Spread of Civilizations in East Asia(500–1650)

Chapter 13

The fall of the Han

• Leaders began to weaken and became more interested in pleasure than in ruling their kingdom

• Invasions from groups such as the Huns

• Peasant revolts opposing harsh taxes.

• Warlords fought for power over provinces of China.

• Long period of unrest and virtual anarchy follow the fall of the Han. No new dynasty for 400 years

The Sui Dynasty 581-618 AD

• In 581 the Sui emerged as a new dynasty after nearly 400 years without an emperor.

• Emperor Sui Yangdi built the ___________that linked the Huang He to the Yangtze River.

• Sui used slave labor to build the Canal and also raised taxes to pay for an extravagant lifestyle. He also engaged in several failed military ventures.

The Tang Dynasty618-907

• The Tang overthrew the Sui emperor and created a new dynasty. They ruled much fairer and kinder than the Sui. They did away with any extravagant projects that drained money from the people. They lowered ___________.

• They were also more successful in wars. They expanded the borders of China to almost rival the empire of the Han. They conquered both ___________ and Tibet

Achievements of the Tang

• Trade was revitalized along the Silk Road and goods and technologies as well as cultures was exchanged

• They were most famous for their efficient government and its huge ___________. ___________ was again employed and the _____ ______ exams returned to popularity.

• The people who passed the exams and worked for the government became known as ___________

Tang Advancements Continued

• ___________ was invented, fireworks and rockets soon followed as well as grenades and canons

• Block printing and movable type led to mass production of books.

• Porcelain production• ___________ Clock

The Empress Wu Zhao• First ___________ ruler of China• After the death of her husband ruled on her own• She lowered taxes, encouraged ___________

production, reduced the amount of forced labor peasants had to contribute to the government, she hired the best scholars and artists to work for her.

• She pushed hard for more rights for women but was forced to resign and be replaced by her son when she tried to allow women to take civil service tests.

• The Empire collapsed ________years later. When civil wars and foreign invasions broke up the empire

Song Dynasty

                                        

Song(pronounced Sung) Dynasty

• The Song Dynasty 960-1279) followed the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms and preceded the ___________ Dynasty in China.

• The period is divided into the Northern Song (960-1127) in which the Song controlled both Northern and Southern China, and the ___________ Song (1127-1279) in which the Song lost control of Northern China

Inventions and Advancements of the Song

• Paper money

• Movable type for printing press

• Magnetic Compass

• Seismograph

• Golden Age of Art and Literature as well

Song Goverment

• The founders of the Song dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar-officials

• This system of civilian rule led to a greater concentration of power in the emperor and his palace bureaucracy than had been achieved in the previous dynasties.

• The Song dynasty is notable for the development of cities not only for administrative purposes but also as centers of trade, industry, and maritime commerce

Song Society

• The landed scholar-officials, sometimes collectively referred to as the ___________, lived in the provincial centers alongside the shopkeepers, artisans, and merchants.

• A new group of wealthy commoners - the mercantile class - arose as printing and education spread, private trade grew, and a market economy began to link the coastal provinces and the interior

• Landholding and government employment were no longer the only means of gaining wealth and prestige.

Song Culture

• Adopted the Tang ideal of the universal man, who combined the qualities of scholar, poet, painter, and statesman

• Song i ___________ sought answers to all philosophical and political questions in the Confucian Classics. This renewed interest in the Confucian ideals and society of ancient times coincided with the decline of ___________

Status of Women

• ___________ to men increases• Women were looked at as decoration not as

people.• _____ ______ • Less affected by this degradation were the

peasant women who still worked in the field and were considered essential to making ends meet.

Helped restore uniform government

Recruited Confucian scholars for civil service jobs

Developed new code of lawInstituted ___________ ___________, which helped to strengthen central government by weakening large landowners

Built a system of canals, which encouraged internal trade and transportation

Encouraged foreign trade

Expanded the Chinese economy

Developed new strains of rice and improved irrigation methods

Produced food surpluses, enabling more people to pursue commerce, learning, and the arts

Encouraged foreign trade

Transformed cities into centers of trade

The Tang and Song dynasties unified China and restored culture and prosperity.

Tang and Song Dynasties Summaries

TANG SONG

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Technology of Tang and Song China

Mechanical clock, 700sThe Chinese learned of water-powered clocks from Middle Easterners. Mechanical clocks used a complex series of wheels, shafts, and pins, turning at a steady rate, to tell exact time.

Gunpowder, 850The earliest form of gunpowder was made from a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, all found in abundance in China. It was first used in fireworks and later in weapons.

Block printing, 700sBoth printing processes were based on earlier techniques, such as seals (first used in the Middle East). In block printing, a full page of characters was carved onto a wooden block. Movable type was made up of precut characters that were combined to form a page.

