STRATEGI MANAJEMEN AGROEKOSISTEM KAWASAN PRODUKSI SAYURAN

STRATEGI MANAJEMEN

AGROEKOSISTEM

KAWASAN PRODUKSI SAYURAN

Bahan kajian MK. MSLPW smno.pta.fpub.mei2013

.STRATEGI MANAJEMEN

Sumber:

FERTILIZERS

CROPPING PATTERNS CULTIVATIONS

PESTS DISEASES WEEDS

CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLES

"Lahan adalah area tertentu di permukaan bumi, yang melingkupi semua atribut biosfir di atas dan di bawah

permukaan, termasuk iklim di dekat permukaan, tanah dan bentuk lahan, hidrologi permukaan (termasuk

danau dangkal, sungai, rawa-rawa), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated

groundwater reserve, populasi tumbuhan dan binatang,

pola permukiman dan sifat fisik akibat aktivitas manusia (terras, bangunan air dan drainage, jalan raya

dan bangunan gedung, dll.).“

Sumber: FAO Land and Water Bulletin No. 5. 1997

Fungsi-fungsi lahan:

1. Fungsi Produksi2. Fungsi Lingkungan Biotik3. Fungsi regulasi iklim4.· hydrologic function5.· storage function6.· waste and pollution control function7.· living space function8.· archive or heritage function9.· connective space function


FUNGSI PRODUKSI

Lahan merupakan basis bagi berbagai sistem penunjang kehidupan, melalui produksi

biomasa yang menyediakan makanan, pakan-ternak, serat, bahan-bakar, bahan bangunan

dan material biotik lainnya bagi manusia, secara langsung atau melalui budidaya ternak, termasuk akuakultur dan perikanan tangkap.


FUNGSI LINGKUNGAN BIOTIK

Lahan merupakan basis bagi buiodiversitas terrestris dengan

menyediakan habitat biologis dan plasma nutfah bagi tanaman,

binatang, dan mikroba yang hidup di atas dan di bawah permukaan.


Lahan mempunyai Atribut, Karakteristik, Sifat & Ciri, dan Kualitas (atau Kondisi/Pembatas):

1. an attribute, or variable, is a neutral, over-arching term for a single or compound aspect of the land;

2. a characteristic is an attribute which is easily noticed and which serves as a distinguishing element for different types of land; it may or may not have a practical meaning (e.g., soil colour or texture, or height of forest cover are characteristics without giving direct information on land quality);

3. a property is an attribute that already gives a degree of information on the value of the land type;

4. a land quality (or limitation) is a complex attribute of land which acts in a manner distinct from the actions of other land qualities in its influence on the suitability of land for a specified kind of use.


KUALITAS LAHAN & PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN1. HASIL TANAMAN (a resultant of many qualities listed below).2. KETERSEDIAAN LENGAS TANAH.3. KETERSEDIAAN HARA.4. KETERSEDIAAN OKSIGEN DI ZONE AKAR.5. Adequacy of foothold for roots.6. KONDISI PERKECAMBAHAN.7. Workability of the land (ease of cultivation).8. SALINITAS ATAU SODISITAS.9. TOKSISITAS TANAH.10.RESISTENSI TERHADAP EROSI TANAH.11.Pests and diseases related to the land.12.Flooding hazard (including frequency, periods of inundation).13.REGIM SUHU.14.RADIASI ENERGI DAN FOTOPERIODE.15.Climatic hazards affecting plant growth (including wind, hail, frost).16.Air humidity as affecting plant growth.17.PERIODE KERING UNTUK PEMASAKAN/PEMATANGAN TANAMAN.


Crop yields (a resultant of many qualities listed below).

Sumber: http://agriinfo.in/?page=topic&superid=1&topicid=311

Crop production provides the food for human beings, fodder for animals and fiber for cloths. Land is the natural resource which is

unchanged & the burden of the population is tremendously increasing, thereby decrease the area per capita. Therefore it is necessary to

increase the production per unit area on available land. This necessitates the close study of all the factors of crop production viz.

