Aegilops sp. 13 A. comosa 12 A. umbellulatum 87 Agave sp. 510 Agrobacterium sp. 127--8, 130-1,

133, 145-6, 365, 467 A. rhizogenes 129, 148 A. tumefaciens 119, 129,439, 467 Agropyron elongatum 288, 432 A. intermedium 85 A. scabrum 241 Alcaligenes eutrophus 143 Alfalfa 82, 96, 140-1, 152, 237,

347, 359, 398, 440, 452, 464,466

see also Medicago sp.; Lucerne Alfalfa mosaic virus 144 Alopecurus agrestis 69 Alternaria sp. 99, 343 A. brassicola 343, 358 A. solani 360 Allium sp. 75, 249, 261 Almond 61 Amaranthus sp. 192 Anchusa officianalis 342 Anthurium 249 Antirrhinum majus 150, 207 Aphid 423, 429, 434, 437--8 Apium graveolens 356 Apple 55, 61, 66, 127, 140, 229,

241,316 Apricot 61 Arabidopsis sp. 116, 140, 142, 150,

340 A. thaliana 118--19, 126, 133, 339 Arabis holboellii 240 Arachis hypogaea 54 Asclepias sp. 425 Asparagus sp. 129, 140, 249 Aspergillus oryzae 148 Artichokes 44 Atropa belladonna 98 Avena sp. 13, 192

see also Oat A. barbata 88--9 A. longiglumis 89 A. sativa 54, 89

Species index

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 148 Bacillus thuriengiensis 145-6, 433,

464 B.t. ssp. berliner 145 B.t. ssp. tenebrionis 146 B.t. str. berliner 145 B.t. str. kurstaki 145 Banana 55 Barley 21, 27, 54, 56, 61, 133,

143, 147, 150, 152, 213, 216, 221, 256, 261, 263, 265--71, 309, 314, 316, 337--8, 347, 354, 357, 364, 373, 376, 380, 337--8, 347, 396, 398, 410, 424--8, 432--6, 440,529

see also Hordeum sp. Barley leaf rust 425 Barley powdery mildew 433 Beans 217

see also Vicia sp. Beets 263 Begonia sp. 555 Beta sp. 192, 205, 531 B. intermedia 240 B. lomotagona 240 B. procumbens 80 B. maritima 288,531 B. vulgaris 80, 240 Black spot 61 Blight 36 Birdsfoot trefoil 452, 467 Botriochloa sp. 229, 233, 234, 239 Brachiaria decumbens 237 Bradyrhizobium japonicum 452,

460-3 Brassica sp. 65, 96-7, 101, 102,

109, 192, 196, 203, 205--8, 214, 268, 338, 347, 348, 363,364

B. campestris 11, 96, 97, 102, 103, 143

B. carinata 97, 99 B. juncea 97, 102, 359 B. 'flapus 99, 102, 103, 266, 267,

269, 271, 343, 354, 357, 361-3,397

B. nigra 97, 99, 207 B. oleracea 96-7, 102-3, 207, 315,

432 Brassicaceae 266 Bremia lactucae 99, 428, 433, 438 Brevicoryne brassicae 423 Broad bean 452, 464

see also Vicia sp. Brown plant hoppers 440 Brussels sprouts 205, 437

Cabbage 205, 423, 431-2 see also Brassica sp.

Cabbage root fly 423 Cabbage white butterfly 427 Cacao sp. 257 Callosobruchus maculatus 146 Cannabis leaf miner 427 Capsicum sp. 347, 385 C. annuum 54 C. chacoense 72 Carica papaya 127 Carnation 55, 127 Carrot 140, 152, 214-15, 216, 254,

347, 422, 431 see also Daucus sp.

Carrot fly 422 Cassava sp. 44, 46 Cassia fasciculata 342 Castanea sp. 192 Catharanthus roseus 365 Cauliflower 140 Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)

142,145 Celery 140, 316 Cenchrus ciliaris 29, 232-5, 236 Cephus cinctus 422 Ceratocystis ulmi 437 Cercospora sp. 288, 358 Cereals 267, 423, 427, 432, 437,

466 see also Maize; Wheat

Chenopodium 192 Cherry 61 Chickpea 54, 61, 65 Chinese cabbage 355 Chives 220

536

Chrysanthemum 55, 249, 431 Cicer arietinum 54 Citrullus lanatus 257 Citrus sp. 61, 192, 229, 233--5,

239, 250, 257, 315 C. sinensis 55 Clover 452

see also Trifolium sp. Cocksfoot 455 Cocoa 205 Coconut 42-3, 257, 510 Cocos nucifera 257 Cottea ssp. 192, 205, 257, 432 Cottea canephora 432 Coffee 43, 257, 432 Coffee rust 432 Coleoptera 145, 464 Coletotrichum circinans 424 Colorado potato beetle 427 Conifer 256 Corn 54,432

see also Maize Corydalis 347 Corylus avellana 55 Cotton 55, 61, 86, 127, 133, 140,

141, 146, 217, 256, 257, 284, 384, 399, 423

see also Gossypium sp. Cotton boll weevil 423 Cowpea 146, 433 Crambe 510 Craterostigma plantagineum 151 Crown rust 426, 440 Cruciferae 427 Cucumber 140, 347, 424 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)

