleobotany 65(1-4) 293-303

Honan China see Henan ChinaHonshu see also Chiba Japan; Kanto Plain;

Towadapaleobotany 74(3-4) 239-247stratigraphy 84(1-2) 129-153

Hopewell Quadranglepaleobotany 72(3-4) 245-255

Horn Udde Quarry

paleobotany 86(1-2) 1-11hornstone see chertHorrididitriletes

Permian 89(3-4) 359-415Horseshoe Canyon Formation


Horstisporitespaleobotany 65(1-4) 209-216

Hsua robustapaleobotany 71(1-4) 121-147

Huaibei coal fieldpaleobotany 90(1-2) 63-77; 98(3-4)

247-256Hubei China

paleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48Hughesisporites

paleobotany 65(1-4) 209-216Humboldt County Nevada

paleobotany 62(1-2) 79-95Hunan China

Carboniferous 83(1-3) 261-273Hungary

Miocene 65(1-4) 71-74paleobotany

Eger Hungary 96(3-4) 231-240Mecsek Mountains 83(4) 339-349;

96(1-2) 113-120Plantae 70(3) 261stratigraphy, Bakony Mountains 66(3-4)

361-377Hungerfordia

thallophytes 91(1-4) 143-149Hupei China see Hubei ChinaHuperzia

paleobotany 57(1-2) 1-25Hydrasperma tenuis

paleobotany 60(3-4) 295-309Hydrocotylophyllum alexandri

paleobotany 92(1-2) 1-28Hydrodictyaceae

algae 86(3-4) 287-314hydrogen

D/H, Scotland 54(1-2) 181-185hydrogeology see springshydrology

Alaska, Quaternary 92(1-2) 83-95Hyeniales

paleobotany 74(1-2) 139-157Hymenocardia

paleobotany 81(2-4) 257-277Hyoscyamus niger

Quaternary 73(1-4) 227-239Hypoxylonsporites

paleobotany 63(1-2) 13-28Hyracidae

Quaternary 74(3-4) 283-291Hyracoidea

South Africa, Quaternary 74(3-4) 283-291

HyraxQuaternary 74(3-4) 283-291

Iberia see Iberian PeninsulaIberian Mountains

stratigraphy 66(1-2) 25-45Iberian Peninsula see also Duero Basin;

Portugal; Spainpalynomorphs 74(1-2) 1-53Quaternary 82(1-2) 192

ice sheetsQuebec, Quaternary 79(1-2) 31-68

Iceberg Bay Formationpaleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226

IcelandQuaternary 83(4) 275-297ichnofossilsichnofossils 89(3-4) 490-491

igneous rockspyroclastics

Japan 97(1-2) 79-95Mexico 99(2) 77-93

Iguanurinaepaleobotany 85(3-4) 153-182

IlexPliocene 78(1-2) 69-127

Illawarra Coal Measurespaleobotany 65(1-4) 175-178

Illinois see also Herrin Coal Memberpaleobotany, Mazon Creek 80(3-4)

235-257Illinois Basin


image analysispaleobotany 83(1-3) 73-81

Impagidinium ordocaviopse Iosifovapaleobotany 91(1-4) 187-240

Impagidinium solidumpaleobotany 85(3-4) 213-229

Impletosphaeridium acroporapaleobotany 96(3-4) 281-304Inapertisporites sahniisahniipaleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226

Inceptisols see Andeptsincrustations see encrustationsIndia see also Barakar Stage; Damuda

Series; Intertrappean Beds; KamthiFormation; Karharbari Stage; RaniganjFormation; Talchir Series

CretaceousMeghalaya India 65(1-4) 119-129Shillong Plateau 65(1-4) 119-129

EoceneGujarat India 63(3-4) 281-297Simla Hills 67(1-2) 1-11Simla India 67(1-2) 1-11

paleobotany 51(1-3) 31-36; 85(3-4)319-340

Homerian ž India


Andhra Pradesh India 54(1-2) 11-42;89(3-4) 469-480

Assam India 72(3-4) 325-333Cauvery Basin 91(1-4) 331-352Kerala India 63(1-2) 13-28Madhya Pradesh India 58(2-4) 205-213;

69(4) 325-336Maharashtra India 72(3-4) 335Neyveli India 67(1-2) 59-74Orissa India 75(3-4) 183-218Rajasthan India 64(1-4) 351-358Rajmahal Hills 63(3-4) 183-187South Arcot 67(1-2) 59-74Tamil Nadu India 85(3-4) 341-350;

91(1-4) 331-352Uttar Pradesh India 59(1-4) 127-131;

64(1-4) 71-77Western Ghats 83(4) 354

palynomorphsDamodar Valley 94(1-2) 169-196Kutch India 94(1-2) 169-196Rajmahal India 94(1-2) 169-196Uttar Pradesh India 94(1-2) 169-196

Permian 86(1-2) 157-173Rajmahal Hills 65(1-4) 239-255

Plantae, Uttar Pradesh India 76(1) 49-82Quaternary 55(1-3) 175-192

Calcutta India 65(1-4) 25-35Spermatophyta 51(4) 327stratigraphy 61(3-4) 352-354

Kerala India 86(3-4) 325-348Triassic 54(1-2) 55-83

Indian Ocean see also Arabian Sea; RedSea

thallophytesSahul Shelf 80(3-4) 209-234Wombat Plateau 80(3-4) 209-234

Indian Peninsula see Bengal; India; Jammuand Kashmir; Nepal

Indiana see also Illinois Basinsedimentary petrology 93(1-4) 317-331

Indodinium parvelatumpaleobotany 74(1-2) 77-100

IndonesiaPlantae, Kalimantan Indonesia 72(3-4)

199-227Quaternary

Java 55(1-3) 207-216Mahakam Delta 55(1-3) 217-220Sumatra 55(1-3) 207-216

information systemsstratigraphy 52(2-3) 131-135

Injune Creek Grouppaleobotany 66(1-2) 147-158

InsectaBelgium, Quaternary 73(1-4) 287-300Netherlands, Quaternary 60(1-2) 25-129;

73(1-4) 187-204; 73(1-4) 287-300Interradispora

Permian 89(3-4) 359-415Intertrappean Beds

paleobotany 58(2-4) 205-213; 69(4)325-336; 77(1-2) 107-118

intrusionsAntarctica, palynomorphs 91(1-4) 241-281

inventoryEurope, paleobotany 69(1-3) 1-275paleobotany 67(1-2) 13-39

Invertebrata see also Arthropoda;Graptolithina; Mollusca; Protista

Netherlands, Quaternary 51(4) 235-269Polychaetia, Sweden 70(3) 258-259scolecodonts

France 87(1) 1-14Quebec 93(1-4) 191-215Sweden 70(3) 258-259Wales 56(1-2) 69-87

VermesNetherlands 73(1-4) 187-204Switzerland 91(1-4) 371-381

Iowapaleobotany 95(1-4) 211-225

Johnson County Iowa 98(1-2) 125-152stratigraphy, Polk County Iowa 53(3-4)

233-250IPOD see Leg 71; Leg 77Ipswichian

England 73(1-4) 117-132Iran


IraqCretaceous 60(1-2) 191-201Triassic 65(1-4) 267-274

Irelandpaleobotany 57(1-2) 27-32

Kerry Ireland 93(1-4) 253-268Quaternary 63(1-2) 1-11; 82(1-2) 75-82

Connemara 67(1-2) 75-113Dingle Peninsula 64(1-4) 235-245

stratigraphy 56(1-2) 61-68Donegal Ireland(1) 53-64

Irene Bay Formationstratigraphy 86(1-2) 69-90

Irenianpaleobotany 91(1-4) 35-62

Iridaceaepaleobotany 75(3-4) 301-315

Iron AgeEngland 73(1-4) 71-86Spain 73(1-4) 35-47Yugoslavia 73(1-4) 181-185

irruption (intrusion) see intrusionsIrwin River Coal Measures

paleobotany 75(3-4) 153-182Isle of Sheppey

paleobotany 75(1-2) 65-75Isoetaeceae

paleobotany 94(3-4) 231-238Isoetes melanopoda

paleobotany 72(1-2) 61-72isotopes see also carbon

C-13, Ireland 81(1) 53-64C-13/C-12

Cameroon 99(2) 157-188Great Plains 99(1) 17-24sedimentary petrology 96(3-4) 457

C-14Belgium 73(1-4) 1-19Brazil 97(1-2) 109-121Chile 91(1-4) 283-315England 73(1-4) 71-86Germany 73(1-4) 205-211Ireland 67(1-2) 75-113Israel 73(1-4) 161-166Italy 63(3-4) 173-182; 63(3-4) 299-313Mexico 99(2) 77-93Netherlands 51(4) 235-269; 51(4)

271-287New Zealand 99(2) 189-202Ontario 96(3-4) 241-254Portugal 97(3-4) 239-285Scotland 54(1-2) 175-180; 54(1-2)

181-185; 73(1-4) 49-56South Africa 53(1-2) 1-10; 74(3-4)

283-291Sweden 58(2-4) 163-171; 63(3-4)

233-257Ukraine 85(3-4) 289-301Western Sahara 74(1-2) 1-53

D/H, Scotland 54(1-2) 181-185O-18/O-16

Italy 84(1-2) 181-199; 87(1) 51-79sedimentary petrology 96(3-4) 457Venezuela 99(2) 95-114Western Sahara 74(1-2) 1-53

Pb-210, Netherlands 55(4) 273-316Israel see also Palestine

paleobotany 64(1-4) 343-350; 94(1-2)101-109

Quaternary 73(1-4) 21-33Sea of Galilee 73(1-4) 161-166

Italy see also Apennines; Val GardenaSandstone

paleobotany 63(3-4) 197-225; 78(3-4)353-379; 85(3-4) 213-229; 96(1-2)99-111Bay of Naples 84(1-2) 45-56Lombardy Italy 91(1-4) 63-84Messina Italy 96(3-4) 339-345Sicily Italy 100(1-2) 27-37Sondrio Italy 91(1-4) 85-105

palynomorphs, Sardinia Italy 68(1-2)49-63

Plantae 64(1-4) 41-43Pliocene 84(1-2) 181-199

Indian Ocean ž Italy


Quaternary 81(2-4) 313-325Liguria Italy 63(3-4) 173-182; 63(3-4)

299-313stratigraphy 53(3-4) 329-348; 70(3)

241-246; 87(1) 1-79Parma Italy 97(1-2) 177-196Sicily Italy 87(1) 51-79

Iteapaleobotany 80(1-2) 159-172

Ivory Coastpaleobotany 91(1-4) 171-186

Jacobipolenites distinctuspaleobotany 67(3-4) 205-215

Jacobipollenitespaleobotany 67(3-4) 205-215

Jammu and Kashmir see KashmirJamtland Sweden

Quaternary 58(2-4) 163-171Jansoniisporites endophragmia

paleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226Japan

paleobotany 51(1-3) 213-225; 56(1-2)95-122Chiba Japan 64(1-4) 61-69Hokkaido 72(1-2) 27-40; 76(1) 83-96Honshu 74(3-4) 239-247Kanto Plain 64(1-4) 79-86

Quaternary 65(1-4) 1-8Hokkaido 97(1-2) 79-95Towada 98(3-4) 207-222Tsushima 84(1-2) 155-168

stratigraphyHokkaido 84(1-2) 129-153Honshu 84(1-2) 129-153

Jasminoideaepaleobotany 74(3-4) 249-266

JavaQuaternary 55(1-3) 207-216

Jefferson County Ohio see Steubenville OhioJehol Group

Cretaceous 65(1-4) 115-118Jejenes Formation


Jerico Formationpaleobotany 59(1-4) 93-107

Jiangsu Chinapaleobotany 90(1-2) 63-77

Nanjing China 54(1-2) 121-134Jiangxi China

palynomorphs 75(3-4) 219-238Jirusia

paleobotany 84(3-4) 389-412Jiulaodong Formation

paleobotany 52(2-3) 161-177Johnson County Iowa

paleobotany 98(1-2) 125-152Jonker, F. P.Jonker, F. P. 89(3-4) 151

Jordanpaleobotany 64(1-4) 343-350stratigraphy 66(3-4) 167-180

Juanulloeaepaleobotany 83(1-3) 1-30

Juglandaceae56(3-4) 205-211California 56(3-4) 183-198Europe 69(1-3) 79-95France 53(3-4) 251-287Nebraska 74(3-4) 267-282

JuglansCalifornia 56(3-4) 183-198

Jungermannialespaleobotany 57(3-4) 277-287

Junggar Basinpaleobotany 90(1-2) 41-62

Juniperuspaleobotany 96(3-4) 241-254Quaternary 74(3-4) 293-313; 97(3-4)

227-237Jura France

palynomorphs 68(1-2) 49-63Jura Mountains see Swiss Jura MountainsJurassic

77(1-2) 144-146; 78(1-2) 167-182; 78(3-4)235-267; 79(3-4) 271-284

Antarctica 67(3-4) 353-362; 91(1-4)241-281

Argentina 65(1-4) 209-216Australia 84(1-2) 113-120Bajocian

Argentina 65(1-4) 319-330Commonwealth of Independent States

51(1-3) 127-131Bathonian

Arctic region 56(3-4) 275-304; 62(3-4)363


Morocco 77(1-2) 97-106Russian Federation 61(1-2) 139-145

Bowser Lake Group, paleobotany 70(1-2)9-45

British Columbia 70(1-2) 47-65Callovian

Denmark 51(1-3) 117-126France 51(1-3) 117-126; 87(1) 15-26

China 59(1-4) 133-143; 68(3-4) 203-216Commonwealth of Independent States

53(3-4) 359-376Denmark 75(1-2) 33-52Dogger, France 87(1) 27-41England 51(1-3) 65-93; 51(1-3) 95-105;

51(1-3) 107-115; 61(3-4) 273-301;65(1-4) 165-173; 69(4) 291-298; 75(1-2)33-52

Europe 91(1-4) 353-370

Germany 68(1-2) 147-179; 71(1-4)239-254; 83(1-3) 199-215

Greenland 51(1-3) 205-212; 77(3-4)301-304

Hettangian, France 62(1-2) 107-156;78(1-2) 145-166; 87(1) 27-41

Hungary 83(4) 339-349Kenya 74(1-2) 77-100Kimmeridgian

England 56(3-4) 313-326France 62(1-2) 107-156; 87(1) 15-26Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51

lower Liassic, France 71(1-4) 17-35lower Toarcian, Italy 96(1-2) 99-111Mexico 59(1-4) 93-107Morrison Formation, paleobotany 71(1-4)

219-238; 81(2-4) 129-140Norway 51(1-3) 145-168; 62(1-2)

157-186; 68(3-4) 233-256Oxfordian

Arctic region 56(3-4) 275-304; 62(3-4)363

England 56(3-4) 313-326France 71(1-4) 269-294; 87(1) 15-26Morocco 77(1-2) 97-106Russian Federation 61(1-2) 139-145

PliensbachianHungary 96(1-2) 113-120Sweden 65(1-4) 217-228

Poland 51(1-3) 133-143; 75(1-2) 33-52Queensland Australia 66(1-2) 147-158Romania 82(3-4) 351-363; 94(3-4)

345-356Scotland 56(1-2) 21-39Sinemurian, France 78(1-2) 145-166Switzerland 65(1-4) 349-355Vaca Muerta Formation 65(1-4) 319-330

Jutlandthallophytes 74(1-2) 55-75

K-T boundary70(3) 259-261Alberta 83(1-3) 137-158Europe 78(1-2) 41-54Utah 97(1-2) 53-66

K/ArFlorida, Quaternary 83(4) 275-297Iceland, Quaternary 83(4) 275-297Virginia, Quaternary 83(4) 275-297

K/T boundary see K-T boundaryKachchh India see Kutch IndiaKagulubeites

paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220Kahfia arabica

Silurian 89(1-2) 49-74Kaidacarpum

paleobotany 53(3-4) 359-376Kakara Series

Eocene 67(1-2) 1-11Kalahari Desert

Itea žKalahari Desert


Quaternary 55(1-3) 155-174Kalapani Limestone

Triassic 54(1-2) 55-83Kalimantan Indonesia see also Mahakam

DeltaPlantae 72(3-4) 199-227

Kalmar Sweden see OlandKalo Formation

paleobotany 95(1-4) 211-225Kalpintag Formation

Ordovician 99(1) 61-74Kamchatka Russian Federation

paleobotany 59(1-4) 77-91; 97(1-2) 67-78Kampuchea see CambodiaKamthi Formation

paleobotany 75(3-4) 183-218; 90(1-2)79-98

Kansas see also Dakota Formationpaleobotany

Cherokee County Kansas 56(3-4)199-204

Franklin County Kansas 95(1-4) 95-113Garnett Kansas 95(1-4) 95-113Greenwood County Kansas 95(1-4)

95-113Pennsylvanian, Bourbon County Kansas

98(3-4) 223-246Kanto Plain

paleobotany 64(1-4) 79-86Karharbari Stage

India 90(1-2) 79-98Karinopteris

paleobotany 59(1-4) 145-151; 78(1-2) 1-18Karkenia hauptmannii

paleobotany 83(1-3) 199-215Karnes County Texas

paleobotany 68(3-4) 257-267Karroo Basin

ecology 60(1-2) 131-147Karroo Supergroup

paleobotany 72(1-2) 129-147Kashmir

Quaternary 80(1-2) 173-174Kasimovian

Spain 80(1-2) 65-74Kavee Quarry

paleobotany 68(1-2) 127-145Kaveri Basin see Cauvery BasinKazakhstan

paleobotany 85(3-4) 207-211; 94(1-2)39-55

Kef Tunisia see El Kef TunisiaKent England see also Isle of Sheppey

stratigraphy 74(3-4) 207-237Kentucky see also New Albany Shale;

Sturgis Formationpaleobotany 62(3-4) 339-361

Union County Kentucky 57(3-4)265-276

Kenya see also Ngorora Formationpaleobotany 68(1-2) 127-145; 72(1-2)

129-147; 74(1-2) 77-100kerabitumen see kerogenKerala India


kerogenpalynomorphs 80(3-4) 333-338petroleum 65(1-4) 357-365; 65(1-4)

367-377; 65(1-4) 379-391Kerry Ireland see also Dingle Peninsula

paleobotany 93(1-4) 253-268Kerryia mattenii

paleobotany 60(3-4) 295-309Keuper

Germany 96(1-2) 225-226; 100(1-2) 1-26Khmer Republic see CambodiaKhondalite Group

stratigraphy 58(2-4) 197-203Khorat Plateau

stratigraphy 60(3-4) 225-254Kimmeridgian

England 56(3-4) 313-326France 62(1-2) 107-156; 87(1) 15-26Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51

Kisseloviapaleobotany 58(2-4) 215-229

Klaus, Wilhelmpaleobotany 56(1-2) 1-4

Knoxisporites cinctuspaleobotany 81(2-4) 213-231

Koenigia islandicapaleobotany 57(1-2) 81-151

Koester QuarryPlantae 97(3-4) 381-393

Kojonup Sandstonepalynomorphs 86(3-4) 199-209

Komlopterispaleobotany 83(4) 339-349

Korat Plateau see Khorat PlateauKosov Quarry

stratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145Kraeuselisporites

stratigraphy 89(1-2) 125-137kriging

paleobotany 51(4) 289-307Krishna-Godavari Basin

paleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352Krivorechenskaya Formation

paleobotany 92(3-4) 229-243Kuclin flora

paleobotany 96(3-4) 231-240kukersite

Estonia, thallophytes 71(1-4) 1-15New South Wales Australia, thallophytes

71(1-4) 1-15Sweden, thallophytes 71(1-4) 1-15

Kumaun Himalayas see Simla Hills

Kunda Stagepaleobotany 86(1-2) 1-11

KungurianCommonwealth of Independent States

91(1-4) 35-62Kungurodendron sharonii

paleobotany 96(3-4) 351-447Kunseria geesinkii

paleobotany 96(3-4) 255-280Kunstleria

paleobotany 96(3-4) 255-280Kutch India

palynomorphs 94(1-2) 169-196Kwanto Plain see Kanto PlainKyushu see TsushimaLa Garde Formation

paleobotany 74(1-2) 109-138La Rioja Argentina

paleobotany 51(1-3) 3-30Labrador

Quaternary 79(1-2) 7-30Labrador Sea

Quaternary 83(4) 275-297Lac du Bouchet

Quaternary 54(3-4) 233-248Laceya hibernica

paleobotany 93(1-4) 253-268Lactuceae

paleobotany 52(2-3) 233-246Lacunalites

paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220lacustrine sedimentation

British Columbia, Quaternary 75(1-2)103-131

lacustrine sediments see lake sedimentsLaevitubulus frondifera

stratigraphy 84(3-4) 255-279Lagenicula

paleobotany 67(3-4) 331-340Lagenoisporites

paleobotany 62(1-2) 65-78Lagenopteris

paleobotany 67(1-2) 141-152Lake Bouchet see Lac du BouchetLake Kinneret see Sea of GalileeLake Malawi

paleobotany 97(1-2) 123-153lake sediments

China, paleobotany 75(3-4) 239-258Northern Ireland, paleobotany 54(1-2)

43-54Lake Tanganyika


Lake Tiberias see Sea of Galileelakes

Colorado, paleobotany 94(3-4) 197-210Wyoming, paleobotany 94(3-4) 197-210

Kalapani Limestone ž lakes


Laki Formationpaleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352

laminationsItaly, paleobotany 91(1-4) 85-105

LanagiopollisEocene 63(3-4) 281-297

land bridgesCosta Rica, palynomorphs 72(1-2)

119-128Panama, palynomorphs 72(1-2) 119-128

land reclamation see reclamationland use see also deforestation

Belgium, Quaternary 73(1-4) 1-19Middle East, Quaternary 73(1-4) 21-33Norway, environmental geology 99(1)

1-16Poland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 213-226Sweden, Quaternary 82(1-2) 47-73

Landeyrodendronpaleobotany 61(3-4) 239-271

Langsettianpaleobotany 89(3-4) 305-317stratigraphy 84(3-4) 305-329

Languedocpaleobotany 80(1-2) 149-157

lapilliColombia, soils 60(1-2) 149-163

Lapland FinlandQuaternary 82(1-2) 17-35

LarixJapan, Quaternary 98(3-4) 207-222Northwest Territories 70(1-2) 89-111

Larix altoborealispaleobotany 70(1-2) 89-111

Lashkarak Formationpaleomagnetism 86(1-2) 91-109

Lasneria globosathallophytes 77(3-4) 263-272

last glacial maximumNew Zealand, Quaternary 99(2) 189-202Quaternary 91(1-4) 425-426Venezuela, Quaternary 99(2) 95-114

Latin AmericaTertiary 60(3-4) 283-293

latitude, paleo- see paleolatitudeLauraceae

Antarctica 92(1-2) 1-28California 56(3-4) 183-198Maryland 69(4) 277-290

LaurasiaArgentina, paleobotany 91(1-4) 107-119

LaurentiaChina, palynomorphs 86(1-2) 1-173stratigraphy 98(1-2) 33-40

LavariumQuaternary 73(1-4) 287-300

Laveineopteris loshipaleobotany 71(1-4) 191-206

lead

Pb-210, Netherlands 55(4) 273-316Lebacheaceae

palynomorphs 97(1-2) 9-39Lebachiella flournii

paleobotany 96(3-4) 351-447Lecaniella

paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220Leg 38 see DSDP Site 338Leg 71

thallophytes 58(2-4) 357-362Leg 77 see DSDP Site 535Leg 104 see ODP Site 642Leg 105 see ODP Site 646Leg 122 see ODP Site 759Leguminasae

paleobotany 66(1-2) 13-24Legumineuse

stratigraphy 84(3-4) 347-364Leguminosae

64(1-4) 109-127; 64(1-4) 129-136; 68(3-4)289-302; 68(3-4) 303; 72(3-4) 285-298;81(2-4) 233-255; 83(1-3) 31-42; 94(3-4)239-257; 96(3-4) 255-280

Africa 67(1-2) 153-177Brazil 94(1-2) 123-135Cambodia 68(1-2) 87-117China 75(3-4) 259-271Colombia 94(1-2) 123-135Colorado 80(3-4) 305-310France 72(3-4) 317-323Kentucky 62(3-4) 339-361Nebraska 74(3-4) 267-282South America 67(1-2) 153-177Spain 78(3-4) 395-402

Oligocene 81(2-4) 327-335Tennessee 62(3-4) 339-361Utah 80(3-4) 305-310Vietnam 68(1-2) 87-117

Leguminoseaepaleobotany 94(3-4) 239-257

Lehbergschichtenpalynomorphs 83(1-3) 217-226

Leiofusa cucumisSilurian 89(1-2) 49-74

LeiotriletesPermian 89(3-4) 359-415

Lepidodendropsispaleobotany 57(3-4) 247-264

Lepidophloios halliipaleobotany 57(3-4) 265-276stratigraphy 56(1-2) 151-176

Lerida Spain see also Montsechpaleobotany 94(3-4) 329-343

Lesqueranthuspaleobotany 57(3-4) 313-339

Lesser HimalayasEocene 67(1-2) 1-11

Liaoning ChinaCretaceous 65(1-4) 115-118

paleobotany 51(1-3) 189-204Libya see also Ghadames Basin

Devonian 66(3-4) 229-242Quaternary, Fezzan 73(1-4) 315-327stratigraphy 81(2-4) 297-311; 86(1-2)

147-155lichenslichens 90(3-4) 249-262

Licopodiumpaleobotany 57(1-2) 1-25

life originCanada, paleobotany 70(1-2) 1-2paleontology 70(3) 259-261; 99(3-4)

341-343lignite

England, paleobotany 81(2-4) 279-288India, paleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352Indonesia, Plantae 72(3-4) 199-227Vermont

Miocene 82(3-4) 265-297stratigraphy 82(3-4) 299-315

Liguria ItalyQuaternary 63(3-4) 173-182; 63(3-4)

299-313Lilacidites

stratigraphy 81(2-4) 151-164Liliaceae

Eocene 65(1-4) 57-69Liliopsida

thallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322Lilliaceae

paleobotany 85(1-2) 53-62Limalbocarpon readlynsis

paleobotany 59(1-4) 57-66limestone

Northwest Territories, stratigraphy 86(1-2)69-90

LingulodiniumQuaternary 65(1-4) 305-310

Liriodendroideapaleobotany 94(1-2) 39-55

Lisbon Portugalstratigraphy 66(3-4) 313-344

Lista FormationPaleocene 99(3-4) 265-315

Lithodinia perforatapaleobotany 91(1-4) 187-240

Lithophylloideaethallophytes 86(3-4) 265-285

lithostratigraphyArabian Peninsula 89(1-2) 3Commonwealth of Independent States,

paleobotany 91(1-4) 35-62England 74(3-4) 207-237; 84(3-4) 305-329Italy, paleobotany 91(1-4) 63-84North Carolina 77(1-2) 75-95Norway, Quaternary 53(3-4) 185-231Romania, paleobotany 82(3-4) 351-363

Laki Formation ž lithostratigraphy


lithotypes see fusainLivingston Island

palynomorphs 74(3-4) 163-192; 91(1-4)241-281

stratigraphy 84(1-2) 113-120Llandoverian

86(1-2) 111-133Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 75-90

Llanquihueanpaleobotany 91(1-4) 283-315

LlanvirnianAlgeria 86(1-2) 49-68Northwest Territories 86(1-2) 69-90Sweden 86(1-2) 1-11

LochkovianEngland 90(3-4) 159-173

Loeblich, Alfred R., Jr.paleontology 98(1-2) 1-186; 98(1-2) 3-14

Loire France see also Saint-Etienne coalbasin

paleobotany 72(3-4) 299-315Lomatia

paleobotany 56(1-2) 141-150Lombardy Italy see also Sondrio Italy

paleobotany 91(1-4) 63-84London Basin

paleobotany 75(1-2) 65-75London Clay

60(3-4) 361-373; 81(1) 33-52paleobotany 75(1-2) 65-75; 94(1-2) 25-37

London EnglandQuaternary 73(1-4) 71-86stratigraphy 74(3-4) 207-237

Longtan Formationpalynomorphs 75(3-4) 219-238Lopez de Bertodano FormationLopez de Bertodano Formation 81(2-4)

151-164Loranthaceae

paleobotany 58(2-4) 111-128Lorophyton goense

paleobotany 77(1-2) 1-22Los Molles Formation

paleobotany 65(1-4) 209-216Lost Branch Formation

Pennsylvanian 98(3-4) 223-246Loteae

paleobotany 81(2-4) 233-255; 94(3-4)239-257

Lotena FormationCretaceous 65(1-4) 319-330

Lothian region Scotland see East LothianScotland

Louisianapaleobotany

Ouachita Parish Louisiana 72(1-2) 61-72Plaquemines Parish Louisiana 64(1-4)

253-261

West Feliciana Parish Louisiana 92(1-2)69-81

Lower Carboniferous see Dinantianlower Cenomanian

England 65(1-4) 311-318France 84(1-2) 121-128

Lower Cretaceous see Albian; Aptian;Baquero Formation; Barremian;Berriasian; Hauterivian; Neocomian;Valanginian; Wealden

Lower Devonian see Emsian; Lochkovian;Siegenian

lower Eocene see Willwood Formation;Ypresian

lower Gondwana Systempaleobotany 51(1-3) 31-36Permian 65(1-4) 239-255

Lower Jurassic see middle Liassic; upperLiassic

lower Liassic see also Hettangian;Sinemurian

France 71(1-4) 17-35lower Miocene see Burdigalianlower Neogene see Miocenelower Oligocene see Chadron Formation;

ChadronianLower Ordovician see Arenigian;

Tremadocianlower Paleocene see Danian; K-T boundaryLower Permian see Artinskian; Autunian;

Barakar Stage; SakmarianLower Rhine Basin

stratigraphy 83(1-3) 119-129Lower Saxony Germany

Quaternary 73(1-4) 167-180Lower Silurian see Llandoverian;

Wenlockianlower Toarcian

Italy 96(1-2) 99-111Lower Triassic see Olenekian; Panchet

Series; SpathianLozere France

paleobotany 78(1-2) 145-166Luehndea

paleobotany 96(1-2) 113-120Lukati Formation

paleobotany 100(1-2) 99-108Lunatisporites

stratigraphy 82(3-4) 317-349Lundbladispora

stratigraphy 82(3-4) 317-349Lusatia dramatica

paleobotany 98(1-2) 27-32Lycieae

paleobotany 96(3-4) 305-315Lycium

paleobotany 96(3-4) 305-315Lycopersicum esculentum


Lycopoda see LycopsidaLycopodiaceae

paleobotany 57(1-2) 1-25Lycopodiales see LycopsidaLycopodiella inundata

paleobotany 57(1-2) 1-25Lycopsida

57(3-4) 233-246; 62(1-2) 65-78; 67(3-4)331-340; 85(1-2) 1-12; 87(2-4) 81-322;95(1-4) 129-153