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Chinese Society

GENTRY• Most scholar-officials were ___________, from the wealthy landowning class.• Song scholar-gentry supported a revival of Confucian thought.• The ideal Confucian official was a wise, virtuous scholar.

PEASANTS• Most Chinese were peasants who worked the land. • Peasants could move up in society through education and government service.

MERCHANTS• According to Confucian tradition, merchants were an even lower class than

peasants because their riches came from the labor of others. • Confucian attitudes toward merchants affected economic policy.

Under the Tang and Song dynasties, China was a well-ordered society.

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The Mongols

Their effects on China and Japan

Mongols Unite

• ___________ ___________ unites all the Mongols into one force

• The Mongols create the largest united land empire in history. They destroyed Muslim cites in Southwest and Central Asia,

• The Mongols were great warriors from the Asia ___________

• They conquered through fear and intimidation.

Genghis Khan’s Tactics• Organizer-He organized his army into units

• Strategist-Used tricks to confuse his enemies

• Adopted new techniques-used gunpowder charges and created catapults

• Used cruelty as a weapon- Killed the whole population of cities so other cites would surrender quickly

The Khanates

• Khanate of the Golden Horde-Western Russia• Ilkhanate-Middle East• Chigatai Khanate- Mongolia, Modern day

Afghanistan and Pakistan• Khanate of Great Khan-Eastern Russia China, and

Tibet• This unity created a period known as Mongol

Peace• A khanate is a portion of the Mongol Empire

Mongol Empire2

Mongol Peace• Lasted from mid 1200’s to mid-1300’s.• The Mongols imposed stability, law and

order throughout much of Eurasia. • Guaranteed safe passage of caravans,

travelers, and missionaries, from one end of the Empire to the other.

• Trade between Europe and Asia thrived like never before. Goods such as gunpowder and silk were spread.

• Black Plague spread as well

Kublai Khan, the Son of Heaven and the Yuan Dynasty

• It took the Mongols 45 years to conquer China

• Finally in 1279 _____ ______ overthrows the Song Dynasty and conquers all of China

• He sets up the first non-Chinese Empire in China’s history called the Yuan.

Xanadu

In Xanadu did Kublai Khana stately pleasure-dome decree,where Alph, the sacred river, ran

through caverns measureless to mandown to a sunless sea,

so twice five miles of fertile groundwith walls and towers were girdled round.

and there were gardens bright with sinuous rills,where blossom'd many an incense-bearing tree.

And here were forests as ancient as the hills,enfolding sunny spots of greenery.

Yuan Rule• The Mongols were culturally very different from

the Chinese. This made ruling them very difficult.

• The Mongols and the Chinese spoke different languages, had a different form of dress and many different customs.

• Despite attempting to rule in a Chinese custom, the government of the Yuan Dynasty had virtually no Chinese

• Mongols and other ________ were given all government positions

China’s Economic Problems

• The excessive spending and trade restriction enacted during the Yuan Dynasty severely depleted China economically.

• Canals and palaces were built, which required the peasants to both supply more tax money and to leave their homes to build them.

• Campaigns were also launched against Japan which were not successful and destroyed many Chinese ships..

Trade

• External trade, while not forbidden was made very difficult for the Chinese.

• The Chinese were forbidden to learn to speak any other language.

• Travel outside of China for commercial reasons was made very difficult.

• Foreign merchants, however, were able to trade within China and were given privileges by the Yuan. They were free of taxes and were allowed to travel throughout China without restrictions

How Did the Ming Restore Chinese Rule?

• Restored the civil service system and made the exams more rigorous than ever

• Revived Confucian learning

• Repaired the canal system that linked regions and made trade easier

• Made Chinese cities home to many industries, including porcelain, paper, and tools

• Developed new technologies, which increased output in manufacturing

• Supported a revival of arts and literature

• The voyages of ________ Commander of 62 ships and 25,000 sailors to promote trade and collect tribute from lesser powers. Wanted to show the rest of the world the power and superiority of China

Early Ming rulers sought to reassert Chinese greatness after years of foreign rule. To accomplish this, they did the following:

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Why did Ming emperors turn their back on overseas exploration?

• Confucian scholars had little interest in overseas ventures. To them, Chinese civilization was superior to all others.

• The Chinese wanted to preserve ancient traditions, which they saw as the source of stability.

• Fleets of seagoing ships were costly and did not produce any profits.

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Geography of the Korean Peninsula

Seventy percent of Korea is mountainous. Because farming is difficult in the mountains, most Koreans live along the western coastal plain, Korea’s major farming area.

Korea has a 5,400 mile coastline with hundreds of good harbors. Since earliest times, Koreans have depended on seafood for protein in their diet.