144, 145, 433 Cucumis africanus 67, 192 C. metuliferus 67 C. sativus 67, 354 Cucurbita 192 Cucurbita pepo 342 Cuphea 510 Cryptomeria japonica 257 Cymbidium 246 Cynodon dactylon 55

Dactylis glomerata 69, 81, 192, 205, 252, 255, 455

see also Cocksfoot; Orchard grass

Daktulosphaira virifoliae 422 Datura sp. 68, 72, 267, 347 Datura innoxia 98, 152, 269

Species index

Daucus carota 250, 362-3 Delia radicum 423 Diabrotica 146 Diamond-back moth 424 Dianthus caryophyllus 55, 127, 192,

249 D. caryophyllus x D. barbatus 76 D. chinensis 341, 342 Dichanthium sp. 229, 234 D. aristatum 235 Digitalis lanata 365 Dioscorea 510 Diplotaxis 97 Diptera 145 Ditylenchus dipasaci 426 Downy mildew 429,433,438 Drechslera poae 239 D. teres 357 Drosophila 117 Durio sp. 39 Durum wheat 54 Dutch elm disease 437

Eggplant 96, 217 Elaeis guineensis 257 Elymus rectisetus 241 E. repens 69 Eragrostis 229 E. curvula 237 Eruca 97, 99 E. sativa 99 Erwinia sp. 98, 99, 360 E. carotovora subsp. carotovora 360 Erysiphe graminis 427 Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei 427 Escherichia coli 109-12, 116, 119,

142,462 European corn borer 422

Faba bean 63, 71, 222, 284 see also Vicia sp.

Fabaceae 460 Fagopyrum sp. 192, 205 Fairchild's mule pink 76 Fescue 81, 90 Festuca arundinacea 89, 268 F. coeruleum 360 F. gigantea 89 F. pratensis 80 Festucea 85, 192, 205 Fiji virus 356 Flax 140, 347 Flax rust 428, 430 Fodder kale 205

Fragaria sp. 249 French bean 54, 452 Fulvia fulva 428, 429 Fuschia 249, 356 Fusarium 41, 99, 356, 357 F. culmorum 354 F. oxysporum 357, 428 F. o. f.sp. medicaginis 357 F. sulphureum 360

Gerbera 249 Gladiolus 356 Gloxinia 249 Glycine max 54, 127, 133, 192,

196,257 Gossypium sp. 192, 215 G. hirsutum 71, 75, 127, 133, 257 G. arboreum 71 Grape 55, 61, 254, 256--7, 422 Grapefruit 61 Grapevine 428 Green peach aphid 426, 437 Greenbug 436 Groundnut 427, 428 Guayule 237

Hazelnut 55 Helianthus sp. 192, 205

see also Sunflower H. annuus 133 H. debilis 288 Heliothis sp. 146 H. virescens 145, 146 H. zea 145, 423 Helminthosporium sp. 435 H. carbonum 151 H. maydis 343, 357 H. sacchari 356 H. sativum 357 Hemileia vastatrix 432 Hemp 427 Hessian fly 422, 423, 437, 438 Heterodera schachtii 428 Homo sapiens 33 Hordeum sp. 192, 196, 205, 207

see also Barley H. bulbosum 71, 265, 427 H. spontaneum 80 H. vulgare 54, 69, 71, 80, 133,

265,267 Horseradish 140 Humulus sp. 23 Hyoscymaus albus 69

Impomoea batatas 55

Juglans regia 127

Klebsiella sp. 461, 467 K. ozaenae 143

Lactuca sp. 97, 192 L. perennis 99 L. sativa 99 Larch interior 254 Larix spp. 257 Lathyrus spp. 67 Leaf blotch 435 Leaf rust 423, 436 Lens sp. 192, 196 Leptosphaeria masculans 354 Lesquerella sp. 510 Lettuce 140, 428, 429, 433 Lettuce root aphid 429 Lima bean 338 Linum sp. 205 L. austriacum 264 L. usitatissimum 359, 360 Liriomyza cannabis 427 Lithospermum 365 Lolium sp. 26, 27, 192, 252

see also Ryegrass LoliumlFestuca 85, 90 Lolium multiflorum x Festuca

pratensis 80 L. multiflorum x L. perenne 84 L. perenne 23, 69, 232, 264, 315,

478 Lotus spp. 140, 205, 467 Lotus corniculatus 81, 342, 347,

363,467 L. japonicus 467 Lucerne 254, 255, 256, 454

see also Medicago sativa; Alfalfa Lupin 54, 425, 452 Lupinus sp. 425 L. albus 54 L. mutabilis 36 L. polyphyllus 116 Lycopersicon sp. 40, 205, 343 Lycopersicum 207, 208, 209

see also Tomato L. cheesmanii 40 L. chilense 40 L. chmielewski 40, 288 L. esculentum 40, 54, 69, 99, 127,

257, 288, 345, 347 L. esculentum x peruvianum 72

Species index

L. hirsutum 40, 345 L. pennellii 99 L. peruvianum 40, 66 L. pimpinellifolium 40, 97

Maize 58, 61, 64, 119, 120, 130-2, 140-3, 146, 147, 150, 152, 182, 213, 215, 217, 221, 224, 229, 256, 265, 266, 268, 269, 283, 285, 301-4, 314, 324, 326, 337, 341, 343, 346, 348, 357, 378, 395, 398, 399, 428, 475, 491, 493, 502, 506