Argentina 57(3-4) 247-264; 70(3) 187-197England 95(1-4) 227-253

stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72Europe 57(1-2) 1-25; 69(1-3) 1-22France 61(3-4) 239-271Germany 77(3-4) 185-212; 80(3-4)

259-275; 95(1-4) 285-304stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72

Illinois, stratigraphy 56(1-2) 151-176Kentucky 57(3-4) 265-276New Brunswick 95(1-4) 31-50New York 96(1-2) 47-70New Zealand 96(3-4) 317-338Nova Scotia 95(1-4) 31-50Ohio 57(3-4) 289-297Pennsylvania 57(3-4) 299-312Queensland Australia 51(1-3) 51-58Spain, stratigraphy 95(1-4) 51-72Venezuela 96(1-2) 47-70Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

LycosporaCarboniferous 83(1-3) 261-273paleobotany 51(1-3) 227-233stratigraphy 56(1-2) 61-68

Lydebrook Sandstonestratigraphy 84(3-4) 305-329

Lyginopteridalespaleobotany 75(1-2) 1-32

Lyginopteris oldhamiastratigraphy 81(1) 65-82

Lyginorachispaleobotany 63(1-2) 77-90

Maas Valley see Meuse ValleyMaastrichtian see MaestrichtianMabou coal field

Carboniferous 95(1-4) 7-29Macedonia see also Greek Macedonia

Pleistocene 52(2-3) 89-117stratigraphy 52(2-3) 73-88

macerals see fusain; vitriniteMacginicarpa manchesteri

paleobotany 70(1-2) 125-146Mackellar Formation

stratigraphy 83(4) 329-337Mackenzie District Northwest Territories

stratigraphy 77(1-2) 143-144Maculatasporites

paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220Macuna

lithotypes žMacuna


paleobotany 72(3-4) 285-298Madagascar

paleobotany, Betsiboka Basin 77(3-4)213-233

Madhya Pradesh Indiapaleobotany 58(2-4) 205-213; 69(4)

325-336Maestrichtian

83(1-3) 43-53Alabama 79(3-4) 179-204Antarctica 81(2-4) 151-164Australia 65(1-4) 131-144Benin 57(3-4) 173-186Denmark 78(3-4) 321-351Egypt 85(3-4) 303-317Georgia 79(3-4) 179-204India 77(1-2) 107-118Israel 94(1-2) 101-109Italy 97(1-2) 177-196Ivory Coast 91(1-4) 171-186Nigeria 57(3-4) 173-186; 80(1-2) 131-147Spain 51(4) 309-326Tunisia 56(1-2) 5-19

Magdalenophyllum aequilaterumpaleobotany 81(2-4) 115-128

magnetic susceptibilityMexico, Quaternary 99(2) 77-93

magnetism, paleo- see paleomagnetismmagnetostratigraphy

England 74(3-4) 207-237Italy 87(1) 51-79

Magnoliidae87(2-4) 81-322British Columbia 70(1-2) 163-172England 75(1-2) 65-75Kazakhstan 94(1-2) 39-55North Carolina 94(1-2) 39-55

Magnoliophytapalynomorphs 86(3-4) 199-209thallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322

Magnoliopsidapaleobotany 75(3-4) 289-299; 78(3-4)

277-291Mahakam Delta

Quaternary 55(1-3) 217-220Maharashtra India

paleobotany 72(3-4) 335Maji ya Chumvi Formation

paleobotany 72(1-2) 129-147Majonica alpina

paleobotany 52(4) 375-402Majonicaceae

paleobotany 52(4) 375-402Majunga Basin see Betsiboka BasinMalay Archipelago

Plantae, Kalimantan Indonesia 72(3-4)199-227

Quaternary, Mahakam Delta 55(1-3)217-220

Malha Formationpaleobotany 58(2-4) 129-138

Malpophyllumpaleobotany 81(2-4) 337-338; 83(4) 356

Malvapaleobotany 57(1-2) 45-74

Malvaceaepaleobotany 57(1-2) 45-74

MammaliaFrance, paleobotany 72(3-4) 317-323Homo sapiens, Netherlands 73(1-4)

187-204Hyracoidea, South Africa 74(3-4) 283-291Marsupialia, Victoria Australia 92(3-4)

307-328Manchesteroxylon intermedium

paleobotany 74(3-4) 267-282Mandibulata see InsectaMaquoketa Formation

paleobotany 70(3) 217-223Marambio Island see Seymour IslandMarattia

paleobotany 51(1-3) 65-93Marattiaceae

paleobotany 51(4) 329-330Marattiales

paleobotany 51(4) 329-330; 63(1-2)163-171; 67(1-2) 141-152; 72(3-4)299-315; 74(1-2) 101-107; 95(1-4)211-225

palynomorphs 75(3-4) 219-238; 95(1-4)191-209

Marchin Belgiumpaleobotany 55(4) 317-335Plantae 93(1-4) 89-106Spermatophyta 98(3-4) 303-324

Mariakani Formationpaleobotany 68(1-2) 127-145

marine sedimentationFrance, paleobotany 70(3) 247-253

marine sedimentsAtlantic Ocean, Quaternary 84(1-2) 1-22Italy, paleobotany 84(1-2) 45-56Japan, Quaternary 84(1-2) 155-168paleobotany 84(1-2) 23-44; 84(1-2) 73-99

marine terracesJapan, Quaternary 97(1-2) 79-95

Maritime Provinces see also NewBrunswick; Nova Scotia

Carboniferous 95(1-4) 3-5; 95(1-4) 7-29marl

England, stratigraphy 54(1-2) 85-103Germany, stratigraphy 54(1-2) 85-103

Marspaleontology 99(3-4) 341-343

marshes see salt marshesMarsileaceae

paleobotany 88(1-4) 3-24Marsupialia

Victoria Australia, Pliocene 92(3-4)307-328

Maryland see Potomac GroupMasculostrobus zeilleri

paleobotany 61(1-2) 1-51mass extinctions

China, paleobotany 91(1-4) 121-142paleontology 91(1-4) 426-428

Massif Central see Central MassifMastixia

paleobotany 92(1-2) 29-54Mastixioideae

paleobotany 92(1-2) 29-54Matonia

paleobotany 78(3-4) 235-267Matoniaceae

paleobotany 70(4) 263-277; 78(3-4)235-267

Mauritiastratigraphy 100(1-2) 109-122

Mazocarponpaleobotany 62(1-2) 65-78

Mazocarpon bensoniipaleobotany 57(3-4) 289-297

Mazon Creekpaleobotany 80(3-4) 235-257

Mecsek Coal Formationpaleobotany 83(4) 339-349

Mecsek Mountainspaleobotany 83(4) 339-349; 96(1-2)

113-120Mecsekisporites labyrinthicus

paleobotany 59(1-4) 93-107Mediterranean region see also Egypt;

Italy; Mediterranean Sea; Spainpaleobotany 79(3-4) 335-368palynomorphs 66(3-4) 167-377stratigraphy 62(3-4) 309-338

Mediterranean Sea see also EastMediterranean

paleobotany 84(1-2) 45-56Quaternary 61(3-4) 205-237; 84(3-4)

221-253Medullosa

stratigraphy 56(1-2) 151-176Medullosales

paleobotany 80(3-4) 235-257megaspores

57(3-4) 233-246; 62(1-2) 65-78; 67(3-4)331-340; 78(1-2) 19-40; 78(1-2)167-182; 85(1-2) 1-12

Argentina 65(1-4) 209-216Canada 63(1-2) 137-152China 60(3-4) 205-223England 69(4) 291-298; 94(3-4) 211-230

stratigraphy 77(1-2) 23-43Europe 78(1-2) 41-54; 83(1-3) 159-174;

88(1-4) 3-24

Madagascar žmegaspores


Louisiana 72(1-2) 61-72Mongolia 94(3-4) 231-238Poland 52(4) 403-416Queensland Australia 67(1-2) 133-139Scotland 63(1-2) 137-152; 67(1-2)

133-139Meghalaya India

Cretaceous 65(1-4) 119-129Meiourogonyaulax mombasaensis

paleobotany 74(1-2) 77-100Meizotropis bituformis

paleobotany 96(3-4) 255-280Mekong Delta

paleobotany 68(1-2) 87-117Melanesia see New CaledoniaMeliaceae

paleobotany 58(2-4) 205-213Melodomuncula berlinensis

paleobotany 78(3-4) 353-379Membranisporites

paleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40Memorial Formation

Pennsylvanian 98(3-4) 223-246Mendicodinium

paleobotany 96(1-2) 99-111Mendoza ArgentinaArgentinapaleobotany 68(3-4) 217-232

Menispermoxylon circumvallatumpaleobotany 58(2-4) 333-355

Mennegoxylon jonesiipaleobotany 68(3-4) 257-267

Mesopityoxylon tiddasensepaleobotany 94(1-2) 57-73

Mesozoic see also Cretaceous; Jurassic;Triassic

51(1-3) 227-233; 57(3-4) 277-287; 65(1-4)179-193; 67(1-2) 13-39; 75(3-4) 323;78(1-2) 19-40; 90(3-4) 263-285

Africa 84(3-4) 439-480Canada 61(1-2) 63-68Newark Supergroup 86(3-4) 211-233

paleobotany 68(3-4) 269-287Tasmania Australia 70(4) 263-277

Messel Germanypaleontology 89(3-4) 487-489

Messina Italypaleobotany 96(3-4) 339-345

MessinianItaly 87(1) 51-79

metals see copperMetasequoia

stratigraphy 81(1) 83-97Tertiary 62(3-4) 189-203

Metatheria see MarsupialiaMetridiostrobus

paleobotany 51(1-3) 59-64Metrosideros

paleobotany 96(3-4) 317-338Meuse Valley

paleobotany 74(1-2) 139-157Mexico

paleobotany 58(1) 5-32Chiapas Mexico 59(1-4) 93-107Puebla Mexico 81(2-4) 115-128

Quaternary 99(2) 77-93Tertiary 60(3-4) 283-293

Meyen, Sergei Viktorovichpaleobotany 96(3-4) 347-349; 96(3-4)

449-451Meyer Desert Formation

paleobotany 94(1-2) 11-24Mfamosing Quarry

stratigraphy 54(1-2) 151-158Micrhystridium

paleobotany 52(2-3) 161-177Microcachrys

paleobotany 51(1-3) 133-143microfossils see Charophyta; Chitinozoa;

Conodonta; scolecodontsMicronesia

Quaternary, Caroline Islands 55(1-3)247-251

micropaleontology see also Foraminifera98(1-2) 1-186North Sea 74(1-2) 159paleobotany 78(1-2) 129-144

microscopy, electron see electronmicroscopy

Microsporangiapaleobotany 57(3-4) 289-297

Microzamia gibbapaleobotany 96(1-2) 81-97

middens see also packrat middensArizona, paleobotany 68(1-2) 1-28South Africa, Quaternary 74(3-4) 283-291

Middle Cambrian see Barrandian; BurgessShale

Middle Devonian see Cedar ValleyFormation; Eifelian; Givetian

Middle East see also Iran; Iraq; Israel;Jordan; Syria; Turkey

Quaternary, Palestine 73(1-4) 153-160middle Eocene see Claiborne Group; Yegua

FormationMiddle Jurassic see Bajocian; Bathonian;

Callovian; Doggermiddle Liassic see Pliensbachianmiddle Oligocene see also Vicksburg Group

Argentina 72(1-2) 49-53Middle Ordovician see LlanvirnianMiddle Pennsylvanian see Allegheny Group;

DesmoinesianMiddle Triassic see AnisianMiddlesex County New Jersey

paleobotany 90(3-4) 339-359Mikasastrobus hokkaidoensis

paleobotany 76(1) 83-96Mikiola pontiensis

paleobotany 94(3-4) 329-343Milankovitch forcing see orbital forcingMilankovitch theory

Mexico, Tertiary 60(3-4) 283-293Quaternary 91(1-4) 425-426

Mimosidaepaleobotany 62(3-4) 339-361

Mimosites coloradensispaleobotany 80(3-4) 305-310

Mimosoidaepaleobotany 94(1-2) 123-135

MimosoideaeOligocene 81(2-4) 327-335paleobotany 64(1-4) 109-127

Mimosoxylon xylioidespaleobotany 68(1-2) 87-117

Minas Basinstratigraphy 86(3-4) 211-233

mineral resins see resinsMinerisporites

paleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40Miocene see also Neyveli Lignite; Siwalik

System; Tamiami FormationArctic Ocean 98(1-2) 159-176Burdigalian, France 72(3-4) 317-323California 60(1-2) 165-177England 81(2-4) 279-288Europe 52(2-3) 119-129; 83(1-3) 119-129Germany 52(4) 299-366Hungary 65(1-4) 71-74India 59(1-4) 127-131; 63(1-2) 13-28;

86(3-4) 325-348Indonesia 72(3-4) 199-227Messinian, Italy 87(1) 51-79Morocco 96(3-4) 281-304Nevada 62(1-2) 79-95New Zealand 80(1-2) 123-130Ngorora Formation, paleobotany 59(1-4)

67-76Spain 67(3-4) 341-351; 78(3-4) 395-402;

82(3-4) 251-264; 94(3-4) 329-343Tasmania Australia 80(1-2) 123-130Thailand 58(2-4) 333-355Vermont 82(3-4) 265-297

miospores see also Cicatricosisporites;Classopollis; Florinites; Normapolles;pollen

51(1-3) 227-233; 52(2-3) 233-246; 53(1-2)141-149; 53(1-2) 175-184; 54(1-2)159-163; 56(3-4) 361-364; 58(2-4)363-364; 59(1-4) 153-160; 64(1-4)109-127; 64(1-4) 129-136; 64(1-4)137-147; 64(1-4) 149-158; 64(1-4)159-164; 64(1-4) 165-174; 64(1-4)175-179; 64(1-4) 181-186; 64(1-4)187-196; 64(1-4) 197-203; 64(1-4)205-211; 64(1-4) 213-221; 67(3-4)205-215; 67(3-4) 217-227; 70(4)

Meghalaya India žmiospores


297-323; 72(1-2) 165-167; 85(1-2)1-121; 85(1-2) 13-34; 85(1-2) 35-51

AfricaQuaternary 55(1-3) 101-140; 55(1-3)

155-174stratigraphy 86(1-2) 147-155

Antarctica 69(4) 353-368stratigraphy 81(2-4) 151-164

Arabian Peninsula 64(1-4) 343-350Arctic Ocean 70(3) 199-216Argentina 68(3-4) 217-232; 72(1-2) 49-53;

72(1-2) 55-59Arizona 55(4) 337-356Australia 58(2-4) 95-109

Phanerozoic 65(1-4) 195-207Quaternary 55(1-3) 229-245

Basin and Range Province, Quaternary64(1-4) 359-366

Belgium 64(1-4) 315-324; 72(1-2)149-158; 75(3-4) 273-288Quaternary 59(1-4) 7-36stratigraphy 80(1-2) 55-63

Brazil 96(1-2) 31-45Burundi 61(1-2) 69-88; 67(3-4) 315-330

Canada 64(1-4) 103-108Carboniferous 95(1-4) 7-29China 77(3-4) 273-300; 89(3-4) 335-357

Carboniferous 83(1-3) 261-273Cretaceous 65(1-4) 115-118Quaternary 55(1-3) 193-206stratigraphy 54(3-4) 187-231

Colombia, Quaternary 55(1-3) 19-72Colorado Plateau 68(3-4) 269-287

Quaternary 64(1-4) 359-366Devonian 81(2-4) 289-295Ecuador, Quaternary 55(1-3) 73-81;

55(1-3) 83-99Egypt

Cretaceous 66(3-4) 293-312Quaternary 71(1-4) 207-218

England 61(3-4) 273-301; 64(1-4)289-296; 69(4) 337-351; 89(3-4)305-317Cretaceous 54(1-2) 165-173stratigraphy 77(1-2) 23-43

Europe 57(1-2) 1-25; 69(1-3) 1-22;69(1-3) 23-47; 69(1-3) 49-78; 69(1-3)79-95; 69(1-3) 97-108; 69(1-3) 109-112;69(1-3) 113-115; 69(1-3) 117-271;93(1-4) 107-125

France 71(1-4) 17-35; 71(1-4) 269-294Quaternary 54(3-4) 233-248Greenland 56(3-4) 305-311; 77(3-4)

301-304India 54(1-2) 11-42; 63(1-2) 13-28;

64(1-4) 351-358Cretaceous 65(1-4) 119-129Eocene 63(3-4) 281-297

Quaternary 55(1-3) 175-192; 65(1-4)25-35

Triassic 54(1-2) 55-83Indiana 95(1-4) 211-225Indonesia, Quaternary 55(1-3) 207-216;

55(1-3) 217-220Iowa 95(1-4) 211-225IrelandQuaternary 64(1-4) 235-245stratigraphy 56(1-2) 61-68Italy, stratigraphy 53(3-4) 329-348Kentucky, sedimentary petrology 60(1-2)

179-189Kenya 68(1-2) 127-145; 72(1-2) 129-147;

74(1-2) 77-100Libya, Devonian 58(2-4) 173-196; 66(3-4)

229-242Louisiana 64(1-4) 253-261Mexico 59(1-4) 93-107Micronesia, Quaternary 55(1-3) 247-251Middle East 64(1-4) 343-350Morocco, Paleozoic 66(3-4) 211-227Netherlands 56(3-4) 213-274; 91(1-4)

417-422Quaternary 51(4) 235-269; 51(4) 271-287;

55(4) 273-316New Caledonia 53(3-4) 283-304; 53(3-4)

305-327New South Wales Australia 64(1-4)

273-279Quaternary 65(1-4) 37-46New York 64(1-4) 305-313New ZealandEocene 65(1-4) 57-69Quaternary 64(1-4) 263-272Nigeria, stratigraphy 54(1-2) 151-158Northern Ireland 54(1-2) 43-54Northwest Territories, stratigraphy 77(1-2)

143-144NorwayQuaternary 53(3-4) 185-231; 61(3-4)

177-203stratigraphy 62(1-2) 157-186Nova Scotia 66(1-2) 3-11Ohio 85(3-4) 183-187Poland 52(4) 403-416; 77(1-2) 45-49stratigraphy 65(1-4) 287-292Quaternary 55(1-3) 1-3; 55(1-3) 1-271;

64(1-4) 247-251Quebec, Pisces 93(1-4) 191-215Queensland Australia 64(1-4) 281-288stratigraphy 65(1-4) 153-163Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 115-123

Devonian 89(1-2) 105-113Silurian 89(1-2) 91-104stratigraphy 89(1-2) 125-137

Scotland 72(1-2) 159-164; 81(2-4)213-231Jurassic 56(1-2) 21-39

Quaternary 53(1-2) 151-161Senegal, Quaternary 55(1-3) 141-154South Africa, Quaternary 53(1-2) 1-10South America, stratigraphy 86(1-2)

147-155South Australia 64(1-4) 331-341Spain, stratigraphy 51(4) 309-326stratigraphy 63(1-2) 153-162Sweden 63(3-4) 233-257Tanzania 61(1-2) 69-88Texas 64(1-4) 297-303Tunisia

Devonian 58(2-4) 173-196Paleogene 65(1-4) 85-94stratigraphy 74(3-4) 193-205

Turkey 93(1-4) 35-76Venezuela, Quaternary 55(1-3) 5-17Virginia 64(1-4) 315-324Wales, Devonian 56(1-2) 69-87West Virginia 64(1-4) 315-324Western Australia 68(1-2) 37-48; 80(3-4)

209-234Wyoming 64(1-4) 325-329Yukon Territory, stratigraphy 77(1-2)

143-144mires see bogs; marshes; peatlands; swampsMississippi

paleobotanyWarren County Mississippi 91(1-4)

23-34Wayne County Mississippi 91(1-4)

23-34paleontology, Tishomingo County

Mississippi 80(1-2) 75-84Mississippi River

paleobotany 64(1-4) 253-261; 92(1-2)69-81

MississippianKentucky 72(1-2) 73-102Price Formation 54(1-2) 105-119

Missouripaleobotany, Pike County Missouri 70(3)

217-223Missourian see also Stanton Formation

Indiana 95(1-4) 211-225Iowa 95(1-4) 211-225

Mit Ghamr No. 1 Wellstratigraphy 63(3-4) 259-267

Mitrospermumstratigraphy 53(3-4) 233-250

modern analogsArabian Peninsula, paleobotany 64(1-4)

343-350Germany, paleobotany 91(1-4) 1-21Italy, paleobotany 91(1-4) 85-105Middle East, paleobotany 64(1-4) 343-350Nepal, paleobotany 91(1-4) 317-329

Mojave DesertQuaternary 64(1-4) 359-366

mires žMojave Desert


molecular fossils see biomarkersMolinia

paleobotany 58(2-4) 231-288Mollusca

AmmonoideaFrance 87(1) 15-26Russian Federation 91(1-4) 187-240

Netherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 187-204Mongolia

paleobotany 94(3-4) 231-238Monilitheca minuta

paleobotany 94(3-4) 231-238Monocotyledoneae see also Alismidae;

Arecidae; Commelinidae; Cyperaceae;Gramineae; Palmae

Belgium 75(3-4) 273-288British Columbia 70(1-2) 147-162Caribbean region, stratigraphy 100(1-2)

109-122Germany 52(4) 299-366Greenland, Tertiary 62(3-4) 189-203Nevada 62(1-2) 79-95Senegal, Quaternary 67(1-2) 41-58Togo, Quaternary 67(1-2) 41-58Monongahela GroupMonongahela Group 95(1-4) 255-283

Monoporisporites aquiluspaleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226

Montagne Noirepaleobotany 61(3-4) 239-271; 63(1-2)

91-115; 70(3) 247-253Montana

stratigraphy 65(1-4) 75-84Monte Soro Flysch

paleobotany 96(3-4) 339-345Montsech

paleobotany 61(3-4) 303-318; 75(1-2)53-64

Moraceaepaleobotany 57(3-4) 187-220Plantae 76(1) 49-82

Morley Coal Measuressedimentary petrology 80(1-2) 85-114

Moroccopaleobotany 94(1-2) 57-73; 96(3-4)

281-304Paleozoic 66(3-4) 211-227palynomorphs 83(1-3) 241-251stratigraphy 77(1-2) 97-106thallophytes 70(4) 325-338

morphology see functional morphologyMorrison Formation

paleobotany 71(1-4) 219-238; 81(2-4)129-140

Mosbas see Moscow BasinMoscovian

China 81(2-4) 193-211Spain 80(1-2) 65-74

Moscow Basin

paleobotany 91(1-4) 187-240Mosorin

Quaternary 73(1-4) 181-185Mto Panga Quarry

paleobotany 74(1-2) 77-100Mucuna

paleobotany 64(1-4) 129-136Mucuna sloanei

paleobotany 72(3-4) 285-298Muderongia brevispinosa

paleobotany 91(1-4) 187-240Muderongia siciliana

paleobotany 96(3-4) 339-345Mullusa Formation

Triassic 65(1-4) 267-274Multiplicisphaeridium circumscriptum

Silurian 89(1-2) 49-74Murobaculispora

Permian 89(3-4) 359-415Musci see also Sphagnum

57(3-4) 277-287Mycocarpon

paleobotany 67(3-4) 229-236Myrica

Colombia, Pliocene 78(1-2) 69-127Myrsine

paleobotany 96(3-4) 317-338Pliocene 78(1-2) 69-127

Myrtaceaepaleobotany 91(1-4) 283-315Quaternary 98(3-4) 187-205

Mysticellapaleobotany 84(1-2) 73-99

Nageiopsis hispanicapaleobotany 61(3-4) 303-318

Naiadita lanceolapalynomorphs 61(1-2) 89-99

Naiadita lanceolataPlantae 92(3-4) 269-279

Namur Belgium see also Dinant Basinstratigraphy 80(1-2) 55-63

NamurianArgentina 91(1-4) 107-119China 77(3-4) 273-300; 89(3-4) 335-357England 77(1-2) 23-43; 80(1-2) 39-54;

94(3-4) 211-230; 95(1-4) 51-72Germany 89(3-4) 297-303; 95(1-4) 51-72Poland 65(1-4) 287-292Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 115-123Spain 95(1-4) 51-72

Nanjing Chinapaleobotany 54(1-2) 121-134

Nannoceratopsis ridingiiJurassic 75(1-2) 33-52

nannofossilsBelgium, Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315Denmark, Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315England, Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315Italy, stratigraphy 97(1-2) 177-196

paleontology 98(1-2) 3-14Narragansett Basin

stratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283Nathorstia

paleobotany 78(3-4) 235-267Near East

Quaternary 73(1-4) 21-33Nebraska see also Chadron Formation;

Dakota Formationpaleobotany, Dawes County Nebraska

74(3-4) 267-282Neiveli India see Neyveli IndiaNelchinopsis kostromiensis

paleobotany 92(3-4) 351-366Nematophytales

paleobotany 72(3-4) 257-271Nematosphaeropsis

stratigraphy 60(3-4) 361-373Nemejcia eocenica

paleobotany 84(3-4) 413-418Neocomian

82(3-4) 197-224Egypt 58(2-4) 129-138

Neogene see also Miocene; PlioceneChina 82(3-4) 239-250Colombia 92(1-2) 97-156Cuddalore Series, paleobotany 67(1-2)

59-74; 91(1-4) 331-352Greece 62(3-4) 291-307Italy 80(1-2) 159-172; 85(3-4) 213-229Mediterranean region 62(3-4) 309-338Northwest Territories 79(1-2) 121-131Pinecrest Beds, Quaternary 83(4) 275-297Spain 86(3-4) 265-285

NeolithicBelgium 73(1-4) 1-19England 73(1-4) 71-86Ireland 67(1-2) 75-113Spain 91(1-4) 383-397

Nepalpaleobotany 91(1-4) 317-329

Nesowalesia edwardsiipaleobotany 65(1-4) 175-178

Netherlands see also Rhine Valleygeochemistry 58(2-4) 365paleobotany 58(2-4) 231-288; 91(1-4)

417-422Overijssel Netherlands 56(3-4) 213-274Utrecht Netherlands 88(1-4) 83-272

Plantae 62(3-4) 363Quaternary 51(4) 235-269; 51(4) 271-287;

55(4) 273-316; 60(1-2) 25-129; 73(1-4)87-98; 73(1-4) 145-151; 73(1-4)187-204; 94(1-2) 75-100; 96(3-4) 459

stratigraphy 52(2-3) 179-204; 65(1-4)275-285

NeuharlingersielQuaternary 73(1-4) 167-180

molecular fossils žNeuharlingersiel


Neuquen Argentinapaleobotany 65(1-4) 209-216

Neuquen Basin see Vaca Muerta FormationNeuralethopteris schelehani

paleobotany 71(1-4) 191-206Neuropteris

67(3-4) 199-203; 95(1-4) 155-189England 71(1-4) 191-206Virginia, stratigraphy 54(1-2) 105-119

Neuropteris obliquapaleobotany 71(1-4) 191-206

Neuropteris pinnatifidapaleobotany 67(3-4) 199-203

Neuse Riverpaleobotany 94(1-2) 39-55

Nevadapaleobotany

Humboldt County Nevada 62(1-2) 79-95Washoe County Nevada 62(1-2) 79-95

Quaternary 64(1-4) 359-366Tertiary 81(1) 1-10

Nevado del Ruizsoils 60(1-2) 149-163

Nevis coal seamstratigraphy 83(1-3) 137-158

New Albany Shalepaleobotany 72(1-2) 73-102; 75(1-2) 1-32

New Brunswickpaleobotany 74(1-2) 109-138palynomorphs 95(1-4) 31-50

New Caledoniapaleobotany 53(3-4) 283-304; 53(3-4)

305-327New Castile Spain

paleobotany 78(3-4) 395-402New England


New Jerseypaleobotany, Middlesex County New

Jersey 90(3-4) 339-359New Mexico see also Chinle Formation;

Morrison Formation; Raton Basin; RatonFormation

paleobotany, Dona Ana County NewMexico 98(1-2) 153-157

Quaternary 64(1-4) 359-366New South Wales Australia see also

Illawarra Coal Measures; Sydney Basinpaleobotany 71(1-4) 149-190

Sydney Australia 64(1-4) 97-101Quaternary 65(1-4) 37-46; 65(1-4)

305-310; 80(3-4) 311-332; 82(1-2) 83-96Spermatophyta 64(1-4) 273-279thallophytes 71(1-4) 1-15

New York see also Catskill Formationpaleobotany 96(1-2) 47-70

Greene County New York 60(3-4)311-359

palynomorphs, Greene County New York93(1-4) 147-158

Quaternary 63(1-2) 53-76New Zealand see also North Island; South

IslandEocene

Canterbury New Zealand 65(1-4) 57-69Hawke’s Bay New Zealand 65(1-4)

57-69Otago New Zealand 65(1-4) 57-69Taranaki New Zealand 65(1-4) 57-69

paleobotany 84(3-4) 482-483; 96(3-4)317-338

QuaternaryCanterbury New Zealand 64(1-4)

263-272Westland New Zealand 64(1-4) 263-272

Newark Supergroup86(3-4) 211-233paleobotany 68(3-4) 269-287

Newfoundland see LabradorNeyveli India

paleobotany 67(1-2) 59-74Neyveli Lignite

paleobotany 67(1-2) 59-74; 91(1-4)331-352

Neyveli Minepaleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352

Ngorora Formationpaleobotany 59(1-4) 67-76

NigerCarboniferous 89(3-4) 319-334Permian 66(3-4) 243-261

Niger DeltaCenozoic 77(1-2) 119-127paleobotany 57(3-4) 173-186stratigraphy 54(1-2) 151-158

Niger Republic see NigerNigeria

Cenozoic, Niger Delta 77(1-2) 119-127paleobotany 80(1-2) 131-147

Niger Delta 57(3-4) 173-186Quaternary 100(1-2) 39-72stratigraphy, Niger Delta 54(1-2) 151-158

Nile DeltaQuaternary 82(1-2) 191stratigraphy 63(3-4) 259-267

Nilsoniapaleobotany 61(1-2) 1-51; 84(3-4)