1. TANAH sebagai TEMPAT MENANAM TANAMAN2. Air yang dibutuhkan dan digunakan oleh tanaman3. Tanaman yg menghasilkan bahan-bahan pangan dan pakan4. Ketrampilan pengelolaan (budidaya) oleh petani5. Iklim di luar kendali manusia, tetapi mempengaruhi pertumbuhan

dan produksi tanaman.6. Karakter genetik tanaman yg menjadi kekayaan genetik dan dapat

dieksploitasi untuk produksi tanaman.

.

Sumber:

PENGELOLAAN TANAH UNTUK

PRODUKSI SAYURAN

• Pengantar– Soil quality– Organic standards

• Olah Tanah & Kultivasi

• Hara dan Kesuburan Tanah

• BOT: Bahan Organik Tanah

. Sumber: David Butler, Ph.D.Assistant Professor. Organic/Sustainable & Alternative Crop Production; Plant Sciences Department, The University of

Tennessee

PENGELOLAAN TANAH

PENGELOLAAN TANAH

• Soil health and soil quality are key to sustainable agriculture

• "the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function …to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and habitation“

• Assessments focus on dynamic (management-affected) soil properties (Karlen et al., 1997; soilquality.org)


Tennessee

SIFAT DAN PERILAKU TANAH

• Inherent vs. dynamic soil properties– Inherent: Change little with management (texture, clay

mineralogy, drainage class, etc.)– Dynamic: Change over months and years in response to

management (organic matter, structure, bulk density, water and nutrient holding capacity, etc.)

• Do the management practices improve, sustain, or degrade soil quality?

• What type of soil management is considered “sustainable” or “organic”?


Tennessee

KAIDAH ORGANIK1. Does not define specific land practices2. Identifies general soil management and

environmental objectives3. Producers and certifiers determine if

practices meet these objectives4. Also good general guidelines for

“sustainable” soil management and improving soil quality, even if not organic

(Bellows, 2005)


Tennessee

1. “Select and implement tillage and cultivation practices that maintain or improve the physical, chemical, and biological condition of the soil and minimize erosion”

2. “Manage crop nutrients and soil fertility through rotations, cover crops, and the application of plant and animal materials”

3. “Manage plant and animal materials to maintain or improve soil organic matter content in a manner that does not contribute to contamination of crops, soil, or water by plant nutrients, pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, or residues of prohibited substances”


Tennessee

KAIDAH ORGANIK

SIFAT & CIRI TANAH

• (a) “Select and implement tillage and cultivation practices that maintain or improve the physical, chemical, and biological condition of the soil and minimize erosion”

• Physical condition: bulk density, aggregate stability, available water capacity, infiltration rate, erodibility, etc.– Supports growth of plant roots– Allows for movement of nutrients, water, air, and soil

organisms through soil– Promotes rainfall infiltration rather than runoff

(Bellows, 2005)


Tennessee

• Chemical condition: fertility, pH, salinity, etc.– Nutrients sufficient but not in excess– Appropriate pH for crop growth– Heavy metals and other toxins do not inhibit plant growth or

soil ecology– Relatively high levels of organic matter

• Biological condition: earthworms, soil arthropods, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, algae– Contribute to nutrient cycling, buffering, filtering– Improve soil structure, aggregation– Resistance to disease (Bellows, 2005; soilquality.org)


Tennessee

SIFAT & CIRI TANAH

KECUKUPAN HARA TANAMAN

Sumber: http://nrcca.cals.cornell.edu/nutrient/CA3/CA0323.php


Sumber: http://nrcca.cals.cornell.edu/nutrient/CA3/CA0323.php

KECUKUPAN HARA TANAMANThe relationship between nutrient concentration in plants and yield

(plant growth).