See also Zea mays; Corn Malus sp. 192, 235 M. pumila 55, 127 M. x domestica 241 Manduca sexta 145, 433 Mango 257 Mayetiniola destructor 422, 428 Medicago sp. 347, 454 Medicago sativa 118, 192, 205, 255,

264, 453-5, 488 see also Alfalfa; Lucerne

M. varia 140 Melampsora sp. 428 Melilotus sp. 452 Milkweed 426 Millets 503 Milo disease 431 Mimulus sp. 152 Mimulus guttatus 345, 347 Mint 433 Mite 424, 426 Moricandia arvensis 97 Morning glory 140 Mungbean 61, 452 Musa sp. 44, 55 Myzus persicae 426

Nectria galligena 438 Nicotiana sp. 97, 100, 101, 205,

206, 208, 209, 214, 215, 347, 363

see also Tobacco N. alata 147, 208, 209 N. africanum 102 N. forgetiana 207 N. glauca 207 N. plumbaginifolia 100, 143, 362,

363 N. repanda 99

537

N. tabacum 69, 100, 102, 126, 133, 143, 152, 209, 363, 479

Nilaparvata lugens 440

Oat 54, 86, 426, 427, 440, 475, 493

see also Avena Oenothera sp. 68, 100, 206, 339 Oil palm 43, 257 Oilseed rape 140, 148, 209, 217,

220, 267, 269, 271, 272, 309, 355, 359, 398, 510, 529

see also Brassica sp. Olea europea 55 Olive 55,61 Onion 215, 219, 220, 264, 424 Orange 55, 61 Orchard grass 140, 254, 256, 285

see also Dactylis sp. Orchids 246 Orobanche sp. 429 Oryza sp. 192 O. sativa 54, 69, 127, 133, 487 Ostrinia nubilialis 422

Panicum sp. 192, 229 Parasponia 460 Parsley 119 Parthenium argentatum 233 Paspalum notatum 233, 236 Pea 54, 117, 118, 152, 314, 316,

408, 452, 466, 467 see also Pisum sp.

Peach 61, 347, 361 Peanut 56, 297, 399, 479 Pearl millet 64, 229, 240 Pennisetum sp. 192, 229, 252, 240 P. americanum 69 P. cil iare 229 P. glaucum 240, 257 P. squamulatum 240 Pepper 54, 145 Peppermint 61 Periconia circinata 428, 431 Persea 192 Petunia sp. 101, 126, 127, 139,

140, 142, 149, 206, 214, 220, 347, 360

Petunia hybrida 126, 127, 150, 342 P. parodii 69, 96 P. parviflora 96 Phalaris sp. 205 Phaseolus sp. 192 P. acutifolius 71

538

P. coccineus 64, 72 P. vulgaris sp. 66, 71, 72 Phi/oxera vastarix 40 Phleum pratense 81, 232 Phlox sp. 249 Phoma sp. 99 Phoma lingam 99, 361, 363 Phytophtora cinnamomi 35 P. infestans 36, 357, 360, 422, 428,

435, 438, 439 P. parasitica 358 Picea sp. 252 Picea abies 257 P. engelmanii 257 Pinus radiata 257 Pisum sativum 54, 69, 143,467,

473 Plasmopara viticola 61, 357, 428 Plum 127 Plutella maculipennis 424 Poa sp. 229, 233 Poa amp/a 232, 235 P. chaixii 238 P. longifolia 233, 238 P. palustris 238 P. pratensis 231, 235, 237, 239 Polygonum sp. 68 Pomato 97 Poncirus trifoliata 40 Poplar 127, 140 Populus sp. 65 P. alba x grandidentata 127 Potato 34, 40, 44, 46, 55, 82, 96,

97, 127, 140, 144, 237, 241, 252, 254, 257, 264, 266--9, 271, 272, 285, 309, 345, 347, 360, 362, 422, 427, 428, 431, 435, 439, 441, 506,529

see also Solanum sp. Potato spindle tuber viroid

(PSTV) 151 Potato virus X 144 Potato virus Y 144 Potentilla sp. 234 P. argentea 233 Powdery mildew 427, 432, 434,

440 Primula sp. 24 Prunus sp. 67, 192, 205--6 P. avium 55 P. cerasus 55 P. domestica 127 Psathrostachys fragi/is 265

Species index

Pseudomonas syringae 357,429 Psi/a rosae 422 Puccinia arachidis 427, 428 P. coronata 426,432-5 P. graminis 426 P. hordei 424, 425, 428, 435 P. recondita 424 P. sorghi 151 P. striiformis 12, 41, 182, 427 Pyrethrum sp. 205 Pyrus sp. 205 Pythium aphanidermatum 354

Ranunculus auricomus 231, 234 Rapeseed see Oilseed rape Raphanus 97, 192, 205, 423 Rheum sp. 249 Rhizobium spp. 452-7, 459-68 R. fredii 452, 461 R. japonicum 461, 462, 463 R. leguminosarum 465 R.I. bv. trifolii 461, 465 R.I. bv. viciae 461, 462, 463 R. loti 452, 461 R. meliloti 452, 456, 463, 465 Rhynchosporium sp. 357 Rice 35, 40, 54, 61, 127, 130, 133,

