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Study of Biology
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What is Biology?
Biology is the study of all living things
Living things are called organisms Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals
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All Living Things Share Common Characteristics
1. Basic Unit is the Cell
2. They Reproduce
3. All Based On Universal Genetic Code (DNA)
4. Grow & Develop
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Common Characteristics
5. Obtain & Use Materials & Energy
6. Respond To Their Environment 7. Maintain A Stable Internal
Environment 8. AS A GROUP, Living Things
Evolve, That Is They Change Over Time
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All Organisms are made of Cells
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Facts About Cells Cells are the smallest living unit of an organism
All cells contain living material called cytoplasm
All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell
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More Cell Facts Cells are complex & highly organized
Cells have parts called organelles that do different jobs
e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars
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More Cell Facts The simplest cells are called Prokaryotes
These cells DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria are examples
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More Cell Facts More complex cells are called Eukaryotes
These cells DO have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Plants, animals, protists, & fungi are examples
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Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells
Unicellular Organisms – Living Organism Made Up Of One
Cell
Multicellular Organisms – Living Organism Made Up Of
Many, Specialized Cells
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Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their Genetic
Traits
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Two Types of Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction Involves 2 parents
Egg fertilized by sperm to make a ZYGOTE
Offspring DIFFERENT from parents
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Two Types of Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction Involves a single organism or cell
Cell divides
Offspring IDENTICAL to parent
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Cells Have a Genetic Code
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Genetic Code
DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organisms
All organisms contain DNA
DNA codes for the proteins that make up cells & do all the work
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Organisms Grow & Develop
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Growth & Development
Organisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT
Organisms develop as they mature into an adult organism
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Cells Require Food & Energy
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Food Requirements Autotrophs can make their own food
Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make food (photosynthesis)
Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energy
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Food Requirements
Heterotrophs can NOT make their own food
They must consume other organisms
Herbivores eat plants
Carnivores eat meat
Omnivores eat plants & animals
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Metabolism
Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism
All require energy
Sunlight is the ultimate energy for life on Earth
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Metabolism
Cellular Respiration
– Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in foods
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O
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Organisms Respond to Stimuli
Organisms Respond to stimuli (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) In Order To Survive & Reproduce
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Homeostasis
Keeping The Internal Environment (Homeostasis) Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc.
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Living Things Evolve
Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over Time In Order To Survive Within Changing Environments. Fossil records show changes in groups of organisms
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Life is Organized on Several Levels
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Levels Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells – life starts here Tissues Organs System Organism
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Levels
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
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![JUNIOR CERT BIOLOGY REVISION - Rocoscience · 1 JUNIOR CERT BIOLOGY REVISION Living Things 1. [2012 OL] All living organisms have common characteristics e.g. respiration. Give two](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/5b5804037f8b9a6a5d8b753f/junior-cert-biology-revision-rocoscience-1-junior-cert-biology-revision-living.jpg)