Sumber: http://www.sesl.com.au/fertileminds/200711/Plant%20analysis%20for%20turf%20species.php


Sumber: http://faculty.yc.edu/ycfaculty/ags105/week15/nutrient_mangement/nutrient_mangement4.html

Sumber: http://nebeginningfarmers.org/farmers/land/know-your-soils/ph-level/

KECUKUPAN pH TANAMAN

Sumber: http://www.growfruitandveg.co.uk/grapevine/vegging-out/request-smple-ph-mineral-chart_67527.html

KECUKUPAN pH TANAH

Sumber: http://www.blogdivvy.com/growing-vegetables/soil-ph-for-garden-vegetables.htm

KECUKUPAN OLAH-TANAH

Sumber: http://www.extension.org/pages/18634/use-of-tillage-in-organic-farming-systems:-the-basics

The benefits of tillage include:1. Soil conditioning—the modification of soil structure to favor agronomic processes such

as soil–seed contact, root proliferation, water infiltration, and soil warming;2. Weed and pest suppression—direct termination or disruption of weed and pest life

cycles;3. Residue management—movement, orientation, or sizing of residues to minimize the

negative effects of crop or cover crop residues and promote beneficial effects;4. Incorporation and mixing—placement or redistribution of substances such as fertilizers,

manures, seeds, and residues, sometimes from a less favorable location to a more favorable spatial distribution;

5. Segregation—consolidation of rocks, root clumps, soil crumb sizes, and so forth;6. Land forming—changing the shape of the soil surface; the simplest variant is probably

leveling; ridging, roughening and furrowing are also examples; and7. Stimulation of nutrient release—achieved by aeration and mixing; note this can be a

disbenefit when not synchronized with crop uptake.



More specific tillage objectives include seed

bed formation, stale seed bed formation,

compaction alleviation, fracturing of soil crusts,

severing and/or dessication of weeds,

maceration of biofumigant cover crops,

stimulation of soil biology, and harvesting of root

crops.



Efek negatif pengolahan tanah :1. Compaction of soil below the depth of tillage (formation of a tillage

pan);2. Crusting of soil when soil pulverization is followed by rain, stimulating

weed seed germination and inhibiting crop emergence;3. Increased susceptibility to water and wind erosion associated with

residue removal and soil loosening;4. Accelerated decomposition of organic matter, which is undesirable

from a long-term perspective;5. Cost of equipment purchase and operation;6. Energy cost of tillage operations;7. Labor and temporal obligations; and8. Alteration of the soil foodweb, shifting populations away from larger,

longer-lived organisms to smaller, shorter-lived organisms.

EFEK PENGOLAHAN TANAH

• Olah tanah tradisional– Disrupts soil

aggregates– Disrupts soil organisms– Makes soil less

resistant to:• Compaction• Erosion• Breakdown of organic

matter

(Bellows, 2005; ok.gov)


Tennessee

Olah-Tanah & Kultivasi yg Sustainable

1. Meminimumkan pemadatan2. Minimizes loss of aggregates3. Promotes infiltration4. Protects soil from wind/water

erosion5. Minimizes disruption of

beneficial soil organisms6. Tutpan muka tanah dengan

biomasa residu (seresah)

(Bellows, 2005; ipm.iastate.edu; newdeal.feri.org)


Tennessee

• Minimize tillage– Undercutter or roll-chopper– Mulch tillage or add mulches

• No-till• Disk plant or Chisel plant• Ridge tillage• Strip tillage

– Chisel/sweep plows vs. moldboard and disk plows• Maintain residues (>30%) and increase surface

roughness

(Bellows, 2005; fao.org; photo: Les Everett, UMN)


Tennessee

Olah-Tanah & Kultivasi yg Sustainable

• Numerous benefits of conservation tillage or no-till over conventional tillage systems

• With proper management, organic systems can exceed no-till in terms of C storage and increased soil organic matter– Banyak tanaman penutup tanah, pupuk hijau– Kompos, pupuk kandang– Sedikit pupuk N anorganik– Sedikit herbicides/pestisida (Teasdale, 2007)


Tennessee

Tanpa Olah Tanah vs. Organik

Tanpa Olah Tanah vs. Organik

• Look for opportunities to integrate perennial crops into organic rotations– Eliminate tillage for a few

years – Perennial hay or pasture

crops• Utilize mechanically-killed cover

crop residues for weed suppression

• Continuous no-till probably not feasible in organic vegetable production at this time

(Teasdale, 2007; forages.tennessee.edu)


