Strategic Manoeuvering in Argumentative Confrontations

8/6/2019 Strategic Manoeuvering in Argumentative Confrontations

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Rhetoric and/asRhetoric and/as StrategicStrategic

ManoeuvringManoeuvringSTRATEGIC MANOEUVRINGSTRATEGIC MANOEUVRING

IN ARGUMENTATIVEIN ARGUMENTATIVECONFRONTATIONS,CONFRONTATIONS,

PanelPanel convenedconvened byby FransFrans van Eemeren & Petervan Eemeren & PeterHoutlosser.Houtlosser.

DiscussantDiscussant

: Igor Z. Zagar,: Igor Z. Zagar,

EducationalEducational

ResearchResearch

Institute &Institute & UniversityUniversity ofofPrimorskaPrimorskaEE--mailmail:: [email protected]@guest.arnes.si

WWW:WWW: www.igorzagar.netwww.igorzagar.net
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.igorzagar.net/http://www.igorzagar.net/http://www.igorzagar.net/mailto:[email protected]


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- InIn pragmapragma--dialectics dialectic is defineddialectics dialectic is defined

pragmatically as a method for dealingpragmatically as a method for dealingsystematically with critical exchanges insystematically with critical exchanges in

verbal communication and interaction thatverbal communication and interaction that

amounts to the pragmatic application ofamounts to the pragmatic application of

logic, a collaborative method of puttinglogic, a collaborative method of putting

logic into use so as to move fromlogic into use so as to move fromconjecture and opinion to more secureconjecture and opinion to more secure

beliefbelief (van Eemeren et al., 1996: 214).(van Eemeren et al., 1996: 214).


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring As far as it is pertinent toAs far as it is pertinent to pragmapragma--

dialectics, rhetoric is the theoretical studydialectics, rhetoric is the theoretical studyof the potential effectiveness ofof the potential effectiveness of

argumentative discourse in convincing orargumentative discourse in convincing or

persuading an audience in actualpersuading an audience in actual

argumentative practice.argumentative practice. (Van Eemeren & (Van Eemeren &

Houtlosser, 2007)Houtlosser, 2007)


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring ......the gap between dialectic and rhetoric can bethe gap between dialectic and rhetoric can be

bridged by introducing the theoretical concept ofbridged by introducing the theoretical concept ofstrategicstrategic manoeuvringmanoeuvring (van Eemeren & (van Eemeren &

Houtlosser, 2002).Houtlosser, 2002). StrategicStrategic manoeuvringmanoeuvring

refers to the efforts arguers make inrefers to the efforts arguers make inargumentative discourse to reconcile aimingargumentative discourse to reconcile aiming

for rhetorical effectiveness with maintainingfor rhetorical effectiveness with maintaining

dialectical standards of reasonableness.dialectical standards of reasonableness.(Van Eemeren & Houtlosser, 2007)(Van Eemeren & Houtlosser, 2007)


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- SM and (some)SM and (some) historicalhistorical backgroundbackground::

Plato andPlato and AristotleAristotle or Platoor Plato vsvs.. AristotleAristotle

-- Plato:Plato: searchsearch forfortruthtruth

-- twotwo kindskinds ofofrhetoricrhetoric::

sophisticalsophistical rhetoricrhetoric ((logographialogographia)) >>

rhetoricrhetoric ofofprobabilityprobability//illusionillusion ((GorgiasGorgias))philosophicalphilosophical rhetoricrhetoric ((psukhagogiapsukhagogia) >) >

dialecticsdialectics ((PhaidrosPhaidros))


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- dialecticdialectic (as(as educationeducation ofofsoulssouls) =) =

eroticizederoticized rhetoricrhetoric-- eroticizederoticized rhetoricrhetoric thethe gistgist ofofthethe SocraticSocratic

methodmethod-- principlesprinciples ofofSocraticSocratic methodmethod??


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AristotleAristotle:: searchsearch forforknowledgeknowledge

-- thethe inventoryinventory ofof((almostalmost)) everythingeverything (map(mapofoflearninglearning))

-- LogicLogic:: universaluniversal andand necessarynecessary-- DialecticDialectic: general and: general and possiblepossible

-- Rhetoric:Rhetoric: particularparticularandand probableprobable


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- BUT:BUT: therethere is nois no gapgap betweenbetween rhetoricrhetoric andand

dialecticdialectic, or, orbetweenbetween dialecticdialectic andand logiclogic..-- RATHER:RATHER:

-- dialecticdialectic isis necessarynecessary toto consolidateconsolidate((amongamong otherotherthingsthings)) thethe firstfirst principlesprinciples ofoflogiclogic//sciencescience;;

-- whilewhile rhetoricrhetoric (in a(in a wayway)) givesgives groundsgrounds forfordialecticaldialectical enterpriseenterprise..


