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Stone Age (1M yrs ago- 3000 BC)

Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

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Page 1: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC)

Page 2: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution

STONE AGE EOLITHIC a million years ago

to about a hundred thousand years ago a)stone tools

b) speech and language PALEOLITHIC up to about

8000 B.C. a) fire making b) pottery c) advanced stone tools

Page 3: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Stone Age con’t.

NEOLITHIC 8000 to 2500 B.C. a) specialized tools and weapons b) dug-out canoes c) mining d) taming of animals e) agriculture f) early means of transport

Page 4: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

–Man showed interest in terrestrial phenomenon and the heavens, as seen in the drawings he made on his tools and on cave walls

–Knowledge is not organized, though there is a clear ordering of his observations

–Originally, tools are pre-shaped by nature

–More complex tools and techniques emerged with the development of man’s activities

–Man discovered fire (percussion method, heat from friction)

Science

Technology

Page 5: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

The Bronze age is dominated by Mesopotamia and EgyptMesopotamia is centered in the Tigris and EuphratesEgypt is centered in the Nile

Copper&Bronze Age (4000-1000 BC)

Page 6: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

COPPER AND BRONZE AGE 3rd millenium B.C. to 400 B.C.

a) writingb) metallurgyc) rise of urban civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamiad) waterworks both for irrigation and supply for urban citiese) wheeled vehicles and river transportf) building materials of stone and brickg) textiles out of wool, linen, cotton and silkh) development of potter’s wheel

Page 7: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

•Metallurgy-Native metals were originally collected for

ornaments-Smelting of copper began in Egypt in 4000 BC-The Bronze Age is characterized by a metallurgy

based on casting and alloying-Bronze is “improved copper”-Bronze making did not take off because of the

short supply of tin-Shortage of tin spurred trading

Page 8: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

•Science

In both Egypt and Mesopotamia

–Science was tied to temple schools

–Mathematics was simple (conversion of units, calculation of area and volume)

–Technology is separated from science

Page 9: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Contributions from Ancient Civilization

Origin of the calendar Babylonians: year consists of

360 days divided into 12 lunar months

Egyptians:year consists of 36 10-day period

Page 10: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Cosmological Beliefs

Babylonians: The heaven was a hemispherical vault resting on waters surrounding the earth which is a flat disc.

Egyptians: The world is a rectangular box where the slight concave earth is at the bottom. The sky at the top is supported by peaks of four mountains.

Page 11: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Genesis

The world came into existence from a primeval chaos of water, The heaven, earth, air and other objects and forces are a result of the union of the male and female gods of chaos.

Babylonians: younger gods used force to conquer nature

Egyptians: gods are powerful without being violent

Page 12: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Summary of Achievements of Ancient Science (4000 B.C- 500 A.D.)

Mathematics: arithmetic, geometry Astronomy: movement of heavens; shape

and size of earth; earth-centered universe Mechanics - spring bow, lever,wheel, pulley,

wedge Dynamics - resisted motion, sound as

vibration Pneumatics/heat - bellows, pumps,

Archimedes Magnetism -magnets Optics - shadows, mirrors, plane and curved

Page 13: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Classical Civilization

Pre-Socratic Natural Philosophers Natural Philosophy in Athens Greek Science of the Alexandrian

Period

Iron Age (1000 BC – AD 400)

Page 14: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

•The Iron age started when bronze age society transformed into city-based cultures.

•The transformation is hastened by discovery and metallurgy of iron.

•Iron is cheaper than bronze; hence, more iron materials used for wars of conquest, agriculture, and trading were produced.

Page 15: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Iron Age - middle of second millenium B.C. to the classical period of Greeks and Romansa) the smelting of ironb) invention of axes and ploughsc) ship-building and traded) slaverye) political strugglesf) money and debtg) Phoenician alphabeth) natural philosophy of pre-Socratic Greeksi) Greek philosophersj) the Alexandrian periodk) Roman era

Page 16: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

•Greek Science

–Greek science is more rational and abstract compared to those of earlier civilizations.

–Presentation is grounded on an argument based on general principles (deduction).

–Mathematics, especially geometry, is highly favored due to methods of deduction and proof.

–Astronomical data and observations were collected.

Page 17: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

•Greek Science cont’d

–All general problems of modern science started with the formulation of the Greeks.

–Despite their elegance, some of the solutions proposed by Greeks were meaningless.

–Phases in Greek science development

•Ionian

•Athenian or Hellenic

•Alexandrian or Hellenistic

•Roman

Page 18: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Pre-Socratic period* nature more impersonal than that of previous civilization

Thales - similar views of the universe as that of the ancient civilization but with the disappearance of the sun-god

Anaximander - suggested fire as the fourth basic element; he said that the heavens were concentric about the earth; and living creatures rose from moist element as the sun evaporated them.

Anaximenes- difference between elements were quantitative

Page 19: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Pre-Socratic con’t.Heraclitus - the idea of retribution to explain the world order

Pythagoras and the Pythagorean School

*founded a school devoted to a life of mathematical speculation

*his name bears the rule for the right triangle

*first to show the relation between the sound and the length of a string

*numbers provide the conceptual model of the universe. They are forms and images of natural objects.

