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Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III

Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

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Page 1: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Structure of Solids

Chapter 11

Part III

Page 2: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Classification of Solids

• Crystalline• Solids with highly

regular arrangement of components

• Amorphous• Solids with

considerable disorder in their structure.

Page 3: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

X-ray Diffraction

• X-ray Diffraction is commonly used to determine the structure of a solid.

• X-ray diffraction is explained on page 420.

Page 4: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Crystalline Solids• A Lattice represents

the regular positioning of the components of a crystal.

• A Lattice is the three dimensional system of points designating the positions of the components.

• The smallest repeating unit of the lattice is called the Unit Cell.

Page 5: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Unit Cell-Simple Cubic, Body centered cubic & Face centered

cubic.

Page 6: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Types of Crystalline Solid

• Ionic Solids: metal and non metal

• Molecular solids: non metal and non metal

• Atomic solids: single element

Page 7: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Ionic Solids: metal and non metal

• Ionic substances have ions at the point of the lattice that describe the structure of the compound.

• Examples: NaCl, FeSO4, Al2S3

Page 8: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Molecular solid: non metal and non metal

• Molecular solids have discrete covalently bonded molecules at the end of each of its lattice points.

• See ice →

Page 9: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Atomic solids: single element

• Atomic solids all have atoms at the points of the lattice that describes the structure of the solid.

• This example is diamond a network covalent solid.

• Other examples include, boron, silicon and all metals.

Page 10: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Types of solids

Page 11: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Atomic solids: Three types

• Metallic Solids

• Network Solids

• Group VIIIA solids

Page 12: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Metallic Solids

• These have a type of delocalized non-directional covalent bonding.

• Examples are Cs and Au

Page 13: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Network Solids

• The atoms bond to each other with strong directional covalent bonds that lead to macromolecules or networks of atoms.

Page 14: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Group VIIIA solids

• Noble gases are attracted to one another at low temperatures with weak London dispersion forces.

• The examples are Kr and Xe. Both are cubic close packed.

Page 15: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Summary

Classification of solids

Atomic SolidsMolecular Solids

Ionic Solids

Metallic Network Group VIIIA

Components that ocupy the lattice points Metal Ions

Nonmetal atoms

Group VIIIA atoms

Discrete molecules Ions

BondingDelocalized covalent

Directional Covalent (marcomolecules)

London Dispersion Forces

Dipole-dipole and/or London dispersion forces Ionic

Page 16: Structure of Solids Chapter 11 Part III. Classification of Solids Crystalline Solids with highly regular arrangement of components Amorphous Solids with

Structure and Bonding in Metals