Struggles in Africa

Chapter 17

Section 2

South Africa

Apartheid in South Africa

In the 1950s and 1960s, many new nations won independence in Africa

Several other African nations suffered internal conflicts and civil wars

In 1910, South Africa achieved self-rule from Britain

Most civil rights, however, were limited to white settlers

The black majority had few rights under a legal system of racial segregation called apartheid

Apartheid

Apartheid Laws

Prohibited marriages between white people and people and

non-white people

Prohibited adultery between white and non-white people Required every South African to be racially classified

Forced separation between races through the creation of

residential areas designated for certain races Prevented black Africans from performing skilled work in any

areas except those designated for black occupation

Apartheid Laws

Led to the removal of Coloureds from the common voters' roll

Gave the Minister of Native Affairs the ability to displace blacks from public and privately owned land and to place them in resettlement camps

Created black homelands

Forced black people to carry identification (which included a photograph, place of origin, employment record, tax payments,

and encounters with the police) at all times

Apartheid Laws

Prohibited black people to go on strike

Prevented black students from attending white Universities

Removed black South African citizenship and required all black people to become a citizen of the homeland designated for

his/her ethnic group

Houses in Soweto, a Black Township

“Blacks, Coloureds & Asians”

Apartheid in South Africa

Under apartheid, nonwhites faced many restrictions

For example, laws banned marriages between races and stipulated segregated restaurants, beaches, and schools

ANC

The African National Congress (ANC) opposed apartheid and led the struggledfor majority rule

In 1960 police gunned down 69 people during a protest in Sharpeville, a black township

The government then outlawed the ANC Nelson Mandela, an ANC leader, was sentenced to

life imprisonment

Nelson Mandela

The anniversary of the Sharpeville Massacre of March 21, 1960 has been designated as a day against racial discrimination and for human rights. The apartheid police on this day slaughtered 69 Africans and wounded many others. The liberation movements were banned in South Africa in the immediate aftermath of the carnage

Sharpeville

End to Apartheid

In the 1980s, international demands for an end to apartheid and for Mandela’s release increased

In 1984, Bishop Desmond Tutu won the Nobel Peace Prize for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid

In 1990, South African president F.W. de Klerk ended apartheid and freed Mandela, who was elected president in 1994

Bishop Desmond Tutu

F.W. de Klerk

Portugal in Africa

South Africa’s neighbors also experienced long conflicts to attain independence

Portugal granted independence to Angola and Mozambique in 1975

South Africa and the United States saw the new nations as threats because some liberation leaders had ties to the ANC or the Soviet Union

Angola and Mozambique

Rwanda

After independence, ethnic conflicts plagued many nations

Historic resentments divided nations, and regional rivalries fed ethnic violence

In Rwanda, one of Africa’s deadliest wars occurred

There, the Hutus were the majority but the minority Tutsis dominated Rwanda

In 1994, extremist Hutus slaughtered about 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus

Rwanda

Rwanda Genocide Victims

Rwanda (continued)

Another 3 million Rwandans lost their homes

In response, world leaders pledged to stop genocide wherever it may occur

Their power to do this, however, was limited

Darfur

In Sudan, non-Muslim, non-Arab rebels in the south battled Arab Muslims from the north

This war, drought, and famine caused millions of deaths

Finally, southern rebels signed a peace agreement in 2004

In 2004, however, ethnic conflict spread to Darfur in western Sudan

This conflict raises fears of a new genocide

Powerpoint Questions (13 points)

1. What term is given to the legal system of racial segregation?

2. What were black people force to carry at all times?

3. What public areas were segregated? (3 points)

4. What were blacks prevented from attending?

5. What happened in Sharpeville on March 21, 1960?

6. Who was the imprisoned leader of the African National Congress

(ANC?)

Powerpoint Questions (13 points)

7. Who was Desmond Tutu?

8. Who was F.W. de Klerk? What did he accomplish?

9. What two ethnic groups fought each other in Rwanda?

10. What is the term for the ethnic cleansing of a population?

11. What happened in 1994 in Rwanda?

The End