Spheres of the Spheres of the EarthEarth

Atmosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere LithosphereLithosphere

Weather Dynamics UnitWeather Dynamics Unit

Science 10Science 10

HydrosphereHydrosphere All of the water on planet EarthAll of the water on planet Earth ““71% of the earth is covered by 71% of the earth is covered by

water and only 29% is terra firma” water and only 29% is terra firma” (University of Florida).(University of Florida).

““Blue Planet” – water is not found Blue Planet” – water is not found on any other planets in our solar on any other planets in our solar system.system.

““It is because the Earth has just It is because the Earth has just the right mass, the right chemical the right mass, the right chemical composition, the right atmosphere, composition, the right atmosphere, and is the right distance from the and is the right distance from the Sun (the "Goldilocks" principle) Sun (the "Goldilocks" principle) that permits water to exist mainly that permits water to exist mainly as a liquid” (U of F).as a liquid” (U of F).

http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Hydrosphere.html

Video of Atlantic Ocean

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwf2a4wpS-8

The great variety of The great variety of surface temperatures surface temperatures and pressures allows and pressures allows water to exist in all water to exist in all three states.three states.– Solid = IceSolid = Ice– Liquid = WaterLiquid = Water– Gas = Water VapourGas = Water Vapour

The oceans contain The oceans contain most of the water most of the water (approx. 1.35 million (approx. 1.35 million cubic kilometres)cubic kilometres)

Environment Canada: Satellite Images of North America and the Pacifichttp://weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/data/satellite/goes_gwdisk11_visible_100.jpg

Water VapourWater Vapour

IceIce Refer to Refer to

website:website:

http://www.accd.ehttp://www.accd.edu/sac/astronom/du/sac/astronom/astr1370/glacial.htastr1370/glacial.htmm

Weather Central: http://www.weathercentral.com/weather/satellite/alaska_wv.html

Columbia Icefields: http://www.accd.edu/sac/astronom/astr1370/glacial.htm

http://my.opera.com/Mathilda/albums/showpic.dml?album=42812&picture=516117

The high heat capacity of water and the large volumes of water The high heat capacity of water and the large volumes of water “buffers the Earth surface from large temperature changes such “buffers the Earth surface from large temperature changes such as those observed on the moon” (U of F Hydrosphere). as those observed on the moon” (U of F Hydrosphere).

““Water is the universal solvent and the basis of all life on our Water is the universal solvent and the basis of all life on our Planet” (U of F Hydrosphere). Planet” (U of F Hydrosphere).

““Benjamin Franklin to comment[ed] "When the well's dry, we Benjamin Franklin to comment[ed] "When the well's dry, we know the worth of water.“” (U of F Hydrosphere).know the worth of water.“” (U of F Hydrosphere).

Source: University of Florida Hydrosphere Source: University of Florida Hydrosphere

Hydrosphere Cont’dHydrosphere Cont’d Water in the ocean:Water in the ocean:

– Equator = warm water (like a warm bath)Equator = warm water (like a warm bath)– Near Poles = cold (can freeze into icebergs)Near Poles = cold (can freeze into icebergs)

ETE – Hydrosphere ETE – Hydrosphere

http://www.bigelow.org/shipmates/temperature.html

Ocean Temperatures Updated Daily: http://www.wunderground.com/MAR/

Antarctic Water Temperatures: http://www.wunderground.com/MAR/

Hurricanes from SpaceHurricanes from Space

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDGnoEnKxkQv=PDGnoEnKxkQ

Hurricane Luis:Hurricane Luis:– http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=S5725Etc4bI&feature=relatedv=S5725Etc4bI&feature=related

Ernest Shackleton’s VoyageErnest Shackleton’s Voyage

““Already a celebrated polar explorer, Sir Already a celebrated polar explorer, Sir Ernest Shackleton coordinated the British Ernest Shackleton coordinated the British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition with the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition with the goal of accomplishing the first crossing of goal of accomplishing the first crossing of the Antarctic continent, a feat he considered the Antarctic continent, a feat he considered to be the last great polar journey of the to be the last great polar journey of the "Heroic Age of Exploration.“” (Nova Website"Heroic Age of Exploration.“” (Nova Website

http://main.wgbh.org/imax/shackleton/sirernhttp://main.wgbh.org/imax/shackleton/sirernest.htmlest.html

AtmosphereAtmosphere

Contains Nitrogen, Oxygen, CarbonContains Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon

dioxide and water vapourdioxide and water vapour Extend 500 km above the surface of the EarthExtend 500 km above the surface of the Earth Climate is determined by the interactions Climate is determined by the interactions

occurring hereoccurring here Ozone protects from UV raysOzone protects from UV rays

Source: University of Florida AtmosphereSource: University of Florida Atmosphere

Image from: http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html

““Since the Industrial Revolution, man has been Since the Industrial Revolution, man has been altering the composition of the atmosphere by the altering the composition of the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels” (U of F Atmosphere).burning of fossil fuels” (U of F Atmosphere).

Greenhouse Gases include:Greenhouse Gases include:(concerns include the rising levels of greenhouse gases)(concerns include the rising levels of greenhouse gases)– carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and

chloroflurocarbons chloroflurocarbons – ““these "greenhouse" gases trap heat energy emitted these "greenhouse" gases trap heat energy emitted

from the earth surface and increase global temperatures from the earth surface and increase global temperatures (global warming)” (U of F Atmosphere).(global warming)” (U of F Atmosphere).

– ““In addition, chloroflurocarbons are effective at depleting In addition, chloroflurocarbons are effective at depleting the Earth's ozone shield that protects the earth surface the Earth's ozone shield that protects the earth surface from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation” (U of F from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation” (U of F Atmosphere). Atmosphere).