Page 20: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Pythagoras con’t*The universe was divided into earth, cosmos and olympos

-these bodies are spherical

-heavenly bodies move in circular and uniform motion

-noble bodies move slower than the less noble ones

* The idea that the earth is the center of the universe evolved

Empedocles - theory of organic evolution

Page 21: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

The Atomists (Democritus)

*the universe consists of indivisible atoms that move in the void

*man is the microcosm of the universe

*their cosmology is entirely mechanistic, all things were pre-determined

*they did not use human analogies. For them, wrong doers are punished not for vengeance but a deterrence for further commission of crime.

Page 22: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Natural Philosophy in Athens Anaxagoras - Ionian philosopher who believed

heavenly bodies were of the same quality as the earth and not divine as what Pythagoreans believed

craft and philosophical traditions were separated while society grew and differentiated

Socrates -chief philosopher of the time. To him the task of the philosopher was the ordering of man and human society. He devoted his time to the problems of an ethical and political nature.

Page 23: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Athens con’t.Plato - founded the Academy

- he suggested any philosophy is subordinate to ethics and politics

- the universe was an uncreated chaos, the ordering being done by a creator who has a rational design of the world.

Eudoxus - unified quantitative astronomy with cosmological interpretations

Aristotle - the heavenly bodies were arranged outwards from the earth

-absolute diferrence between heavenly and terrestrial bodies

Page 24: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Aristotle con’t.- motion is maintained so long as the body was in direct contact with a continuously operating mover

-the idea of a prime mover and the nonexistence of vacuum

- to him there are four causes of all natural processes: material, formal, efficient and final

- the first to embark upon extensive empirical inquiries

- he set up the Lyceum

Page 25: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

The Alexandrian Period The museum of Alexandria was founded as a research

and teaching institute Archimedes - made devices as screws, apparatus for

astronomical purposes; he discovered bouyancy and relative densities; he originated method for deducing pi

Euclid - systematized geometry Aristarchus - the earth moved around the sun Erastosthenes - measured the size of the earth; earth as

a globe with poles and an equator; made a map of earth marked with latitudes and longitudes

Hipparchus - observational astronomy

Page 26: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Alexandrian con’t.Ptolemy - adopted and developed the Hipparchus system of eccentrics and epicycles; he put forward the so-called geocentric theory, that is, the earth as the center of the universe

ROMAN EMPIRE

- main contributions were a)formulation of Roman law; b) formation of public medical science; c) building of aqueducts and roads; d) Julian calendar; e) systems of Ptolemy and Aristotle were given Christian and theological dress

Page 27: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Medieval and Arabic Period 500-1450 A.D.

cultural advances in Persia and Syria, India and China

Hellinistic culture (science and art) flourished in Constantinople

wandering tribes and barbaric invasion of Europe

feudal system of economic order phenomenon of organized religion worldwide

Page 28: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Medieval and Arabic Period con’t. activity in science was directed to the dominant

religious mode, thus the universe was considered a theological universe

establishment of Islamic empire and the invasion of the Arabs

medieval world was a theological physical world of spheres - spheres of sun, moon, and planets above which is the great sphere of fixed stars and heaven beyond

earth is the center of the universe

Page 29: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Summary of Achievements during the Medieval and Arabic Period (500-1450 A.D.)

Mathematics - Arabic numbers ; algebra Astronomy - navigational astronomy Mechanics - horse harness, gearing,

water and windmills, clocks, pumps Dynamics - motion of the projectile Magnetism and electricity - compass Optics - lenses, eye spectacle

Page 30: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Rennaisance -mid 14th century to 17tha) rebirth of classical antiquity and revival of humanistic spirit; period characterized as one of the most creative & glorious periods of human endeavor

b) age of great voyages and discovery

c) rise of western culture /monarchy

d) gunpowder* and cannon introduced

e) neo-classical style of architecture cf.Gothic

f) printing*: the invention of the press, paper, ink

g) use of magnetic compass and other navigational aids

Page 31: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

Rennaisance con’t.

g) use of magnetic compass and other navigational aids

h)windmills and other power devices

i) iron-shod horses

j) mechanical clocks and metal works

k) spectacle-making

l) iron foundries and steel making

m) use of fuel, e.g. in steam engines

*the two major innovations during this time

Page 32: Stone Age (1M yrs ago-3000 BC). From the Stone Age to the Industrial Revolution n STONE AGE n EOLITHIC a million years ago to about a hundred thousand

The Industrial Age - 18th to 19th century

a) period known as the great efflorescence of

technology

b) the development of capitalism

c) the scientific revolution of 1760 to 1830

i) production of current

ii) expansion in all fields of human activity

d) the use of coal as fuel and casting of iron

e) developments in heavy industry and transport like mechanization of textile industry

f) agricultural revolution

g) politics and science

h) capitalism and the rise of machinery

i) classical scientific view