389-412; 97(1-2) 41-52Nilssoniaceae

paleobotany 97(1-2) 41-52Nilssoniocladus alaskensis

paleobotany 92(3-4) 229-243Nilssoniopteris pecinovensis

paleobotany 84(3-4) 389-412Nipa

Eocene 65(1-4) 57-69Nishidacaulis burgii

paleobotany 78(1-2) 55-67Nkporo Shale

paleobotany 57(3-4) 173-186; 80(1-2)131-147

Noda Grouppaleobotany 51(1-3) 213-225

NoeggerathialesAntarctica 92(3-4) 207-227China 81(2-4) 185-192

Noeggerathiopsispaleobotany 92(3-4) 207-227

Norfolk EnglandQuaternary 76(1) 1-47; 85(3-4) 263-287stratigraphy 74(3-4) 207-237

Norian63(1-2) 153-162Antarctica 61(1-2) 101-138

Normandypaleobotany 71(1-4) 269-294

NormapollesHungary, stratigraphy 66(3-4) 361-377

North Africa see Algeria; Egypt; GhadamesBasin; Libya; Morocco; Tunisia; WesternSahara

North America see also Appalachians;Basin and Range Province; Great Plains;Gulf Coastal Plain; Rocky Mountains;Western Interior

paleobotany 52(2-3) 119-129; 53(1-2)141-149; 56(3-4) 361-364; 70(3)225-229; 92(1-2) 29-54; 95(1-4) 95-113Appalachian Basin 57(3-4) 289-297Sonoran Desert 68(1-2) 1-28

palynomorphs, Appalachian Basin 90(1-2)113-140

stratigraphy 52(2-3) 254-255; 65(1-4)75-84; 82(3-4) 197-264; 86(1-2) 111-133Appalachian Basin 95(1-4) 255-283

North Atlantic see Baltic Sea; Gulf ofGuinea; Gulf of Mexico; Labrador Sea;North Sea; Rockall Plateau; Sohmabyssal plain

North Berwick volcanic sequencepaleobotany 72(3-4) 273-284

North Carolinapaleobotany 51(1-3) 59-64; 85(3-4)

189-198Neuse River 94(1-2) 39-55

Plantae 77(3-4) 305-306Triassic 77(1-2) 75-95

North Dakotastratigraphy 65(1-4) 75-84

North Greenland see Northern GreenlandNorth Horn Formation

stratigraphy 97(1-2) 53-66North Island

Quaternary 99(2) 189-202North Pacific see Northwest Pacific

Neuquen Argentina žNorth Pacific


North Rhine-Westphalia Germany seealso Ruhr

paleobotany 95(1-4) 285-304North Sea

paleobotany 56(3-4) 327-344; 84(1-2)169-180

Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315paleontology 74(1-2) 159palynomorphs, Orcadian Basin 93(1-4)

159-189Quaternary 79(3-4) 285-295stratigraphy 78(3-4) 321-351

North Yorkshire Englandpaleobotany 69(4) 291-298

Northeastern India see Assam India;Meghalaya India

Northern Greenlandpaleobotany 56(3-4) 305-311Tertiary 62(3-4) 189-203

Northern Irelandpaleobotany, Tyrone Northern Ireland

54(1-2) 43-54stratigraphy 56(3-4) 345-359

Northfagidites tehuelchesiipaleobotany 72(1-2) 55-59

Northumberland Englandpaleobotany 94(3-4) 211-230

Northwest Pacific see East China SeaNorthwest Territories

Neogene, Ellesmere Island 79(1-2)121-131

paleobotanyArctic Archipelago 70(1-2) 89-111Axel Heiberg Island 70(1-2) 89-111;

97(1-2) 197-226Quaternary 79(1-2) 99-112stratigraphy

Arctic Archipelago 86(1-2) 69-90Axel Heiberg Island 81(1) 83-97Mackenzie District Northwest Territories

77(1-2) 143-144Somerset Island 86(1-2) 69-90

Norwayalgae

Oslo Norway 52(2-3) 137-159Ringerike 52(2-3) 137-159

environmental geology 99(1) 1-16paleobotany 51(1-3) 145-168; 68(3-4)

233-256; 85(3-4) 243-262Quaternary 53(3-4) 185-231; 61(3-4)

177-203; 82(1-2) 1-15stratigraphy 62(1-2) 157-186; 82(3-4)

317-349Norwegian Sea

paleobotany 98(1-2) 159-176Quaternary 83(4) 275-297

Norwidia angustumpaleobotany 56(3-4) 199-204

Nothofagaceae


NothofagiditesEocene 81(2-4) 165-183

Nothofagidites americanuspaleobotany 72(1-2) 49-53

Nothofagus75(3-4) 323Antarctica 94(1-2) 11-24Australia 58(2-4) 95-109South Australia 86(3-4) 199-209Tasmania Australia 80(1-2) 115-121Western Australia 86(3-4) 199-209

Notophytum krauseliipaleobotany 67(3-4) 179-198

Nova Scotia see also Stellarton Group;Sydney coal field

stratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283Minas Basin 86(3-4) 211-233

Nubian Sandstone81(2-4) 297-311paleobotany 59(1-4) 37-50

Nucellangium glabrumstratigraphy 53(3-4) 233-250

nunataksAustralia, Permian 86(1-2) 157-173India, Permian 86(1-2) 157-173

Nuphar japonicumpaleobotany 75(3-4) 317-322

Nuskoisporites dulhuntyipalynomorphs 97(1-2) 9-39

Nymphaeaceaepaleobotany 75(3-4) 317-322

Nypa australispaleobotany 92(1-2) 55-67

O-18/O-16Italy

Pliocene 84(1-2) 181-199stratigraphy 87(1) 51-79

sedimentary petrology 96(3-4) 457Venezuela, Quaternary 99(2) 95-114Western Sahara, palynomorphs 74(1-2)

1-53Obandotheca laminensis

paleobotany 80(1-2) 19-38Obuda flora

paleobotany 96(3-4) 231-240Ocalasphaera blindii

paleobotany 71(1-4) 255-268Occisucysta balia

stratigraphy 56(3-4) 313-326ocean currents

China, paleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48Ocean Drilling Program see Leg 104; Leg

105; Leg 122ocean floors

Atlantic Ocean, Quaternary 84(1-2) 1-22Japan, Quaternary 84(1-2) 155-168paleobotany 84(1-2) 23-44

Western Sahara, palynomorphs 74(1-2)1-53

Oceania see Melanesia; Micronesiaoceanography see continental shelf; reefs;

sedimentation; sedimentsOclloa cesarina

paleobotany 80(1-2) 19-38Octachara

thallophytes 89(3-4) 417-428Odderade Interstadial

paleobotany 85(3-4) 231-242Odonax borealis

Plantae 93(1-4) 89-106ODP Site 642

Quaternary 83(4) 275-297ODP Site 646

Quaternary 83(4) 275-297ODP Site 759

thallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234Officer Basin

Permian 65(1-4) 229-237Ofudo Formation

Quaternary 98(3-4) 207-222Ohai coal field

sedimentary petrology 80(1-2) 85-114Ohio see also Appalachian Basin;

Conemaugh Group; Dunkard Group;Monongahela Group

paleobotany 53(3-4) 349-357Adams County Ohio 85(3-4) 183-187Cleveland Ohio 72(3-4) 257-271Columbiana County Ohio 95(1-4)

95-113Steubenville Ohio 57(3-4) 289-297

palynomorphs, Adams County Ohio97(1-2) 1-8

Plantae, Adams County Ohio 92(3-4)269-279

oil and gas see petroleumoil shale

Germany, paleontology 89(3-4) 487-489kukersite


Olandpaleobotany 68(1-2) 119-126; 86(1-2)

1-11; 98(1-2) 27-32Old Castile Spain

Quaternary 82(1-2) 127-139Old Stone Age see PaleolithicOldfieldioideae

paleobotany 81(2-4) 257-277Olea europaea

paleobotany 69(1-3) 23-47; 85(1-2) 99-109Quaternary 91(1-4) 383-397

Oleaceae

North Rhine-Westphalia Germany žOleaceae


paleobotany 69(1-3) 23-47; 74(3-4)249-266; 85(1-2) 99-109

OlenekianChina 54(3-4) 187-231

Oleoideaepaleobotany 74(3-4) 249-266

OligoceneArctic Ocean 98(1-2) 159-176Bembridge Marls, paleobotany 96(3-4)

231-240Chadron Formation, paleobotany 78(1-2)

55-67Chadronian, Nebraska 74(3-4) 267-282Chickasawhay Formation, paleobotany

91(1-4) 23-34England 81(2-4) 279-288Europe 52(2-3) 119-129; 78(1-2) 41-54France 53(3-4) 251-287Germany 91(1-4) 1-21Japan 84(1-2) 129-153Kentucky 62(3-4) 339-361middle Oligocene, Argentina 72(1-2)

49-53Spain 81(2-4) 327-335; 92(3-4) 281-305Tasmania Australia 80(1-2) 115-121;

92(3-4) 245-252Tennessee 62(3-4) 339-361Vicksburg Group, paleobotany 91(1-4)

23-34Oneonta Formation


Onoclea sensibilispaleobotany 70(1-2) 113-124

Ontariopaleobotany 96(3-4) 241-254Quaternary 79(1-2) 69-81

Peterborough County Ontario 82(1-2)147-155

Sudbury District Ontario 82(1-2)147-155

Toronto Ontario 82(1-2) 147-155Onychiopsis psilotoides

paleobotany 66(1-2) 47-63Oomycetes

paleobotany 95(1-4) 83-94Operculodinium


Orange Free State South Africa see FreeState South Africa

Orb riapaleobotany 70(3) 247-253

orbital forcingQuaternary 91(1-4) 425-426

Orcadian Basinpalynomorphs 93(1-4) 159-189

Orchidaceaepaleobotany 64(1-4) 159-164

Ordovician66(3-4) 181-209Arenigian

Algeria 86(1-2) 49-68Belgium 98(1-2) 47-79China 86(1-2) 13-48England 98(1-2) 81-94Germany 98(1-2) 47-79Iran 86(1-2) 91-109Northwest Territories 86(1-2) 69-90Sweden 86(1-2) 1-11

Ashgillian 98(1-2) 33-40Algeria 86(1-2) 49-68Northwest Territories 86(1-2) 69-90

CaradocianNorthwest Territories 86(1-2) 69-90Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 19-25

China 99(1) 61-74Greenland 56(3-4) 305-311Jordan 66(3-4) 167-180Llanvirnian

Algeria 86(1-2) 49-68Northwest Territories 86(1-2) 69-90Sweden 86(1-2) 1-11

Maquoketa Formation, paleobotany 70(3)217-223

Ohio 85(3-4) 183-187; 92(3-4) 269-279;97(1-2) 1-8

Poland 79(3-4) 245-269Saudi Arabia 56(1-2) 41-60; 89(1-2) 27-48Skiddaw Slates, paleobotany 98(1-2) 81-94Spain 98(1-2) 95-103Sweden 68(1-2) 119-126Tremadocian 93(1-4) 23-34; 98(1-2) 33-40

Argentina 98(1-2) 41-45Belgium 98(1-2) 47-79Germany 98(1-2) 47-79Iran 86(1-2) 91-109

Turkey 93(1-4) 35-76Viruan, Sweden 52(4) 257-297

Ordovicium yangtzeensepaleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48

Oregon see Clarno Formationorganic compounds see also kerogen;

peptides; pigmentsEgypt, Quaternary 71(1-4) 207-218England, Quaternary 73(1-4) 57-70;

73(1-4) 271-286Israel, paleobotany 94(1-2) 101-109Netherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 187-204

organic minerals see amberOrient Formation

paleobotany 72(1-2) 149-158Orissa India

paleobotany 75(3-4) 183-218Orkney Islands

palynomorphs 93(1-4) 159-189Quaternary 73(1-4) 49-56

Orleanais Sands

paleobotany 72(3-4) 317-323Orleanian

paleobotany 72(3-4) 317-323Ormesby Clay


Ornatifilum lornensisstratigraphy 84(3-4) 255-279

orogeny see Caledonian Orogeny; HercynianOrogeny

Ortiseiapalynomorphs 97(1-2) 9-39

OryzaQuaternary 89(3-4) 481-485

Oslo Norwayalgae 52(2-3) 137-159

Osmundacaulis jonesiipaleobotany 52(2-3) 205-216

Osmundalespaleobotany 77(1-2) 51-63

Otago New ZealandEocene 65(1-4) 57-69

Otovicia hypnoidespaleobotany 62(3-4) 205-248

Otozamitespaleobotany 51(1-3) 117-126

Otter Creek Coalsedimentary petrology 60(1-2) 179-189

Otter SandstonePermian 66(3-4) 263-272

Ottokaria inglisensispaleobotany 62(1-2) 11-40

Otway Basinstratigraphy 65(1-4) 131-144

Ouachita Parish Louisianapaleobotany 72(1-2) 61-72

Ouan-Kasa FormationDevonian 66(3-4) 229-242

Ouenine FormationDevonian 66(3-4) 229-242

Outer Mongolia see MongoliaOverijssel Netherlands

paleobotany 56(3-4) 213-274Oviedo Spain see Asturias SpainOvoidites

paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220Oxfordian

Arctic region 56(3-4) 275-304; 62(3-4)363

England 56(3-4) 313-326France 71(1-4) 269-294; 87(1) 15-26Morocco 77(1-2) 97-106Russian Federation 61(1-2) 139-145

Oxfordshire Englandpaleobotany 95(1-4) 227-253

oxygenO-18/O-16

Italy 84(1-2) 181-199; 87(1) 51-79

Olenekian ž oxygen


sedimentary petrology 96(3-4) 457Venezuela 99(2) 95-114Western Sahara 74(1-2) 1-53

OxyriaQuaternary 53(3-4) 185-231

Pachwara coal fieldpaleobotany 63(3-4) 183-187

Pachwarophyllum santhalensispaleobotany 63(3-4) 183-187

PachypterisHungary 83(4) 339-349

Pachyrizuspaleobotany 61(3-4) 319-339

PachytriletesPermian 89(3-4) 359-415

Pacific Ocean see also North Pacific; WestPacific

Quaternary 65(1-4) 1-8stratigraphy 51(1-3) 205-212thallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234

packrat middensBasin and Range Province, Quaternary

64(1-4) 359-366Colorado Plateau, Quaternary 64(1-4)

359-366Padappakkara

paleobotany 63(1-2) 13-28Pagiophyllum

paleobotany 51(1-3) 95-105; 61(3-4)303-318; 78(1-2) 145-166

Palaeoperidinium pyrophorumpaleobotany 56(3-4) 327-344

Palaeothamnium archaeotypumpaleobotany 94(1-2) 1-9

Palambages triliciuspaleobotany 79(3-4) 179-204

paleo-oceanography86(1-2) 111-133Australia 84(1-2) 113-120Scotland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 49-56paleoatmospherepaleoatmosphere 95(1-4) 73-82

paleobiogeography see biogeographypaleobotany see also algae; Angiospermae;

cladistics; fungi; Gymnospermae;lichens; palynomorphs; Plantae;Pteridophyta; Spermatophyta;thallophytes

51(1-3) 1-233; 51(4) 289-307; 52(1) ;52(2-3) 67-71; 52(2-3) 255-256; 56(1-2)1-4; 57(3-4) 341-344; 61(1-2) 175-176;63(3-4) 269-279; 66(1-2) 165-166;67(3-4) 363-364; 70(3) 255-256; 71(1-4)295, 297-298; 73(1-4) vii-xii; 93(1-4)1-340; 93(1-4) 3-8; 96(3-4) 347-349

Andorra, geochronology 69(4) 299-324Belgium 99(3-4) 343Europe 78(3-4) 403-404; 99(3-4) 341France, geochronology 69(4) 299-324

Quaternary 64(1-4) 13-27Paleocene see also Paskapoo Formation

83(1-3) 43-53Alberta 70(1-2) 125-146Antarctica 65(1-4) 105-113Belgium 99(3-4) 265-315Caribbean region 100(1-2) 109-122Danian

Antarctica 81(2-4) 151-164Tunisia 56(1-2) 5-19

Denmark 99(3-4) 265-315England 99(3-4) 265-315Gulf Coastal Plain 82(3-4) 225-238K-T boundary 70(3) 259-261

Alberta 83(1-3) 137-158Europe 78(1-2) 41-54Utah 97(1-2) 53-66

Morocco 70(4) 325-338North Sea 56(3-4) 327-344Ravenscrag Formation, Plantae 80(3-4)

341Rocky Mountains 57(3-4) 221-232Russian Federation 97(1-2) 67-78Saskatchewan 70(1-2) 77-88Thanetian, England 74(3-4) 207-237

paleoclimatology see also C-13/C-12;general circulation models; glaciation;last glacial maximum; Milankovitchtheory; O-18/O-16

52(2-3) 251; 52(2-3) 252-254; 82(3-4)197-224; 95(1-4) 73-82; 98(1-2) 105-124

Africa 86(1-2) 147-155Quaternary 55(1-3) 101-140; 55(1-3)

155-174Alabama, paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34Alaska, Quaternary 63(1-2) 35-52Antarctica

paleobotany 86(3-4) 175-198palynomorphs 91(1-4) 241-281Quaternary 61(3-4) 347-348

Arabian Peninsula, paleobotany 64(1-4)343-350

Argentina 65(1-4) 319-330Quaternary 77(1-2) 129-142

Australia 65(1-4) 47-55paleobotany 58(2-4) 95-109Plantae 91(1-4) 424-425

Brazil, Quaternary 97(1-2) 109-121; 99(2)131-142; 99(2) 143-156


Burundipaleobotany 61(1-2) 69-88Quaternary 75(1-2) 133-151

Chile, paleobotany 91(1-4) 283-315China 82(3-4) 197-264; 82(3-4) 239-250

paleobotany 80(3-4) 277-290; 86(1-2)13-48; 90(1-2) 63-77

Costa Rica, palynomorphs 72(1-2)119-128

England 81(1) 33-52Europe 87(1) 1-79; 91(1-4) 353-370Florida, Quaternary 83(4) 275-297France, Quaternary 89(3-4) 455-467Greece 62(3-4) 291-307Greenland 51(1-3) 205-212; 62(3-4)

189-203Hungary 65(1-4) 71-74Iceland, Quaternary 83(4) 275-297India 61(3-4) 352-354

paleobotany 63(1-2) 13-28; 64(1-4)351-358

Plantae 76(1) 49-82Israel, Quaternary 73(1-4) 161-166Kansas 98(3-4) 223-246Mediterranean region 62(3-4) 309-338Mexico, Quaternary 99(2) 77-93Middle East


Mississippi, paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34Nepal, paleobotany 91(1-4) 317-329Netherlands, Quaternary 51(4) 235-269;

51(4) 271-287Nevada 81(1) 1-10New South Wales Australia

paleobotany 71(1-4) 149-190Quaternary 65(1-4) 37-46; 82(1-2) 83-96

New Zealand 65(1-4) 57-69Nigeria 77(1-2) 119-127Norway, Quaternary 61(3-4) 177-203palynomorphs 90(1-2) 113-140Panama, palynomorphs 72(1-2) 119-128Portugal, Quaternary 97(3-4) 239-285Quaternary 79(1-2) 133-140; 79(1-2)

141-151; 81(1) 11-17Queensland Australia, paleobotany 71(1-4)

149-190Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 75-90Scotland, Holocene 54(1-2) 175-180;

54(1-2) 181-185South America 86(1-2) 147-155

Quaternary 61(3-4) 347-348; 65(1-4)9-15

Spain 51(4) 309-326; 67(3-4) 341-351;81(2-4) 327-335; 82(3-4) 197-264;92(3-4) 281-305

Tanzania, paleobotany 61(1-2) 69-88Ukraine, Quaternary 85(3-4) 289-301Vermont 82(3-4) 299-315Virginia, Quaternary 83(4) 275-297Western Australia, Quaternary 98(3-4)

187-205paleoecology see also biogeography;

biologic evolution; lakes; salt marshes;succession

81(1) 1-113; 81(1) 65-82

Oxyria žpaleoecology


Alabama, paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34Alaska 81(1) 19-32

Quaternary 63(1-2) 35-52Alberta, Quaternary 79(1-2) 83-97Antarctica


Arctic Ocean, Plantae 70(3) 199-216Argentina 98(1-2) 41-45

paleobotany 57(3-4) 247-264; 63(1-2)117-135

Quaternary 89(3-4) 429-440Australia 65(1-4) 131-144Basin and Range Province, Quaternary

64(1-4) 359-366Belgium 97(1-2) 97-107Belize, Plantae 58(1) 85-94Benin, paleobotany 57(3-4) 173-186Brazil 99(3-4) 217-233

Quaternary 97(1-2) 109-121; 99(2)143-156

British Columbia, Quaternary 75(1-2)103-131; 79(1-2) 83-97; 79(1-2) 113-119

Burundipaleobotany 61(1-2) 69-88Quaternary 75(1-2) 133-151

California, paleobotany 56(3-4) 183-198Cambodia, Quaternary 67(1-2) 115-132Cameroon, Quaternary 99(2) 157-188Canada, Quaternary 79(1-2) 1-177;

79(1-2) 7-30China, paleobotany 54(1-2) 121-134Colombia 78(1-2) 69-127

palynomorphs 92(1-2) 97-156Quaternary 55(1-3) 19-72; 77(3-4)

235-262soils 60(1-2) 149-163

Colorado Plateau, Quaternary 64(1-4)359-366

Egypt 66(3-4) 293-312Quaternary 82(1-2) 191

England 77(1-2) 23-43; 81(1) 33-52palynomorphs 90(3-4) 159-173

Europe 83(1-3) 119-129Florida, Plantae 52(2-3) 217-231France 84(1-2) 121-128

Holocene 71(1-4) 111-120Quaternary 89(3-4) 455-467

Germany, paleobotany 52(4) 299-366;80(3-4) 259-275

Greece 62(3-4) 291-307Greenland 51(1-3) 205-212ichnofossils 89(3-4) 490-491Illinois 56(1-2) 151-176India 65(1-4) 239-255; 67(1-2) 1-11

paleobotany 51(1-3) 31-36; 59(1-4)127-131; 72(3-4) 325-333

Quaternary 65(1-4) 25-35Iowa 53(3-4) 233-250

paleobotany 98(1-2) 125-152Ireland 81(1) 53-64

Quaternary 64(1-4) 235-245; 67(1-2)75-113

Italy 84(1-2) 181-199Kansas 60(3-4) 255-282; 98(3-4) 223-246Mediterranean Sea, Quaternary 84(3-4)

221-253Mexico 60(3-4) 283-293

paleobotany 58(1) 5-32Micronesia, Quaternary 55(1-3) 247-251Mississippi

paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34paleontology 80(1-2) 75-84

Netherlands 65(1-4) 275-285paleobotany 56(3-4) 213-274; 58(2-4)

231-288Plantae 62(3-4) 363Quaternary 51(4) 235-269; 51(4)

271-287; 60(1-2) 25-129; 94(1-2)75-100

Nevada 81(1) 1-10New Brunswick, palynomorphs 95(1-4)

31-50New Zealand, Quaternary 99(2) 189-202Nigeria 77(1-2) 119-127

paleobotany 57(3-4) 173-186Northwest Territories 79(1-2) 121-131;

81(1) 83-97Norway 62(1-2) 157-186Nova Scotia, palynomorphs 95(1-4) 31-50Ontario


paleobotany 56(3-4) 361-364; 61(1-2)147-173; 62(1-2) 97-105; 63(3-4)189-195; 64(1-4) 5-11; 78(1-2) 1-18;78(1-2) 129-144; 78(1-2) 167-182; 83(4)351-352; 84(3-4) 201-220; 90(3-4)249-262; 90(3-4) 263-285

palynomorphs 95(1-4) 129-153Pennsylvania

paleobotany 57(3-4) 299-312sedimentary petrology 59(1-4) 365

Plantae 58(1) 1-94; 61(3-4) 348-352Quaternary 79(1-2) 1-5; 79(1-2) 133-140;

79(1-2) 141-151; 79(1-2) 153-177;82(1-2) 193

Quebec, Quaternary 79(1-2) 31-68Saskatchewan, Quaternary 96(1-2)

183-224Spain 51(4) 309-326; 92(3-4) 281-305


Sudan, palynomorphs 76(2-4) 99-345Sweden, Quaternary 58(2-4) 163-171;

83(1-3) 107-117Switzerland, Quaternary 91(1-4) 371-381Tanzania, paleobotany 61(1-2) 69-88

Thailand 60(3-4) 225-254Tunisia 66(3-4) 273-291Turkey 58(2-4) 139-161Venezuela, Quaternary 99(2) 95-114Western Australia, Quaternary 98(3-4)

187-205Paleogene see also Eocene; Oligocene;

Paleocene92(1-2) 29-54Antarctica 86(3-4) 175-198Canada 65(1-4) 75-84Gulf of Mexico 65(1-4) 331-339India 91(1-4) 331-352Japan 51(1-3) 213-225Tunisia 65(1-4) 85-94United States 65(1-4) 75-84

paleogeography see also basins;biogeography; buried channels;transgression

Burundi, Quaternary 75(1-2) 133-151China, paleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48Europe 86(1-2) 135-145France, paleobotany 80(1-2) 149-157India 61(3-4) 352-354Indonesia, Quaternary 55(1-3) 217-220Italy, paleobotany 80(1-2) 159-172Kansas, paleobotany 80(1-2) 1-18Nebraska, paleobotany 80(1-2) 1-18New Zealand, paleobotany 80(1-2)

123-130Niger 89(3-4) 319-334Poland 79(3-4) 245-269Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 49-74; 89(1-2) 75-90

paleobotany 89(1-2) 115-123Senegal, Quaternary 55(1-3) 141-154Spain 81(2-4) 327-335; 82(3-4) 251-264Tasmania Australia, paleobotany 80(1-2)

123-130paleolatitude

Europe 91(1-4) 353-370Iran 86(1-2) 91-109

paleolimnologyDenmark, thallophytes 74(1-2) 55-75Netherlands

geochemistry 58(2-4) 365Quaternary 55(4) 273-316

PaleolithicIsrael 73(1-4) 161-166

paleomagnetism see magnetic susceptibility;paleolatitude

Paleomonospora tishomingoensisWaggoner

paleontology 80(1-2) 75-84paleontology see Bryophyta; Conodonta;

Foraminifera; Graptolithina;ichnofossils; Insecta; Invertebrata;Mammalia; Mollusca; Pisces;problematic fossils; Vermes

Paleogene žpaleontology


Paleoraphidia akestrathallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234

Paleorosa similkameenensispaleobotany 78(3-4) 277-291

paleosalinityJapan 84(1-2) 129-153

PaleosolsEngland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 57-70

Paleozoic see also Cambrian;Carboniferous; Devonian; lowerGondwana System; Ordovician;Permian; Silurian

67(3-4) 199-203; 86(3-4) 287-314; 90(1-2)1-153; 90(1-2) 5-40; 90(3-4) 223-247

Arabian Peninsula 89(1-2) 3Caledonian Orogeny, Iran 86(1-2) 91-109Catskill Formation, paleobotany 64(1-4)

305-313China 86(1-2) 1-173; 96(1-2) 229Commonwealth of Independent States

83(1-3) 131-136Dunkard Group 95(1-4) 255-283Geirud Formation 86(1-2) 91-109Morocco 66(3-4) 211-227Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 1-150; 89(1-2) 5-17

PalestineQuaternary 73(1-4) 153-160

Palm Spring Formationpaleobotany 56(3-4) 183-198

Palmae64(1-4) 137-147; 81(2-4) 337-338; 85(3-4)

153-182Tasmania Australia 92(1-2) 55-67

Palmaepollenitespaleobotany 85(3-4) 153-182

Palmales see PalmaePalmer Peninsula see Antarctic PeninsulaPalmophyllum

paleobotany 81(2-4) 337-338; 83(4) 356palynology

paleobotany 64(1-4) 223-226; 66(1-2)159-162

palynomorphs57(3-4) 341; 61(3-4) 354-355; 64(1-4)

1-366; 64(1-4) 5-11; 65(1-4) 1-391;80(3-4) 333-338; 81(1) 65-82; 84(3-4)201-220; 89(3-4) 287-296; 90(1-2)113-140; 95(1-4) 129-153; 95(1-4)191-209

acritarchs 93(1-4) 9-22Arctic region 56(3-4) 275-304Argentina 98(1-2) 41-45Belgium 98(1-2) 47-79Brazil 99(3-4) 217-233China 98(1-2) 15-25Colombia 71(1-4) 255-268Egypt 85(3-4) 303-317England 80(1-2) 39-54; 89(3-4) 305-317;

98(1-2) 81-94; 100(1-2) 89-98

Estonia 100(1-2) 99-108France 62(1-2) 107-156; 87(1) 1-14;

87(1) 27-41Germany 98(1-2) 47-79; 100(1-2) 89-98Indian Ocean Islands 77(3-4) 213-233Iowa 98(1-2) 125-152Iran 86(1-2) 91-109Italy 84(1-2) 181-199Jordan 66(3-4) 167-180Missouri 70(3) 217-223Morocco 66(3-4) 211-227New Mexico 98(1-2) 153-157Norway 52(2-3) 137-159Poland 54(1-2) 1-10Quebec 93(1-4) 191-215Saudi Arabia 56(1-2) 41-60; 89(1-2)

19-25Spain 98(1-2) 95-103stratigraphy 86(1-2) 111-133; 93(1-4)

23-34; 98(1-2) 33-40; 98(1-2) 105-124Sweden 52(4) 257-297; 65(1-4) 217-228;

68(1-2) 119-126; 98(1-2) 27-32Turkey 93(1-4) 35-76Wales 56(1-2) 69-87

Alberta 83(1-3) 137-158Quaternary 79(1-2) 83-97

Antarctica 65(1-4) 257-265; 74(3-4)163-192; 79(3-4) 205-219; 83(4)329-337; 91(1-4) 241-281Permian 89(3-4) 359-415Quaternary 61(3-4) 347-348

AustraliaEocene 81(2-4) 165-183Permian 86(1-2) 157-173

Baltisphaeridium 86(3-4) 287-314China 52(2-3) 161-177; 86(1-2) 13-48Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 49-74Sweden 86(1-2) 1-11

Belgium 93(1-4) 269-297; 97(1-2) 97-107Quaternary 73(1-4) 1-19; 73(1-4)

287-300Brazil, Quaternary 97(1-2) 109-121British Columbia, Quaternary 75(1-2)

103-131; 79(1-2) 83-97; 79(1-2) 113-119Burundi, Quaternary 75(1-2) 133-151Canada 65(1-4) 75-84China 66(1-2) 65-103; 75(3-4) 219-238;