Tennessee

Olah Tanah vs Manajemen Gulma• Don’t allow tillage/cultivation to replace herbicides

as the “big hammer” in organic production• “many little hammers”

– Crop rotation– Optimizing crop growth– Cover cropping– Intercropping/relay cropping– Mulching – Mowing– Grazing

(Liebman and Gallant, 1997; Comis, 2007; Schonbeck, 2010)


Tennessee

HARA DAN KESUBURAN TANAH

1. “Manage crop nutrients and soil fertility through rotations, cover crops, and the application of plant and animal materials”

2. Stipulates reliance on biological processes3. Permits low-solubility, mined substances (e.g.

rock phosphate, greensand)4. Crop nutrients must be at least in part provided

through management practices and organic residues


Tennessee

SIKLUS Nitrogen (msu.edu)

POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EARTHWORMS & MICROORGANISMS IN VERMICOMPOSTS

Earthworms

BOT: Bahan Organik

Tanah

Microorganisms Plant Disease and NematodeSuppression

Other Plant-Growth Influencing Substances

Humic materialsFree Enzymes

Allelopathic agents

Phytohormone-like Plant Growth Regulators

Auxins, Cytokinins, Gibberellins

Mineralization Plant-Available Mineral Nutrients

N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Micronutrients

• Tidak ada fiksasi nitrogen secara industri• Bertumpu pada fiksasi N oleh legume

– Pupuk hijau– Rabuk kandang dari ternak yg mengkonsumsi

hijauan legume• Daur ulang hara dalam biomasa tanaman,

kompos , pupuk kandang, seresah biomasa lainnya

Siklus Nitrogen dalam Sistem Organik

• Management of pathways in N cycle– Reduce leaching, runoff, gaseous losses– Maintain awareness of patterns of mineralization

and immobilization• Residue incorporation/tillage• Cover crops/catch crops• Crop rotation• Fallow periods• Cash crop N demand and uptake


Tennessee


TANAMAN PENUTUP TANAH.

Sumber: http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/docs.htm?docid=10590

Additional benefits of cover crops in annual production systems include decreasing soil erosion, sequestering

excess soil nitrogen, replenishing soil organic

matter reserves, suppressing weeds and nematodes, increasing the size and

activity of the soil micro-flora, as well as enhancing

microbial populations antagonistic to pathogenic

organisms

quality.


Sumber: http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/overseeding_cover_crops

Vegetable growers can also put cover

crops in after vegetable

establishment. The cover crops will help

minimize compaction as well

as add valuable nitrogen into the

soil.


Sumber: http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/dont_miss_the_sowing_window_for_your_brassica_cover_crops

Planting windows for Brassica cover crops in commercial vegetableproduction systems


• Complex interaction of processes controls N availability from organic sources

• Estimate N availability from organic inputs, cover crops– Test N content of inputs– Online calculators can help determine N availability

(OSU organic fertilizer and cover crop tool)– Realize that N will continue to be released in

subsequent years from past inputs


Tennessee

Phosphorus

• Many agricultural soils have ample P due to history of manure and fertilizer application– Imbalance when manures applied to meet N needs– Availability of P may be limited due to soil minerals,

pH• Solutions:

– P solubilizing cover crops (e.g. buckwheat)– Increase organic matter– Encourage mychorrizal fungi


Tennessee

K, S, Mg, Ca, micronutrients

1. Uji Tanah secara reguler2. Balance exports/imports3. Many manures & composts contain ample K,

S, Mg & micronutrients, but other sources are available to organic producers

4. Over-application is also not sustainable


Tennessee

• Reduksionis vs. Sistemik– Goal is not to replace synthetic conventional input

with organic input– How do the diversity of organisms within the soil

and the diversity of plants in the cropping system interact and affect soil fertility?

– What inputs must be returned to the soil or imported to maintain and improve fertility and supply crop needs (composts, manures, minerals, etc.)?