Korea’s location on China’s doorstep has played a key role in its development.

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Korea United

As early as Han times, China extended its influence to Korea. Although Koreans absorbed many Chinese traditions, Korea was able to preserve its independence and maintain a separate and distinct culture.

Koreans adapted and modified Chinese ideas.

Examples:

• Koreans used the Chinese civil service examination, but adapted it to fit their own system of inherited ranks.

• Koreans learned to make porcelain from China, but then perfected techniques of making ________ —a porcelain with an unusual blue-green glaze.

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The Choson Dynasty

• They reduced Buddhist influence and set up a government based upon Confucian principles.

Over time, Confucianism greatly influenced Korean life.

• They developed ________ to replace the complex Chinese writing system. The use of hangul led to an extremely high ________ ________ , or percentage of people who can read and write.

In 1392, the Koreans overthrew their Mongol conquerors and set up the Choson dynasty. Choson rulers made important contributions to Korean culture.

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Japan is located on an ________ or chain of islands, about 100 miles off the Asian mainland.Because four-fifths of Japan is mountainous, most people settled in narrow river valleys and along coastal plains. The surrounding seas have both protected and isolated Japan. Japan was close enough to the mainland to learn from Korea and China, but too far away for the Chinese to conquer. The seas also served as trade routes for Japan.

Geography of Japan

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Mt Fuji

Chinese Civilization Influenced Early Japan

In the early 600s, Japan began sending students, monks, traders, and officials to China. These visitors returned to Japan eager to spread Chinese thought, technology, and the arts. The Japanese adopted:

Chinese ideas about governmentChinese fashion

Chinese language and charactersChinese foodsConfucian ideas and ethics

In time, enthusiasm for everything Chinese died down. The Japanese kept some Chinese ways but discarded or modified others. This process is known as ________ ________

Example: Japan never accepted the Chinese civil service exam to choose officials based on merit. Instead, they maintained their tradition of inherited status through family position.

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The Heian Period

From 794 to 1185, the imperial capital was in Heian, present-day ________

At the Heian court an elegant and sophisticated culture blossomed. Noblemen and noblewomen lived in a fairy-tale atmosphere. Elaborate rules of etiquette governed court ceremony.

Important literature came out of the Heian period. The Pillow Book was a series of anecdotes and observations about court life. ________ ________ was the world’s first full-length novel. Both were written by women.

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Mongolian Conquest

• A. The Mongolian conquest of China and Korea threatened Japan.

• B. Japan refused to accept Mongolian rule prompting an invasion of Japan by Kublai Khan in 1274. A typhoon wrecked a huge fleet of ships carrying 30,000 soldiers.

• C. Another invasion in 1281 was wrecked by a typhoon.

• D. The Japanese credit the spirit of the wind for protecting them (________ ), the Mongolians gave up on the invasion.

Feudalism in Japan

As the emperor presided over the splendid courts of Heian, rival clans battled for control of the countryside. Local warlords formed armed bands loyal to them rather than to the emperor. In this way, Japan evolved a feudal system.

In theory, the emperor stood at the head of Japanese feudal society. In fact, he was powerless. Real power lay in the hands of the ________ , or supreme military commander.

The shogun distributed land to vassal lords who agreed to protect them. These great warrior lords were called________ They, in turn, granted land to lesser warriors called ________.

Japanese Feudalism

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The Tokugawa Shogunate

• imposed _____ government control on all Japan

• created a unified, orderly society

• required the _____ to live in the shogun’s capital every other year

• created new laws that fixed the social order rigidly in place and upheld a strict _____ code

• imposed restrictions on women

• oversaw economic growth, the flourishing of trade, and the emergence of a middle class

Determined to end feudal warfare, the Tokugawa shoguns:

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A Zen Buddhist Pagoda

11. Zen Buddhism• A. A sect from China• B. Values/Beliefs:

– 1. devotion to duty– 2. meditation and prayer– 3. scholarship– 4. a peaceful, uncluttered mind - freedom– 5. compassion– 6. nirvana– 7. devotion to nature

Culture of Feudal Japan

Japanese painters were influenced by Chinese landscape paintings, yet developed their own styles.

Painters recreated historical events on scrolls.

Woodblock prints used fresh colors and simple lines to convey town life.

Essays expressed Zen values or contained observations about human nature.

Japanese poets adapted Chinese models, creating miniature poems called _____.

No plays presented Zen Buddhist themes or recounted fairy tales or power struggles.

_____, a popular new form of drama, combined drama, dance, and music.

Puppet plays, known as _____, were popular.

PAINTING & PRINTMAKING

LITERATURETHEATER

Cities such as Edo and Osaka were home to an explosion in the arts and the theater.

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