81(2-4) 193-211; 86(1-2) 1-173Ordovician 99(1) 61-74

ChitinozoaAlgeria 86(1-2) 49-68Europe 86(1-2) 135-145France 87(1) 1-14Iowa 98(1-2) 125-152Jordan 66(3-4) 167-180Morocco 66(3-4) 211-227Northwest Territories 86(1-2) 69-90Ordovician 66(3-4) 181-209Poland 79(3-4) 245-269

Quebec 97(1-2) 155-175Saudi Arabia 56(1-2) 41-60; 89(1-2)

27-48; 89(1-2) 75-90; 89(1-2) 139-150Cicatricosisporites, Libya 81(2-4) 297-311Classopollis

Morocco 77(1-2) 97-106Tertiary 82(3-4) 197-224

Colombia 66(3-4) 345-359; 92(1-2)97-156Pliocene 92(3-4) 329-350

Colorado, Quaternary 74(3-4) 293-313Costa Rica 72(1-2) 119-128Deflandrea, North Sea 56(3-4) 327-344Dinoflagellata 58(2-4) 215-229; 65(1-4)

293-303; 66(1-2) 163; 74(1-2) 159-160;84(1-2) 23-44; 84(1-2) 73-99; 89(3-4)493-494; 92(3-4) 351-366Alabama 79(3-4) 179-204Antarctic Ocean 84(1-2) 101-105;

86(3-4) 235-263Arabian Sea 97(3-4) 319-337Arctic Ocean 98(1-2) 159-176Arctic region 56(3-4) 275-304; 62(3-4)

363Argentina 65(1-4) 319-330Atlantic Ocean 84(1-2) 1-22Australia 84(1-2) 113-120Belgium 99(3-4) 265-315Benin 57(3-4) 173-186Canada 61(1-2) 63-68China 92(3-4) 383-388Colombia 71(1-4) 255-268Denmark 72(1-2) 1-25; 75(1-2) 33-52;

78(3-4) 321-351; 99(3-4) 265-315Egypt 56(1-2) 123-140; 63(3-4)

259-267; 66(3-4) 293-312; 85(3-4)303-317; 94(1-2) 137-168

England 54(1-2) 85-103; 56(3-4)313-326; 60(3-4) 361-373; 65(1-4)311-318; 74(3-4) 207-237; 75(1-2)33-52; 99(3-4) 265-315; 100(1-2)89-98

environmental geology 84(1-2) 107-112France 62(1-2) 107-156; 71(1-4)

269-294; 84(1-2) 121-128; 87(1)15-26; 87(1) 27-41; 92(3-4) 367-382

Georgia 79(3-4) 179-204Germany 54(1-2) 85-103; 84(1-2) 57-72;

100(1-2) 89-98Greece 78(3-4) 353-379Gulf of Mexico 65(1-4) 331-339Holocene 84(1-2) 1-199Hungary 96(1-2) 113-120India 67(1-2) 1-11Iraq 60(1-2) 191-201Ireland 63(1-2) 1-11Israel 94(1-2) 101-109

Paleoraphidia akestra ž palynomorphs


Italy 78(3-4) 353-379; 84(1-2) 45-56;84(1-2) 181-199; 85(3-4) 213-229;87(1) 51-79; 96(1-2) 99-111; 96(3-4)339-345; 97(1-2) 177-196

Ivory Coast 91(1-4) 171-186Japan 56(1-2) 95-122; 74(3-4) 239-247;

84(1-2) 129-153; 84(1-2) 155-168Kenya 74(1-2) 77-100Mediterranean Sea 84(3-4) 221-253Morocco 70(4) 325-338; 77(1-2) 97-106;

96(3-4) 281-304Netherlands 91(1-4) 417-422New Mexico 98(1-2) 153-157New South Wales Australia 65(1-4)

305-310Nigeria 57(3-4) 173-186; 80(1-2)

131-147North Sea 84(1-2) 169-180Poland 75(1-2) 33-52; 87(1) 43-50Portugal 66(3-4) 313-344Romania 59(1-4) 51-55Russian Federation 61(1-2) 139-145;

91(1-4) 187-240stratigraphy 77(1-2) 144-146Sweden 65(1-4) 217-228Switzerland 92(3-4) 367-382Tunisia 56(1-2) 5-19Turkey 91(1-4) 151-169

England 61(1-2) 89-99; 84(3-4) 305-329;90(3-4) 159-173; 93(1-4) 333-340Permian 66(3-4) 263-272

environmental geology 69(4) 371-372Europe 83(1-3) 217-226; 87(1) 1-79;

88(1-4) 3-272Florida, Quaternary 83(4) 275-297Florinites, Spain 80(1-2) 65-74France 68(1-2) 49-63Germany 89(3-4) 297-303; 100(1-2) 1-26Iceland, Quaternary 83(4) 275-297India 86(3-4) 325-348; 94(1-2) 169-196

Permian 65(1-4) 239-255; 86(1-2)157-173

Italy 68(1-2) 49-63; 97(1-2) 9-39Mediterranean region 66(3-4) 167-377megaspores 57(3-4) 233-246; 62(1-2)

65-78; 67(3-4) 331-340; 78(1-2) 19-40;78(1-2) 167-182; 85(1-2) 1-12Argentina 65(1-4) 209-216Canada 63(1-2) 137-152China 60(3-4) 205-223England 69(4) 291-298; 77(1-2) 23-43;

94(3-4) 211-230Europe 78(1-2) 41-54; 83(1-3) 159-174;

88(1-4) 3-24Louisiana 72(1-2) 61-72Mongolia 94(3-4) 231-238Poland 52(4) 403-416Queensland Australia 67(1-2) 133-139

Scotland 63(1-2) 137-152; 67(1-2)133-139

Middle East, Quaternary 73(1-4) 21-33miospores 51(1-3) 227-233; 52(2-3)

233-246; 53(1-2) 141-149; 53(1-2)175-184; 54(1-2) 159-163; 56(3-4)361-364; 58(2-4) 363-364; 59(1-4)153-160; 64(1-4) 109-127; 64(1-4)129-136; 64(1-4) 137-147; 64(1-4)149-158; 64(1-4) 159-164; 64(1-4)165-174; 64(1-4) 175-179; 64(1-4)181-186; 64(1-4) 187-196; 64(1-4)197-203; 64(1-4) 205-211; 64(1-4)213-221; 67(3-4) 205-215; 67(3-4)217-227; 70(4) 297-323; 72(1-2)165-167; 85(1-2) 1-121; 85(1-2) 13-34;85(1-2) 35-51Africa 55(1-3) 101-140; 55(1-3)

155-174; 86(1-2) 147-155Antarctica 69(4) 353-368; 81(2-4)

151-164Arabian Peninsula 64(1-4) 343-350Arctic Ocean 70(3) 199-216Argentina 68(3-4) 217-232; 72(1-2)

49-53; 72(1-2) 55-59Arizona 55(4) 337-356Australia 55(1-3) 229-245; 58(2-4)

95-109; 65(1-4) 195-207Basin and Range Province 64(1-4)

359-366Belgium 59(1-4) 7-36; 64(1-4) 315-324;

72(1-2) 149-158; 75(3-4) 273-288;80(1-2) 55-63

Brazil 96(1-2) 31-45Burundi 61(1-2) 69-88; 67(3-4) 315-330Canada 64(1-4) 103-108; 95(1-4) 7-29China 54(3-4) 187-231; 55(1-3)

193-206; 65(1-4) 115-118; 77(3-4)273-300; 83(1-3) 261-273; 89(3-4)335-357

Colombia 55(1-3) 19-72Colorado Plateau 64(1-4) 359-366;

68(3-4) 269-287Devonian 81(2-4) 289-295Ecuador 55(1-3) 73-81; 55(1-3) 83-99Egypt 66(3-4) 293-312; 71(1-4) 207-218England 54(1-2) 165-173; 61(3-4)

273-301; 64(1-4) 289-296; 69(4)337-351; 77(1-2) 23-43; 89(3-4)305-317

Europe 57(1-2) 1-25; 69(1-3) 1-22;69(1-3) 23-47; 69(1-3) 49-78; 69(1-3)79-95; 69(1-3) 97-108; 69(1-3)109-112; 69(1-3) 113-115; 69(1-3)117-271; 93(1-4) 107-125

France 54(3-4) 233-248; 71(1-4) 17-35;71(1-4) 269-294

Greenland 56(3-4) 305-311; 77(3-4)301-304

India 54(1-2) 11-42; 54(1-2) 55-83;55(1-3) 175-192; 63(1-2) 13-28;63(3-4) 281-297; 64(1-4) 351-358;65(1-4) 25-35; 65(1-4) 119-129

Indiana 95(1-4) 211-225Indonesia 55(1-3) 207-216; 55(1-3)

217-220Iowa 95(1-4) 211-225Ireland 56(1-2) 61-68; 64(1-4) 235-245Italy 53(3-4) 329-348Kentucky 60(1-2) 179-189Kenya 68(1-2) 127-145; 72(1-2)

129-147; 74(1-2) 77-100Libya 58(2-4) 173-196; 66(3-4) 229-242Louisiana 64(1-4) 253-261Mexico 59(1-4) 93-107Micronesia 55(1-3) 247-251Middle East 64(1-4) 343-350Morocco 66(3-4) 211-227Netherlands 51(4) 235-269; 51(4)

271-287; 55(4) 273-316; 56(3-4)213-274; 91(1-4) 417-422

New Caledonia 53(3-4) 283-304; 53(3-4)305-327

New South Wales Australia 64(1-4)273-279; 65(1-4) 37-46


57-69Nigeria 54(1-2) 151-158Northern Ireland 54(1-2) 43-54Northwest Territories 77(1-2) 143-144Norway 53(3-4) 185-231; 61(3-4)

177-203; 62(1-2) 157-186Nova Scotia 66(1-2) 3-11Ohio 85(3-4) 183-187Poland 52(4) 403-416; 65(1-4) 287-292;

77(1-2) 45-49Quaternary 55(1-3) 1-3; 55(1-3) 1-271;

64(1-4) 247-251Quebec 93(1-4) 191-215Queensland Australia 64(1-4) 281-288;

65(1-4) 153-163Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 91-104; 89(1-2)

105-113; 89(1-2) 115-123; 89(1-2)125-137

Scotland 53(1-2) 151-161; 56(1-2)21-39; 72(1-2) 159-164; 81(2-4)213-231

Senegal 55(1-3) 141-154South Africa 53(1-2) 1-10South America 86(1-2) 147-155South Australia 64(1-4) 331-341Spain 51(4) 309-326stratigraphy 63(1-2) 153-162Sweden 63(3-4) 233-257Tanzania 61(1-2) 69-88Texas 64(1-4) 297-303

palynomorphs žpalynomorphs


Tunisia 58(2-4) 173-196; 65(1-4) 85-94;74(3-4) 193-205

Turkey 93(1-4) 35-76Venezuela 55(1-3) 5-17Virginia 64(1-4) 315-324Wales 56(1-2) 69-87West Virginia 64(1-4) 315-324Western Australia 68(1-2) 37-48; 80(3-4)

209-234Wyoming 64(1-4) 325-329Yukon Territory 77(1-2) 143-144

Morocco 83(1-3) 241-251Netherlands 65(1-4) 275-285

Quaternary 73(1-4) 87-98; 73(1-4)145-151; 73(1-4) 187-204; 73(1-4)287-300

New Brunswick 95(1-4) 31-50New York 93(1-4) 147-158New Zealand, sedimentary petrology

80(1-2) 85-114Niger, Carboniferous 89(3-4) 319-334Normapolles, Hungary 66(3-4) 361-377North Carolina, Triassic 77(1-2) 75-95North Sea, Quaternary 79(3-4) 285-295Northern Ireland 56(3-4) 345-359Northwest Territories 97(1-2) 197-226Quaternary 79(1-2) 99-112Nova Scotia 86(3-4) 211-233; 95(1-4)

31-50Ohio 97(1-2) 1-8Ontario, Quaternary 79(1-2) 69-81paleontology 98(1-2) 3-14Panama 72(1-2) 119-128Poland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 213-226pollen 52(2-3) 247-249; 52(2-3) 251-252;

52(4) 367-374; 57(3-4) 187-220; 58(1)33-46; 58(2-4) 363; 61(3-4) 319-339;61(3-4) 348-352; 62(1-2) 1-9; 62(1-2)97-105; 63(1-2) 29-34; 63(3-4) 227-231;64(1-4) 29-34; 64(1-4) 87-95; 65(1-4)179-193; 65(1-4) 341-347; 68(3-4)289-302; 68(3-4) 303; 70(3) 257-258;72(1-2) 41-48; 72(3-4) 229-243; 72(3-4)285-298; 72(3-4) 336; 74(3-4) 315-316;75(3-4) 301-315; 75(3-4) 317-322;77(3-4) 305; 78(1-2) 129-144; 78(3-4)293-319; 79(3-4) 297-334; 81(2-4)233-255; 81(2-4) 257-277; 83(1-3) 1-30;83(1-3) 1-273; 83(1-3) 31-42; 83(1-3)43-53; 83(1-3) 65-72; 83(1-3) 73-81;84(3-4) 281-303; 84(3-4) 331-345;85(1-2) 53-62; 85(1-2) 63-84; 85(1-2)85-98; 85(1-2) 99-109; 85(1-2) 111-121;85(3-4) 123-152; 85(3-4) 153-182;87(2-4) 81-322; 89(3-4) 487; 91(1-4)423-424; 91(1-4) 428-429; 94(3-4)239-257; 96(3-4) 255-280; 96(3-4)305-315; 98(3-4) 257-291; 98(3-4)293-301

Africa 67(1-2) 153-177; 78(3-4)381-394; 80(3-4) 339; 84(3-4)347-364; 92(3-4) 253-268; 97(1-2)123-153

Alabama 91(1-4) 23-34Alaska 63(1-2) 35-52Andes 83(1-3) 185-198Antarctica 61(1-2) 101-138; 65(1-4)

105-113; 82(3-4) 365Arabian Peninsula 89(1-2) 3Argentina 77(1-2) 129-142; 96(1-2)

169-181Arizona 68(1-2) 1-28Australia 65(1-4) 47-55; 65(1-4)

131-144; 94(1-2) 111-122Belgium 99(3-4) 265-315Brazil 77(3-4) 171-184; 94(1-2)

123-135; 97(3-4) 287-299; 99(2)115-129; 99(2) 131-142; 99(2)143-156; 99(3-4) 217-233

Cameroon 99(2) 157-188Canada 89(3-4) 491-492Caribbean region 100(1-2) 109-122Chile 65(1-4) 17-24; 91(1-4) 283-315;

96(1-2) 169-181China 65(1-4) 95-104; 75(3-4) 239-258;

75(3-4) 259-271; 82(3-4) 197-264;82(3-4) 239-250

Colombia 62(3-4) 249-290; 77(3-4)235-262; 78(1-2) 69-127; 92(1-2)157-205; 94(1-2) 123-135; 100(1-2)123-124

Colorado 72(3-4) 169-197; 94(3-4)197-210


Denmark 99(3-4) 265-315East China Sea 72(1-2) 103-118Egypt 58(2-4) 129-138; 58(2-4)

289-299; 82(1-2) 191; 94(1-2) 137-168England 58(2-4) 289-299; 65(1-4)

145-151; 65(1-4) 165-173; 69(4)291-298; 76(1) 1-47; 80(1-2) 39-54;83(1-3) 175-183; 85(3-4) 263-287;99(3-4) 265-315

Europe 57(1-2) 1-154; 57(1-2) 33-43;57(1-2) 45-74; 57(1-2) 75-79; 57(1-2)81-151; 64(1-4) 35-40; 69(1-3) 1-275;80(3-4) 339; 82(1-2) 175-189; 82(1-2)192; 88(1-4) 25-46; 88(1-4) 47-59;88(1-4) 61-82; 99(1) 25-54

Finland 82(1-2) 17-35France 62(1-2) 107-156; 64(1-4) 45-51;

64(1-4) 53-59; 66(1-2) 13-24; 70(3)247-253; 75(1-2) 77-102; 80(1-2)149-157; 82(1-2) 97-112; 82(1-2) 195;85(3-4) 231-242; 94(3-4) 295-328;97(3-4) 227-237

Gabon 51(4) 328

Germany 83(1-3) 199-215Great Plains 99(1) 17-24Greece 52(2-3) 73-88; 52(2-3) 89-117Gulf Coastal Plain 82(3-4) 225-238Hungary 65(1-4) 71-74Illinois 80(3-4) 235-257India 51(4) 327; 64(1-4) 71-77; 67(1-2)

1-11; 67(1-2) 59-74; 72(3-4) 325-333;72(3-4) 335; 83(4) 354; 85(3-4)319-340; 89(3-4) 469-480; 91(1-4)331-352

Indian Ocean Islands 77(3-4) 213-233Iran 86(1-2) 91-109Iraq 60(1-2) 191-201; 65(1-4) 267-274Ireland 57(1-2) 27-32; 67(1-2) 75-113;

82(1-2) 75-82Italy 63(3-4) 299-313; 64(1-4) 41-43;

80(1-2) 159-172; 81(2-4) 313-325;84(1-2) 181-199; 100(1-2) 27-37

Japan 64(1-4) 61-69; 64(1-4) 79-86;65(1-4) 1-8; 97(1-2) 79-95; 98(3-4)207-222

Kansas 98(3-4) 223-246Kazakhstan 85(3-4) 207-211Louisiana 92(1-2) 69-81Maryland 80(3-4) 291-303Mediterranean region 62(3-4) 309-338;

79(3-4) 335-368Mexico 99(2) 77-93Mississippi 91(1-4) 23-34Morocco 77(1-2) 97-106Nepal 91(1-4) 317-329Netherlands 52(2-3) 179-204; 58(2-4)

231-288; 60(1-2) 25-129; 88(1-4)83-272; 94(1-2) 75-100

New England 84(3-4) 365-374New Jersey 90(3-4) 339-359New Mexico 98(1-2) 153-157New South Wales Australia 64(1-4)

97-101; 65(1-4) 175-178; 80(3-4)311-332; 82(1-2) 83-96


317-338; 99(2) 189-202Niger 66(3-4) 243-261Nigeria 77(1-2) 119-127; 80(1-2)

131-147; 100(1-2) 39-72Norway 82(1-2) 1-15; 82(3-4) 317-349;

85(3-4) 243-262; 99(1) 1-16Ontario 82(1-2) 147-155; 96(3-4)

241-254Portugal 89(3-4) 153-211Quaternary 82(1-2) 1-195; 82(1-2)

141-145; 82(1-2) 157-163; 82(1-2)165-173; 82(1-2) 193; 82(1-2) 194

Queensland Australia 83(1-3) 83-96Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368

palynomorphs ž palynomorphs


Scotland 57(1-2) 27-32; 68(1-2) 65-85;84(3-4) 255-279; 85(3-4) 263-287;96(1-2) 121-144

Senegal 67(1-2) 41-58South Africa 71(1-4) 79-109South America 65(1-4) 9-15; 67(1-2)

153-177; 83(1-3) 55-64Spain 61(3-4) 205-237; 66(1-2) 25-45;

71(1-4) 37-77; 75(1-2) 53-64; 80(1-2)65-74; 81(2-4) 327-335; 82(1-2)113-125; 82(1-2) 127-139; 82(3-4)197-264; 82(3-4) 251-264; 92(3-4)281-305; 99(3-4) 317-340

Sri Lanka 58(2-4) 197-203stratigraphy 52(2-3) 131-135; 87(1)

vii-viiiSudan 99(3-4) 235-246Sweden 65(1-4) 217-228; 82(1-2) 37-45;

82(1-2) 47-73; 82(1-2) 192-193;83(1-3) 107-117

Switzerland 91(1-4) 371-381Tennessee 58(2-4) 111-128; 74(3-4)

249-266Tertiary 82(3-4) 197-224Togo 67(1-2) 41-58Turkey 58(2-4) 139-161Uganda 96(1-2) 145-168Ukraine 85(3-4) 289-301Venezuela 99(2) 95-114Vermont 82(3-4) 265-297; 82(3-4)

299-315Victoria Australia 97(3-4) 301-318Western Australia 98(3-4) 187-205Wyoming 94(3-4) 197-210

Portugal, Quaternary 97(3-4) 239-285Quaternary 79(1-2) 133-140; 79(1-2)

141-151; 79(1-2) 153-177Quebec, Quaternary 79(1-2) 31-68Queensland Australia 78(3-4) 183-234

Quaternary 83(4) 299-327Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 1-150Scotland 93(1-4) 159-189South Africa, Quaternary 74(3-4) 283-291South America, Quaternary 61(3-4)

347-348South Australia 86(3-4) 199-209Spain, Miocene 67(3-4) 341-351Sudan 76(2-4) 99-345Switzerland, Jurassic 65(1-4) 349-355Tunisia 66(3-4) 273-291United States 65(1-4) 75-84Utah 97(1-2) 53-66Victoria Australia, Pliocene 92(3-4)

307-328Virginia, Quaternary 83(4) 275-297Western Australia 86(3-4) 199-209

Permian 65(1-4) 229-237; 67(3-4)237-314

Western Sahara 74(1-2) 1-53

Yemen, Quaternary 73(1-4) 241-257Panama

palynomorphs 72(1-2) 119-128Panchet Series

palynomorphs 94(1-2) 169-196Panicu miliaceum

Quaternary 73(1-4) 259-270Paniculaferum missouriensis

paleobotany 70(3) 217-223Papilionaceae

paleobotany 78(3-4) 395-402Papilionoideae

paleobotany 62(3-4) 339-361; 64(1-4)129-136; 67(1-2) 153-177; 68(3-4) 303;72(3-4) 285-298; 81(2-4) 233-255

Parana BasinPermian 99(3-4) 217-233stratigraphy 86(1-2) 147-155

Parana BrazilQuaternary 97(1-2) 109-121

Parana River basin see Parana BasinParaphyllanthoxylon marylandense

paleobotany 69(4) 277-290Parataxospermum taiyuanensis

paleobotany 77(1-2) 65-74Paratethys

Niger, Permian 66(3-4) 243-261Pareodinia

paleobotany 56(3-4) 275-304Parietales

paleobotany 94(1-2) 111-122Parietaria judaica

paleobotany 64(1-4) 97-101Paris Basin

paleobotany 66(1-2) 13-24; 71(1-4) 17-35stratigraphy 87(1) 27-41

Paris FrancePlantae 64(1-4) 45-51

Parka decipiensPlantae 92(3-4) 269-279

Parkiapaleobotany 52(4) 367-374

Parma Italystratigraphy 97(1-2) 177-196

Parnassia palustrisQuaternary 51(4) 235-269

ParthenopollenitesMiocene 82(3-4) 265-297

Parvileguminophyllum coloradensispaleobotany 80(3-4) 305-310

Paskapoo Formationpaleobotany 70(1-2) 113-124

Patagoniapaleobotany 59(1-4) 109-126; 72(1-2)

49-53; 72(1-2) 55-59; 89(3-4) 213-233;94(3-4) 357-358

Quaternary 77(1-2) 129-142; 96(1-2)169-181

Patapsco Formation

paleobotany 72(3-4) 245-255; 80(3-4)291-303; 89(3-4) 235-256

Patoka Formationpaleobotany 95(1-4) 211-225

Patuxent Formationpaleobotany 70(4) 279-295; 89(3-4)

235-256Paullinieae

paleobotany 83(1-3) 43-53Paurodendron

paleobotany 61(3-4) 239-271Pavlovisporites

paleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40Paxillitreletes

paleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40Pb-210

Netherlands, Quaternary 55(4) 273-316peat

Antarctica, paleobotany 67(3-4) 229-236;74(1-2) 101-107; 79(3-4) 221-244

Belgiumpaleobotany 75(3-4) 273-288Quaternary 59(1-4) 7-36; 73(1-4) 1-19

Belize, Plantae 58(1) 85-94Colombia, Quaternary 55(1-3) 19-72Florida, Plantae 52(2-3) 217-231France, Quaternary 82(1-2) 97-112Illinois, stratigraphy 56(1-2) 151-176India, paleobotany 72(3-4) 325-333Indonesia, Plantae 72(3-4) 199-227Ireland, Quaternary 64(1-4) 235-245Italy, Quaternary 63(3-4) 173-182; 63(3-4)

299-313Netherlands

paleobotany 58(2-4) 231-288Quaternary 51(4) 235-269; 51(4)

271-287New Zealand 80(1-2) 85-114


Northwest Territories, Neogene 79(1-2)121-131

Poland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 213-226Scotland


South Africa, Quaternary 53(1-2) 1-10peatlands

Netherlands, Plantae 62(3-4) 363Pechorostrobus

paleobotany 57(3-4) 313-339Pecopteris

France 67(1-2) 141-152Pectinangiumpalynomorphs 75(3-4) 219-238

Pediastrumthallophytes 74(1-2) 55-75

Pekin Formation

Panama žPekin Formation


paleobotany 85(3-4) 189-198Triassic 77(1-2) 75-95

Pelargoniumpaleobotany 71(1-4) 79-109

pelite see shalePelletixia amelguita

paleobotany 70(4) 279-295Pelourdea poleoensis

paleobotany 51(1-3) 37-49Peltacystia

paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220Peltaspermaceae

paleobotany 54(3-4) 249-360; 63(3-4)197-225; 91(1-4) 35-62

Peltaspermalespaleobotany 91(1-4) 35-62

Peltaspermumpaleobotany 63(3-4) 197-225

Peltaspermum retensoriumpaleobotany 91(1-4) 35-62

Pennsylvania see also Allegheny Groupsedimentary petrology 59(1-4) 365

Pennsylvanian62(1-2) 65-78Allegheny Group


Conemaugh Group 95(1-4) 255-283paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113palynomorphs 90(1-2) 113-140

DesmoinesianIndiana 95(1-4) 211-225Iowa 95(1-4) 211-225

Florida 52(2-3) 217-231Herrin Coal Member 53(3-4) 233-250;

56(1-2) 151-176paleobotany 57(3-4) 265-276

Illinois 80(3-4) 235-257Kansas 56(3-4) 199-204; 98(3-4) 223-246Missourian

Indiana 95(1-4) 211-225Iowa 95(1-4) 211-225

Monongahela Group 95(1-4) 255-283Ohio 57(3-4) 289-297Pennsylvania 59(1-4) 365Shawnee Group, paleobotany 95(1-4)

95-113Stanton Formation, paleobotany 95(1-4)

95-113Sturgis Formation, sedimentary petrology

60(1-2) 179-189People’s Republic of the Congo see CongoPeoples Democratic Republic of Yemen see

Yemenpeptides

environmental geology 84(1-2) 107-112Peridictyocysta bamberiensis

paleobotany 74(1-2) 77-100Peridiniales

Eocene 86(3-4) 235-263paleobotany 56(1-2) 95-122; 91(1-4)

171-186stratigraphy 84(1-2) 129-153

Peridiniidaepaleobotany 65(1-4) 293-303

Peridinoidaepaleobotany 56(1-2) 123-140

Peristylus spiranthespaleobotany 64(1-4) 159-164

PeritonQuaternary 73(1-4) 57-70

Permian see also Beacon Supergroup;Karroo Supergroup; lower GondwanaSystem

53(1-2) 11-139; 67(1-2) 13-39; 77(1-2)51-63; 78(1-2) 1-18; 90(3-4) 263-285;90(3-4) 287-302; 95(1-4) 73-82; 95(1-4)83-94; 96(3-4) 351-447

Alps 52(4) 375-402Antarctica 66(1-2) 105-127; 79(3-4)

221-244; 83(1-3) 227-239; 89(3-4)359-415; 90(3-4) 303-318; 92(3-4)207-227

Argentina 51(1-3) 3-30; 63(1-2) 117-135Artinskian, Western Australia 75(3-4)

153-182Australia 86(1-2) 157-173Autunian, France 67(1-2) 141-152;

72(3-4) 299-315Barakar Stage, India 63(3-4) 183-187;

90(1-2) 79-98Brazil 99(3-4) 217-233Buckley Formation 65(1-4) 257-265

paleobotany 69(4) 353-368China 54(1-2) 121-134; 60(3-4) 205-223;

66(1-2) 65-103; 68(3-4) 197-201;75(3-4) 219-238; 77(1-2) 65-74; 80(3-4)277-290; 81(2-4) 185-192; 90(1-2)41-62; 90(1-2) 63-77; 91(1-4) 121-142;98(3-4) 247-256


England 63(3-4) 197-225; 66(3-4) 263-272Europe 54(1-2) 135-150Germany 54(3-4) 249-360; 63(3-4)

197-225Illawarra Coal Measures, paleobotany

65(1-4) 175-178India 85(3-4) 319-340; 86(1-2) 157-173Italy 63(3-4) 197-225; 91(1-4) 63-84;

91(1-4) 85-105Kamthi Formation, paleobotany 75(3-4)

183-218; 90(1-2) 79-98Kungurian, Commonwealth of

Independent States 91(1-4) 35-62Morocco 83(1-3) 241-251; 94(1-2) 57-73New South Wales Australia 97(3-4)

339-359

Niger 66(3-4) 243-261Norway 82(3-4) 317-349Queensland Australia 62(1-2) 11-40;

97(3-4) 339-359Raniganj Formation

paleobotany 75(3-4) 183-218; 90(1-2)79-98

palynomorphs 94(1-2) 169-196Rotliegendes

Germany 62(3-4) 205-248Nova Scotia 95(1-4) 255-283Ohio 95(1-4) 255-283

Sakmarian, Iran 86(1-2) 91-109Spain 66(1-2) 25-45Sri Lanka 58(2-4) 197-203Tunisia 66(3-4) 273-291Val Gardena Sandstone, palynomorphs

97(1-2) 9-39Western Australia 65(1-4) 229-237;

67(3-4) 237-314permineralization

Indiana, paleobotany 95(1-4) 211-225Iowa, paleobotany 95(1-4) 211-225Kansas, paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113Ohio, paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113palynomorphs 95(1-4) 191-209

Perseapaleobotany 94(3-4) 329-343

Persia see IranPerth Basin

paleobotany 75(3-4) 153-182Permian 65(1-4) 229-237thallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234

Perupaleobotany 80(1-2) 19-38; 81(1) 99-113

Peruc-Korycany Formationpaleobotany 97(1-2) 41-52

Peteinosphaeridiumpaleobotany 86(1-2) 1-11; 86(1-2) 13-48

Peterborough County OntarioQuaternary 82(1-2) 147-155

Petrified Forest National Parkpaleobotany 63(3-4) 189-195

petrified wood see fossil woodpetrogeometry see structural analysispetroleum see also kerogen; petroleum

explorationSaudi Arabia, Silurian 89(1-2) 139-150

petroleum exploration65(1-4) 357-365; 65(1-4) 367-377; 65(1-4)