Source: University of Florida AtmosphereSource: University of Florida Atmosphere

Climate Change Climate Change and Greenhouse and Greenhouse Gases:Gases:

http://www.agu.org/http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/eos_elec/99148e.html99148e.html

Atmosphere Review DiagramAtmosphere Review Diagram

Earthguide Diagrams:Earthguide Diagrams:– Atmosphere AnimatedAtmosphere Animated

http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/atmohttp://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/atmosphere/index.htmlsphere/index.html

Lithosphere (Geosphere)Lithosphere (Geosphere) Greek for rocky sphereGreek for rocky sphere Solid outermost shell of the Solid outermost shell of the

planet including the crust and planet including the crust and upper layers of the mantle.upper layers of the mantle.

Wikipedia LithosphereWikipedia Lithosphere

Solid earthSolid earth– Oceanic crustOceanic crust– Continental crustContinental crust– Interior of the earthInterior of the earth

““Ninety-four percent of the earth Ninety-four percent of the earth is composed of the elements is composed of the elements oxygen, iron, silica, and oxygen, iron, silica, and magnesium” (U of F magnesium” (U of F Geosphere).Geosphere).

Is always changing (Plate Is always changing (Plate Tectonics/ Continental Drift)Tectonics/ Continental Drift)

Source: University of Source: University of Florida GeosphereFlorida Geosphere

http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Geosphere.html

Plates of the Earth:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Tectonic_plates.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Tectonic_plates.png

AsthenosphereAsthenosphere

The fluid layer under the lithosphere.The fluid layer under the lithosphere. Plastic like layer (fluid rock movement)Plastic like layer (fluid rock movement) 100-200 km deep into the Earth (or up to 100-200 km deep into the Earth (or up to

400 km) 400 km) The ridged lithosphere floats on this layer, The ridged lithosphere floats on this layer,

which conducts heat up to the plates.which conducts heat up to the plates. Fault lines and breaks occur in the Fault lines and breaks occur in the

lithosphere because it is brittle.lithosphere because it is brittle. Source: Wikipedia AsthenosphereSource: Wikipedia Asthenosphere

Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics

Dr. Art’s Guide to Planet EarthDr. Art’s Guide to Planet Earth– Earth’s Solid Stuff (animation)Earth’s Solid Stuff (animation)

http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/earth_solihttp://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/earth_solid.htmld.html

CryosphereCryosphere

All of the snow and ice on earth All of the snow and ice on earth Majority of ice is found at the polesMajority of ice is found at the poles

– Icebergs Icebergs – GlaciersGlaciers– Giant icecaps in Antarctica and GreenlandGiant icecaps in Antarctica and Greenland

12 000 years ago = colder climate = huge ice sheets 12 000 years ago = colder climate = huge ice sheets covered the surface of the earthcovered the surface of the earth– Most of North America and Europe were coveredMost of North America and Europe were covered

During the age of the dinosaurs the climate was warm and During the age of the dinosaurs the climate was warm and much of the ice had melted and disappeared.much of the ice had melted and disappeared.

Earth Floor CryosphereEarth Floor Cryosphere

Antarctic Ice:Antarctic Ice:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Antarctica_satellite_orthographic.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Antarctica_satellite_orthographic.jpg

BiosphereBiosphere

The “life zone” of earth.The “life zone” of earth. Includes all living organisms (all organic matter Includes all living organisms (all organic matter

that has not decomposed.)that has not decomposed.) Food chains govern the transfer of energy Food chains govern the transfer of energy

– Producers Producers Consumers Consumers Secondary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary ConsumersTertiary Consumers

U Of F – BiosphereU Of F – Biosphere

By looking at the surface of the earth you can By looking at the surface of the earth you can readily distinguish the different areasreadily distinguish the different areas– i.e. deserts, forestsi.e. deserts, forests– These areas are called Biomes.These areas are called Biomes.

Earth Floor BiosphereEarth Floor Biosphere

Surface of the Earth from Space - Notice the different colors, which indicated different biomes.

Can you identify the desert? Forests?

http://www.novaspace.com/POSTERS/PHOTO/FOTE.jpeg

To Do:To Do:

Read over Section 13.8 HydrosphereRead over Section 13.8 Hydrosphere– Draw a simplified diagram of the water cycle (be Draw a simplified diagram of the water cycle (be

sure to include all of the important terms.sure to include all of the important terms. Define any of the terms that you use in your diagramDefine any of the terms that you use in your diagram

– Complete questions:Complete questions: Page 524 #s Page 524 #s 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8

SourcesSources

University of Florida Earth System Science University of Florida Earth System Science ProgramProgram– http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/00-Introductiohttp://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/00-Introductio

n.htmln.html– Hydrosphere:Hydrosphere:

http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Hydrosphere.htmlhttp://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Hydrosphere.html

– Geosphere:Geosphere: http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Geosphere.htmlhttp://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Geosphere.html

– BiosphereBiosphere http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Biosphere.htmlhttp://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Introduction/Biosphere.html

Sources Continued . . . Sources Continued . . .

Wikipedia Wikipedia – LithosphereLithosphere

http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/spheres.htmlhttp://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/spheres.html– AsthenosphereAsthenosphere

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenosphere

Exploring the EnvironmentExploring the Environment http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/spheres.htmlhttp://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/spheres.html

– Earth Floor HydrosphereEarth Floor Hydrosphere http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/hydrosphere.htmlhttp://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/hydrosphere.html

– Earth Floor CryosphereEarth Floor Cryosphere http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/biosphere.htmlhttp://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/biosphere.html

– Earth Floor BiosphereEarth Floor Biosphere http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/biosphere.htmlhttp://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/biosphere.html