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- TheThe twotwo ZenosZenos::

-- ZenoZeno thethe StoicistStoicist ((afterafterPlato andPlato and AristotleAristotle))

rhetoricrhetoric == anan openopen handhand (palm)(palm)

dialecticdialectic = a= a fistfist

-- differencedifference ofofmethodmethod,, becausebecause thethe addresseesaddressees

areare differentdifferent,, whilewhile thethe goalgoal isis thethe same:same: totopersuadepersuade ((aboutabout whatwhat?)?)


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- ZenoZeno ofofEleaElea

creditedcredited byby AristotleAristotle asas thethe inventorinventor ofofdialecticaldialectical argumentsarguments

-- DialecticalDialectical argumentsarguments vsvs.. dialecticaldialectical methodmethod//artart

-- DialecticDialectic ((accordingaccording toto AristotleAristotle): a): a

techniquetechnique//methodmethod ofofarguingarguing fromfrom aa specialspecial

classclass ofofpremisespremises calledcalled endoxaendoxa ((commoncommonbeliefsbeliefs).).


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AA ratherratherfamousfamous quotequote aboutabout dialecticaldialectical methodmethod ((fromfrom EudemianEudemian

EthicsEthics):):

WeWe mustmust trytry,, byby argument, toargument, to reachreach aa convincingconvincing conclusionconclusion ((zeteinzeteintentenpistinpistin) on) on allall thesethese questionsquestions,, usingusing, as, as testimonytestimony andand byby wayway ofofexampleexample,, whatwhat appearsappears toto bebe thethe casecase.. ForForitit wouldwould bebe bestbest ififeveryoneeveryone shouldshould turnturn outout toto agreeagree withwith ((phainesthaiphainesthaisunomologountassunomologountas)) whatwhat wewe areare goinggoing toto saysay;; ififnotnot thatthat,, thatthat theythey

shouldshould allall agreeagree in ain a wayway andand willwillagreeagree afterafteraa changechange ofofmindmind((hoperhopermetabibazomenoimetabibazomenoipoiesousinpoiesousin);); forforeacheach manman hashas somethingsomethingofofhishis ownown toto contributecontribute toto thethe findingfinding ofofthethe truthtruth ((echeiecheigargarhekastoshekastosoikeionoikeion titiprospros tenten aletheianaletheian); and it is); and it is fromfrom suchsuch thatthat wewe mustmust demonstratedemonstrate:: beginningbeginning withwith thingsthings thatthat areare

correctlycorrectly saidsaid,, butbut notnot clearlyclearly, as, as wewe proceedproceed wewe shallshall comecome totoexpressexpress themthem clearlyclearly,, withwith whatwhat is moreis more perspicuousperspicuous atat eacheachstagestage supersedingsuperseding whatwhat isis customarilycustomarily expressedexpressed in ain a confusedconfusedfashionfashion.. (1216b26(1216b26--35)35)


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- FromFrom thethe TopicsTopics::

SometimesSometimes,, eveneven ififaa falsehoodfalsehood hashas beenbeen supposedsupposed, it, itshouldshould bebe refutedrefuted byby meansmeans ofoffalsehoodsfalsehoods.. ForFornothingnothingpreventsprevents thingsthings whichwhich are not soare not so seemingseeming more so tomore so tosomesome individualindividual thanthan whatwhat isis truetrue, so, so thatthat ififthethe argumentargument

arisesarises fromfrom whatwhat seemsseems so toso to thatthat personperson,, hehe willwill bebemoremore effectivelyeffectively persuadedpersuaded ororbenefitedbenefited. And. And whoeverwhoeverchangeschanges mindsminds ((metabibazontametabibazonta)) wellwell mustmust changechange themthemdialecticallydialectically, not, not contentiouslycontentiously ((justjust asas thethe geometergeometer

mustmust do sodo so geometricallygeometrically),), nono mattermatterwhetherwhetherthetheconclusionconclusion drawndrawn isis falsefalse orortruetrue.. (161a30 (161a30--36)36)


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- TheThe pointpoint ofofthethe passagepassage:: dialecticaldialectical argumentsarguments

areare alwaysalways directeddirected atat someonesomeone andand relyrely onon thatthat

personperson's's opinionsopinions.. IfIfmymy goalgoal is tois to persuadepersuade youyou,,itit willwill do me nodo me no goodgood toto useuse truetrue premisespremises whichwhichyouyou do notdo not believebelieve..

-- WhichWhich is tois to saysay: To ': To 'changechange mindsminds' is to' is to leadleadpeoplepeople toto havehave differentdifferent beliefsbeliefs, and, and thatthat cancanonlyonly bebe accomplishedaccomplished rationallyrationally byby beginningbeginningwithwith beliefsbeliefs theythey actuallyactually dodo havehave..

