Spectroscopic Technique

8/8/2019 Spectroscopic Technique

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Theory and application of UV and visible

spectrophotometry

Spectroscopic technique

Spectrophotometry is the quantifiable study of

electromagnetic spectra that deals with visible light,

near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared.

A spectrophotometer is a photometer(a device for measuring light intensity) that

can measure intensity as a function of the color (or more specifically the

wavelength) of light

The most common application of spectrophotometers is the measurementof light absorption.

The use of spectrophotometers is not limited to studies in physics. They

are also commonly used in other scientific fields such as chemistry,

biochemistry, and molecular biology. They are widely used in many

industries including printing and forensic examination.

Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometerhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.ecvv.com/upload/Product/200910/China_UV_Spectrophotometer200910212257091.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.ecvv.com/product/2267107.html&usg=__heE5aGe_E4LkdUa09XnJK-AZPrw=&h=392&w=500&sz=17&hl=en&start=20&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=-j0lbNVLb-Nk-M:&tbnh=102&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Duv%2Bspectrophotometer%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.aa.psu.edu/chemistry/images/UV_VIS.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.aa.psu.edu/chemistry/PSA_Chem_Facilities.htm&usg=__ICPx8PJHT_8swRWmbjItbVUwess=&h=598&w=903&sz=80&hl=en&start=15&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=rBciLZOYBv4aXM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=147&prev=/images%3Fq%3Duv%2Bspectrophotometer%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26tbs%3Disch:1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.globescientific.com/images/111117.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.globescientific.com/product-type-spectrophotometer-cuvettes-c-21_630_89.html&usg=__z8RIrgv0HjM0sGS1ikyl_CVS9G0=&h=476&w=476&sz=107&hl=en&start=50&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=0aG6cadp6KwlFM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3Duv%2Bspectrophotometer%26start%3D40%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum


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Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique for the determination of

the elemental composition of a sample ormolecule. It is also used for

elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other

chemical compounds.

The MS principle consists of ionizing chemical compounds to generatecharged molecules and measurement of theirmass-to-charge ratios.

MS procedure

The components of the sample are ionized

The positive ions are then accelerated by an electric field

computation of the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of the particles

Detection of the ions, were sorted according to m/z.

A sample is loaded onto the MS instrument, and undergoes vaporization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule


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Mass spectrophotometery


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Nuclear magnetic resonance analyzes the magnetic properties of certain atomicnuclei to determine different electronic local environments ofhydrogen, carbon,

or other atoms in an organic compound or othercompound. This is used to help

determine the structure of the compound.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

NMR is a property that magnetic nuclei have in a magnetic field and applied

electromagnetic (EM) pulse or pulses, which cause the nuclei to absorb energy

from the EM pulse and radiate this energy back out. The energy radiated back

out is at a specific resonance frequency which depends on the strength of the

magnetic field and other factors.

It is widely used in chemical studies, notably in NMR spectroscopy such as proton NMR1H

NMR , carbon-13 NMR, deuterium NMR and phosphorus-31 NMR.

Biochemical information can also be obtained from living tissue (e.g. human braintumors)

with the technique known as in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Uses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_NMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-13_NMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-13_NMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_NMRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MRI-Philips.JPG


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Proton Magnetic Resonance

Electron spin resonance (ESR) orElectron paramagnetic resonance

(EPR) spectroscopy is a technique for studying chemical species that haveone or more unpaired electrons.

ESR are analogous/ parallel to those ofnuclear magnetic resonance

(NMR), but it is electron spins that are excited instead ofspins of

atomic nuclei

Electron spin resonance

Synonyms: proton MR spectroscopic imaging, 1H-nuclear magnetic

resonance spectroscopic imaging

An imaging method of detecting and measuring activity at the cellular

level. It provides chemical information and is used in conjunction with

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which gives spatial (3-dimensional)

information.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/imaging.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/cells.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/magnetic_resonance_imaging.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/3-dimensional.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/3-dimensional.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/magnetic_resonance_imaging.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/cells.htmlhttp://www.phoenix5.org/glossary/imaging.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy


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Originally it was the study of the interaction between radiation and matteras

a function ofwavelength ().

In fact, historically, spectroscopy referred to the use of visible lightdispersed according to its wavelength, e.g. by a prism.

Any measurement of a quantity as a function of either wavelength or

frequency.

Thus it also can refer to a response to an alternating field or varyingfrequency (). A further extension of the scope of the definition added

energy (E) as a variable, once the very close relationship E= h forphotons

was realized (h is the Planck constant).

Spectroscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(optics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation


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Spectroscopy/spectrometry is often used in physical and

analytical chemistry for the identification of substances through thespectrum emitted from or absorbed by them.