379-391Arabian Peninsula, Paleozoic 89(1-2) 3Saudi Arabia, paleobotany 89(1-2) 19-25

petrologen see kerogenpetrology see intrusions; volcanismpetromorphology see structural analysispetrostratigraphy see lithostratigraphyPhaeophyta

Pelargonium žPhaeophyta


87(2-4) 81-322South Africa 91(1-4) 143-149

Phanerozoic57(3-4) 233-246; 57(3-4) 341; 81(2-4)

233-255Australia 65(1-4) 195-207

Phaseoleaepaleobotany 61(3-4) 319-339; 64(1-4)

129-136; 96(3-4) 255-280Phenakospermum

paleobotany 98(3-4) 293-301Philippovian

paleobotany 91(1-4) 35-62Phlebopteris

paleobotany 78(3-4) 235-267Phlogacanthus

paleobotany 72(3-4) 229-243Phragmites


Phragmothyrites kangukenispaleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226

Phroduspaleobotany 96(3-4) 305-315

Phyllantheaepaleobotany 81(2-4) 257-277

Phyllanthuspaleobotany 53(3-4) 283-304

Phyllocladopitys petriellaePlantae 86(3-4) 315-323

PhyllodineaeOligocene 81(2-4) 327-335

phylogeny see also cladisticsBelgium, Spermatophyta 98(3-4) 303-324Commonwealth of Independent States,

paleobotany 91(1-4) 35-62Denmark, thallophytes 74(1-2) 55-75Europe, paleobotany 99(1) 25-54France, paleobotany 66(1-2) 13-24Greenland, paleobotany 60(1-2) 7-24Kansas, paleobotany 56(3-4) 199-204New Brunswick, paleobotany 74(1-2)

109-138New Jersey, paleobotany 90(3-4) 339-359Northwest Territories, paleobotany 70(1-2)

89-111paleobotany 64(1-4) 109-127; 70(3)

257-258; 75(3-4) 301-315paleontology 91(1-4) 426-428Plantae 90(3-4) 223-247

Physostomapaleobotany 80(1-2) 19-38

phytogeography see biogeographyPiazopteris

paleobotany 78(3-4) 235-267Piccoladinium fenestratum

paleobotany 85(3-4) 213-229Picea

Canada, Quaternary 79(1-2) 7-30

France, Quaternary 82(1-2) 97-112Japan, Quaternary 65(1-4) 1-8; 98(3-4)

207-222Scotland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 49-56

Pickletillempaleobotany 68(1-2) 65-85

Picos de Europa Formationpaleobotany 80(1-2) 65-74

Pictou coal fieldCarboniferous 95(1-4) 7-29

Pie de Vaca Formationpaleobotany 81(2-4) 115-128

pigments see chlorophyllPike County Missouri

paleobotany 70(3) 217-223Pike River coal field

sedimentary petrology 80(1-2) 85-114Pilosisporites trichopapillosus

stratigraphy 81(2-4) 297-311Pinaceae see also Abies; Larix; Pinus

England 94(1-2) 25-37Quaternary 73(1-4) 71-86

Japan 64(1-4) 79-86Pinecrest Beds

Quaternary 83(4) 275-297Pinus

92(3-4) 389-393Canada, Quaternary 79(1-2) 7-30France 80(1-2) 149-157

Quaternary 82(1-2) 97-112; 91(1-4)399-416; 97(3-4) 227-237

Germany 52(4) 299-366Greece, Pleistocene 52(2-3) 89-117Ireland, Quaternary 67(1-2) 75-113Japan, Quaternary 65(1-4) 1-8Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Nepal 91(1-4) 317-329Netherlands, stratigraphy 52(2-3) 179-204Northern Ireland 54(1-2) 43-54Norway, Quaternary 53(3-4) 185-231Portugal 89(3-4) 441-454Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368Scotland 72(1-2) 159-164

Holocene 54(1-2) 175-180Pirea

paleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48Pisces

Netherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 187-204Quebec 93(1-4) 191-215

Pithonella pyramidalispaleobotany 84(1-2) 57-72

Pithonelloideaepaleobotany 84(1-2) 57-72

Pityoxylonpaleobotany 94(1-2) 25-37

Plaesiodicyton decussatusthallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234

planar bedding structures see laminationsplanetology see Mars

Plantae see also algae; fossil wood;palynomorphs; Spermatophyta

53(1-2) 11-139; 58(1) 1-94; 59(1-4)161-363; 61(3-4) 348-352; 64(1-4)181-186; 64(1-4) 187-196; 64(1-4)197-203; 79(3-4) 369-370; 81(2-4)339-340; 83(4) 355; 90(1-2) 1-3; 90(1-2)1-153; 90(3-4) 155-373; 90(3-4)195-207; 90(3-4) 223-247; 90(3-4)249-262; 95(1-4) 1-304; 95(1-4) 83-94

Africa 92(3-4) 253-268Alabama 58(1) 47-59; 58(1) 61-83Alaska, Quaternary 63(1-2) 35-52Alberta 70(1-2) 3-8Antarctica 61(1-2) 53-61; 61(3-4)

341-345; 67(3-4) 229-236Archaeopteris, Russian Federation 53(1-2)

163-173Arctic Ocean 70(3) 199-216Argentina, Quaternary 89(3-4) 429-440Articulatae, Germany 100(1-2) 1-26Australia 91(1-4) 424-425Azolla, India 69(4) 325-336Basin and Range Province, Quaternary

64(1-4) 359-366Belgium 93(1-4) 89-106Belize 58(1) 85-94Bryophyta 87(2-4) 81-322

Colorado 72(3-4) 169-197Senegal 67(1-2) 41-58Togo 67(1-2) 41-58

CalamitesKentucky 57(3-4) 265-276New Brunswick 95(1-4) 31-50Nova Scotia 95(1-4) 31-50

Canada 70(1-2) 1-185Carboniferous 95(1-4) 3-5

China 93(1-4) 77-88; 96(1-2) 229Colorado Plateau, Quaternary 64(1-4)

359-366Commonwealth of Independent States,

stratigraphy 83(1-3) 131-136Denmark 56(1-2) 89-93England 64(1-4) 289-296

Quaternary 73(1-4) 57-70; 73(1-4)271-286

Europe 64(1-4) 35-40; 68(1-2) 29-36;90(1-2) 99-111Quaternary 73(1-4) 105-115stratigraphy 83(1-3) 119-129

Filicopsida 64(1-4) 149-158; 64(1-4)213-221; 69(4) 369-370; 87(2-4) 81-322Alberta 70(1-2) 113-124Antarctica 62(1-2) 41-64; 66(1-2)

129-145; 74(1-2) 101-107; 83(1-3)227-239

China 75(3-4) 219-238Denmark 66(1-2) 47-63

Phanerozoic žPlantae


England 51(1-3) 65-93; 61(3-4) 273-301France 63(1-2) 163-171Kansas 56(3-4) 199-204Maryland 70(4) 279-295Nebraska 78(1-2) 55-67Queensland Australia 66(1-2) 147-158Romania 82(3-4) 351-363Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51South Dakota 78(1-2) 55-67Tasmania Australia 70(4) 263-277Virginia 70(4) 279-295; 89(3-4) 235-256

Finland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 227-239Florida 52(2-3) 217-231France 64(1-4) 45-51; 75(1-2) 77-102;

83(1-3) 253-260; 96(1-2) 226-227Quaternary 73(1-4) 301-314

Germany 93(1-4) 299-315; 96(1-2)225-226; 97(3-4) 381-393paleontology 89(3-4) 487-489Quaternary 73(1-4) 167-180; 73(1-4)

205-211Gleicheniaceae

China 54(1-2) 121-134New Zealand 65(1-4) 57-69

Great Plains, Quaternary 99(1) 17-24Greece

Neogene 62(3-4) 291-307Quaternary 73(1-4) 133-143

Hepaticae, England 61(1-2) 89-99Hungary 70(3) 261India 59(1-4) 127-131; 63(1-2) 13-28;

76(1) 49-82; 77(1-2) 107-118Indonesia 72(3-4) 199-227Ireland, stratigraphy 81(1) 53-64Israel, Quaternary 73(1-4) 153-160;

73(1-4) 161-166Italy 64(1-4) 41-43Kansas, stratigraphy 60(3-4) 255-282Libya, Quaternary 73(1-4) 315-327Lycopsida 57(3-4) 233-246; 62(1-2)

65-78; 67(3-4) 331-340; 85(1-2) 1-12;87(2-4) 81-322; 95(1-4) 129-153Argentina 57(3-4) 247-264; 70(3)

187-197England 95(1-4) 51-72; 95(1-4) 227-253Europe 57(1-2) 1-25; 69(1-3) 1-22France 61(3-4) 239-271Germany 77(3-4) 185-212; 80(3-4)

259-275; 95(1-4) 51-72; 95(1-4)285-304

Illinois 56(1-2) 151-176Kentucky 57(3-4) 265-276New Brunswick 95(1-4) 31-50New York 96(1-2) 47-70New Zealand 96(3-4) 317-338Nova Scotia 95(1-4) 31-50Ohio 57(3-4) 289-297Pennsylvania 57(3-4) 299-312Queensland Australia 51(1-3) 51-58

Spain 95(1-4) 51-72Venezuela 96(1-2) 47-70Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

Mexico, Tertiary 60(3-4) 283-293Musci 57(3-4) 277-287Netherlands 62(3-4) 363

Quaternary 51(4) 235-269Nevada, Tertiary 81(1) 1-10New Zealand, Quaternary 64(1-4) 263-272Noeggerathiales

Antarctica 92(3-4) 207-227China 81(2-4) 185-192

North Carolina 77(3-4) 305-306Northwest Territories, stratigraphy 81(1)

83-97Norway, environmental geology 99(1)

1-16Nova Scotia, stratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283Ohio 72(3-4) 257-271; 92(3-4) 269-279

stratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283paleontology 80(1-2) vii-viiiPecopteris, France 67(1-2) 141-152Pennsylvania, sedimentary petrology

59(1-4) 365Psilopsida

Belgium 55(4) 317-335; 98(3-4) 303-324China 57(3-4) 155-171; 68(3-4) 181-195New York 60(3-4) 311-359Venezuela 81(2-4) 141-150

Pteridophyta 51(4) 329-330; 70(3)257-258; 77(1-2) 51-63; 77(1-2)146-147; 78(3-4) 235-267; 85(1-2)13-34; 85(1-2) 35-51; 90(3-4) 209-222;95(1-4) 191-209Alberta 83(1-3) 137-158Antarctica 63(3-4) 315; 67(3-4) 353-362British Columbia 70(1-2) 9-45China 55(1-3) 193-206; 71(1-4)

121-147; 90(1-2) 41-62France 72(3-4) 299-315India 67(1-2) 1-11; 86(3-4) 325-348Indiana 95(1-4) 211-225Iowa 95(1-4) 211-225Kansas 80(1-2) 1-18Morocco 77(1-2) 97-106Nebraska 80(1-2) 1-18Netherlands 56(3-4) 213-274New Mexico 98(1-2) 153-157Nigeria 54(1-2) 151-158Senegal 67(1-2) 41-58Tasmania Australia 52(2-3) 205-216;

92(3-4) 245-252Togo 67(1-2) 41-58

Quaternary 64(1-4) 247-251; 73(1-4)1-327; 80(1-2) 173-174

Saskatchewan 80(3-4) 341South Australia 64(1-4) 331-341Spain, Quaternary 73(1-4) 35-47Sphagnum

Netherlands 56(3-4) 213-274; 58(2-4)231-288

Northwest Territories 79(1-2) 121-131Scotland 72(1-2) 159-164

Sphenophyllum 95(1-4) 115-127France 61(3-4) 239-271Germany 95(1-4) 285-304New Brunswick 95(1-4) 31-50Nova Scotia 58(2-4) 301-331; 95(1-4)

31-50Western Australia 75(3-4) 153-182

SphenopsidaEngland 95(1-4) 227-253Germany 97(3-4) 361-379Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

stratigraphy 81(1) 1-113; 95(1-4) 73-82Thailand, stratigraphy 60(3-4) 225-254Venezuela 93(1-4) 127-145Yugoslavia, Quaternary 73(1-4) 181-185

Plaquemines Parish Louisianapaleobotany 64(1-4) 253-261

plaster stone see gypsumPlatanaceae

paleobotany 70(1-2) 125-146; 80(3-4)291-303

Platananthus speirsaepaleobotany 70(1-2) 125-146

Platanocarpus elkneckensispaleobotany 80(3-4) 291-303

Platanus85(1-2) 63-84Kazakhstan 85(3-4) 207-211Maryland 80(3-4) 291-303

Platanus acerifoliapaleobotany 85(1-2) 63-84

PlathelminthesQuaternary 91(1-4) 371-381

playasVictoria Australia, paleobotany 97(3-4)

301-318Pleistocene

52(2-3) 254-255; 99(2) 75-202Africa 55(1-3) 101-140Allerod, Ireland 63(1-2) 1-11Andorra 69(4) 299-324Brazil 99(2) 115-129; 99(2) 143-156Cambodia 67(1-2) 115-132; 68(1-2)

87-117Cameroon 99(2) 157-188Caribbean region 100(1-2) 109-122Chile 91(1-4) 283-315Cromerian, Greece 52(2-3) 73-88Devensian, Ireland 63(1-2) 1-11Eemian

Belgium 97(1-2) 97-107Denmark 56(1-2) 89-93England 73(1-4) 117-132

France 69(4) 299-324; 80(1-2) 149-157

Plaquemines Parish Louisiana žPleistocene


Germany 73(1-4) 167-180Great Plains 99(1) 17-24Greece 52(2-3) 89-117; 78(3-4) 353-379Ipswichian, England 73(1-4) 117-132Israel 73(1-4) 161-166Italy 78(3-4) 353-379Japan 98(3-4) 207-222Mexico 99(2) 77-93Middle East 73(1-4) 21-33Nepal 91(1-4) 317-329Netherlands 52(2-3) 179-204New Zealand 99(2) 189-202North Sea 79(3-4) 285-295Portugal 89(3-4) 441-454Queensland Australia 83(4) 299-327Saalian, Netherlands 51(4) 235-269Scotland 73(1-4) 49-56South America 65(1-4) 9-15Tasmania Australia 84(3-4)

375-38760(3-4) 225-254Turkey 91(1-4) 151-169Venezuela 55(1-3) 5-17; 99(2) 95-114Vietnam 68(1-2) 87-117Weichselian

France 85(3-4) 231-242Norway 53(3-4) 185-231; 61(3-4)

177-203Wisconsinan

Alaska 63(1-2) 35-52Arizona 68(1-2) 1-28

Wurm, France 54(3-4) 233-248; 71(1-4)111-120

Younger DryasIreland 63(1-2) 1-11Mediterranean Sea 84(3-4) 221-253Norway 85(3-4) 243-262Portugal 97(3-4) 239-285Spain 99(3-4) 317-340

pleniglacial, last see last glacial maximumPleuromeia sternbergii

paleobotany 77(3-4) 185-212Pliensbachian

Hungary 96(1-2) 113-120Sweden 65(1-4) 217-228

PlioceneCalifornia 56(3-4) 183-198Colombia 62(3-4) 249-290; 78(1-2)

69-127; 92(1-2) 157-205; 92(3-4)329-350

Egypt 63(3-4) 259-267Europe 83(1-3) 119-129France 70(3) 247-253; 94(3-4) 295-328Greece 78(3-4) 353-379Indonesia 55(1-3) 217-220Italy 78(3-4) 353-379; 84(1-2) 181-199Morocco 96(3-4) 281-304New Caledonia 53(3-4) 305-327Romania 59(1-4) 51-55Sirius Group, paleobotany 94(1-2) 11-24

Thailand 60(3-4) 225-254Turkey 91(1-4) 151-169Victoria Australia 92(3-4) 307-328Yorktown Formation, Quaternary 83(4)

275-297Pluricellaesporites elsikii

paleobotany 97(1-2) 197-226Po Hai Wan see Bohai BayPoaceae

paleobotany 54(1-2) 11-42; 96(3-4)317-338

Quaternary 99(1) 17-24Podolampadaceae

paleobotany 84(1-2) 23-44; 84(1-2) 73-99;89(3-4) 493-494

Podolotuspaleobotany 81(2-4) 233-255

PolandCambrian 54(1-2) 1-10Jurassic 75(1-2) 33-52Ordovician 79(3-4) 245-269paleobotany 51(1-3) 133-143; 52(4)

403-416; 77(1-2) 45-49; 83(1-3) 97-105palynomorphs 83(1-3) 217-226Quaternary, Wolin Poland 73(1-4) 213-226stratigraphy 65(1-4) 287-292; 87(1) 1-79;

87(1) 43-50polders

Netherlands, Plantae 62(3-4) 363Polk County Iowa

stratigraphy 53(3-4) 233-250pollen

52(2-3) 247-249; 52(2-3) 251-252; 52(4)367-374; 57(3-4) 187-220; 58(1) 33-46;58(2-4) 363; 61(3-4) 319-339; 61(3-4)348-352; 62(1-2) 1-9; 62(1-2) 97-105;63(1-2) 29-34; 63(3-4) 227-231; 64(1-4)29-34; 64(1-4) 87-95; 65(1-4) 179-193;65(1-4) 341-347; 68(3-4) 289-302;68(3-4) 303; 70(3) 257-258; 72(1-2)41-48; 72(3-4) 229-243; 72(3-4)285-298; 72(3-4) 336; 74(3-4) 315-316;75(3-4) 301-315; 75(3-4) 317-322;77(3-4) 305; 78(1-2) 129-144; 78(3-4)293-319; 79(3-4) 297-334; 81(2-4)233-255; 81(2-4) 257-277; 83(1-3) 1-30;83(1-3) 1-273; 83(1-3) 31-42; 83(1-3)43-53; 83(1-3) 65-72; 83(1-3) 73-81;84(3-4) 281-303; 84(3-4) 331-345;85(1-2) 53-62; 85(1-2) 63-84; 85(1-2)85-98; 85(1-2) 99-109; 85(1-2) 111-121;85(3-4) 123-152; 85(3-4) 153-182;87(2-4) 81-322; 89(3-4) 487; 91(1-4)423-424; 91(1-4) 428-429; 94(3-4)239-257; 96(3-4) 255-280; 96(3-4)305-315; 98(3-4) 257-291; 98(3-4)293-301

Africa 67(1-2) 153-177; 80(3-4) 339;92(3-4) 253-268; 97(1-2) 123-153


Alabama 91(1-4) 23-34Alaska, Quaternary 63(1-2) 35-52Andes 83(1-3) 185-198Antarctica 82(3-4) 365


Arabian Peninsula, Paleozoic 89(1-2) 3Argentina, Quaternary 77(1-2) 129-142;

96(1-2) 169-181Arizona 68(1-2) 1-28Australia 94(1-2) 111-122

stratigraphy 65(1-4) 131-144Tertiary 65(1-4) 47-55

Belgium, Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315Brazil 77(3-4) 171-184; 94(1-2) 123-135;

97(3-4) 287-299Permian 99(3-4) 217-233Quaternary 99(2) 115-129; 99(2)

131-142; 99(2) 143-156Cameroon, Quaternary 99(2) 157-188Canada 89(3-4) 491-492Caribbean region, stratigraphy 100(1-2)

109-122Chile 91(1-4) 283-315

Quaternary 65(1-4) 17-24; 96(1-2)169-181

China 75(3-4) 239-258; 75(3-4) 259-271Neogene 82(3-4) 239-250stratigraphy 65(1-4) 95-104; 82(3-4)

197-264Colombia 92(1-2) 157-205; 94(1-2)

123-135; 100(1-2) 123-124Pliocene 78(1-2) 69-127Quaternary 62(3-4) 249-290; 77(3-4)

235-262Colorado 72(3-4) 169-197; 94(3-4)

197-210Commonwealth of Independent States

91(1-4) 35-62Denmark, Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315East China Sea 72(1-2) 103-118Egypt 58(2-4) 129-138; 58(2-4) 289-299;

94(1-2) 137-168Quaternary 82(1-2) 191

England 58(2-4) 289-299; 65(1-4)145-151; 65(1-4) 165-173; 69(4)291-298; 80(1-2) 39-54; 83(1-3) 175-183Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315Quaternary 76(1) 1-47; 85(3-4) 263-287

Europe 57(1-2) 1-154; 57(1-2) 33-43;57(1-2) 45-74; 57(1-2) 75-79; 57(1-2)81-151; 64(1-4) 35-40; 69(1-3) 1-275;80(3-4) 339; 88(1-4) 25-46; 88(1-4)47-59; 88(1-4) 61-82; 99(1) 25-54Quaternary 82(1-2) 175-189; 82(1-2)

192

pleniglacial, last žpollen


Finland, Quaternary 82(1-2) 17-35France 62(1-2) 107-156; 64(1-4) 45-51;

64(1-4) 53-59; 66(1-2) 13-24; 70(3)247-253; 75(1-2) 77-102; 80(1-2)149-157; 85(3-4) 231-242; 94(3-4)295-328Quaternary 82(1-2) 97-112; 82(1-2) 195;

97(3-4) 227-237Gabon 51(4) 328Germany 83(1-3) 199-215Great Plains, Quaternary 99(1) 17-24Greece

Pleistocene 52(2-3) 89-117stratigraphy 52(2-3) 73-88

Gulf Coastal Plain, stratigraphy 82(3-4)225-238

Hungary, Miocene 65(1-4) 71-74Illinois 80(3-4) 235-257India 51(4) 327; 64(1-4) 71-77; 67(1-2)

59-74; 72(3-4) 325-333; 72(3-4) 335;83(4) 354; 85(3-4) 319-340; 89(3-4)469-480; 91(1-4) 331-352Eocene 67(1-2) 1-11

Indian Ocean Islands 77(3-4) 213-233Iran, paleomagnetism 86(1-2) 91-109Iraq

Cretaceous 60(1-2) 191-201Triassic 65(1-4) 267-274

Ireland 57(1-2) 27-32Quaternary 67(1-2) 75-113; 82(1-2)

75-82Italy 64(1-4) 41-43; 80(1-2) 159-172;

100(1-2) 27-37Pliocene 84(1-2) 181-199Quaternary 63(3-4) 299-313; 81(2-4)

313-325Japan 64(1-4) 61-69; 64(1-4) 79-86

Quaternary 65(1-4) 1-8; 97(1-2) 79-95;98(3-4) 207-222

Kansas, Pennsylvanian 98(3-4) 223-246Kazakhstan 85(3-4) 207-211Louisiana 92(1-2) 69-81Maryland 80(3-4) 291-303Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368

stratigraphy 62(3-4) 309-338Mexico, Quaternary 99(2) 77-93Mississippi 91(1-4) 23-34Morocco, stratigraphy 77(1-2) 97-106Nepal 91(1-4) 317-329Netherlands 58(2-4) 231-288; 88(1-4)

83-272Quaternary 60(1-2) 25-129; 94(1-2)

75-100stratigraphy 52(2-3) 179-204

New England 84(3-4) 365-374New Jersey 90(3-4) 339-359New Mexico 98(1-2) 153-157New South Wales Australia 64(1-4)

97-101; 65(1-4) 175-178

Quaternary 80(3-4) 311-332; 82(1-2)83-96

New York, Quaternary 63(1-2) 53-76New Zealand 84(3-4) 482-483; 96(3-4)

317-338Quaternary 99(2) 189-202

Niger, Permian 66(3-4) 243-261Nigeria 80(1-2) 131-147

Cenozoic 77(1-2) 119-127Quaternary 100(1-2) 39-72

Norway 85(3-4) 243-262environmental geology 99(1) 1-16Quaternary 82(1-2) 1-15stratigraphy 82(3-4) 317-349

Ontario 96(3-4) 241-254Quaternary 82(1-2) 147-155Portugal, Quaternary 89(3-4) 153-211Quaternary 82(1-2) 1-195; 82(1-2)

141-145; 82(1-2) 157-163; 82(1-2)165-173; 82(1-2) 193; 82(1-2) 194

Queensland Australia 83(1-3) 83-96Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368Scotland 57(1-2) 27-32; 68(1-2) 65-85

Quaternary 85(3-4) 263-287; 96(1-2)121-144

stratigraphy 84(3-4) 255-279Senegal, Quaternary 67(1-2) 41-58South Africa 71(1-4) 79-109South America 67(1-2) 153-177; 83(1-3)

55-64Quaternary 65(1-4) 9-15

Spain 71(1-4) 37-77; 75(1-2) 53-64;80(1-2) 65-74Miocene 82(3-4) 251-264Oligocene 81(2-4) 327-335Quaternary 61(3-4) 205-237; 82(1-2)

113-125; 82(1-2) 127-139; 99(3-4)317-340

stratigraphy 66(1-2) 25-45; 82(3-4)197-264; 92(3-4) 281-305

Sri Lanka, stratigraphy 58(2-4) 197-203stratigraphy 52(2-3) 131-135; 87(1) vii-viiiSudan, Quaternary 99(3-4) 235-246Sweden

Quaternary 82(1-2) 37-45; 82(1-2)47-73; 82(1-2) 192-193; 83(1-3)107-117

stratigraphy 65(1-4) 217-228Switzerland, Quaternary 91(1-4) 371-381Tennessee 58(2-4) 111-128; 74(3-4)

249-266Tertiary 82(3-4) 197-224Togo, Quaternary 67(1-2) 41-58Turkey, Tertiary 58(2-4) 139-161Uganda 96(1-2) 145-168Ukraine, Quaternary 85(3-4) 289-301Venezuela, Quaternary 99(2) 95-114Vermont

Miocene 82(3-4) 265-297

stratigraphy 82(3-4) 299-315Victoria Australia 97(3-4) 301-318Western Australia, Quaternary 98(3-4)

187-205Wyoming 94(3-4) 197-210

Pollia tugenensispaleobotany 59(1-4) 67-76

pollution84(1-2) 107-112Netherlands


Polonosphaeridium ordovicumpaleobotany 52(4) 257-297

Polyalthioxylon indicumpaleobotany 58(2-4) 333-355

Polycephalus stormensispaleobotany 67(3-4) 353-362

PolychaetiaSweden 70(3) 258-259

Polygalaceaepaleobotany 88(1-4) 61-82

Polygonaceaepaleobotany 57(1-2) 81-151

Polygoniumpaleobotany 86(1-2) 1-11

Polygonumpaleobotany 57(1-2) 81-151

Polyspermophyllum sergiipaleobotany 63(1-2) 117-135

Polysphaeridium zoharyiQuaternary 65(1-4) 305-310

Pomeraniapaleobotany 93(1-4) 107-125

Pont d’Arcole Formationpaleobotany 72(1-2) 149-158

Ponteranica Conglomeratepaleobotany 91(1-4) 63-84; 91(1-4) 85-105

Poplus nigrastratigraphy 81(1) 33-52

Popoluspaleobotany 56(3-4) 183-198

PopulusQuaternary 79(1-2) 7-30stratigraphy 52(2-3) 179-204

Porcatitubulusstratigraphy 84(3-4) 255-279

Portlandian see TithonianPortugal

paleobotany 89(3-4) 441-454Quaternary 89(3-4) 153-211; 97(3-4)

239-285stratigraphy, Lisbon Portugal 66(3-4)

313-344Posongchong Formation

paleobotany 57(3-4) 155-171; 68(3-4)181-195

Plantae 93(1-4) 77-88

Pollia tugenensis žPosongchong Formation


Postglacial see HolocenePotamogeton extremitatus

paleobotany 52(4) 299-366potassium-argon see K/ArPotomac Group

paleobotany 69(4) 277-290; 70(3)225-229; 70(4) 279-295; 72(3-4)245-255; 80(3-4) 291-303; 89(3-4)257-286

Potoniea bechiipalynomorphs 89(3-4) 297-303

pottery see artifactsPraecalcigonellum schizosaeptum

paleobotany 78(3-4) 353-379Prasinophyceae

algae 86(3-4) 287-314Precambrian see also upper Precambrian

Canada 70(1-2) 1-2Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 5-17

preferred orientationGermany, paleobotany 91(1-4) 1-21

President Beaches Formationstratigraphy 84(1-2) 113-120Price FormationPrice Formation 54(1-2) 105-119Price River FormationPrice River Formation 97(1-2) 53-66

PridolianEngland 90(3-4) 159-173

Primates see HominidaePrince George County Virginia

paleobotany 72(3-4) 245-255Princeton Chert

paleobotany 70(1-2) 147-162; 70(1-2)163-172; 70(1-2) 173-185; 78(3-4)277-291

problematic fossilsBelgium, paleobotany 74(1-2) 139-157

Procavia capensisQuaternary 74(3-4) 283-291

Progymnospermopsidathallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322

Prorocentrum micansenvironmental geology 84(1-2) 107-112

ProtaceaeEocene 65(1-4) 57-69

Proteaceaepaleobotany 53(3-4) 305-327; 56(1-2)

141-150; 85(1-2) 111-121Proteacidites

Eocene 81(2-4) 165-183Proterozoic

China 98(1-2) 15-25Protista

Foraminifera 98(1-2) 3-14Italy 87(1) 51-79; 97(1-2) 177-196

Protobatioladinium rossicumpaleobotany 91(1-4) 187-240

Protocupressinoxylon

paleobotany 59(1-4) 133-143Protoperidinium

Quaternary 65(1-4) 305-310; 84(3-4)221-253

Protophyllocladoxylonpaleobotany 80(3-4) 277-290

Protopityspaleobotany 99(3-4) 203-215

Protosalviniapaleobotany 96(1-2) 31-45Plantae 92(3-4) 269-279

Prototaxitaceaepaleobotany 72(3-4) 257-271

Prototaxites clevelandensispaleobotany 72(3-4) 257-271

Protoyucca shadishiipaleobotany 62(1-2) 79-95

Providence Formationpaleobotany 79(3-4) 179-204

provinces, floral see floral provincesPruniodoxylon eocenicum

paleobotany 74(3-4) 267-282Prunus spinosa

Quaternary 82(1-2) 75-82Psalixochalaenaceae

paleobotany 56(3-4) 199-204psammite see sandstonePsaroniaceae


Psaroniuspaleobotany 57(3-4) 265-276stratigraphy 53(3-4) 233-250

Pseudoctenis ornatopaleobotany 89(3-4) 213-233

PseudodyadosporaPlantae 92(3-4) 269-279

Pseudofrenelopsispaleobotany 84(3-4) 419-438; 89(3-4)