140, 141, 143, 152, 153, 214, 267, 268, 269, 270, 309, 316, 347, 374, 392, 398, 440, 491, 493, 502

see also Oryza sp. Rubber 43, 233 Rubus sp. 229 Rye 66, 83, 84, 140, 220, 221, 265,

266, 267, 268, 269, 427, 432 see also Secale cereale

Ryegrass 83, 85,90,398, 480 see also Lolium sp. Italian 26, 285 perennial 23, 26, 479

Sacchurum spp. 55, 192, 257 see also Sugar cane

Salmonella typhimurium 142 Saxifraga sp. 249 Schizaphis graminum 436 Scirpus olneyi 480 Sc/erotinia sc/erotiorum 426 Secale cereale 69, 83, 192, 205, 265,

432 see also Rye

Septoria nodorum 435 Setaria sp. 192

Si/ene alba 343 S. dioica 343, 345 Sinapsis sp. 97, 99 Sinapis alba 99 Sisal 510 Sitona sp. 464 Smudge disease 424 Solanaceae 68, 82, 427 Solanum sp. 100, 205, 347

see also Potato S. acaule 73 S. brevidens 97, 98, 99 S. chacoense 73 S. demissum x S. pinnatisectum 72 S. melongena 99 S. penelli 345, 347 S. phureja 69, 264 S. sisymbrifolium 99 S. tuberosum 55, 69, 73, 75, 97,

99, 127, 241, 264, 362 see also Potato

Sorghum sp. 192, 214, 216, 221, 299, 340, 347, 414, 428, 431, 436, 473, 487, 503

S. vulgare 64, 69, 147, 374 Soybean 127, 131, 133, 139, 141,

143, 140, 152, 182, 256, 257, 284, 297, 384, 398, 399, 452, 463, 466, 510

Spartina patens 480 Spinach 438 Spodoptera 146 Spotted alfalfa aphid 422 Stem rust 426,437 Stokesia sp. 510 Strawberry 44 Streptomyces hygroscopicus 141 Stripe rust 427, 429, 436, 441 Sugar beet 80, 83, 102, 140, 141,

215, 221, 224, 229, 240, 264, 273, 285, 304, 354, 355, 359, 398, 399, 428, 437, 529, 531

see also Beta sp. Sugar cane 40, 55, 256--8 Sugarbeet, see Sugar beet Sunflower 40, 133, 139, 140,214,

215, 221, 301, 304 see also Helianthus sp.

Sweet corn 432 Synchytrium endobioticum 441

Take-all disease 437 Tall fescue 399, 479

see also Festuca arundinacea Taraxacum sp. 234 Tarwi 36 Tetranychus urticae 426 Theobroma cacoa 205, 257 Therioaphis maculata 422 Thermus aquaticus 112 Tilletia caries 41 T. controversa 41 T. foetida 41 Tobacco 86, 95, 133, 139, 140,

142, 144, 146, 152, 209, 255, 258, 267, 269, 284, 309, 337, 347, 352, 433, 477, 479, 480

see also Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco horn worm 433 Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) 144 Tobacco ringspot virus (TobRV)

145 Tomato 19, 21, 54, 63, 80, 97,

122, 127, 140, 144, 152, 195, 213, 215, 216, 217, 256, 284, 285, 314, 316, 318, 337, 339, 345, 347, 428, 429, 529

see also Lycopersicon esculentum Tradescantia 339 Tribolium sp. 146 Trifolium sp. 24, 65, 74, 205, 206,

207, 452, 454, 455 see also Clover

T. pratense 83 T. repens 453, 454, 455 Tripsacum sp. 192

Species index

T. dactyloides 241 Triticale 13, 84, 285, 374, 381, 383,

385 Triticeae 85 Triticum sp. 479 Triticum aestivum 12, 54, 69, 89,

127, 133, 192, 241, 252, 408,487

see also Wheat T. durum 54, 84, 492 T. urartu 408 Tritodeum (wheat x barley) 285 Turnera ulmifolia 342 Turnips 424 Typhula sp. 41

Ulmaceae 450 Urocystis sp. 41

Verticillium sp. 61 Verticillium albo-atrum 433 Vetch 452 Vicia faba 192, 207 ~5, 454

see also Faba bean V. narbonensis 71 Vigna aconitifolia 140 V. unguiculata 146 Virus Y 439 Vitis sp. 257 V. labrusca 40 V. vinifera 40, 55, 357

Walnut 127, 140 Wart disease 441 Watermelon 256, 257, 316

539

Wheat 21, 35, 40, 61, 69, 71, 87, 88, 89, 97, 127, 130, 132, 147, 182, 194, 216, 217, 220, 229, 241, 256, 265, 272, 283, 284, 314, 316, 337, 348, 354, 357, 364, 374, 375, 376, 377, 384, 387, 397, 398, 399, 400, 411, 413, 416, 423, 424, 426, 430, 432, 437, 476, 478, 479, 490, 492, 493, 502,506

see also Triticum aestivum Wheat grass 432 Wheat stem saw fly 422, 424 Wheat stripe rust 430 Wheat x maize 71 Wheat x pearl millet 71 Wheat-rye amphiploid 84 White clover 454, 455, 464, 478,