Used in astronomy and remote sensing. Most large telescopes have

spectrometers, which are used either to measure the chemical

composition and physical properties of astronomical objects or tomeasure their velocities

USE:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry


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Electromagnetic spectroscopy involves interactions of matter with

electromagnetic radiation, such as light.

Nature of excitation measured

Normally, the quantity that is measured is an intensity, either of energy

absorbed or produced.

Dielectric spectroscopy involves the frequency of an external electrical field

involves the frequency of an external mechanical stress, e.g. a torsion applied to

a piece of material.

Acoustic spectroscopy involves the frequency of sound.

Auger spectroscopy involves inducing the Auger effect with an electron beam. In

this case the measurement typically involves the kinetic energy of the electron as

variable.

Electron spectroscopy involves interactions with electron beams.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectroscopy


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Measurement process

Absorption spectroscopy uses the range of the electromagnetic spectra in which

a substance absorbs.such as infrared, ultraviolet-visible and microwave spectroscopy.

Scattering spectroscopy measures the amount of light that a substance scatters

at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles

Emission spectroscopy uses the range of electromagnetic spectra in which a

substance radiates (emits).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy


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AbsorptionAbsorption spectroscopy

Absorption spectroscopy is a technique in which the power of a beam of light measured before

and after interaction with a sample is compared.Specific absorption techniques tend to be referred to by the wavelength of radiation measured

such as ultraviolet, infrared or microwave absorption spectroscopy.

Absorption occurs when the energy of the photons matches the energy difference between two

states of the material.

Common types

Fluorescence spectroscopyFluorescence spectroscopy uses higher energy photons to excite a sample, which will then

emit lower energy photons. This technique has become popular for its biochemical and

medical applications, and can be used forconfocalmicroscopy,

fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and fluorescence lifetime imaging.

Fluorescence

When X-rays of sufficient frequency (energy) interact with a substance, inner shell electrons

in the atom are excited to outer empty orbitals, or they may be removed completely, ionizing

the atom. The inner shell "hole" will then be filled by electrons from outer orbitals.

X-ray crystallography is a scattering process

X-rays
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_lifetime_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_lifetime_imaginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy


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Flame

Liquid solution samples are aspirated into a burner or nebulizer/burner combination, desolvated,

atomized, and sometimes excited to a higher energy electronic state

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy - This method uses flame excitation; atoms are excited fromthe heat of the flame to emit light. This method commonly uses a total consumption burner with

a round burning outlet. A higher temperature flame than atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA) is

typically used to produce excitation of analyte atoms.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (often called AA) - This method commonly uses a pre-burner

nebulizer (or nebulizing chamber) to create a sample mist and a slot-shaped burner which gives alonger pathlength flame. The temperature of the flame is low enough that the flame itself does not

excite sample atoms from their ground state. The nebulizer and flame are used to desolvate and

atomize the sample, but the excitation of the analyte atoms is done by the use of lamps shining

through the flame at various wavelengths for each type of analyte

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy - This method commonly uses a burner with a round

burning outlet. The flame is used to solvate and atomize the sample, but a lamp shines light at aspecific wavelength into the flame to excite the analyte atoms in the flame. The atoms of certain

elements can then fluoresce emitting light in a different direction. The intensity of this fluorescing

light is used for quantifying the amount of analyte element in the sample.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy


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Plasma Emission Spectroscopy In some ways similar to flame atomic emission

spectroscopy, it has largely replaced it.

Plasma Emission Spectroscopy

Microwave-induced plasma (MIP)

Direct-current plasma (DCP)

A direct-current plasma (DCP) is created by an electrical discharge between two

electrodes. A plasma support gas is necessary, and Ar is common.

Samples can be deposited on one of the electrodes, or if conducting can make

up one electrode.

Glow discharge-optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES)

Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) also called Laser-induced

plasma spectrometry (LIPS)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow_dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICP-AEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Induced_Breakdown_Spectroscopy_(LIBS)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Induced_Breakdown_Spectroscopy_(LIBS)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICP-AEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow_discharge


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Hydrodynamics methods

The study of fluids in motion

Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH)

is a computational method used for simulating fluid flows. It has been used in many

fields of research, including astrophysics, ballistics, vulcanology, and oceanography.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid


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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-resolution_X-ray_diffraction&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-resolution_X-ray_diffraction&action=edit&redlink=1


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X-ray diffraction finds the geometry or shape of a molecule using X-rays.

X-ray diffraction techniques are based on the elastic scattering of X-raysfrom structures that have long range order.

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction

Powder diffraction (XRD)

Thin film diffraction

High resolution X-ray diffraction

X-ray diffraction

Types
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_collisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_Crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_diffractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_Crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-resolution_X-ray_diffraction&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-resolution_X-ray_diffraction&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_Crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_diffractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_Crystallographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_collisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction


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Spectroscopic Technique