-- RhetoricalRhetorical strategystrategy parparexcellenceexcellence: not: notdiscoveringdiscovering thethe truthtruth butbut persuadingpersuading othersothers totobelievebelieve (it).(it).


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AnotherAnotherdefinitiondefinition ofofdialecticaldialectical methodmethod ((TopicsTopics,, firstfirst

sentencesentence):):

...a...a methodmethod fromfrom whichwhich wewe willwill bebe ableable toto syllogizesyllogize fromfromcommoncommon beliefsbeliefs ((endoxaendoxa)) aboutabout everyevery topictopicproposedproposed to usto us, and, and willwill saysay nothingnothing conflictingconflicting whenwhen

wewe givegive anan accountaccount ourselvesourselves..-- OneOne ofofthethe definitionsdefinitions ofofrhetoricrhetoric (in(in RhetoricRhetoric):): rhetoricalrhetorical

artart is ais a kindkind ofofhybridhybrid ofofthethe dialecticaldialectical artart ((dialektikedialektike) and) andethicsethics:: orationsorations areare directeddirected atat individualsindividuals, and, and wewe mustmust

understandunderstand thethe opinionsopinions theythey havehave inin orderordertoto persuadepersuadethemthem..


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- But,But, whatwhat isis persuasivepersuasive??

-- RhetoricRhetoric(1356b28(1356b28--35): 35): ForForsincesince whatwhat isis persuasivepersuasive isis persuasivepersuasive

toto someonesomeone (and(and sometimessometimes isis directlydirectly persuasivepersuasive andand convincingconvincingthroughthrough itselfitself,, sometimessometimes becausebecause ofofappearingappearing toto bebe provedprovedthroughthrough suchsuch thingsthings),), butbut nono artart investigatesinvestigates thethe particularparticular(e.g.,(e.g.,medicinemedicine doesdoes notnot investigateinvestigate whatwhat isis healthfulhealthful forforSocrates orSocrates orCalliasCallias,, butbut ratherratherwhatwhat is sois so forforthisthis typetype ororthesethese typestypes ofofpersonperson--

forforthisthis isis artfulartful,, butbut thethe individualindividual isis infiniteinfinite ((apeironapeiron) and not) and notknowableknowable ((epistetonepisteton)),)), thenthen neitherneitherwillwill rhetoricrhetoric studystudy whatwhat isisindividuallyindividually acceptableacceptable ((toto kathkath''hekastonhekaston endoxonendoxon), e.g., to), e.g., toSocrates or toSocrates or to HippiasHippias,, butbut ratherratherwhatwhat is so to suchsuch--andand--suchsuch peoplepeople ((toistois toioisditoioisdi),),justjust likelike dialecticdialectic..


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- WhatWhat isis thethe differencedifference betweenbetween demonstrationdemonstration,,

dialecticdialectic, and, and rhetoricrhetoric??

-- DemonstrationDemonstration:: startingstarting fromfrom thethe firstfirst principlesprinciples,,conclusionconclusion entailedentailed byby itsits premisespremises, no dialog, no dialog((twotwo partiesparties)) neededneeded;;

-- DialecticDialectic:: discussesdiscusses, not, not establishesestablishes,, thesethese firstfirstprinciplesprinciples ((amongamong otherotherthingsthings););

-- Rhetoric:Rhetoric: providesprovides thethe toolstools andand meansmeans forforanyany

kindkind ofofdiscussiondiscussion ((dialecticaldialectical asas wellwell).).


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- StrategicStrategic manoeuvringmanoeuvring manifests itself inmanifests itself in

argumentative discourse in the choicesargumentative discourse in the choicesthat are made from thethat are made from the topical potentialtopical potential

available at a certain stage in theavailable at a certain stage in the

discourse, indiscourse, in audienceaudience--directed framingdirected framing

of the argumentative moves, and in theof the argumentative moves, and in the

purposive use ofpurposive use ofpresentationalpresentationaldevices.devices. (Van Eemeren & Houtlosser, (Van Eemeren & Houtlosser,

2007)2007)


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- FiveFive canonscanons ofofrhetoricrhetoric ((officiaofficia oratorisoratoris):):

-- INVENTIO (INVENTIO (findingfinding argumentsarguments))

-- DISPOSITIO (DISPOSITIO (arrangingarranging argumentsarguments))

-- ELOCUTIO (ELOCUTIO (puttingputting argumentsarguments intointo wordswords))

-- MEMORIA (MEMORIA (memorizingmemorizing thethe speechspeech))

-- ACTIO (ACTIO (deliveringdelivering thethe speechspeech))


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- INVENTIO (inINVENTIO (in threethree stepssteps):):

1.1. StasisStasis (status(status causaecausae))

2.2. RhetoricalRhetorical analysisanalysis3.3. QuestionsQuestions andand topicstopics


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ManoeuvringManoeuvringAdAd 1/1:1/1: StasisStasis

1)1) StasisStasis ofofconjectureconjecture//factfact

2)2) StasisStasis ofofdefinitiondefinition3)3) StasisStasis ofofqualityquality

4)4) StasisStasis ofofplaceplace


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 1/2:1/2: IllustrationIllustration fromfrom pseudopseudo--AugustineAugustine ((RLMRLM143.25143.25

145.33145.33 HalmHalm):):

P(P(rosecutorrosecutor):): TheThe general isgeneral is guiltyguilty ofofmurdermurder..

