Structural Systems for Tall Buildings

Structural Systems for Tall BuildingsStructural Systems for Tall Buildings

Sang Dae KimSang Dae Kim

Professor, Korea University, y

CTBUH Chairman

1Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Contents

d iⅠ

Ⅱ

Introduction

E l Hi t f T ll B ildiⅡ

Ⅲ

Early History of Tall Buildings

Height of a Tall BuildingⅢ

Ⅳ

Height of a Tall Building

Structural Systems and Technological ChangesⅣ

Ⅴ

Structural Systems and Technological Changes

Conclusions

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 2

Ⅰ. Introduction

3Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH 3Structural Systems for Tall Buildings, CTBUH

Landmarks


Burj Khalifa

Dubai, UAE, 2010

828 m (163 stories)

World’s Tallest Building


Symbol of Power

• Chrysler Building: Achievement of Chrysler

• Petronas Tower:

• Jin Mao SWFC Shanghai Tower:

Superiority of Muslim Country

Symbol of Chinese Growth


Jin Mao, SWFC, Shanghai Tower: Symbol of Chinese Growth

Spacial Efficiency (Vertical City)


Tourist Attractions

• Burj Al Arab in UAE• 30 St. Mary Axe in London


Tourist Attractions

Jin Mao Building

Willis Tower

Empire State Building



Beginning of Tall Buildings

• How are Tall Buildings made Possible?

• Three Important Technological RevolutionThree Important Technological Revolution

in the Mid-19th Century



Elevator, Electricity, Steel



SteelElevator

Home Insurance Building (10F)

Haughwout Building (5F)

Home Insurance Building (10F)Chicago, 1885

New York, 1857


Beginning of Tall Buildings (1850 – 1930)• Growth in Height of the First Great Era of American Skyscrapers

ldin

g

80

100

Fi t ht i Fi t t l ll d

Talle

st B

ui 80

60

First wrought ironrolled sections

First steel rolled sections

Sto

ries

in T

40 Cast Iron EraNew York

ChicagoSchool

New YorkEra

No.

of S

20 Otis’ elevator

Electric elevator

1850 1870 1890 1910

Electric elevator

1930


Source: Tall Building Structures, Bryan Stafford Smith, 1991

A Tall Building Review (2010)• Tall Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed Each Year (1960-2012)

(50-Stories)

131%INCREASED

Total Numbers of Tall Buildings over 200 meters


Source: Tall Buildings in Numbers, CTBUH Journal, 2011(1)

A Tall Building Review (2010)• Tall Buildings 200 meters or Taller Completed in 2010

by Region by Function by Material

Europe - 3 (5%)

Hotel - 6(9%) Steel - 3

Concrete/Steel - 1(1%)

Central America - 1(1%)

North America – 6 (9%)

Residential – 30

Office -13(20%)

(5%)(1%)

Middle East – 14 (21%)

Asia - 42(64%)

(45%)Concrete - 48(73%)Composite

– 14 (21%)

U.S. Office Steel

Mixed -17(26%)

Asia (64%) Residential (45%) Concrete (73%)



Top 10 Tallest Buildings in the WorldUAE Taiwan China HK Malaysia China China ChinaU.S. U.S.

① Burj Khalifa (Dubai)

② Taipei 101 (Taipei)

③ SWFC (Shanghai)

④ ICC (HK)

⑥ Nanjing Greenland Financial Center (Nanjing)

⑦ Willis Tower (Chicago)

⑧ Guangzhou IFC (Guangzhou)

⑨ Trump International Hotel & Tower (Chicago)④ ICC (HK)

⑤ Petronas Tower (Kuala Lumpur)

⑨ Trump International Hotel & Tower (Chicago)

⑩ Jin Mao Building (Shanghai)

② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩①


Source: http://skyscraperpage.com

Tall Buildings: A Cultural Symbol and Humanity• Not only Technological Aspects, but also Cultural Symbol and Humanity

Technology

Tall Buildings

Culture

g

HumanityHumanity


Ⅱ E l Hi tⅡ. Early History

of Tall Buildings


New York & Chicago


The Beginning of Tall Buildings in New York

Roads & Canals(1820~1840)

Civil War(1861~1862)(1820~1840) (1861~1862)

1800 1850 1900 1950

Tall Building(1880~)

Chrysler Building Empire State Building


1930 1931


Roads & Canals (1820~1840)

Increase in Population

Civil War (1861~1862)North won the Civil War

↓Insurance Companiesp

& Manufacturing Businesses↓

Many Jobs

I ti i U S A hit t

↓Urban Population to Soar

↓Innovation in U.S. Architecture Increase in the Value of Land

↓Taller Building


The Beginning of Tall Buildings in Chicago

Advances in Railways & Locomotives (1848) Great Chicago Fire (1871)& Locomotives (1848) g ( )