257-286Pseudolotus

paleobotany 81(2-4) 233-255Pseudopanax

paleobotany 96(3-4) 317-338Pseudopithonella striatula

paleobotany 78(3-4) 353-379Pseudoreticulatispora

Permian 89(3-4) 359-415Pseudosporochnus

paleobotany 74(1-2) 139-157Pseudosporochnus hueberi

paleobotany 60(3-4) 311-359Pseudovoltzia

paleobotany 52(4) 375-402; 96(3-4)351-447

Psilophytales see PsilopsidaPsilophyton geneliae

Spermatophyta 98(3-4) 303-324Psilopsida

Belgium 55(4) 317-335; 98(3-4) 303-324China 57(3-4) 155-171; 68(3-4) 181-195New York 60(3-4) 311-359Venezuela 81(2-4) 141-150

Pteridophyta see also Filicopsida;Lycopsida; Noeggerathiales;Sphenopsida

51(4) 329-330; 70(3) 257-258; 77(1-2)51-63; 77(1-2) 146-147; 78(3-4)235-267; 85(1-2) 13-34; 85(1-2) 35-51;90(3-4) 209-222; 95(1-4) 191-209

Alberta, stratigraphy 83(1-3) 137-158Antarctica 63(3-4) 315; 67(3-4) 353-362British Columbia 70(1-2) 9-45China 71(1-4) 121-147; 90(1-2) 41-62

Quaternary 55(1-3) 193-206France 72(3-4) 299-315India

Eocene 67(1-2) 1-11stratigraphy 86(3-4) 325-348

Indiana 95(1-4) 211-225Iowa 95(1-4) 211-225Kansas 80(1-2) 1-18Morocco, stratigraphy 77(1-2) 97-106Nebraska 80(1-2) 1-18Netherlands 56(3-4) 213-274New Mexico 98(1-2) 153-157Nigeria, stratigraphy 54(1-2) 151-158Senegal, Quaternary 67(1-2) 41-58Tasmania Australia 52(2-3) 205-216;

92(3-4) 245-252Togo, Quaternary 67(1-2) 41-58

Pteridospermaceaepaleobotany 54(3-4) 249-360

Pteridospermae see also Callipteris;Neuropteris

78(1-2) 1-18; 96(3-4) 453-456Argentina 91(1-4) 107-119; 99(1) 55-59Commonwealth of Independent States

91(1-4) 35-62England 95(1-4) 227-253Illinois 80(3-4) 235-257Ireland 93(1-4) 253-268Kentucky 57(3-4) 265-276; 75(1-2) 1-32Ohio 53(3-4) 349-357Peru 80(1-2) 19-38Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51; 63(1-2) 77-90;

72(3-4) 273-284Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

Pteridospermidaepaleobotany 91(1-4) 35-62

PterocaryaEurope 69(1-3) 79-95

Pterophyllum bellipaleobotany 70(1-2) 9-45

Pterostoma douglasiipaleobotany 80(1-2) 123-130

Pterostoma hirsutus

Postglacial žPterostoma hirsutus


paleobotany 80(1-2) 123-130public lands


Puddledock sitepaleobotany 72(3-4) 245-255; 89(3-4)

257-286Puebla Mexico

paleobotany 81(2-4) 115-128Puentelles Formation

paleobotany 80(1-2) 65-74Puesto Viego Formation

paleobotany 68(3-4) 217-232Pullaritheca longii

paleobotany 60(3-4) 295-309Pulvinosphaeridium

stratigraphy 86(1-2) 111-133Punctatisporites

Permian 89(3-4) 359-415Punctatisporites minutus

paleobotany 81(2-4) 213-231Punt, William

paleobotany 83(1-3) ix-xiiiPuryear clay pit

paleobotany 74(3-4) 249-266Pyrenees

palynomorphs 68(1-2) 49-63Pyrenees-Orientales France

Holocene 71(1-4) 111-120Pyriformis marschachtii

paleobotany 77(1-2) 45-49pyroclastics

Japan, Quaternary 97(1-2) 79-95Mexico, Quaternary 99(2) 77-93pyrolysispyrolysis 65(1-4) 367-377

PyrrhophytaArctic Ocean 98(1-2) 159-176Morocco 70(4) 325-338

Pyxidinopsis tuberculatapaleobotany 85(3-4) 213-229

Qalibah Formationstratigraphy 89(1-2) 75-90

Qazaqstan see KazakhstanQinghai China

stratigraphy 65(1-4) 95-104Qinling Mountains

paleobotany 98(1-2) 15-25Quadrocladus kominsis

paleobotany 96(3-4) 351-447Quaternary see also Holocene; last glacial

maximum; Pleistocene51(4) 289-307; 52(2-3) 251-252; 52(2-3)

252-254; 55(1-3) 1-3; 55(1-3) 1-271;64(1-4) 13-27; 77(1-2) 144-146; 79(1-2)141-151; 79(1-2) 153-177; 80(3-4)339-341

Africa 55(1-3) 155-174Alaska 92(1-2) 83-95

Antarctica 51(4) 329; 61(3-4) 347-348Argentina 96(1-2) 169-181Basin and Range Province 64(1-4)

359-366Brazil 97(1-2) 109-121Burundi 61(1-2) 69-88Chile 65(1-4) 17-24; 96(1-2) 169-181China 55(1-3) 193-206Colombia 77(3-4) 235-262; 100(1-2)

123-124Colorado 94(3-4) 197-210Colorado Plateau 64(1-4) 359-366Europe 57(1-2) 33-43India 55(1-3) 175-192; 72(3-4) 325-333;

72(3-4) 335Indonesia 55(1-3) 207-216; 55(1-3)

217-220Italy 81(2-4) 313-325Japan 65(1-4) 1-8; 97(1-2) 79-95Mediterranean region 62(3-4) 309-338Netherlands 60(1-2) 25-129New South Wales Australia 65(1-4)

305-310Ontario 96(3-4) 241-254Scotland 53(1-2) 151-161; 68(1-2) 65-85South Africa 53(1-2) 1-10South America 51(4) 329; 61(3-4) 347-348South Australia 64(1-4) 331-341Spain 61(3-4) 205-237; 71(1-4) 37-77Sudan 76(2-4) 99-345Sweden 83(1-3) 107-117Tanzania 61(1-2) 69-88Western Sahara 74(1-2) 1-53Wyoming 94(3-4) 197-210

QuebecDevonian, Gaspe Peninsula 97(1-2)

155-175Pisces, Gaspe Peninsula 93(1-4) 191-215Quaternary 79(1-2) 7-30; 79(1-2) 31-68

Queen Alexandra Rangepaleobotany 67(3-4) 353-362; 74(1-2)

101-107; 78(3-4) 269-276Queen Elizabeth Islands see Axel Heiberg

Island; Ellesmere IslandQueen Maud Land

Permian 86(1-2) 157-173; 89(3-4) 359-415Queensland Australia see also Bowen

Basinpaleobotany 51(1-3) 51-58; 66(1-2)

147-158; 67(1-2) 133-139; 71(1-4)149-190; 83(1-3) 83-96

palynomorphs, Eromanga Basin 78(3-4)183-234

Quaternary 83(4) 299-327Spermatophyta 64(1-4) 281-288stratigraphy 65(1-4) 153-163

Quercus83(1-3) 65-72; 96(1-2) 1-30China 75(3-4) 259-271

France 64(1-4) 53-59Quaternary 82(1-2) 97-112

GreecePleistocene 52(2-3) 89-117stratigraphy 52(2-3) 73-88

Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Nepal 91(1-4) 317-329Netherlands, stratigraphy 52(2-3) 179-204Portugal, Quaternary 97(3-4) 239-285Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368

Quilon Bedspaleobotany 63(1-2) 13-28

Quintanaloma Formationstratigraphy 51(4) 309-326

Qusaiba Memberstratigraphy 89(1-2) 75-90

radioactive isotopes see Pb-210radiocarbon dating see C-14Raibl Group

stratigraphy 53(3-4) 329-348rain forests

Brazilpaleobotany 97(3-4) 287-299Quaternary 99(2) 143-156

Cameroon, Quaternary 99(2) 157-188Rajasthan India

paleobotany 64(1-4) 351-358Rajmahal Hills

paleobotany 63(3-4) 183-187Permian 65(1-4) 239-255

Rajmahal Indiapalynomorphs 94(1-2) 169-196

Rajpardi LigniteEocene 63(3-4) 281-297

Rajpardi MineEocene 63(3-4) 281-297

Ramsaiapaleobotany 68(3-4) 233-256

Randolph County West Virginiapaleobotany 64(1-4) 315-324

Rangal Coal Measurespaleobotany 62(1-2) 11-40

Raniganj Formationpaleobotany 75(3-4) 183-218; 90(1-2)

79-98palynomorphs 94(1-2) 169-196

Ranunculaceaepaleobotany 69(1-3) 117-271

Rapid Memberpaleobotany 98(1-2) 125-152

Raskya vetustapaleobotany 96(3-4) 231-240

rate of sedimentation see sedimentation ratesRaton Basin

stratigraphy 65(1-4) 75-84Raton Formation

thallophytes 59(1-4) 1-6Rattiganispora

public lands žRattiganispora


Permian 89(3-4) 359-415Ravenala

paleobotany 98(3-4) 293-301Ravenscrag Formation

Plantae 80(3-4) 341Recent see Holocenereclamation

Netherlands, Quaternary 94(1-2) 75-100red beds

China, paleobotany 91(1-4) 121-142Red Deer River valley

stratigraphy 65(1-4) 75-84red rock see red bedsRed Sea

paleobotany 85(3-4) 303-317redbeds see red bedsreefs

Western Australia, paleobotany 68(1-2)37-48

Reevesiapaleobotany 80(1-2) 159-172

Rehderodendronstratigraphy 62(3-4) 309-338

Remiapaleobotany 67(3-4) 199-203

Reptiliadinosaurs, Alberta 83(1-3) 137-158

Resedaceaepaleobotany 88(1-4) 47-59

resinsEgypt, Quaternary 71(1-4) 207-218

Retimonocolpitespaleobotany 94(1-2) 137-168

Retispora lepidophytaCarboniferous 83(1-3) 261-273

Retitricolpites mediuspaleobotany 94(1-2) 123-135

Retitrilatiporites kutchensispaleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352

Retitrilatiporites matanomadhensispaleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352

Retitrilatiporites minutuspaleobotany 91(1-4) 331-352

RetusotriletesPermian 89(3-4) 359-415

Retusotriletes voluticuspalynomorphs 93(1-4) 269-297

Rewan Grouppaleobotany 51(1-3) 51-58

Rhabdosporitespalynomorphs 93(1-4) 147-158; 93(1-4)

159-189Rhachiphyllum

paleobotany 54(3-4) 249-360Rhadames Basin see Ghadames BasinRhaetian

England 61(1-2) 89-99Rhamnaceae


Rhein Valley see Rhine ValleyRhenish Schiefergebirge


Rheum officinalepaleobotany 57(1-2) 81-151

Rhine ValleyQuaternary 73(1-4) 287-300

Rhodophyta see CorallinaceaeRhopaliophora mamilliformis

paleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48Rhynchospora tertiaria

paleobotany 52(4) 299-366Rhyniaceae

Plantae 97(3-4) 381-393Rhynie Chert

paleobotany 90(3-4) 175-193Rhyniophyta

thallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322Rhyniophytina

Spermatophyta 98(3-4) 303-324Rhysocaryoxylon

paleobotany 53(3-4) 251-287Ricardo Formation

paleobotany 60(1-2) 165-177rift zones

Saudi Arabia, Silurian 89(1-2) 139-150Rijn Valley see Rhine ValleyRingerike

algae 52(2-3) 137-159rings, tree see tree ringsRio Genoa Formation

paleobotany 63(1-2) 117-135Rio Grande do Sul Brazil

Permian 99(3-4) 217-233Ripley Formation

paleobotany 79(3-4) 179-204Ritchie, James Cunningham

Quaternary 79(1-2) 1-5Rivularia

Quaternary 51(4) 235-269Roannaisia bivitilis

paleobotany 83(1-3) 253-260Robinia

paleobotany 74(3-4) 267-282rock-stratigraphy see lithostratigraphyRockall Plateau

Paleogene 65(1-4) 331-339Rockingham County Virginia

paleobotany 64(1-4) 315-324Rocky Mountains

paleobotanyCentral Rocky Mountains 57(3-4)

221-232; 94(3-4) 197-210Southern Rocky Mountains 57(3-4)

221-232; 72(3-4) 169-197Wind River Range 94(3-4) 197-210

Quaternary 74(3-4) 293-313

Canadian Rocky Mountains 75(1-2)103-131

Rogalskaisporites barentziistratigraphy 63(1-2) 153-162

Rogn Formationstratigraphy 62(1-2) 157-186

Romania see also Banatpaleobotany 82(3-4) 351-363

Transylvanian Alps(1-4) 51-55Rosaceae

paleobotany 64(1-4) 103-108; 74(3-4)267-282; 75(3-4) 259-271; 78(3-4)277-291

Rosalespaleobotany 60(1-2) 1-6; 75(3-4) 259-271;

78(3-4) 277-291Rosidae

61(3-4) 319-339; 87(2-4) 81-322Canada 64(1-4) 103-108Sudan 59(1-4) 37-50Sweden 79(3-4) 370-371

RotliegendesGermany 62(3-4) 205-248Nova Scotia 95(1-4) 255-283Ohio 95(1-4) 255-283

Roumania see RomaniaRubiaceae

Spermatophyta 51(4) 328Ruellieae

paleobotany 84(3-4) 331-345Rufloria synensis

paleobotany 57(3-4) 313-339Ruhr

palynomorphs 89(3-4) 297-303Rumania see RomaniaRumex acetosa

paleobotany 57(1-2) 81-151Russian Far East

paleobotany 97(1-2) 67-78Russian Federation

paleobotanyFranz Josef Land 61(1-2) 139-145Kamchatka Russian Federation 59(1-4)

77-91; 97(1-2) 67-78Moscow Basin 91(1-4) 187-240Russian Far East 97(1-2) 67-78Voronezh Anteclise 53(1-2) 163-173

Russian Platform see also Franz Josef Landpaleobotany 53(1-2) 163-173; 96(3-4)

351-447Ruyang Group

paleobotany 98(1-2) 15-25Ryazanian

paleobotany 91(1-4) 187-240; 91(1-4)417-422

Saale Glaciation see SaalianSaalfeld Germany


Ravenala ž Saalfeld Germany


SaalianNetherlands 51(4) 235-269

Saar Basinpaleobotany 80(3-4) 259-275

Saar-Nahe Basinpaleobotany 54(3-4) 249-360; 62(3-4)

205-248Sahara see also Algeria

Devonian, Ghadames Basin 58(2-4)173-196

paleobotany 79(3-4) 335-368Sahel

Quaternary 55(1-3) 141-154; 99(3-4)235-246; 100(1-2) 39-72

Sahul Shelfthallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234

Saint Cenere FormationDevonian 87(1) 1-14

Saint-Etienne coal basinPlantae 96(1-2) 226-227

Sakamena Grouppaleobotany 77(3-4) 213-233

SakmarianIran 86(1-2) 91-109

Salicaceaepaleobotany 56(3-4) 183-198

SalixCalifornia 56(3-4) 183-198Norway, Quaternary 53(3-4) 185-231Quaternary 81(1) 11-17

Salix herbaceaQuaternary 81(1) 11-17

Salop England see Shropshire Englandsalt lakes

India, paleobotany 64(1-4) 351-358salt marshes

Germany, Quaternary 73(1-4) 167-180Salta Argentina

stratigraphy 98(1-2) 41-45Salvinitis deccaniana

paleobotany 69(4) 325-336San Juan Argentina

paleobotany 91(1-4) 107-119; 99(1) 55-59Plantae 86(3-4) 315-323

San Pedro Formationpaleobotany 98(1-2) 95-103

sandNetherlands


sand dunes see dunesSandelies Formation

paleobotany 72(1-2) 149-158sandstone

Jordan, stratigraphy 66(3-4) 167-180Sanford Formation

Triassic 77(1-2) 75-95Santa Cruz Argentina

paleobotany 59(1-4) 109-126; 59(1-4)145-151; 89(3-4) 213-233; 99(3-4)247-263

Quaternary 77(1-2) 129-142Santa Rosita Formation

stratigraphy 98(1-2) 41-45Santonian

Europe 83(1-3) 159-174Sapindaceae

paleobotany 58(2-4) 111-128; 83(1-3)43-53

Plantae 76(1) 49-82Sapindales

paleobotany 75(1-2) 65-75Sapindoxylon

paleobotany 75(1-2) 65-75Sapotaceae

paleobotany 58(2-4) 111-128Sarasota County Florida

Quaternary 83(4) 275-297Sarbay Quarry

paleobotany 94(1-2) 39-55Sardinia Italy

palynomorphs 68(1-2) 49-63Saskatchewan see also Ravenscrag

Formation; Whitemud Formationpaleobotany 70(1-2) 77-88Quaternary 96(1-2) 183-224stratigraphy 65(1-4) 75-84

Saudi ArabiaDevonian 89(1-2) 105-113Ordovician 89(1-2) 27-48paleobotany 89(1-2) 19-25; 89(1-2)

115-123palynomorphs 89(1-2) 1-150Silurian 89(1-2) 49-74; 89(1-2) 91-104;

89(1-2) 139-150stratigraphy 56(1-2) 41-60; 89(1-2) 5-17;

89(1-2) 75-90; 89(1-2) 125-137Savoie France

Quaternary 91(1-4) 399-416Saxifrangales

paleobotany 79(3-4) 370-371Scandinavia see also Denmark; Finland;

Norway; SwedenOrdovician 79(3-4) 245-269

Scania see SkaneScaphidopteris

paleobotany 67(1-2) 141-152Scarburgia hillii

paleobotany 51(1-3) 133-143Scenedesmus tschudyi

thallophytes 59(1-4) 1-6Scheldt River

stratigraphy 97(1-2) 97-107Schiefergebirge see Rhenish SchiefergebirgeSchilfsandstein

palynomorphs 83(1-3) 217-226Schizocystia

thallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234Schizophyta see cyanobacteriaSchizosporis

paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220Schizothrix

paleobotany 91(1-4) 85-105Schleporia

paleobotany 62(1-2) 41-64Schleswig-Holstein Germany see HelgolandSchmeissneria microstachys

paleobotany 83(1-3) 199-215Schopfiopteris

paleobotany 62(1-2) 41-64Schopfites claviger

stratigraphy 56(1-2) 61-68Schopfitheca boulayoides

paleobotany 80(3-4) 235-257Sciadopityoides

paleobotany 51(1-3) 145-168Sciadopityoides hallei

paleobotany 51(1-3) 145-168Sciadopityoides ukrainensis

paleobotany 51(1-3) 145-168Sciadopitys

paleobotany 51(1-3) 145-168Scilla peruviana

paleobotany 85(1-2) 53-62scolecodonts

France, Devonian 87(1) 1-14Quebec 93(1-4) 191-215Sweden 70(3) 258-259Wales, Devonian 56(1-2) 69-87

Scolecopterispaleobotany 67(1-2) 141-152; 95(1-4)

211-225Scoleropteris

paleobotany 63(1-2) 163-171; 74(1-2)101-107

Scollard Formationstratigraphy 83(1-3) 137-158

Scoresby Soundpaleobotany 60(1-2) 7-24

ScorpidiumNeogene 79(1-2) 121-131

Scorzonera hispanicapaleobotany 53(1-2) 175-184

Scotia RidgeEocene 86(3-4) 235-263

Scotia SeaEocene 86(3-4) 235-263

Scotia Sea Islands see South ShetlandIslands

Scotland see also Shetland IslandsHolocene, Cairngorm Mountains 54(1-2)

175-180; 54(1-2) 181-185Jurassic 56(1-2) 21-39paleobotany 57(1-2) 27-32; 60(3-4)

295-309; 63(1-2) 137-152; 67(1-2)

Saalian žScotland


133-139; 72(1-2) 159-164; 81(2-4)213-231Aberdeen Scotland 90(3-4) 175-193East Lothian Scotland 72(3-4) 273-284Fife region Scotland 63(1-2) 77-90;

68(1-2) 65-85Sutherland Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51

palynomorphs, Orkney Islands 93(1-4)159-189

Quaternary 53(1-2) 151-161; 85(3-4)263-287; 96(1-2) 121-144Hebrides 73(1-4) 49-56Orkney Islands 73(1-4) 49-56

stratigraphy 84(3-4) 255-279Scottish Highlands see Grampian HighlandsScrobiculatricolporites

paleobotany 67(1-2) 59-74Sctariaitalica

Quaternary 73(1-4) 259-270Scutasporites

stratigraphy 82(3-4) 317-349Scutinanthe brunnea

paleobotany 79(3-4) 297-334sea floors see ocean floorsSea of Galilee

Quaternary 73(1-4) 161-166sea-level changes see also transgression

England, stratigraphy 74(3-4) 207-237Germany, Quaternary 73(1-4) 167-180Italy, stratigraphy 87(1) 51-79Japan, Quaternary 84(1-2) 155-168Quaternary 80(3-4) 339-341Russian Federation, paleobotany 91(1-4)

187-240seams, coal see coal seamsseaweed see PhaeophytaSecalinetea

Quaternary 73(1-4) 133-143Secarisporites mauricus

palynomorphs 93(1-4) 269-297secondary structures see concretionsSedano Formation

stratigraphy 51(4) 309-326sedimentary petrology see diagenesis; reefs;

sedimentation; sedimentssedimentary rocks see also coal; oil shale

Belize, Plantae 58(1) 85-94black shale

England 54(1-2) 85-103Germany 54(1-2) 85-103

carbonate rocks, Tunisia 66(3-4) 273-291chalk, Germany 84(1-2) 57-72chert

British Columbia 78(3-4) 277-291Canada 70(1-2) 1-2

claystone, England 74(3-4) 207-237Europe, paleobotany 70(3) 225-229France, paleobotany 92(3-4) 367-382Iraq, Triassic 65(1-4) 267-274

Israel, paleobotany 94(1-2) 101-109limestone, Northwest Territories 86(1-2)

69-90marl

England 54(1-2) 85-103Germany 54(1-2) 85-103

Northern Ireland, stratigraphy 56(3-4)345-359

red beds, China 91(1-4) 121-142sandstone, Jordan 66(3-4) 167-180Saudi Arabia, stratigraphy 89(1-2) 5-17shale

China 98(1-2) 15-25Jordan 66(3-4) 167-180Tunisia 66(3-4) 273-291

siltstone, New York 64(1-4) 305-313Switzerland, paleobotany 92(3-4) 367-382torbanite


sedimentary structuresconcretions

Belgium 93(1-4) 317-331China 93(1-4) 317-331England 93(1-4) 317-331Indiana 93(1-4) 317-331

laminations, Italy 91(1-4) 85-105stromatolites

Italy 91(1-4) 63-84; 91(1-4) 85-105Nigeria 54(1-2) 151-158

sedimentation see also channels;sedimentation rates; stream transport

bioclastic sedimentation, British Columbia75(1-2) 103-131

England, stratigraphy 84(3-4) 305-329Europe, Jurassic 91(1-4) 353-370France, paleobotany 94(3-4) 295-328lacustrine sedimentation, British Columbia

75(1-2) 103-131marine sedimentation, France 70(3)

247-253Mediterranean Sea, Quaternary 84(3-4)

221-253Morocco, stratigraphy 77(1-2) 97-106New Zealand, Quaternary 64(1-4) 263-272Victoria Australia, paleobotany 97(3-4)

301-318sedimentation rates


Saudi Arabia, Silurian 89(1-2) 139-150Venezuela, Quaternary 99(2) 95-114

sediments see also lithostratigraphy; peatAlaska 92(1-2) 83-95alluvium

Cambodia 68(1-2) 87-117Germany 91(1-4) 1-21Vietnam 68(1-2) 87-117

Chinapaleobotany 75(3-4) 239-258Quaternary 55(1-3) 193-206

clastic sediments, England 94(3-4)211-230

clay, Netherlands 91(1-4) 417-422England, Quaternary 73(1-4) 71-86; 76(1)

1-47Ireland, Quaternary 63(1-2) 1-11Japan, Quaternary 97(1-2) 79-95marine sediments

Atlantic Ocean 84(1-2) 1-22Italy 84(1-2) 45-56Japan 84(1-2) 155-168paleobotany 84(1-2) 23-44; 84(1-2)

73-99Northern Ireland, paleobotany 54(1-2)

43-54Quaternary 82(1-2) 193sand, Netherlands 51(4) 235-269; 91(1-4)

417-422stratigraphy 52(2-3) 254-255Sweden, paleobotany 63(3-4) 233-257Switzerland

Jurassic 65(1-4) 349-355Quaternary 91(1-4) 371-381

Turkey, paleobotany 91(1-4) 151-169Yemen, Quaternary 73(1-4) 241-257

Segestrespora burgessiipaleobotany 93(1-4) 35-76

Segestrespora membraniferaPlantae 92(3-4) 269-279

Selaginellapaleobotany 62(1-2) 65-78; 69(1-3) 1-22palynomorphs 95(1-4) 129-153

Selaginellaceaepaleobotany 69(1-3) 1-22

Selenocarpus muensterianuspaleobotany 82(3-4) 351-363

Seliginellapaleobotany 85(1-2) 1-12

Selleyopteris morayensispaleobotany 61(1-2) 1-51

Semenalatum paucumpaleobotany 98(3-4) 247-256

Senegal see also SahelQuaternary 67(1-2) 41-58

Senonian see also Campanian; Coniacian;Maestrichtian; Santonian

Hungary 66(3-4) 361-377Sepisporites

paleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40sequence stratigraphy

87(1) vii-viiiBrazil, Permian 99(3-4) 217-233France 87(1) 15-26; 87(1) 27-41

Serbia see Vojvodina YugoslaviaSeriliodinium explicatum

Scottish Highlands ž Seriliodinium explicatum


paleobotany 91(1-4) 151-169Serjania

paleobotany 83(1-3) 43-53Serra da Estrela Portugal

Quaternary 97(3-4) 239-285Serra de Estrela Portugal

Quaternary 89(3-4) 153-211Serripteris

paleobotany 61(3-4) 239-271Serrulacaulis

paleobotany 81(2-4) 141-150Sertostrobus

paleobotany 84(3-4) 281-303Seymour Island see also Lopez de

Bertodano FormationPaleocene 65(1-4) 105-113

Shaanxi Chinastratigraphy 54(3-4) 187-231

Shahejie Formationpaleobotany 92(3-4) 383-388

shaleChina, paleobotany 98(1-2) 15-25Jordan, stratigraphy 66(3-4) 167-180Tunisia, stratigraphy 66(3-4) 273-291

shale oil see oil shaleShanxi China

paleobotany 77(1-2) 65-74; 81(2-4)185-192; 91(1-4) 121-142; 98(1-2) 15-25Taiyuan China 60(3-4) 205-223; 68(3-4)

197-201Sharawra Member

stratigraphy 89(1-2) 75-90Shawnee Group

paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113Sheffield England

paleobotany 89(3-4) 305-317Sheinwoodian

stratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145shelf, continental see continental shelfShetland Islands

Quaternary 73(1-4) 49-56Shihchienfeng Group

stratigraphy 54(3-4) 187-231Shihhotse Formation

paleobotany 60(3-4) 205-223; 68(3-4)197-201; 81(2-4) 185-192; 98(3-4)247-256

Shillong PlateauCretaceous 65(1-4) 119-129

Ship Point Formationstratigraphy 86(1-2) 69-90

Shiphead FormationDevonian 97(1-2) 155-175

shore features see also marine terraces; saltmarshes

Florida, Plantae 52(2-3) 217-231Shropshire England

stratigraphy 84(3-4) 305-329Shuangnangostachya gracilis

paleobotany 68(3-4) 197-201Shubuta Member

paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34Shuichengella primitiva

paleobotany 77(1-2) 51-63Shuiyousphaeridium

paleobotany 98(1-2) 15-25Siam see ThailandSiberia

paleobotany 53(3-4) 359-376Siberia-Soviet Far East see Russian Far EastSichuan China

paleobotany 52(2-3) 161-177; 75(3-4)239-258; 75(3-4) 259-271

Sicily Italy see also Messina Italypaleobotany 100(1-2) 27-37stratigraphy 87(1) 51-79

SiegenianChina 57(3-4) 155-171

Sigallariapaleobotany 57(3-4) 265-276

SilesianEngland 80(1-2) 39-54Nova Scotia 58(2-4) 301-331

silicificationNew South Wales Australia, paleobotany

97(3-4) 339-359Queensland Australia, paleobotany 97(3-4)

339-359Sudan, paleobotany 75(3-4) 289-299

silicified wood see fossil woodsiltstone

New York, paleobotany 64(1-4) 305-313Silurian

98(1-2) 105-124Jordan 66(3-4) 167-180Llandoverian 86(1-2) 111-133

Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 75-90Norway 52(2-3) 137-159Ohio 92(3-4) 269-279; 97(1-2) 1-8Pridolian, England 90(3-4) 159-173Saudi Arabia 56(1-2) 41-60; 89(1-2)

49-74; 89(1-2) 91-104; 89(1-2) 139-150Scotland 84(3-4) 255-279Spain 98(1-2) 95-103Sweden 70(3) 258-259Turkey 93(1-4) 35-76Wenlockian 86(1-2) 111-133

Europe 86(1-2) 135-145Silvianthemum sueciecum

paleobotany 79(3-4) 370-371Simla Hills

Eocene 67(1-2) 1-11Simla India

Eocene 67(1-2) 1-11Sinai Egypt

paleobotany 58(2-4) 129-138Sinemurian

France 78(1-2) 145-166

Singraulipollenitespaleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220

Sinkiang Weiwu’er Zizhiqu China seeXinjiang China

Sino-Korean Platformpaleobotany 90(1-2) 41-62

Sinotheca kingiipaleobotany 62(1-2) 11-40

Sirius Grouppaleobotany 94(1-2) 11-24

sites, archaeological see archaeological sitesSiwalik System

Plantae 76(1) 49-82Skaaripteris

paleobotany 83(1-3) 227-239Skane

paleobotany 63(3-4) 233-257; 79(3-4) 370;79(3-4) 370-371

stratigraphy 65(1-4) 217-228Skiddaw Slates

paleobotany 98(1-2) 81-94Skilliostrobus

paleobotany 51(1-3) 51-58Sladenioxylon

paleobotany 75(3-4) 289-299software see computer programsSohm abyssal plain

Paleogene 65(1-4) 331-339soil surveys

Colombia, soils 60(1-2) 149-163soils see also land use; Paleosols

Andepts, Colombia 60(1-2) 149-163Europe, Quaternary 82(1-2) 175-189Netherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 87-98;

73(1-4) 187-204Ontario, Quaternary 79(1-2) 69-81

Sokolov Basinpaleobotany 84(3-4) 413-418

Solanaceaepaleobotany 83(1-3) 1-30; 85(1-2) 53-62;