493 Woolly aphid 429

Xanthomonas campestris 361, 362, 429

Yams 510

Zea diploperennis 288 Z. mays 54, 69, 127, 132, 149,

192, 241, 432, 473, 487 see also Maize

Zizinia 192

Abscisic acid 252, 394 Acetylene reduction 452 Achard 4 Adaptation 25

general 25-6, 374, 376, 406, 409 population structure 26 specific 374, 376 stress environments 409

Adventitious meristems 247, 249 Agarose 95 Agriculture

refineries 514-17, 519 sustainable 525-6, 533 system 516

Agroinfection 128 Alien germplasm 403 Alkaloid 431 Allelic

diversity 83 frequencies 192

Allopolyploid see Polyploid Allozyme 186

see also Isozyme Alternate generations 332 Alternative

oxidase 478, 480-1 pathway 478

Aluminium toxicity 409 AMMI see Interaction model Ammonia (NH3) 462 Analysis of variance

Bartletts text 171, 378 components of 175 ecovalence 379 multivariate 381--8 Euclidean distance 381 pattern analysis 384 principal components 381, 383 pairwise analyses 379

Androgenesis albino plants 270

Anther culture 267-71 culture conditions 269 culture media 268 developmental stage 267 donor plant 266 pretreatment 268

Subject index

culture methods conditions 269 factors influencing 263 media 268

haploid production 262, 265 micros pore culture 269 ploidy level 271

Anthesis 417 Antibiosis 423 Antibiotic resistance 97 Antibodies 116 Antimetabolic agents 146 Antimicrobial proteins 150 Antirhizobial trifolitoxin 464 Antisense 121

RNA 144, 148, 433 rubisco 477 technology 475

Antixenosis 423, 430 Aphids 430 Apomixis

agamocomplexes 230 agamospermy 229 APONET 242 apospory 230 breeding apomicts 235-40 definitions 230-1 diplospory 230 environmental influence 235 gametophytic 230 genetic control of 232-5 hybridization of

facultative 237 obligate 236

maternal types in 231 nucellar embryony 230, 234 pseudogamy 231 regeneration in vitro 239 sexual embryony tissue culture in 239

Artificial seeds see Seed Assessment traits 489 ATP 462 Atrazine 362 Autopolyploids see Polyploid Auxins 67, 251-2 Auxotrophy 96

A virulence 428--30 Avoidance 423, 430, 434, 437--8

B.t.t. toxin gene (eryIIIA) 464 B-galactosidase 464 B-glucuronidase (gus) 466 Balance

heterozygous 22 homozygous 22

Backcross biometrical analysis 169 gene transfer 80, 287, 439 selection 293, 529

marker assisted 317 Bacteria 429, 433 Bacteriocin

production 464 sensitive strains 465

Balanced Tertiary Trisomic (BTT) 216

see also Chromosome Benzimidasole 438 Bar gene 141 Barnase 148 Barstar 217 Bateson 4, 171, 378 Beet cyst nematode 428 Benzyladenine 251 Biochemical markers 184, 190,

192 see also Molecular markers

Biodiversity 526 Biological control

pests 423 plant architecture 431 see also Disease and pests

Biomass 409 Biometrical genetics

diallel crosses 182 effective factors 19 information from populations

174 models 166 polygenic traits 165 population information 174 prediction methods 179 progeny testing 27, 299 sampling 41

542

Biometrical genetics cont. triple testcross 182 genetic variation in 164, 172,

179 see also Backcross; Selection

Biotechnology see Genetic engineering

Biotype 427, 430 Biparental

BIPS see Biparental progeny families

inheritance 98 progeny families 175, 177

Blight 36, 354 Bread making quality 147 Breeding

bulk method 297 haploids in 271-2 intermediate procedures 221 methods 281-309 parthenogenesis in 264 resistance see Resistance to

antibiotics resource allocation 528 shuttle 376 strategies 27, 282, 528 see also Selection

Breeding lines 37 Breeding system

allogamous 284 partial 292

autogamous populations 284, 293

cleistogamy 21 genetic adjustment of 14, 21 outbreeding crops 255 outcrossing

mechanisms of 21 rate estimation 315

protandry 21 protogyny 21 regulation of 20--1

Brundtland Report 501 Bud pollinations and inhibitors

207 Budding 257 Buffering

individual 456 population 456

Bulked segregant analysis 327 By-passing barriers in the style

67-8

C3 and C4 species 475, 480 Cabbage yellows 428

Subject index

Caesalpinus 4 Callus 248-9, 253-4

culture 355--60 Calvin cycle enzymes 394 Carbohydrates 268, 475, 505--9 Carbon

efficiency of use 474 exchange rates 408 fixation capacity 458 partitioning 474-5

Carbon dioxide compensation point 475, 477 enrichment 474, 479-80

Carboxylase reaction 477 Catalase 477 Cell

density 95 size 476 suspension cultures 94 wall 93

Cellulose derivatives 509

paper 519 silicon 517

Centre of origin 432 CGIAR 47 Chalcone synthase gene (CHS)