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Restoration of Chicago(1880~)

Willis TowerJohn Hancock Center


19741969


Great Chicago Fire, 1871

the Most Modern City in the U.Sy

1870 ~ 1880

Restoration of ChicagoRestoration of Chicago

• Disaster turned into blessing


g

First Skyscraper – Home Insurance Building

• Location: Chicago, Illinois, USA

• Completion: 1885• Completion: 1885

• Height: 55 m

St i 10• Stories: 10

• Materials: Steel

• Facing Materials: Brick

• Engineer: William LeBaron Jenney


First Skyscraper – Woolworth Building

• Location: New York, USA

• Completion: 1913

• Height: 241 m

• Stories: 55

• Materials: Steel Frame

* High-speed elevatorg p

Reference: “SKYSCRAPERS”, A Social History of the Very Tall Building in America

by GEORGE H. DOUGLAS


Skyscrapers in New York & Chicago

Chrysler Building

New York, 1930

319 m (77 stories)


New York, 1931

381 m (102 stories)


319 m (77 stories) 381 m (102 stories)


J h H k CJohn Hancock Center

Chicago, 1969

344 m (100 stories)

World Trade Center

New York, 1972

417 m (110 stories)


344 m (100 stories) 417 m (110 stories)


Willis Tower

Chicago, 1974

442 m (110 stories)

Aon Center

Chicago, 1973

346 m (83 stories)


442 m (110 stories)346 m (83 stories)

Ⅲ. Height of a Tall Building. e g t o a a u d g


What is a Super-tall Building? (高層, 超高層)

300 Meters

(CTBUH)

Home Insurance Building

Chicago, 1885

55 m (10 stories)

The First Steel High-rise Building


Source: http://ctbuh.org

Height of a Tall Building1. Height to Architectural Top



Height of a Tall Building1. Height to Architectural Top

Petronas Towers Willis TowerTaipei 101



Height of a Tall Building2. Highest Occupied Floor



Height of a Tall Building2. Highest Occupied Floor

Petronas TowersWillis TowerTaipei 101



Height of a Tall Building3. Height to Tip



Height of a Tall Building3. Height to Tip

Petronas TowersWillis Tower Taipei 101



Ⅵ. Structural Systems and

Technological Changes


Innovation of Structural Innovation of Structural EfficiencyEfficiency


Structural Steel vs. Height• Three Conceptual Components to Separate the Material Quantities

300

350

f/m2 )

Total Steel

200

250

Wei

ght (

kgf

Wind Bracing

100

150

tura

l Ste

el W

Floor Framing

Columns

0

50Stru

ct

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Heights in Stories


The Revolution in Structural Efficiency

After 1970 Before 1970:

60 Story Chase Manhattan Bank BuildingWillis Tower

60-Story Chase Manhattan Bank Building - Steel weight : 55 lb/ft2 (269 kgf/m2)

After 1970:After 1970:

110-Story Sears Tower- Steel weight : 33 lb/ft2 (161 kgf/m2)

One ChaseManhattan Plaza

Before 1970


Source: Efficiency in Design of Tall Buildings, 1988


After 1970100

110 • Height increased two-foldWillis Tower

80

00

90 • Steel weight decreased almost by halfSteel weight

70

60n S

torie

s Before 1970:

60-Story Chase Manhattan Bank Building St l i ht 55 lb/ft2 (269 k f/ 2)Height

50

40Hei

ght i

n - Steel weight : 55 lb/ft2 (269 kgf/m2)

Aft 1970

HeightOne ChaseManhattan Plaza

Before 197030

20

After 1970:

110-Story Sears Tower- Steel weight : 33 lb/ft2 (161 kgf/m2)

5 201510 3025 35 40 45 50 55 60

10

g ( g )


Source: Efficiency in Design of Tall Buildings, 1988Structural Steel Weight (PSF)


Willis Tower85 PSF

33PSF

85 PSF

Without the revolution

O Ch M h tt PlOne Chase Manhattan Plaza


Source: Efficiency in Design of Tall Buildings, 1988


• Development of Structural Systems• Development of Structural Systems

• Development of the Structural Analysis Technologyp y gy

• Use of Damping Devices

• New High-strength and High-performance Materials

• Reduction of Wind Load by Wind Tunnel Test


Main Lateral-resisting Systems (Interior)

Central Core + Rigid Frame

OutriggerSystemSystem


Source: Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects,

2007

Main Lateral-resisting Systems (Exterior)

Source: Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects 2007


Source: Structural Developments in Tall Buildings: Current Trends and Future Prospects, 2007