96(3-4) 305-315Solignano Formation

stratigraphy 97(1-2) 177-196Sologne France

paleobotany 71(1-4) 17-35stratigraphy 87(1) 27-41

Soloropterispaleobotany 62(1-2) 41-64

Somerset Englandpalynomorphs 61(1-2) 89-99

Somerset Islandstratigraphy 86(1-2) 69-90

Sondrio Italypaleobotany 91(1-4) 85-105

Sonneratioxylon pieapetalumpaleobotany 58(2-4) 333-355

Sonoran Desertpaleobotany 68(1-2) 1-28

Serjania ž Sonoran Desert


South Africaecology

Cape Province region 60(1-2) 131-147Karroo Basin 60(1-2) 131-147

paleobotany 51(4) 330-331; 71(1-4)79-109

QuaternaryFree State South Africa 74(3-4) 283-291Transvaal region 53(1-2) 1-10

stratigraphy 84(3-4) 347-364thallophytes 89(3-4) 417-428; 91(1-4)

143-149South America see also Andes; Argentina;

Brazil; Chile; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru;Venezuela

paleobotany 67(1-2) 153-177; 83(1-3)55-64Amazon Basin 96(1-2) 31-45; 100(1-2)

123-124Patagonia 59(1-4) 109-126; 72(1-2)

49-53; 72(1-2) 55-59; 89(3-4)213-233; 94(3-4) 357-358

palynomorphs 72(1-2) 119-128Permian, Parana Basin 99(3-4) 217-233Quaternary 51(4) 329; 61(3-4) 347-348

Amazon Basin 55(1-3) 73-81; 99(2)143-156

Patagonia 77(1-2) 129-142; 96(1-2)169-181

Tierra del Fuego 65(1-4) 9-15; 89(3-4)429-440

stratigraphyAmazon Basin 86(1-2) 147-155Parana Basin 86(1-2) 147-155

South Antillean Arc see Scotia RidgeSouth Arabia see YemenSouth Arcot

paleobotany 67(1-2) 59-74South Australia

palynomorphs 86(3-4) 199-209Plantae 64(1-4) 331-341

South Carpathians see Transylvanian AlpsSouth China Block

paleobotany 90(1-2) 41-62South Dakota see Chadron FormationSouth Island

paleobotany 80(1-2) 123-130Quaternary 64(1-4) 263-272sedimentary petrology 80(1-2) 85-114

South Massif see CaussesSouth Shetland Islands see Livingston IslandSouth Wales

Devonian 56(1-2) 69-87paleobotany 93(1-4) 235-252; 95(1-4)

227-253Southern Africa see South AfricaSouthern Carpathians see Transylvanian

Alps

Southern Europe see Banat; Greece; IberianPeninsula; Italy; Macedonia; Romania;Yugoslavia

Southern Hemispherepaleobotany 75(3-4) 323

Southern Rocky Mountainspaleobotany 57(3-4) 221-232; 72(3-4)

169-197Southern Yemen see YemenSoviet Far East see Russian Far EastSpain see also Duero Basin

Oligocene, Ebro Basin 81(2-4) 327-335paleobotany 98(1-2) 95-103

Asturias Spain 80(1-2) 65-74Cantabrian Mountains 80(1-2) 65-74Cuenca Spain 78(3-4) 395-402Granada Spain 71(1-4) 37-77Lerida Spain 94(3-4) 329-343Montsech 61(3-4) 303-318; 75(1-2)

53-64New Castile Spain 78(3-4) 395-402

Quaternary 61(3-4) 205-237; 82(1-2)113-125; 91(1-4) 383-397Avila Spain 82(1-2) 127-139Gerona Spain 73(1-4) 35-47Granada Spain 99(3-4) 317-340Old Castile Spain 82(1-2) 127-139

stratigraphy 51(4) 309-326; 82(3-4)197-264; 95(1-4) 51-72Cuenca Spain 66(1-2) 25-45Ebro Basin 92(3-4) 281-305Iberian Mountains 66(1-2) 25-45Teruel Spain 66(1-2) 25-45Valencia Spain 66(1-2) 25-45

thallophytes 86(3-4) 265-285Spanish Morocco see MoroccoSpanish Sahara see Western SaharaSpathian

Arctic Ocean 70(3) 199-216Spatholobus acuminatus

paleobotany 96(3-4) 255-280Spekk Formation

stratigraphy 62(1-2) 157-186Spermasporites

paleobotany 63(1-2) 137-152Spermatites

paleobotany 78(1-2) 41-54Spermatophyta

63(3-4) 189-195Abies 92(3-4) 389-393

Canada 79(1-2) 7-30Quebec 79(1-2) 31-68

Acer, France 82(1-2) 97-112Alismidae, British Columbia 70(1-2)

173-185AlnusIreland 67(1-2) 75-113Netherlands 52(2-3) 179-204stratigraphy 81(1) 65-82

Angiospermae 58(1) 33-46; 61(1-2)147-173; 70(3) 257-258; 75(3-4)301-315; 75(3-4) 317-322; 83(4) 356;85(3-4) 199-205; 89(3-4) 487; 91(1-4)423-424; 92(1-2) 29-54; 98(3-4) 293-301

Alabama 91(1-4) 23-34Antarctica 74(3-4) 163-192; 81(2-4)

151-164; 86(3-4) 175-198Atlantic Coastal Plain 90(3-4) 319-337British Columbia 78(3-4) 277-291Chile 91(1-4) 283-315Egypt 58(2-4) 289-299England 58(2-4) 289-299; 65(1-4)

145-151; 96(3-4) 231-240Europe 57(1-2) 1-154; 57(1-2) 45-74;

57(1-2) 75-79; 69(1-3) 109-112; 70(3)225-229; 84(3-4) 413-418

Germany 91(1-4) 1-21Gulf Coastal Plain 82(3-4) 225-238Hungary 96(3-4) 231-240India 67(1-2) 1-11; 67(1-2) 59-74; 86(3-4)

325-348Ireland 57(1-2) 27-32Kansas 80(1-2) 1-18Mexico 58(1) 5-32Mississippi 91(1-4) 23-34Nebraska 80(1-2) 1-18New Jersey 90(3-4) 339-359Nigeria 54(1-2) 151-158Northwest Territories 79(1-2) 99-112Peru 81(1) 99-113Queensland Australia 65(1-4) 153-163;

78(3-4) 183-234Rocky Mountains 57(3-4) 221-232Russian Federation 97(1-2) 67-78Scotland 57(1-2) 27-32Spain 91(1-4) 383-397Vermont 82(3-4) 299-315Western Australia 98(3-4) 187-205Annonaceae 64(1-4) 109-127; 85(3-4)

123-152South America 83(1-3) 55-64Arecidae 87(2-4) 81-322Artemisia 85(1-2) 13-34Colorado 74(3-4) 293-313France 97(3-4) 227-237Greece 52(2-3) 89-117Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368Asteridae 87(2-4) 81-322Belgium 98(3-4) 303-324BennettitalesDenmark 51(1-3) 117-126Europe 84(3-4) 389-412France 51(1-3) 117-126Greenland 60(1-2) 7-24North Carolina 85(3-4) 189-198Romania 94(3-4) 345-356Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51

South Africa žSpermatophyta


BetulaAlberta 79(1-2) 83-97British Columbia 79(1-2) 83-97England 81(1) 33-52France 64(1-4) 53-59; 82(1-2) 97-112;

89(3-4) 455-467Netherlands 52(2-3) 179-204Norway 53(3-4) 185-231; 85(3-4) 243-262Portugal 97(3-4) 239-285Quebec 79(1-2) 31-68Callipteris, Europe 54(1-2) 135-150CaryaEurope 69(1-3) 79-95France 53(3-4) 251-287CaytonialesScotland 61(1-2) 1-51Tasmania Australia 56(1-2) 141-150Commelinidae, Kenya 59(1-4) 67-76Compositae 52(2-3) 233-246; 62(1-2) 1-9ConiferaeAntarctica 74(3-4) 163-192Argentina 94(3-4) 357-358Coniferales 53(1-2) 141-149; 67(1-2)

13-39; 71(1-4) 219-238; 87(2-4) 81-322;96(3-4) 351-447; 96(3-4) 449-451

Alps 52(4) 375-402Antarctica 67(3-4) 179-198; 78(3-4)

269-276Argentina 51(1-3) 3-30; 59(1-4) 109-126;

99(3-4) 247-263China 59(1-4) 133-143; 68(3-4) 197-201;

80(3-4) 277-290; 81(2-4) 193-211;84(3-4) 419-438; 91(1-4) 121-142;98(3-4) 247-256

England 51(1-3) 95-105; 51(1-3) 107-115;51(1-3) 169-187

France 78(1-2) 145-166Germany 62(3-4) 205-248; 68(1-2)

147-179; 96(1-2) 71-79Italy 91(1-4) 63-84; 91(1-4) 85-105;

97(1-2) 9-39Japan 72(1-2) 27-40Kansas 95(1-4) 95-113Mediterranean region 62(3-4) 309-338Morocco 83(1-3) 241-251New Zealand 99(2) 189-202North Carolina 51(1-3) 59-64Norway 51(1-3) 145-168; 68(3-4) 233-256Ohio 95(1-4) 95-113Poland 51(1-3) 133-143Scotland 54(1-2) 181-185Spain 61(3-4) 303-318; 75(1-2) 53-64Sweden 58(2-4) 163-171; 82(1-2) 37-45Tasmania Australia 84(3-4) 375-387Virginia 72(3-4) 245-255; 89(3-4) 257-286Cordaitales

Cambodia 67(1-2) 115-132Commonwealth of Independent States

57(3-4) 313-339

Iowa 53(3-4) 233-250Utah 51(1-3) 37-49

CordaitesEngland 95(1-4) 227-253Kentucky 57(3-4) 265-276New Brunswick 95(1-4) 31-50Nova Scotia 95(1-4) 31-50Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

Corylus, Netherlands 52(2-3) 179-204Cupressaceae 85(1-2) 35-51

Japan 64(1-4) 79-86Ontario 96(3-4) 241-254

CycadalesArctic region 92(3-4) 229-243Argentina 89(3-4) 213-233China 60(3-4) 205-223England 65(1-4) 165-173; 71(1-4)

191-206Europe 84(3-4) 389-412; 96(1-2) 81-97Germany 71(1-4) 239-254Japan 51(1-3) 213-225New Zealand 80(1-2) 123-130Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51Tasmania Australia 80(1-2) 123-130

CycadofilicalesEurope 97(1-2) 41-52Russian Federation 53(1-2) 163-173

CyperaceaeAfrica 97(1-2) 123-153Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368

CzekanowskialesColorado Plateau 81(2-4) 129-140Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51

Dadoxylon 67(1-2) 13-39India 85(3-4) 341-350

Dicotyledoneae 56(3-4) 361-364; 57(3-4)187-220; 64(1-4) 159-164; 64(1-4)165-174; 70(4) 297-323; 72(3-4)229-243Alberta 70(1-2) 125-146Australia 94(1-2) 111-122Europe 57(1-2) 81-151; 60(1-2) 1-6;

69(1-3) 23-47; 69(1-3) 49-78; 69(1-3)97-108; 69(1-3) 113-115; 69(1-3)117-271

Germany 77(3-4) 149-170India 58(2-4) 205-213New Caledonia 53(3-4) 305-327New South Wales Australia 64(1-4)

97-101Oregon 80(3-4) 175-207Russian Federation 59(1-4) 77-91Saskatchewan 59(1-4) 57-66; 70(1-2)

77-88Sudan 75(3-4) 289-299Tennessee 74(3-4) 249-266Texas 68(3-4) 257-267Thailand 58(2-4) 333-355

Dilleniidae 87(2-4) 81-322Dryas, Netherlands 60(1-2) 25-129Ephedrales

Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368

Euphorbiaceae 78(3-4) 293-319; 81(2-4)257-277; 98(3-4) 257-291New Caledonia 53(3-4) 283-304Tennessee 58(2-4) 111-128

Fagus 83(1-3) 65-72France 82(1-2) 97-112Spain 94(3-4) 329-343

Gabon 51(4) 328Ginkgo 78(1-2) 167-182

Argentina 59(1-4) 145-151Ginkgoales

China 68(3-4) 203-216Commonwealth of Independent States

51(1-3) 127-131Germany 83(1-3) 199-215India 63(3-4) 183-187

Glossopteridales 90(3-4) 287-302Antarctica 90(3-4) 303-318

GlossopterisAntarctica 66(1-2) 105-127India 51(1-3) 31-36; 75(3-4) 183-218New South Wales Australia 97(3-4)


97(3-4) 339-359Glossopteris flora, India 90(1-2) 79-98Gnetales

Brazil 77(3-4) 171-184Cambodia 67(1-2) 115-132Commonwealth of Independent States

53(3-4) 359-376Gramineae 64(1-4) 87-95

Africa 97(1-2) 123-153California 60(1-2) 165-177Colorado 74(3-4) 293-313England 73(1-4) 71-86France 73(1-4) 259-270Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Middle East 73(1-4) 21-33Nigeria 77(1-2) 119-127Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368Turkey 73(1-4) 99-104

Gymnospermae 69(4) 369-370; 70(3)257-258; 77(1-2) 146-147; 79(3-4)271-284; 85(1-2) 13-34; 89(3-4) 487;90(3-4) 263-285Andes 83(1-3) 185-198Antarctica 79(3-4) 221-244; 82(3-4) 365Argentina 63(1-2) 117-135Belgium 77(1-2) 1-22; 93(1-4) 217-233British Columbia 70(1-2) 9-45; 70(1-2)

47-65China 77(1-2) 65-74

Spermatophyta žSpermatophyta


Colombia 55(1-3) 19-72England 63(3-4) 197-225; 95(1-4) 51-72Europe 99(1) 25-54France 63(1-2) 91-115; 99(3-4) 203-215Germany 54(3-4) 249-360; 56(1-2)

177-181; 63(3-4) 197-225; 95(1-4)51-72

Greece 52(2-3) 73-88Greenland 51(1-3) 205-212India 67(1-2) 1-11Italy 63(3-4) 197-225Kentucky 72(1-2) 73-102Nigeria 54(1-2) 151-158Scotland 60(3-4) 295-309Spain 95(1-4) 51-72stratigraphy 81(1) 65-82Wales 93(1-4) 235-252

India 51(4) 327Juglandaceae 56(3-4) 205-211

California 56(3-4) 183-198Europe 69(1-3) 79-95France 53(3-4) 251-287Nebraska 74(3-4) 267-282

Juglans, California 56(3-4) 183-198Larix

Japan 98(3-4) 207-222Northwest Territories 70(1-2) 89-111

LauraceaeAntarctica 92(1-2) 1-28California 56(3-4) 183-198Maryland 69(4) 277-290

Leguminosae 64(1-4) 109-127; 64(1-4)129-136; 68(3-4) 289-302; 68(3-4) 303;72(3-4) 285-298; 81(2-4) 233-255;83(1-3) 31-42; 94(3-4) 239-257; 96(3-4)255-280Africa 67(1-2) 153-177Brazil 94(1-2) 123-135Cambodia 68(1-2) 87-117China 75(3-4) 259-271Colombia 94(1-2) 123-135Colorado 80(3-4) 305-310France 72(3-4) 317-323Kentucky 62(3-4) 339-361Nebraska 74(3-4) 267-282South America 67(1-2) 153-177Spain 78(3-4) 395-402; 81(2-4) 327-335Tennessee 62(3-4) 339-361Utah 80(3-4) 305-310Vietnam 68(1-2) 87-117

Magnoliidae 87(2-4) 81-322British Columbia 70(1-2) 163-172England 75(1-2) 65-75Kazakhstan 94(1-2) 39-55North Carolina 94(1-2) 39-55

MonocotyledoneaeBelgium 75(3-4) 273-288British Columbia 70(1-2) 147-162Caribbean region 100(1-2) 109-122

Germany 52(4) 299-366Greenland 62(3-4) 189-203Nevada 62(1-2) 79-95Senegal 67(1-2) 41-58Togo 67(1-2) 41-58

Myrica, Colombia 78(1-2) 69-127Neuropteris 67(3-4) 199-203; 95(1-4)

155-189England 71(1-4) 191-206Virginia 54(1-2) 105-119

New South Wales Australia 64(1-4)273-279

Nothofagus 75(3-4) 323Antarctica 94(1-2) 11-24Australia 58(2-4) 95-109South Australia 86(3-4) 199-209Tasmania Australia 80(1-2) 115-121Western Australia 86(3-4) 199-209

Pachypteris, Hungary 83(4) 339-349Palmae 64(1-4) 137-147; 81(2-4) 337-338;

85(3-4) 153-182Tasmania Australia 92(1-2) 55-67

PiceaCanada 79(1-2) 7-30France 82(1-2) 97-112Japan 65(1-4) 1-8; 98(3-4) 207-222Scotland 73(1-4) 49-56

PinaceaeEngland 73(1-4) 71-86; 94(1-2) 25-37Japan 64(1-4) 79-86

Pinus 92(3-4) 389-393Canada 79(1-2) 7-30France 80(1-2) 149-157; 82(1-2) 97-112;

91(1-4) 399-416; 97(3-4) 227-237Germany 52(4) 299-366Greece 52(2-3) 89-117Ireland 67(1-2) 75-113Japan 65(1-4) 1-8Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Nepal 91(1-4) 317-329Netherlands 52(2-3) 179-204Northern Ireland 54(1-2) 43-54Norway 53(3-4) 185-231Portugal 89(3-4) 441-454Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368Scotland 54(1-2) 175-180; 72(1-2)

159-164Platanus 85(1-2) 63-84

Kazakhstan 85(3-4) 207-211Maryland 80(3-4) 291-303

Pteridospermae 78(1-2) 1-18; 96(3-4)453-456Argentina 91(1-4) 107-119; 99(1) 55-59Commonwealth of Independent States

91(1-4) 35-62England 95(1-4) 227-253Illinois 80(3-4) 235-257Ireland 93(1-4) 253-268Kentucky 57(3-4) 265-276; 75(1-2) 1-32

Ohio 53(3-4) 349-357Peru 80(1-2) 19-38Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51; 63(1-2) 77-90;

72(3-4) 273-284Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

Pterocarya, Europe 69(1-3) 79-95Queensland Australia 64(1-4) 281-288Quercus 83(1-3) 65-72; 96(1-2) 1-30

China 75(3-4) 259-271France 64(1-4) 53-59; 82(1-2) 97-112Greece 52(2-3) 73-88; 52(2-3) 89-117Mediterranean region 79(3-4) 335-368Nepal 91(1-4) 317-329Netherlands 52(2-3) 179-204Portugal 97(3-4) 239-285Sahara 79(3-4) 335-368

Rosidae 61(3-4) 319-339; 87(2-4) 81-322Canada 64(1-4) 103-108Sudan 59(1-4) 37-50Sweden 79(3-4) 370-371

SalixCalifornia 56(3-4) 183-198Norway 53(3-4) 185-231Quaternary 81(1) 11-17

Taxodiaceae 64(1-4) 175-179Alberta 70(1-2) 67-76China 51(1-3) 189-204England 69(4) 291-298; 94(1-2) 25-37Japan 76(1) 83-96Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51Sweden 79(3-4) 370

TaxodiumCambodia 67(1-2) 115-132Italy 80(1-2) 159-172

TiliaEurope 57(1-2) 33-43Netherlands 52(2-3) 179-204

UlmaceaeEurope 52(2-3) 119-129; 88(1-4) 25-46Italy 100(1-2) 27-37Mexico 81(2-4) 115-128Nebraska 74(3-4) 267-282

UlmusGreece 52(2-3) 89-117Netherlands 52(2-3) 179-204Northern Ireland 54(1-2) 43-54

SphaerocarpalesPlantae 92(3-4) 269-279

Sphaerodinella albatrosianapaleobotany 78(3-4) 353-379

SphagnumNetherlands 56(3-4) 213-274; 58(2-4)

231-288Northwest Territories, Neogene 79(1-2)

121-131Scotland 72(1-2) 159-164

Sphenophyllum95(1-4) 115-127

Sphaerocarpales žSphenophyllum


France 61(3-4) 239-271Germany 95(1-4) 285-304New Brunswick 95(1-4) 31-50Nova Scotia 95(1-4) 31-50

stratigraphy 58(2-4) 301-331Western Australia 75(3-4) 153-182

Sphenophytapalynomorphs 100(1-2) 1-26

Sphenopsida see also Articulatae;Equisetales; Sphenophyllum

England 95(1-4) 227-253Germany 97(3-4) 361-379Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

Spinidinium styloniferumthallophytes 70(4) 325-338

Spiniferites elongatusQuaternary 84(3-4) 221-253

Spinomonosulcitespaleobotany 67(3-4) 217-227

SpitsbergenQuaternary 73(1-4) 145-151stratigraphy 63(1-2) 153-162Tertiary 62(3-4) 189-203

sporangiaBelgium

paleobotany 74(1-2) 139-157Plantae 93(1-4) 89-106Spermatophyta 98(3-4) 303-324

China, Plantae 93(1-4) 77-88France, paleobotany 63(1-2) 163-171Germany, palynomorphs 100(1-2) 1-26Mississippi, paleontology 80(1-2) 75-84Scotland, paleobotany 81(2-4) 213-231Venezuela, Plantae 93(1-4) 127-145

springsSouth Australia, Plantae 64(1-4) 331-341

Squamastrobus tigrensispaleobotany 59(1-4) 109-126

Sri Lankastratigraphy 58(2-4) 197-203

stable isotopes see C-13; C-13/C-12; D/H;O-18/O-16

Staffordshire Englandpaleobotany 80(1-2) 39-54

Stamnostoma oliveripaleobotany 72(3-4) 273-284

Stanton Formationpaleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113

Stare Sedlo Formationpaleobotany 84(3-4) 413-418

statistical analysis see canonical analysis;kriging

Steinevocaulis radiatuspaleobotany 71(1-4) 219-238

Stelladinium robustumpaleobotany 97(3-4) 319-337

Stellarton Grouppalynomorphs 95(1-4) 31-50

Stellatopollis pocockii

paleobotany 71(1-4) 269-294Stephanian

England 95(1-4) 227-253France 63(1-2) 163-171; 67(1-2) 141-152;

72(3-4) 299-315; 96(1-2) 226-227Kansas 98(3-4) 223-246Nova Scotia 58(2-4) 301-331; 95(1-4)

255-283Ohio 95(1-4) 255-283Poland 65(1-4) 287-292Spain 80(1-2) 65-74Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

Stephanospermum konopeonuspaleobotany 80(3-4) 235-257

SterculiaceaePlantae 76(1) 49-82

Steubenville Ohiopaleobotany 57(3-4) 289-297

Stockmans, Francoispaleobotany 52(2-3) 67-71

Stockmansella remyiPlantae 97(3-4) 381-393

Stockton FormationPermian 67(3-4) 237-314

Stone Age see Neolithic; PaleolithicStranger Formation

paleobotany 95(1-4) 95-113stratigraphic boundary see also K-T

boundaryBelgium, stratigraphy 98(1-2) 47-79Canada, stratigraphy 65(1-4) 75-84England, stratigraphy 56(3-4) 313-326Europe, stratigraphy 86(1-2) 135-145Germany, stratigraphy 98(1-2) 47-79Greenland, stratigraphy 51(1-3) 205-212Italy, palynomorphs 97(1-2) 9-39Kansas, Pennsylvanian 98(3-4) 223-246Morocco, paleobotany 96(3-4) 281-304Nova Scotia, stratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283Ohio, stratigraphy 95(1-4) 255-283Sweden, paleobotany 86(1-2) 1-11Tunisia

Paleogene 65(1-4) 85-94stratigraphy 56(1-2) 5-19

United States, stratigraphy 65(1-4) 75-84stratigraphy see Bryophyta; Cambrian;

Carboniferous; Cenozoic; coprolites;Cretaceous; Devonian; Eocene;Holocene; Jurassic; Mesozoic; Miocene;Mississippian; Neogene; Oligocene;Ordovician; Paleocene; Paleogene;paleomagnetism; Paleozoic;palynomorphs; Pennsylvanian; Permian;Phanerozoic; Pleistocene; Pliocene;Precambrian; problematic fossils;Proterozoic; Quaternary; Silurian;Tertiary; Triassic; Vermes

Straurastrum pinguepaleobotany 98(1-2) 177-186

stream transportEngland, Plantae 64(1-4) 289-296Louisiana, paleobotany 64(1-4) 253-261New York, paleobotany 64(1-4) 305-313Texas, paleobotany 64(1-4) 297-303

Streel, Mauricepaleobotany 93(1-4) 1-340; 93(1-4) 3-8

Strelitziapaleobotany 98(3-4) 293-301

Strelitziaceaepaleobotany 98(3-4) 293-301

Streptophytapaleobotany 74(1-2) 109-138

Streptosporangiopsispaleontology 80(1-2) 75-84

stretch modulus see Young’s modulusStriatotheca


stromatolitesItaly, paleobotany 91(1-4) 63-84; 91(1-4)

85-105Nigeria, stratigraphy 54(1-2) 151-158

structural analysis see preferred orientationstructural basins see basinsstructural geology see orogeny; structural

analysis; tectonicsSturgis Formation

sedimentary petrology 60(1-2) 179-189Sturiella

paleobotany 67(1-2) 141-152Styrax

stratigraphy 62(3-4) 309-338Subtilisphaera cinctuta

stratigraphy 97(1-2) 177-196succession

environmental geology 69(4) 371-372paleontology 70(3) 259-261

Suchoviellapaleobotany 57(3-4) 313-339

Sudan see also Nubian Sandstonepaleobotany 75(3-4) 289-299palynomorphs 76(2-4) 99-345Quaternary 99(3-4) 235-246

Sudbury District OntarioQuaternary 82(1-2) 147-155

Sue Coal MeasuresPermian 65(1-4) 229-237

Suffolk Englandstratigraphy 60(3-4) 361-373; 74(3-4)

207-237sulfates see gypsumSumatra

Quaternary 55(1-3) 207-216Surat Basin

palynomorphs 78(3-4) 183-234surveys see geophysical surveys; soil surveysSussoxylon parenchymatosum

Sphenophyta ž Sussoxylon parenchymatosum


paleobotany 74(3-4) 267-282Sutherland Scotland

paleobotany 61(1-2) 1-51Suwais Red Beds

Cretaceous 60(1-2) 191-201Svalbard see also Spitsbergen

paleobotany 56(3-4) 275-304swamps

Burundi, Quaternary 75(1-2) 133-151Florida, Plantae 52(2-3) 217-231Mexico, paleobotany 58(1) 5-32

Swartziapaleobotany 67(1-2) 153-177

Swartzieaepaleobotany 67(1-2) 153-177; 68(3-4)

289-302; 68(3-4) 303Sweden see also Fennoscandia

Invertebrata, Gotland Sweden 70(3)258-259

paleobotanyGotland Sweden 52(4) 257-297Oland 68(1-2) 119-126; 86(1-2) 1-11;

98(1-2) 27-32Skane 63(3-4) 233-257; 79(3-4) 370;

79(3-4) 370-371Quaternary 82(1-2) 47-73; 82(1-2)

192-193; 83(1-3) 107-117Jamtland Sweden 58(2-4) 163-171

stratigraphy, Skane 65(1-4) 217-228thallophytes 71(1-4) 1-15

Swiss Jura MountainsJurassic 65(1-4) 349-355

SwitzerlandJurassic, Swiss Jura Mountains 65(1-4)

349-355paleobotany 92(3-4) 367-382palynomorphs 83(1-3) 217-226Quaternary 91(1-4) 371-381

Sydney Australiapaleobotany 64(1-4) 97-101

Sydney Basinpaleobotany 65(1-4) 175-178; 97(3-4)

339-359Sydney coal field


Symplocos hallensispaleobotany 77(3-4) 149-170

Synedra jouseanathallophytes 58(2-4) 357-362

Syria see Near EastSyringa vulgaris

stratigraphy 81(1) 65-82Szczecin Poland see Wolin PolandSzechuan China see Sichuan ChinaTabuk Formation

stratigraphy 56(1-2) 41-60Tadrart Formation

Devonian 66(3-4) 229-242

Taiyuan Chinapaleobotany 60(3-4) 205-223; 68(3-4)

197-201Talchir Series

paleobotany 90(1-2) 79-98talus fan see alluvial fansTamiami Formation see Pinecrest BedsTamil Nadu India see also Neyveli India;

South Arcotpaleobotany 85(3-4) 341-350; 91(1-4)

331-352Tamilipollenites

paleobotany 67(1-2) 59-74Tanaitis furcihasta

paleobotany 53(1-2) 163-173Tanakpur

paleobotany 59(1-4) 127-131Tanzania see Lake Tanganyikataphocoenosis see thanatocenosesTappan, Helen

paleontology 98(1-2) 1-186; 98(1-2) 3-14Tappania plana

paleobotany 98(1-2) 15-25Taranaki New Zealand

Eocene 65(1-4) 57-69Tarat Formation

Carboniferous 89(3-4) 319-334Permian 66(3-4) 243-261

Tarkeswar FormationEocene 63(3-4) 281-297

Tarrant County Texaspaleobotany 98(1-2) 177-186

Tasmania Australiapaleobotany 52(2-3) 205-216; 56(1-2)

141-150; 70(4) 263-277; 80(1-2)115-121; 80(1-2) 123-130; 92(1-2)55-67; 92(3-4) 245-252

Quaternary 84(3-4) 375-387Tasmanopteris richmondii

paleobotany 70(4) 263-277Taxodiaceae

64(1-4) 175-179Alberta 70(1-2) 67-76China 51(1-3) 189-204England 69(4) 291-298; 94(1-2) 25-37Japan 76(1) 83-96Scotland 61(1-2) 1-51Sweden 79(3-4) 370

Taxodiella bardaeanapaleobotany 96(3-4) 351-447

Taxodioxylonpaleobotany 94(1-2) 25-37

TaxodiumCambodia, Quaternary 67(1-2) 115-132Italy 80(1-2) 159-172

Tchinezogue FormationCarboniferous 89(3-4) 319-334

tectogenesis see orogenytectonics see rift zones

tectonism see tectonicstectonophysics see continental drift; heat

flow; paleomagnetismTehamadinium acucleatum

stratigraphy 56(3-4) 313-326Telemachus

paleobotany 78(3-4) 269-276Teluk Keramat Deposit

Plantae 72(3-4) 199-227temperature methods see heat flowTenellisporites

paleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40Tennessee

paleobotany 62(3-4) 339-361Henry County Tennessee 58(2-4)

111-128; 74(3-4) 249-266Weakley County Tennessee 74(3-4)