D(D(efendantefendant):): TheThe killingkilling waswas lawfullawful..

J(J(uryury):): WasWas thethe killingkilling lawfullawful??

P:P: HeHe killedkilled aa soldiersoldier..

D: ID: I killedkilled himhim becausebecause hehe sworeswore hehe

wouldwould desert.desert.

J:J: WasWas itit lawfullawful forforthethe general togeneral to killkill thethe soldiersoldier

hehe sworeswore hehe wouldwould desert?desert?


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 2:2: RhetoricalRhetorical analysisanalysis (in(in threethree stepssteps):):

1)1) KairosKairos

2)2) TheThe publicpublic3)3) DecorumDecorum

Rh i d/ S i


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 2/2:2/2: decorumdecorum ((fourfourelementselements):):

1)1) CorrectnessCorrectness

2)2) ClarityClarity3)3) VividnessVividness

4)4) OrnatenessOrnatenessCategoriesCategories ofofchangechange??

/Rh t i d/ SSt t i


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 2/3:2/3: CaveatCaveatinin relationrelation to SM:to SM:

...... Among the modes of expression that canAmong the modes of expression that can

be used as presentational devices,be used as presentational devices,parparexcellenceexcellence, are the various kinds of, are the various kinds of

figures known from classical rhetoric andfigures known from classical rhetoric and

dialecticdialectic. (Van Eemeren & Houtlosser,. (Van Eemeren & Houtlosser,

2007)2007)

Rh t i d/Rh t i d/ St t iSt t i


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 3:3: TopicsTopics::

CommonCommon TopicsTopics

DefinitionDefinitionGenusGenus // SpeciesSpecies

DivisionDivisionWholeWhole // PartsPartsSubjectSubject // AdjunctsAdjuncts

ComparisonComparisonSimilaritySimilarity // DifferenceDifferenceDegreeDegree

RelationshipRelationshipCauseCause // EffectEffectAntecedentAntecedent // ConsequenceConsequence

ContrariesContrariesContradictionsContradictions

CircumstancesCircumstancesPossiblePossible // ImpossibleImpossiblePastPast FactFact // FutureFuture FactFact

TestimonyTestimonyAuthoritiesAuthoritiesWitnessesWitnesses

MaximsMaxims ororProverbsProverbsRumorsRumorsOathsOathsDocumentsDocumentsLawLawPrecedentPrecedentTheThe supernaturalsupernatural

NotationNotation andand ConjugatesConjugates

http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Definition.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Division.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Comparison.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Circumstances.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Relationship.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/Canons/Invention/TOPICS%20OF%20INVENTION/Circumstances.htmhttp://humanities.byu.edu/rhet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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- AdAd 3/2:3/2: TopicsTopics::

JudicialJudicialjusticejustice ((rightright))injusticeinjustice ((wrongwrong))

DeliberativeDeliberativethethe goodgoodthethe unworthyunworthythethe advantageousadvantageous

thethe disadvantageousdisadvantageousCeremonialCeremonial

virtuevirtue ((thethe noblenoble))

vice (vice (

thethe

base)base)

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ManoeuvringManoeuvring

CouldCould bebe continuedcontinued ......



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ManoeuvringManoeuvring-- TheThe pointpoint ofofallall thesethese commentscomments??

1.1. SystematicSystematic integrationintegration ofofrhetoricalrhetorical

insightinsight intointo pragmapragma--dialecticaldialectical frameworkframeworkis (moreis (more thanthan)) necessarynecessary andand welcomewelcome..

BUTBUT

Rh t i d/Rhetoric and/as St t iStrategic


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ManoeuvringManoeuvring2.2. ThereThere isis muchmuch more in (more in (classicalclassical))

rhetoricrhetoric thatthat pragmapragma--dialecticdialecticcouldcould take and profittake and profit fromfrom inin orderorder

toto becomebecome moremore flexibleflexible and,and,consequentlyconsequently, more, more applicableapplicable..



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ManoeuvringManoeuvringForForthisthis veryvery occasionoccasion thethe referencesreferences

areare ommitedommited......

ManyMany thanksthanks!!

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