Tennessee

HARA DAN KESUBURAN TANAH

Tanaman Penutup Tanah

• Legume untuk membangun kesuburan tanah– Generally fix 50 to 200 lbs N acre-1

– Incorporate perennials when possible – Length of legume in rotation is reduced in systems

which are not integrated with livestock ($)• Serapan hara

– Prevents losses via leaching, runoff– Nutrients potentially available to subsequent crop

(Davies and Lennartsson, 2005)


Tennessee

• Mengisi periode lahan bero– Cool-season fallow:

• Legumes: hairy vetch, crimson clover• Non-legumes: cereal rye, triticale, annual ryegrass,

other small grains, brassicas– Warm-season fallow:

• Legumes: cowpeas, soybeans, sunn hemp• Non-legumes: sorghum-sudangrass, pearl millet,

buckwheat


Tennessee


• Ketersediaan N untuk tanaman berikutnya - beragam– 10% to more than 50%– Mineralization controlled by interaction of factors:

• Environment (temperature, moisture, soil properties)• Management (incorporation, mowing, etc.)• Tissue quality (C:N ratio, carbohydrates, lignin)

(Seiter and Horwath, 2005)


Tennessee


1. Incorporate perennials when possible2. Include diversity of crops3. Rotate among crop “families”4. Include high residue crops5. Immediately follow fertility-building phases

with heaviest feeding crops6. Consider building rotations around cover

crops(Davies and Lennartsson, 2005)


Tennessee

Rotasi Tanaman

PERGILIRAN TANAMAN.

Sumber: http://www.betterhensandgardens.com/2010/04/04/garden-crop-rotation-a-simple-system/#sthash.c6J9pkpK.NuBsNWS4.dpbs

Garden Crop Rotation - A Simple System.

http://www.betterhensandgardens.com/wp-content/uploads/Crop-Rotation.jpg

PERGILIRAN TANAMAN.

Sumber: http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/crop%20rotation

Crop Rotation - the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons - is important for a number of reasons.

1. Prevents soil depletion2. Maintains and improves soil fertility3. Reduces soil erosion4. Controls insect/mite pests. Crop

rotation as a means to control to insect pests is most effective when the pests are present before the crop is planted have no wide range of host crops; attack only annual/biennial crops; and do not have the ability to fly from one field to another.

5. Reduces reliance on synthetic chemicals

6. Reduces the pests’ build-up7. Prevents diseases8. Helps control weeds

.

http://24.media.tumblr.com/322c4278ff3e2575926a14aae63e8144/tumblr_mifh3snBrr1rpbiyro1_500.gif

KALENDER PERTANAMAN.

Sumber: http://yandlesmarket.com/Seasons-Holidays.htm

KALENDER PRODUKSI TANAMAN.

Sumber: http://www.pearsonsnurseries.co.uk/produce.html

http://www.pearsonsnurseries.co.uk/produce_cal.pdf

Material Tumbuhan dan Hewan• Permitted materials

– Composts of animal manures, plant residues, or other organic “wastes”

– Raw manures– Other materials: fish meal, blood meal, soybean meal,

etc.• Test manures and composts to determine

application rates– N,P,K & other nutrients can vary significantly

• Build fertility on-farm, using imported composts and manures to supplement


Tennessee

KOMPOS

• Stable, humus-like material produced from aerobic decomposition of organic wastes– Minimizes pathogens– Made from plant and animal materials– Homogeneous with initial residues

indistinguishable upon completion• No application restrictions if produced to NOP

standards (or if containing no manures)


Tennessee

• Initial C:N ratio between 25:1 and 40:1• At least 60 days• 131°F to 170°F

– Duration of 3 days– Materials mixed to ensure all materials reach this

temperature• Keep records!