149 Chemical hybridizing agents

(CHA) 215, 221 see also Male sterility

Chiasmata 11 Chimera 56, 59, 249 Chimeric genes 139, 466 Chinese Spring 12 Chitinases 150 Chloramphenicol acetyl

transferase (cat) 466 Chlorophyll content 476 Chloroplast 195 Chondriome 93 Chromatography 185 Chromosome

5B in wheat 13, 84, 88 addition lines 85--6 alien 86 aneuploid 83, 86, 249 B-chromosome 13-14 diploid 13, 21, 80--1 disjunction 80--1 doubling 83 euploid 88 induced transfer 87 in situ hybridization 90

mobilization 460 monosomic

addition line 89 line 88 series 86

monotelocentric 88 nullisomic 89 pairing 80, 89 substitution 86 structural change 58 tetrasomy 85 transfer 85--7 translocations 58 walking 120

CIAT 47 CIMMYT 47, 283, 376-7, 381,

387, 392, 525 CIP 47 Clonal

multiplication 252 propagation 13, 56

Cloning vectors 109-11 see also Gene(s), cloning

Co adaptation 24 Coat protein-mediated resistance

433 Colchicine 271 Cold tolerance 399 Collecting see Genetic resources Combining ability

general 293 specific 304 see also Gene(s), action

Compair 12 Comparison of marker class

means, method 322 Comparisons of cultivars 395 Competence 128 Competition release 464 Complementation 119 Compositional 393 Conifers 250, 255--6 Correlation

environmental 182 genetic 377, 491, 494-5 intraclass 176, 178 Kendall's concordance 381 phenotypic 496 Spearman's rank 380

Cosmid vectors 111 see also Gene(s), cloning

Costs 398 Cotyledonary stages 250

Covariance among half-sibs 301 biometrical analysis 170, 176-7

Cross protection 144 Cultigens 36

x isolate interactions 425 see also Disease and pests,

resistance differences 454 diversification 440 mixtures 440

Cuttings 257 Cyanide-resistant 478 Cybrids 14, 99-103

see also Protoplast(s), fusion Cytochrome pathway 480-1 Cytokinesis 82 Cytokinins 67, 76, 251 Cytoplasmic inheritance

of apomixis 234 male sterility 214

see also Male s terili ty resistance 428

see also Maternal inheritance Darlington C.D. 10 Day-length 432 Dehydration tolerance 415 Detoxifying enzymes 143 Diallel crosses see Biometrical

genetics Dicarboxylic acid transport 463 Dicotyledons 250, 258, 426 Digitoxin 365 Digoxin 365 Diplontic selection 56 Disease and pests

assessment 436 keys 434 race identification 438

breeding for resistance parasites 430 development rate in 435 genetic diversity in 440 harmful side effects 431

damage 424 defence mechanisms 423,425

non-preference 438 durable resistance 429-32,

440-1 epidemics 436 estimation of 435 hypersensitivity 359, 424, 426-8 horizontal 425 host range 426-7

Subject index

non-hosts 424--5 infestation level 434 integrated control 441 light intensity on 437 parasitic ability 426

formae speciales 427 generalists 426 races 427 specialists 427

partial 422, 425, 428, 431, 435-6,440

resistance 423 assessment 434, 436 inheritance of 427, 431 testing 437-9 sources of 431-3

soil borne 436, 441 symptoms 425 tolerance to 424 toxins 426, 433, 439 vertical resistance 426 virulence 427-8, 430

Disomic 21 Diuron 362 DNA

banks 48 cDNA 187, 189, 195 chloroplast (cp) 195, 215, 270 genomic 107-9, 187-8, 194

clones 466 isolation of 108 library 107 markers see Molecular markers mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA

196 polymorphism 184, 194 probes 366 rDNA 196 repetitive 194 sequencing 189, 195 T-DNA 129-30, 467

Domesticated plants origin 9, 34 Dominance see Gene(s), action Doubled haploids 82, 179, 262,

309,315 see also Androgenesis

Drought induced abscisic acid

accumulation 399 susceptibility index 412 tolerance 399, 403, 409 see also Stress

Drum driers, whole crop harvester 515

Duchesne 4 Dwarfing genes 476 Dyad 82 Dynamic models 400

Earliness 435 EC trade policy 509 Ecological

combining ability 24 niches 23 protection 24

Egg cells 250 Electrophoresis

isoelectric focusing 186 isozyme 186 micro- 337

543

nucleic acid 187 polyacrilamide (PAGE) 186-7 polymorphism 163 protein 185-6 starch gel 191 zone 186

Elite lines 288 Embryo 71

development 252 embryoids 248 embryonal suspensor 250 immature 252 lethal mutants 339 maturation 252 rescue 74, 264 sac 68 somatic 248, 254

Embryogenesis 96, 251 asexual 250 culture medium 247 dessication 251 gametic fusion 250 genetic variation 249, 253 instability 247, 249 organogenesis 248--9, 251,

256-7 precocious germination 250,

252 single cell culture 247, 254 somatic 250 zygotic 250

Emergence 417 Endosperm

balance number (EBN) 74 defective mutants 339

Energy constraints 503 issue 503 overflow 478

544

Enod2 466--7 Environment

characterization of 410 effects of 517, 520 influence of 235

variation 165, 171 factors 284, 436 mechanisms 451 micro-environment effects 288 standardization of 381, 383