Structural Analysis Technology (ETABS, SAP, MIDAS)


Damping Devices

TMD(Taipei 101)

Outrigger Damper(St. Francis Tower, Manila)


( , )

New High-strength, High-performance MaterialsTwo Union Center • Stories : 58F

• Max Concrete Strength: 130MPaMax. Concrete Strength: 130MPa


Reduction of Wind Load by Wind Tunnel Test

Softened CornersSoftened Corners

T i d S tb kTapering and Setbacks

i C S i ShVarying Cross Section Shape

Spoilers

Porosity or Openings



Changes in the Structural Changes in the Structural SystemsSystems


New Cladding Concept / Structural Systems

Conventional Load-bearing Masonry Walls

relatively small punched openingsrelatively small punched openings

Iron / Steel Frame Structure

the larger openingsthe larger openings

• Increasing rentable area by stacking office spaces vertically


New Cladding Concept / Structural Systems

A New Cladding Concept

⇒ Curtain WallsCu ta a s

The Emergence of the New Structural Systems

⇒ Frame Structure⇒ Frame Structure

• Claddings did not carry any loads from buildingsexcept their own weights.


Development of Structural Systems

Frame Braced CoreShear Wall

Perimeter Tube Bundled TubeBraced Tube


Source: AIA Tall Buildings Presentation, R. Halvorson

Development of Structural Systems

fBefore 1990:

• All Framed Tube Structureswere completed prior towere completed prior to

1990• 75% Steel

2000’s:

• 73% Core + Outrigger• approx. 50% Concrete



Structural Efficiency of Lateral Load Resistance

Exterior StructuresInterior

Exterior StructuresStructures

Core Wall System Tube System Mega Column Systemy y g y

I = 0.11 I0 I = I0 I = 1.50 I0


Structural Efficiency of Lateral Load Resistancey y

x

48 m

48 m x

48 48

ΣA = 51,200 cm2

I 1 981 m4

ΣA = 51,076 cm2

I = 2 942 m4 (1 5 times lager)

48 m 48 m


Ix = 1,981 m4 Ix = 2,942 m (1.5 times lager)

What is Tube system?


Tube System

Willis Tower (Sears Tower)

Chicago, 1974

442 (110 i )


442 m (110 stories)

Tube System

Willis Tower (Sears Tower)

Chicago, 1974

442 m (110 stories)


442 m (110 stories)

Tube System

World Trade Center

New York City, North Tower:1970, South Tower:1971

417 (110 i )


417 m (110 stories)

Mega Column System

Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong Taipei 101, Taiwan


Mega Column System

International Commerce Centre, Hong Kong


Mega Column System

Ji M T Sh h i


Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai

Diagrid System

Triangulated sloped column and beam frame configurations


Diagrid System

St. Mary Axe, London


Diagrid System

Capital Gate, Abu Dhabi, 160m, 35-story


Capital Gate, Abu Dhabi, 160m, 35 story

Diagrid System

Hearst Tower, New York, 183m, 46-story


y

Diagrid System

O-14 Tower, UAE


Diagrid System

Urban Hive, Korea


Diagrid System


Changes in Structural MaterialChanges in Structural Materialand Usageand Usage


Structural Material


Comparison of Structural Material

SRC / Reinforced Concrete Steel

19982010 197419982010 1974



Development of Concrete Technology

• Steel vs Reinforced Concrete• Steel vs. Reinforced Concrete

High-strength Concrete Lighter Weight

System Formwork

Early-strength Concrete

Speedy Construction

y g

Post-tensioning SystemLonger Span

Prefabricated Rebar Cages Prefabricated Structure


Development of Concrete Technology• High-performance Concrete

High Strength Concrete (more than 60 MPa)

Early Strength Concrete(8 MPa / 1 day)

High Flowing ConcreteHigh Flowing Concrete(Flow 55~65)


Development of Concrete Technology• Form & RC System

ACS Form (Core)

Slab System(Flat Slab + PT)

ACS Form (Column)

Shear Reinforcement(Stud Rail)

Table Form(Flying Form)


Comparison of Usage• Top 10 Tallest Buildings in the World

1974199819992004200820092010201020102010

Residential / Mixed OfficeOfficeOffice



Ⅴ. ConclusionsⅤ. Conclusions


Since the beginning of the history of tall buildingsSince the beginning of the history of tall buildings

in the second half of the 19th century in the U.S.,

tall buildings have undergone various changes.


Tall Buildings

• Regions USA ⇒ Asia

• Structural Systems Tube ⇒ Mega Column

Material & Usage

g

St l C t• Material & Usage Steel ⇒ Concrete

Office ⇒ Residential / Mixed


Documents

Structural Systems for Tall Buildings