(NOSB Compost Task Force, 2002)


Tennessee

STANDAR KOMPOS

KUALITAS KOMPOS

• Source of organic matter (40 to 60%)• Source of N (C:N ration of 10 to 15:1)• Neutral pH• Low soluble salts• No phytotoxicity• Sedikit benih (biji) gulma yg hidup

(Cooperband, 2002)


Tennessee

BOT – BAHAN ORGANIK TANAH

• “Manage plant and animal materials to maintain or improve soil organic matter content in a manner that does not contribute to contamination of crops, soil, or water by plant nutrients, pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, or residues of prohibited substances”

• Overwhelming impact on most soil properties• Typically 1 to 6% in agricultural soils• Living organisms, fresh residues, & well-decomposed

residues

(Magdoff and van Es, 2009)


Tennessee

• Fungsi utama BOT– Improves water holding capacity– Increases nutrient holding capacity– Increases tilth and aggregation– Increases biological activity and diversity– Buffers pH changes

• Goal: supply crops with needed nutrients while building soil organic matter

(Magdoff and Weil, 2005)


Tennessee


Biomass (living organisms)

Passive organic matter(½ life: centuries)

Active organic matter(½ life: months to years)

(adapted from Magdoff and Weil, 2005)


Tennessee


BOT: Aktif atau Labil

• Materials of recent origin• High nutrient/energy value• Non-aggregate protected• Most important to:

– Soil aggregation– Micronutrient chelation– Nutrient mineralization

• Efficient cycling of N,P, & S– Plant growth-regulating substances

• Most sensitive to management changes

(Magdoff and Weil, 2005)


Tennessee

BOT: Pasif atau Recalcitrant

1. Physically protected or stable due to biochemical properties or mineral association

2. Humic substances, aliphatic molecules, lignins, etc.

3. Responsible for much of CEC1. Greater % in coarse-textured soils

4. Nutrients in organic-mineral complexes5. Key role in water holding capacity, bulk density,

etc.(Magdoff and Weil, 2005)


Tennessee

Management BOT(www.climatescience.gov)

• Effectively use crop residues and add new residues (cover crops, local residues)

• Use varied residues to maintain diverse population of soil organisms

• Balance farm exports and inputs of nutrients so as not to build excessive nutrients

• Use practices that do not accelerate decomposition or erosion– Excessive tillage– Excessive N fertilization– Lack of cover– Removal of residues



Tennessee

Management BOT

• Balance decomposition of residues and accumulation of humus (i.e. “steady burn”)– C:N ratio of residues

• >30 (immobilization of N)• <30 (mineralization of N)

– Incorporate high residue crops in rotation (e.g. grains)• 10 to 20% of biomass converted to stable humus• Mix small grains with legumes

– Root biomass plays an important role (perennials and biennials)

• Slower decomposition, more stable organic matter• Well-distributed without mechanical incorporation



Tennessee

Management BOT

Kontaminasi Tanaman, Tanah atau Air

• Use soil tests to prevent over-application of nutrients

• Use cover/catch crops to prevent nutrient leaching and runoff during fallow periods

• Follow NOP regulations regarding application of raw manures to crops intended for human consumption– 90 days for grain/orchard crops– 120 days for vegetable/small fruits


Tennessee

• Arsenic– Raw or composted broiler litter economical source of fertility– Often contains arsenic (~35 ppm)– Can accumulate in soils with long-term, repeated

applications– Problematic on soils with heavy application of litter in the

past or fields with a history arsenic pesticide applications– No arsenic in manures from layer operations or organic

poultry production• Copper

(Bellows, 2005)


Tennessee

Kontaminasi Tanaman, Tanah atau Air

KESIMPULAN

• Bahan Organik Tanah– Key component of sustainable soil management– Increased SOM benefits conventional and organic

producers• Manajemen organik dapat mengubah kualitas dan

perilaku tanah– Biomasa mikroba tanah– Pengendalian gangguan penyakit– Siklus hara lebih efisien

• Peluang-peluanag bagi olah tanah minimum dan kultivasi rotasi organik

• Mengisi periode bera dnegan tanaman penutup tanah– Membangun kesuburan N tanah– Meningkatkan BOT– Mengendalikan gulma dan penyakit– Mencegah kehilangan hara

• Monitor soils and amendments through regular testing with state labs

• On-farm and local sources of fertility likely to be most economical and sustainable

KESIMPULAN

.

….. Seterusnya bgm BMP sustainable farming? ……

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STRATEGI MANAJEMEN AGROEKOSISTEM KAWASAN PRODUKSI SAYURAN