Enzyme systems 185, 191-2 Epistasis see Gene(s), action Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS)

213 Ethylene 213, 251 European Brewery convention

511 Evolution 335 Experimental genotypes 397

Factor analysis see Multivariate analyses

FAO 46, 59, 526 Fats 510 Fertility see Male sterility Fertilization 68-70

in vitro 68 in vivo 346 in wide crosses 69 partial failure 69 overcoming barriers to 69, 72

embryo rescue 74 plant growth regulators 75

process 348 FicoU 268 First division restitution (FDR) 82 Fitness 17-18, 26, 430 Flavanoids 461, 465 Flor 428 Flowering 399 Fluorescein 96 Food-processing industry 502 Forestry 517-19 FPLC 185 Full-sibs 175-7, 179

see also Selection Fungi 429 Fusaric acid 364

Gametes 82 Gametophytic selection see Male

gametophytic selection Gamma-rays 53

Subject index

Gas chromatography 452 Gelling agent 268 Gene(s)

action 17, 285, 308 additive 173, 177, 179, 285,

289-90 dominance 16, 24, 25, 164--5,

167, 286, 308 ambidirectional 168 co- 165, 167 over 166, 168, 303, 308, 530 ratio 167, 173-4, 180 variation (H) 173

epistasis 16, 24, 169-70, 166, 181, 235, 303

heterosis 169, 180, 235, 284, 308,530

non-additive 177, 179 non-allelic 166 pleiotropy 165, 298, 432

cloning 107, 120 identification 116--19 map based 326--7 using PCR 112 vectors 109-11, 462, 464

complexes 22 dispersion 169, 173 duplicate 87, 440, dwarfing 397, 489 expression in male

gametophyte 337 favourable 284, 293 for gene 428-9 frequencies 192 homeotic 150 interaction see Gene(s), action library 107-9 mapping 309 morphological 314 polygenes 16, 26, 163--6, 293 pool 79-80, 90, 432 probes 376 promoter 139 symbiotic 461, 467 tagging 119, 316

with Agrobacterium 119 using transposers 119

transfer 90, 126-8, 365 see also Transformation

super 24 General varietal ability (GV A) 293 Genetic architecture 24-5 Genetic engineering 138-53

biochemical pathways 148-50 diagnostics 151 disease resistance 150--1, 433

see also Genetic engineering, virus resistance

fertilizer efficiency 151-2 herbicide resistance 141-3 insect resistance 145 male sterility 147, 531 nitrogen fixation 460 protein quality 146 stress tolerance 151-2 virus resistance 143 see also Transformation

Genetic maps 115, 193 Genetic models 319-22 Genetic patrimony 38 Genetic resources 33--51

centres of origin see Genetic resources, diversity

classification 37 collection 41

active 42 base 42,47 code of conduct 47 core 42-3 licences 47 working 42

conservation 42 ex situ 40--1 in situ 40--1 in vitro 44

cryopreservation 43-4 distribution of 36 diversity 3, 33, 35, 440 documentation 33, 45

descriptors 45 passport data 42

erosion 33 evaluation of 33, 45 exchange 46 exotic germplasm 287-8, 452 farmers rights 49 gene bank 42 global system 48 international cooperation in

46--7 landraces 34, 37, 287, 432 multiplication 44 networks 531 prebreeding 45 wild relatives 39, 288, 432

Genetic systems 10--11

Genome molecular analysis 242 doubling 271 chloroplast 101, 468 mapping 497 organelle 99, 195 ratio 73 size 467

Genotype x environment interaction 373-90

additive main effects and multiplicative model (AMMI) 384--8

biological complexity 373 cross-over 374

effects on genetic analysis 171, 174,

181 selection 289 nitrogen fixation 451, 453,

455 root systems 488

genotype effects in 288 implications for breeding 374 stability models 378

analysis of variance 378 regression 379 see also Multivariate analyses

x location 392 x year 392

Germplasm see also Genetic resources

Gibberellic acid (GA) 70, 75, 217, 489

Gibberellins 67, 251 Gigas effects 22, 83 Global environment 500 Glutamin synthetase 466-7 Glutenins 194 Glycine decarboxylase 477 Glyphosate 360, 365 Graft transmission 214 Grafting 257 Gram-negative bacteria 462 Green Revolution 525 Green crop drying 515 Greenhouse cuttings 257 Groundnut rust 428 Growth regulators 67 Gymnosperms 258, 426 Gynogenesis 250

Haemoglobin 463 Haploid production see

Androgenesis

Subject index

Hardy Weinberg 18 Harvest index 396, 476 Height see Dwarfing genes Hemicellulase 94 Herbicide 96

resistance 141-3 see also Genetic engineering

Heritability broad 172-9, 454, 490 narrow 174-9, 181, 299, 490

Hessian fly 428 Heterokaryon 96 Heteroplastidic cells 100 Heterosis see Gene(s), action Hierarchical systems 392-3 Holistic concept 500 Homozygous potential 20 Honeycomb design 299 HPLC 185, 187 HRGP 466 Hybrid

amphiploid 85 asymmetric 98:"'9 breeding 147-8 double cross (DC) 82 F j 80, 164, 180 internal hybridity 84 interspecific 79, 238, 265

barriers to 207 crossability 66-7 maternal tissue 70 overcoming barriers to 66,

69,72 see also Pollination

performance 326 seed production 215, 221, 257,

285 single cross (SC) 82, 287 symmetric 97-8 three-way cross 287 universal hybridizer 97 vigour 27, 169 see also Gene(s), action,

heterosis wide 264

Hydrofolate reductase (DFR) 149 Hydrogen uptake gene (hup) 462 Hydrogenase 462 Hydroponic systems 487 Hydroxyproline 466 Hygromycin 467