249-266tephra see pyroclasticsterraces

Cambodiapaleobotany 68(1-2) 87-117Quaternary 67(1-2) 115-132

Vietnam, paleobotany 68(1-2) 87-117Terravecchia Formation

stratigraphy 87(1) 51-79Tertiary see also Neogene; Paleogene

62(1-2) 97-105; 67(3-4) 205-215; 77(1-2)144-146; 78(1-2) 19-40; 82(3-4) 197-224

Argentina 72(1-2) 55-59Australia 58(2-4) 95-109; 65(1-4) 47-55;

94(1-2) 111-122China 65(1-4) 95-104; 82(3-4) 197-264Commonwealth of Independent States

58(2-4) 357-362Costa Rica 72(1-2) 119-128East China Sea 72(1-2) 103-118Europe 68(1-2) 29-36Greenland 62(3-4) 189-203India 51(4) 327; 58(2-4) 205-213; 72(3-4)

335Italy 100(1-2) 27-37Mexico 60(3-4) 283-293; 81(2-4) 115-128Nevada 81(1) 1-10New South Wales Australia 71(1-4)

149-190Neyveli Lignite, paleobotany 67(1-2)

59-74; 91(1-4) 331-352Nigeria 54(1-2) 151-158Northwest Territories 97(1-2) 197-226Panama 72(1-2) 119-128Queensland Australia 71(1-4) 149-190Shahejie Formation, paleobotany 92(3-4)

383-388Spain 82(3-4) 197-264Tasmania Australia 52(2-3) 205-216;

56(1-2) 141-150Turkey 58(2-4) 139-161

Sutherland Scotland žTertiary


Teruel Spainstratigraphy 66(1-2) 25-45

TethysFrance, paleobotany 92(3-4) 367-382India, palynomorphs 94(1-2) 169-196Switzerland, paleobotany 92(3-4) 367-382

Tetrabranchiata see AmmonoideaTetrahedraletes medinensis

paleobotany 85(3-4) 183-187Tetraphyllostrobus broganensis

paleobotany 66(1-2) 3-11Tetrapoda see Mammalia; ReptiliaTetraporina

paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220thallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234

Tetrapterispaleobotany 96(3-4) 231-240

Texas see also Dockum Grouppaleobotany

Chambers County Texas 64(1-4)297-303

Karnes County Texas 68(3-4) 257-267Tarrant County Texas(1-2) 177-186

Thailandpaleobotany 58(2-4) 333-355stratigraphy, Khorat Plateau 60(3-4)

225-254Thallobacteria

paleontology 80(1-2) 75-84thallophytes

63(3-4) 189-195; 87(2-4) 81-322; 90(3-4)249-262; 94(3-4) 259-293; 95(1-4) 83-94

Antarctica 61(1-2) 53-61; 61(3-4)341-345; 67(3-4) 229-236

Colorado 59(1-4) 1-6Commonwealth of Independent States

58(2-4) 357-362Denmark 56(1-2) 89-93; 74(1-2) 55-75Estonia 71(1-4) 1-15France 77(3-4) 263-272; 83(1-3) 253-260India 59(1-4) 127-131; 63(1-2) 13-28;

77(1-2) 107-118Eocene 67(1-2) 1-11

Italy 91(1-4) 85-105Mississippi, paleontology 80(1-2) 75-84Morocco 70(4) 325-338New Mexico 59(1-4) 1-6New South Wales Australia 71(1-4) 1-15

Quaternary 80(3-4) 311-332Ohio 72(3-4) 257-271Poland 83(1-3) 97-105South Africa 89(3-4) 417-428; 91(1-4)

143-149Spain 86(3-4) 265-285Sweden 71(1-4) 1-15

Quaternary 83(1-3) 107-117Turkey, Tertiary 58(2-4) 139-161Western Australia 80(3-4) 209-234

Thamnopteroidae

paleobotany 77(1-2) 51-63thanatocenoses

China, paleobotany 91(1-4) 121-142Thanet Sand

Paleocene 99(3-4) 265-315Thanetian

England 74(3-4) 207-237The Himalaya see HimalayasTheaceae

paleobotany 75(3-4) 289-299Theiss River see Tisza RiverTheria see Eutheria; Metatheriathermal alteration index see color alteration

indexthermal surveys see heat flowthermokarst

Alaska, Quaternary 92(1-2) 83-95Third World see developing countriesThuja occidentalis

paleobotany 96(3-4) 241-254Thumb Mountain Formation

stratigraphy 86(1-2) 69-90Thuringia Germany


Thymospora thiesseniipaleobotany 95(1-4) 211-225

Thyra FormationTertiary 62(3-4) 189-203

Tian-Shan see Tien ShanTianjin China

paleobotany 92(3-4) 383-388Tianjinella

paleobotany 92(3-4) 383-388Tien Shan see also Alai Range

stratigraphy 81(2-4) 193-211Tierra del Fuego

Quaternary 65(1-4) 9-15; 89(3-4) 429-440Tiesbergia abdounensis

thallophytes 70(4) 325-338Tigridiinae

paleobotany 75(3-4) 301-315Tilia

Europe 57(1-2) 33-43Netherlands, stratigraphy 52(2-3) 179-204

Tiliaceaepaleobotany 57(1-2) 33-43

Timanostrobus muravieviipaleobotany 96(3-4) 351-447

Timor Sea see Sahul ShelfTimothyia trinervis

paleobotany 92(1-2) 1-28Tisa River see Tisza RiverTishomingo County Mississippi

paleontology 80(1-2) 75-84Tisza River

stratigraphy 66(3-4) 361-377Tithonian see Vaca Muerta Formationtitle

Antarctica, Quaternary 61(3-4) 347-348India, stratigraphy 61(3-4) 352-354paleobotany 52(2-3) 251-252; 52(2-3)

255-256; 57(3-4) 341-344; 58(2-4) 363;58(2-4) 363-364; 61(1-2) 175-176;67(3-4) 363-364

palynomorphs 57(3-4) 341; 61(3-4)354-355

Plantae 61(3-4) 348-352Quaternary 52(2-3) 252-254South America, Quaternary 61(3-4)

347-348stratigraphy 52(2-3) 251; 52(2-3) 254-255

Tjornes SequenceQuaternary 83(4) 275-297

Tkaprovayam Formationpaleobotany 97(1-2) 67-78

Toarcian see lower ToarcianToddalia

stratigraphy 62(3-4) 309-338Togo

Quaternary 67(1-2) 41-58Tomlinsonia thomassonii

paleobotany 60(1-2) 165-177torbanite

Estonia, thallophytes 71(1-4) 1-15New South Wales Australia, thallophytes

71(1-4) 1-15Sweden, thallophytes 71(1-4) 1-15

Torispora securispaleobotany 95(1-4) 211-225

Toronto OntarioQuaternary 82(1-2) 147-155

TouraineQuaternary 82(1-2) 195

TournaisianBelgium 72(1-2) 149-158; 80(1-2) 55-63;

93(1-4) 269-297France 61(3-4) 239-271; 63(1-2) 91-115Ireland 56(1-2) 61-68Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 115-123Scotland 72(3-4) 273-284; 81(2-4)

213-231Towada

Quaternary 98(3-4) 207-222Trabicaulis

paleobotany 61(3-4) 239-271Tracheidatae

paleobotany 74(1-2) 109-138Tragopogon porrifolius

paleobotany 52(2-3) 233-246Trans-Jordan see JordanTransantarctic Mountains

paleobotany 61(1-2) 53-61; 61(3-4)341-345; 66(1-2) 105-127; 66(1-2)129-145; 69(4) 353-368; 74(1-2)101-107; 83(1-3) 227-239; 90(3-4)303-318; 94(1-2) 11-24

Teruel Spain žTransantarctic Mountains


stratigraphy 61(1-2) 101-138; 65(1-4)257-265

Transdanubian Central Mountains seeBakony Mountains

transgressionAlabama, paleobotany 79(3-4) 179-204Brazil, Permian 99(3-4) 217-233England, paleobotany 80(1-2) 39-54France, stratigraphy 84(1-2) 121-128Georgia, paleobotany 79(3-4) 179-204Germany, paleobotany 95(1-4) 285-304Iowa, paleobotany 98(1-2) 125-152Kansas, Pennsylvanian 98(3-4) 223-246Morocco, stratigraphy 77(1-2) 97-106Quebec, Devonian 97(1-2) 155-175Saudi Arabia, Silurian 89(1-2) 91-104Utah, stratigraphy 97(1-2) 53-66

transport see also stream transportAfrica, paleobotany 97(1-2) 123-153Europe, Quaternary 82(1-2) 175-189Louisiana, paleobotany 92(1-2) 69-81New South Wales Australia, paleobotany

64(1-4) 97-101New Zealand, Quaternary 64(1-4) 263-272Sudan, Quaternary 99(3-4) 235-246

Transvaal regionQuaternary 53(1-2) 1-10

Transylvanian Alpspaleobotany 59(1-4) 51-55

tree ringsChina, paleobotany 80(3-4) 277-290Oregon, paleobotany 80(3-4) 175-207Scotland, Holocene 54(1-2) 181-185

Tremadocian93(1-4) 23-34; 98(1-2) 33-40Argentina 98(1-2) 41-45Belgium 98(1-2) 47-79Germany 98(1-2) 47-79Iran 86(1-2) 91-109

Triangulatisporitespaleobotany 78(1-2) 19-40

Triassic see also Beacon Supergroup;Karroo Supergroup

53(1-2) 141-149; 77(1-2) 144-146; 78(3-4)235-267; 79(3-4) 271-284; 84(3-4)281-303; 90(3-4) 287-302

Anisian, Arctic Ocean 70(3) 199-216Antarctica 61(3-4) 341-345; 62(1-2)

41-64; 63(3-4) 315; 66(1-2) 129-145;67(3-4) 179-198; 67(3-4) 229-236;78(3-4) 269-276; 79(3-4) 205-219;82(3-4) 365

Argentina 68(3-4) 217-232Carnian

Antarctica 61(1-2) 101-138Arizona 55(4) 337-356Europe 83(1-3) 217-226Italy 53(3-4) 329-348

China 66(1-2) 65-103; 91(1-4) 121-142

Chinle Formation, paleobotany 51(1-3)37-49; 63(3-4) 189-195; 68(3-4) 269-287

Fremouw Formation 65(1-4) 257-265paleobotany 74(1-2) 101-107; 90(3-4)

303-318Germany 77(3-4) 185-212; 96(1-2) 71-79Greenland 60(1-2) 7-24India 54(1-2) 55-83Indian Ocean Islands 77(3-4) 213-233Iraq 65(1-4) 267-274Italy 97(1-2) 9-39Kenya 68(1-2) 127-145Keuper, Germany 96(1-2) 225-226;

100(1-2) 1-26Norian 63(1-2) 153-162

Antarctica 61(1-2) 101-138North Carolina 51(1-3) 59-64; 77(1-2)

75-95; 85(3-4) 189-198Norway 82(3-4) 317-349Olenekian, China 54(3-4) 187-231Panchet Series, palynomorphs 94(1-2)


67(1-2) 133-139Rhaetian, England 61(1-2) 89-99Scotland 67(1-2) 133-139Spain 66(1-2) 25-45Spathian, Arctic Ocean 70(3) 199-216Sri Lanka 58(2-4) 197-203Tunisia 66(3-4) 273-291Western Australia 80(3-4) 209-234

Tricolporodites wardiipalynomorphs 78(3-4) 183-234

Tricolporopilitespaleobotany 67(1-2) 59-74

Trileitespaleobotany 65(1-4) 209-216

Trilepisiumpaleobotany 57(3-4) 187-220

Trilobosporites apiverrucatusstratigraphy 81(2-4) 297-311

TrimerophytinaSpermatophyta 98(3-4) 303-324

Trinity Riverpaleobotany 64(1-4) 297-303

Trinovantedinium borealestratigraphy 84(1-2) 129-153

Tripoli Formationstratigraphy 87(1) 51-79

Triporotetradites gemmatuspaleobotany 94(1-2) 123-135

Triprojectacitespaleobotany 65(1-4) 341-347

Tristichia triposPlantae 93(1-4) 299-315

Troedsson Cliff Formationpaleobotany 56(3-4) 305-311

Tsinghai China see Qinghai ChinaTsinguan Formation

paleobotany 89(3-4) 335-357Tsushima

Quaternary 84(1-2) 155-168Tubaliflorae

Quaternary 74(3-4) 293-313Tuberculodinium vancampoae

Quaternary 65(1-4) 305-310tundra

Colorado, Quaternary 74(3-4) 293-313Tunisia see also Ghadames Basin

Paleogene, El Kef Tunisia 65(1-4) 85-94stratigraphy 56(1-2) 5-19; 66(3-4)

273-291; 74(3-4) 193-205; 86(1-2)147-155

TurbellariaQuaternary 91(1-4) 371-381

Turkey see also Near Eastpaleobotany 64(1-4) 343-350; 91(1-4)

151-169; 93(1-4) 35-76Quaternary 73(1-4) 99-104Tertiary 58(2-4) 139-161

Turku FinlandQuaternary 73(1-4) 227-239

TuronianEgypt 94(1-2) 137-168England 54(1-2) 85-103Europe 83(1-3) 159-174Germany 54(1-2) 85-103New Jersey 90(3-4) 339-359

Tuyiluoke Formationstratigraphy 65(1-4) 95-104

Tympanicystastratigraphy 82(3-4) 317-349

Typhapaleobotany 97(1-2) 123-153

Tyrone Northern Irelandpaleobotany 54(1-2) 43-54

U. S. Rocky Mountains see Wind RiverRange

UfimianPermian 86(1-2) 157-173

Ugandapaleobotany 96(1-2) 145-168

Ugartecladus genoensispaleobotany 51(1-3) 3-30

UkraineQuaternary 85(3-4) 289-301

UlmaceaeEurope 52(2-3) 119-129; 88(1-4) 25-46Italy 100(1-2) 27-37Mexico 81(2-4) 115-128Nebraska 74(3-4) 267-282

Ulmoideaepaleobotany 52(2-3) 119-129

UlmusGreece, Pleistocene 52(2-3) 89-117Netherlands, stratigraphy 52(2-3) 179-204Northern Ireland 54(1-2) 43-54

Transdanubian Central Mountains žUlmus


Umbellulariapaleobotany 56(3-4) 183-198

Umbonatisporites rarisetosuspalynomorphs 93(1-4) 269-297

Umm El Hueitat Minepaleobotany 85(3-4) 303-317

Uncatoella verticillatapaleobotany 100(1-2) 73-88

Une Formationstratigraphy 66(3-4) 345-359

uniformitarianismBelize, Plantae 58(1) 85-94

Union County Kentuckypaleobotany 57(3-4) 265-276

United Kingdom see Great Britain; NorthernIreland

United States see also Alabama; Alaska;Arizona; Atlantic Coastal Plain;California; Colorado; Colorado Plateau;Florida; Georgia; Illinois; Indiana; Iowa;Kansas; Kentucky; Louisiana; Maryland;Mississippi; Missouri; Montana;Nebraska; Nevada; New England; NewJersey; New Mexico; New York; NorthCarolina; North Dakota; Ohio; Oregon;Pennsylvania; South Dakota; Tennessee;Texas; Utah; Vermont; Virginia; WestVirginia; Wyoming

paleobotanyBighorn Basin 64(1-4) 325-329Illinois Basin 95(1-4) 211-225Mississippi River 64(1-4) 253-261;

92(1-2) 69-81Wind River Range 94(3-4) 197-210

palynomorphs, Illinois Basin 90(1-2)113-140

stratigraphy, Narragansett Basin 95(1-4)255-283

Upper Carboniferous see Bashkirian;Karharbari Stage; Kasimovian;Moscovian; Namurian; Stephanian;Talchir Series; Westphalian

Upper Cretaceous see Black CreekFormation; Buda Limestone; CastlegateSandstone; Cenomanian; DuwiFormation; Edmonton Formation;Horseshoe Canyon Formation; K-Tboundary; Lopez de BertodanoFormation; Price River Formation;Ripley Formation; Senonian; Turonian

Upper Devonian see Cleveland Member;Famennian; Frasnian; HampshireFormation; New Albany Shale

upper Eocene see Shubuta Member; YazooClay

Upper Gaspe LimestonesDevonian 97(1-2) 155-175

upper Gondwana Systempaleobotany 85(3-4) 341-350

Upper Jurassic see Bowser Lake Group;Kimmeridgian; Morrison Formation;Oxfordian; Portlandian

upper Liassic see Toarcianupper Miocene see Messinianupper Oligocene see Chickasawhay

FormationUpper Ordovician see Ashgillian;

Caradocian; Maquoketa Formationupper Paleocene see ThanetianUpper Pennsylvanian see Missourian;

Sturgis Formation; VirgilianUpper Permian see Raniganj Formationupper Pleistocene see Cromerian;

Devensian; Eemian; Ipswichian; Saalian;Weichselian; Wisconsinan; Wurm

upper Precambrian see ProterozoicUpper Silurian see PridolianUpper Triassic see Carnian; Chinle

Formation; Dockum Group; Keuper;Norian; Rhaetian

upper Weichselian see Allerod; YoungerDryas

Uralspaleobotany 91(1-4) 35-62stratigraphy 83(1-3) 131-136

Urticaceaepaleobotany 97(1-2) 123-153

Ustulina deustapaleobotany 56(1-2) 89-93

Utah see also Castlegate Sandstone; ChinleFormation; Green River Formation;Morrison Formation; North HornFormation; Price River Formation

Quaternary 64(1-4) 359-366Utrecht Netherlands

paleobotany 88(1-4) 83-272Utsetela

paleobotany 57(3-4) 187-220Uttar Pradesh India

paleobotany 59(1-4) 127-131; 64(1-4)71-77

palynomorphs 94(1-2) 169-196Plantae 76(1) 49-82Vaca Muerta FormationVaca Muerta Formation 65(1-4) 319-330

Vaccinium miocenicumpaleobotany 52(4) 299-366

VaguarchochaQuaternary 55(1-3) 83-99

Val Gardena Formationpaleobotany 52(4) 375-402

Val Gardena Sandstonepalynomorphs 97(1-2) 9-39

ValanginianFrance 84(1-2) 121-128; 92(3-4) 367-382Switzerland 92(3-4) 367-382

Valencia Spainstratigraphy 66(1-2) 25-45

Valentian see LlandoverianVallatisporites

stratigraphy 89(1-2) 125-137valleys

Burundi, Quaternary 75(1-2) 133-151Valvisisporites

paleobotany 62(1-2) 65-78van Zeist, Willemvan Zeist, Willem 73(1-4) vii-xii

Vardekloeftia sulcatapaleobotany 60(1-2) 7-24

Variscan Orogeny see Hercynian Orogenyvascular taxa

Belgium, paleobotany 74(1-2) 139-157Kansas, paleobotany 80(1-2) 1-18Nebraska, paleobotany 80(1-2) 1-18New Brunswick, paleobotany 74(1-2)

109-138paleobotany 90(1-2) 5-40; 90(3-4) 209-222

Velatitetras anotoliensispaleobotany 93(1-4) 35-76

VelayQuaternary 54(3-4) 233-248

Vellaripolis foveolatuspaleobotany 67(3-4) 205-215

Vellaripollispaleobotany 67(3-4) 205-215

Venezuelapaleobotany 81(2-4) 141-150; 96(1-2)

47-70Plantae 93(1-4) 127-145Quaternary 55(1-3) 5-17; 99(2) 95-114

Verbena offininalispaleobotany 57(1-2) 75-79

Verbenaceaepaleobotany 57(1-2) 75-79

Vermes see also Polychaetia; scolecodontsNetherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 187-204Switzerland, Quaternary 91(1-4) 371-381

Vermifruxpaleobotany 81(2-4) 233-255

Vermont see also Green Mountainsstratigraphy 82(3-4) 299-315

VerrucosisporitesDevonian 81(2-4) 289-295paleobotany 77(1-2) 45-49; 93(1-4)

107-125Permian 89(3-4) 359-415

Vertebrariapaleobotany 79(3-4) 221-244

Vertebrata see Pisces; TetrapodaVeryhachium strangulatum

Silurian 89(1-2) 49-74Veryhachium symmetricum

paleobotany 86(1-2) 13-48Vicecomodoro Marambio Island see

Seymour IslandVicksburg Group

Umbellularia žVicksburg Group


paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34Vicksburgian

paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34Victoria Australia

paleobotany 97(3-4) 301-318Pliocene 92(3-4) 307-328

Victoria Groupstratigraphy 83(4) 329-337

Victoria Land see Allan HillsVienna Basin

paleobotany 94(1-2) 1-9Vietnam

paleobotany, Mekong Delta 68(1-2)87-117

Viracarponpaleobotany 77(1-2) 107-118

Virgilian see Shawnee GroupVirginia see also Potomac Group; Price

Formation; Yorktown Formationpaleobotany 89(3-4) 235-256

Prince George County Virginia 72(3-4)245-255

Rockingham County Virginia 64(1-4)315-324

ViruanSweden 52(4) 257-297

Visbysphaerr glabraSilurian 89(1-2) 49-74

ViseanFrance 83(1-3) 253-260; 99(3-4) 203-215Ireland 56(1-2) 61-68Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 115-123Scotland 63(1-2) 77-90

Visneastratigraphy 62(3-4) 309-338

Vitaceaepaleobotany 80(3-4) 175-207

Vitaceoxylonpaleobotany 80(3-4) 175-207

Vitis viniferaQuaternary 61(3-4) 205-237

vitriniteNorthern Ireland, stratigraphy 56(3-4)

345-359Vocontian Trough

stratigraphy 84(1-2) 121-128Vojvodina Yugoslavia

Quaternary 73(1-4) 181-185volcanic rocks see pyroclasticsvolcanism

Mexico, Quaternary 99(2) 77-93Volkhov Stage

paleobotany 86(1-2) 1-11Voltzia andrewsii

paleobotany 51(1-3) 59-64Voltziales

paleobotany 84(3-4) 281-303volume susceptibility (magnetic) see

magnetic susceptibility

Voronezh Anteclisepaleobotany 53(1-2) 163-173

Vosges Francepaleobotany 99(3-4) 203-215

Voyvodina Yugoslavia see VojvodinaYugoslavia

vulcanism see volcanismWadi Howar Formation

paleobotany 59(1-4) 37-50Walchia hypnoides

paleobotany 62(3-4) 205-248Walchiaceae

palynomorphs 97(1-2) 9-39Wales

Devonian, South Wales 56(1-2) 69-87paleobotany, South Wales 93(1-4)

235-252; 95(1-4) 227-253Walsura deccanensis

paleobotany 58(2-4) 205-213Walton Member

stratigraphy 60(3-4) 361-373Wandoan

paleobotany 66(1-2) 147-158Warman clay pit

paleobotany 74(3-4) 249-266Warren County Mississippi

paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34Warrenia brevispinosa

paleobotany 91(1-4) 187-240Washington County Alabama

paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34Washoe County Nevada

paleobotany 62(1-2) 79-95Waterland Netherlands

Quaternary 94(1-2) 75-100; 96(3-4) 459Watsoniocladus

paleobotany 89(3-4) 257-286Wayne County Mississippi

paleobotany 91(1-4) 23-34Weakley County Tennessee

paleobotany 74(3-4) 249-266Wealden

England 83(1-3) 175-183Weddell Sea

paleobotany 84(1-2) 101-105weeds

Belgium, Quaternary 73(1-4) 287-300England, Quaternary 73(1-4) 271-286Europe, Quaternary 73(1-4) 105-115Greece, Quaternary 73(1-4) 133-143Netherlands, Quaternary 73(1-4) 145-151;

73(1-4) 287-300Poland, Quaternary 73(1-4) 213-226

Wegener hypothesis see continental driftWeichselian see also upper Weichselian

France 85(3-4) 231-242Norway 53(3-4) 185-231; 61(3-4) 177-203

Welsh Borderlandpalynomorphs 90(3-4) 159-173

Wenlockian86(1-2) 111-133Europe 86(1-2) 135-145

Weser RiverQuaternary 73(1-4) 167-180

Wessex FormationCretaceous 54(1-2) 165-173

West Africa see Benin; Cameroon; Guinea;Ivory Coast; Niger; Nigeria; Senegal;Togo

West Bengal India see Calcutta IndiaWest Feliciana Parish Louisiana

paleobotany 92(1-2) 69-81West Pacific see Northwest PacificWest Pacific Ocean Islands

paleobotany, Auckland Islands 96(3-4)317-338

West Virginiapaleobotany, Randolph County West

Virginia 64(1-4) 315-324Western Australia see also Stockton

Formationpaleobotany 75(3-4) 153-182

Canning Basin 68(1-2) 37-48palynomorphs, Yilgarn 86(3-4) 199-209Permian, Yilgarn Block 65(1-4) 229-237Quaternary 98(3-4) 187-205thallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234

Western Canada see Alberta; BritishColumbia; Canadian Rocky Mountains;Mackenzie District NorthwestTerritories; Saskatchewan; YukonTerritory

Western DesertCretaceous 66(3-4) 293-312

Western Europe see Andorra; Ardennes;Belgium; France; Iceland; Ireland;Meuse Valley; Netherlands; Scandinavia;Scheldt River; United Kingdom

Western Finland Province see Turku FinlandWestern Ghats

paleobotany 83(4) 354Western Interior

paleobotany 95(1-4) 211-225Western Islands see HebridesWestern Sahara

palynomorphs 74(1-2) 1-53Westland New Zealand

Quaternary 64(1-4) 263-272Westphalian

95(1-4) 129-153England 77(1-2) 23-43; 95(1-4) 51-72;

95(1-4) 227-253Germany 80(3-4) 259-275; 95(1-4) 51-72Kansas 98(3-4) 223-246Netherlands 65(1-4) 275-285Nova Scotia 58(2-4) 301-331Poland 77(1-2) 45-49

Vicksburgian žWestphalian


Saudi Arabia 89(1-2) 125-137Spain 80(1-2) 65-74; 95(1-4) 51-72Wales 95(1-4) 227-253

wetlands see also bogsGermany, Quaternary 73(1-4) 167-180New South Wales Australia, Quaternary

80(3-4) 311-332Wetzeliella

paleobotany 56(3-4) 327-344; 66(1-2) 163stratigraphy 60(3-4) 361-373

Whipton FormationPermian 66(3-4) 263-272

Whitemud Formationpaleobotany 59(1-4) 57-66

Williams Point Bedspalynomorphs 74(3-4) 163-192

Willsiostrobuspaleobotany 84(3-4) 281-303

Willwood Formationpaleobotany 64(1-4) 325-329

Wind River Rangepaleobotany 94(3-4) 197-210

WisconsinanAlaska 63(1-2) 35-52Arizona 68(1-2) 1-28

Witpoort Formationthallophytes 91(1-4) 143-149

Witteberg Groupthallophytes 89(3-4) 417-428; 91(1-4)

143-149Wolin Poland

Quaternary 73(1-4) 213-226Wombat Plateau

thallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234Wurm

France 54(3-4) 233-248; 71(1-4) 111-120Wyoming see also Bighorn Basin; Morrison

Formation; Willwood Formationpaleobotany, Wind River Range 94(3-4)

197-210stratigraphy 65(1-4) 75-84

Wyszeborz Formationpaleobotany 93(1-4) 107-125

XenoxylonJurassic 91(1-4) 353-370

Xiaxishancun Formationpaleobotany 100(1-2) 73-88

Xinjiang ChinaOrdovician 99(1) 61-74paleobotany, Junggar Basin 90(1-2) 41-62

stratigraphy 65(1-4) 95-104Yazoo Clay see Shubuta MemberYeaia africana

thallophytes 91(1-4) 143-149Yegua Formation

paleobotany 68(3-4) 257-267Yellow Sea

paleobotany, Bohai Bay 92(3-4) 383-388Yemen

Quaternary 73(1-4) 241-257Yezo Group

paleobotany 72(1-2) 27-40Yigeziya Formation

stratigraphy 65(1-4) 95-104Yilgarn

palynomorphs 86(3-4) 199-209Yilgarn Block

Permian 65(1-4) 229-237Yilgarn goldfield see YilgarnYima Formation

paleobotany 59(1-4) 133-143Yimaia recurva

paleobotany 78(1-2) 167-182Yolkinigymnium expansum

paleobotany 79(3-4) 179-204Yorkshire England see also North

Yorkshire England; Sheffield Englandpaleobotany 51(1-3) 65-93; 51(1-3)

95-105; 51(1-3) 107-115; 61(3-4)273-301; 65(1-4) 165-173; 71(1-4)191-206

stratigraphy 56(3-4) 313-326Yorktown Formation

Quaternary 83(4) 275-297Young’s modulus

Plantae 90(3-4) 195-207stratigraphy 81(1) 65-82

Younger DryasIreland 63(1-2) 1-11Mediterranean Sea 84(3-4) 221-253Norway 85(3-4) 243-262Portugal 97(3-4) 239-285Spain 99(3-4) 317-340

Ypresian see London ClayYubari Japan


YugoslaviaQuaternary, Vojvodina Yugoslavia 73(1-4)

181-185

Yukon Territorystratigraphy 77(1-2) 143-144

Yunia dichotomapaleobotany 68(3-4) 181-195

Yunnan Chinapaleobotany 57(3-4) 155-171; 68(3-4)

181-195; 71(1-4) 121-147; 100(1-2)73-88


Zaire see Congo Democratic RepublicZaklinskaya, Yelena Dmitriyevna

paleobotany 66(1-2) 1-2Zamiaceae

paleobotany 80(1-2) 123-130Zelkova microporosum

paleobotany 74(3-4) 267-282Zelkova sicula

paleobotany 100(1-2) 27-37Zetland see Shetland IslandsZhejiang China

stratigraphy, Changxing China 66(1-2)65-103

ZincheoraQuaternary 73(1-4) 315-327

Ziziphus lotuspaleobotany 85(1-2) 85-98

zones, rift see rift zoneszoogeography see biogeographyZosterophyllaceae

paleobotany 81(2-4) 141-150Zosterophyllales

paleobotany 81(2-4) 141-150Zosterophyllophytina

paleobotany 81(2-4) 141-150Zosterophyllopsida

thallophytes 87(2-4) 81-322Zosterophyllum

paleobotany 57(3-4) 155-171Zosterophyllum deciduum

paleobotany 55(4) 317-335Zygnemataceae

algae 86(3-4) 287-314paleobotany 84(3-4) 201-220

Zygnematalesthallophytes 80(3-4) 209-234

Zygomycetespaleobotany 95(1-4) 83-94

Zygomycotinapaleobotany 61(1-2) 53-61

wetlands žZygomycotina

Documents

Subject index review of palaeobotany and palynology volumes 51–100