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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ 1
2")3# 4)#+-% 5)30 6 7"+08-#39Rate or Reaction
Calculation
Rate of Reaction (Average Rate)
:;
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ H
Chemical Reaction
Precipitation of Sulphur
HI7/D
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ L
Ostwald Process (Manufacture Nitric Acid)
Stage 1
O4ILD=FJ 6KHD=FO4KD=FJ PIHKD=F
Notes:1( B+0$+3
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ O
Substitution Reaction
Alkene
Alkene
Combustion
CompleteCombustion
IncompleteCombustion
Addition Reaction
+ Bromine/Chlorine
+ Potassium
Manganate(VII)+ Hydrogen
+ Hydrogen Halide
+ Steam
Polymerization
Alkane Alcohol
Craking Dehydration
Preparation of Alkene
Cracking of Alkane
H7OI1T7IOJ 7HIOJ 7HIPJ 7LIP
Dehydration of Alchohol
7HI6KI J 7HIOJ IHK
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ 6
Combustion%
Complete combustion:
7HIOJ LKHH7KHJ HIHKIncomplete combustion
7HIOJ HKHH7K J HIHK
7HIOJ KHH7 J HIHKAddition Reaction%
+ Bromine:
+ Potassium Manganate(VII):
+ Hydrohen:
D7
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ P
Alcohol
AlkeneCarbohydrate
Alcoholfermentation Addition
+ SodiumdehydrationCombustionOxidation
(+K2CrO7/KMnO4)
Preparation of alchohol
Fermentation of Carbohydrate (Glucose)
7PI1HKPH7HI6KI J H7KH
Addition of Alkene
7HIOJ IHK 7HI6KI
\7
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ N
Carboxylic Acid
AldehydesAlchohol
Carboxylic acidOxidation Oxidation
+ Metal+ oxide base+ alkali + Metal carbonate + Alchohol
Salt + H2O Salt + H2O Salt + H2Salt + CO2
+ H2OEsther
Preparation of Carboxylic acid
Oxidation of Alcohol
7HI6KI J H\K] 7IL7KKI J IHK
Oxidation of Aldehyde
7HIPK J \K] 7IL7KKI
Reaction
Carboxylic Acid + Alkali
7IL7KKI J 4
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ U
Summary of The Reaction
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ Y
Oxidation and Reduction
Iron(II) to Iron(III)
Oxidising agent: Chlorine or Bromine
J
5+HJ5+LJJ +
7/HJ H+ H7/
H5+HJJ 7/HH5+LJJ H7/
J
5+HJ5+LJJ +
^3HJ H+ H^3
H5+HJJ ^3HH5+LJJ H7/
Observation%
1( B"+ =3++* .)/);3 )> 5+HJ-)/;#8)* #;3*-
_3)'*Observation%
1( B"+ =3++* .)/);3 )> 5+HJ-)/;#8)* #;3* _3)'*H( B"+ _3)'*
.)/);3 )> _3)08*+ ' #"+ S*KO-)/;#8)* #;3*- 8*#) .)/);3/+--
Oxidising agent: Potassium Dichromate(VI)
J
5+HJ5+LJJ +
73HKNH,J 1O IJJ P+ H73LJJ NIHK
P5+HJJ S*KOJ UIJP5+LJJ S*HJJ OIHK
Observation%
1( B"+ =3++* .)/);3 )> -)/;#8)* 5+HJ#;3*- _3)'*(H( B"+ )3 #"+
73HKN
H,-)/;#8)* #;3*- =3++*(
Oxidising agent: Hidrogen Peroxide
J
5+HJ5+LJJ +
IHKHJ HIJJ H+ HIHK
H5+HJJ IHKHJ HIJH5+
LJJ HIHK
Observation%
1( B"+ =3++* .)/);3 )> -)/;#8)* 5+HJ#;3*- _3)'*
Oxidising agent: Concentrated Nitric Acid
J
5+HJ5+LJJ +
4KL,J OIJJ L+ 4K J HIHK
L5+HJJ 4KL,J OIJL5+LJJ 4K J HIHK
Observation%1( B"+ =3++* .)/);3 )> -)/;#8)* 5+HJ#;3*-
_3)'*
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ 1T
Iron(III) to Iron(II)
Reducing Agent: More reactive Metal
J
5+LJJ + 5+HJ
`* `*HJJ H+
H5+LJJ `* H5+HJJ `*HJ
Observation:
1( B"+ _3)'* .)/);3 )> #"+ 83)*DQQQF -)/;#8)* #;3* =3++*(H(
`8*. $)'?+3 ?8--)/W+ 8* #"+ -)/;#8)*(
Reducing Agent: Sulphur Dioxide
J
5+LJJ + 5+HJ
2KHJ HIHK 2KOH,J OIJJ H+
H5+LJ
J 2KHJ HIHK H5+HJ
J 2KOH,
J OIJ
Observation:
1( B"+ _3)'* .)/);3 )> #"+ 83)*DQQQF -)/;#8)* #;3* =3++*(
Reducing Agent: Hydrogen Sulphide
J
5+LJJ + 5+HJ
IH2 HIJJ 2 J H+
H5+LJJ IH2 H5+HJJ HIJJ 2
Observation:1( B"+ _3)'* .)/);3 )> #"+ 83)*DQQQF -)/;#8)*
#;3* =3++*(H( M+//)' $3+.8$8#)30- 8* #"+ -)/;#8)*(
Reducing Agent: Sodium Sulphite
J
5+LJJ + 5+HJ
2KLH,J IHK 2KO
H,J HIJJ H+
H5+LJJ 2KLH,J IHK H5+
HJJ 2KOH,J HIJ
Observation:
1( B"+ _3)'* .)/);3 )> #"+ 83)*DQQQF -)/;#8)* #;3* =3++*(
Reducing Agent: Tin(II) Chloride
J
5+LJJ + 5+HJ
2*HJ 2*OJJ H+
H5+LJJ 2*HJH5+HJJ 2*OJ
Observation:
1( B"+ _3)'* .)/);3 )> #"+ 83)*DQQQF -)/;#8)* #;3* =3++*(
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ 11
Displacement of Metal
\X 0)3+ 3+
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ 1L
Preparation of Oxygen Gas
Decomposition of Potassium Manganate (VII)
HaS*KOaHS*KOJ S*KHJ KH
Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate (V)
Ha7/KLHa7/ J LKH\S
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"##$%&&'''()*+,-."))/(*+#&*)#+-("#0/ 1O
Thermochemistry
Calculation
Heat of Reaction
B"+30
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