IAEA 59 IARC 47

IBPGR 47, 531 ICARDA 47 ICRISAT 47 Ideotype 283, 391, 400, 486-7

simulation models 400-2, 414-15

IITA 47 Imidazolinone 360, 364 Imperfect fungi 429 Inbreeding

depression 27, 81, 169

545

line development 325 recombinant lines 164 recurrent improvement 294

population structure 21 single seed descent 164, 179,

296 see also Selection

Incompatibility 203-10 breakdown of sexual 205 cross 64, 203 elimination of barriers to 203 gametophytic 203 molecular biology of 208

identification of S-gene products 208-9

recognition reaction 209 new alleles 206 physiological inhibition 204 ploidy on 206 self compatibility 205 sporophytic 203 systems 64, 147, 203-8 unilateral 66, 203 see also Incongruity; Hybrid,

interspecific Incongruity 64 Indoleacetic acid (IAA) 251 Industrial revolution 503 Insects 426, 429-30, 434 Interior spruce 257 Interplot interference 435 Ionizing radiations 53 IRRI 283, 525 Isoenzymes 184-97

see also Isozyme Isogenic lines 489 Isozyme

analysis 238 loci 191, 196 markers 316-17 see also Molecular markers

In vitro selection see Selection

Kanamycin resistance 464, 467

546

Knight 11

Lamarck 10 Landraces see Genetic resources Latent period 436 Leaf

area expansion 399 mould 428 posture 399, 401, 403 respiration 479-80 senescence 150 size 393, 476

Leaf-roll virus 252 Line development see Inbreeding Linkage 16, 20, 166, 181, 193,

318, 428 Liposomes 128 Lodging 399 Low temperature 476 Luciferase (luc) 466 Lysine 510

Male gametophytic selection (MGS) 332-50

in culture 346 efficiency of 346 evidence for 335 factors affecting 337 fertility improvement 345 fitness in 335 gene expression in 337 pollen competitive ability 340 technology 345 versus sporophytic 332-5 see also Pollen

Male sterility 213--24 B lines 219 chemically induced 215 cytoplasmic (CMS) 100, 102,

213--14, 219, 234 equivalent lines 220 fertile (N) 213 Texas 220

dominant nuclear 217-18 facilitated recurrent selection

221,430 functional 213 gametocides (CHA) 213 genetic engineering of 147-8,

531 lines 480 maintainer genotypes (N)rfrf

219 nuclear 213, 215

Subject index

restoration 337 staminal 213 use in breeding 215

Malt quality control 511-14 Mannitol 93 Marker genes see Molecular

markers Mass spectrometer 453 Maternal inheritance 98, 143 Maximizing heterozygosity 82 Maximum likelihood, method

322-4 Meiosis 12 Mendel 4, 10 Mendelian techniques 16 Mesophyll 94 Metabolic pathways

inhibitors of 97 novel pigmentation 149

Micropropagation 246-8, 250--8 culture media 251 potato example 252

meristem tip culture 252 microtuber production 253 mini tuber production 253

shoot production 251 adventitious 254 axillary 249 from callus 254 single cell cultures 254

see also Embryogenesis Microspore 250

culture 266 maturation 336 see also Androgenesis

Microsymbionts 453 Milo disease 428 Mitochondria

genome 101, 195 mtDNA 196, 214 in photosynthesis 478

Models to means 166 Molecular markers 185, 314-15,

364 application of 197, 314, 345

cultivar identification 315 mating system studies 193 paternity studies 314

assisted selection 216, 314, 529 linked major genes 315 mating system in 315

in backcross breeding 317 individual loci 319-21 low weight 185, 190

mapping QTLs 318 physical distance 326 RAPD markers 327 RFLP analysis 342 markers for major genes 317 use of unmapped 314-15 variability in 184, 191 see also Linkage; Isozymes;

Quantative traits, loci (QTLs); Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLPs)

Monocotyledons 250, 258, 426 Mos 465 Multilines 374, 440 Multilocus genotypes 191-2 Multiple allelic species 428 Multivariate analyses 381-8

additive main effects and multiplicative 381-2

clustering methods 381-3, 387 pattern analysis 381, 384 principal component analysis

381,383 see also Regression analysis

Mutants and mutation breeding scheme 57, 432 economic value 59 induction of 53, 207, 239 resistance to parasites 429,

430--2,440 segregation 58 selection and use 58-9 type of change 56

NADH 462 Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)

251 Natural selection 528 Naudin 11 Near infrared (NIR) 514 Necrotrophs 439 Nematodes 434 Nitrate reductase 394 Nitrogen

accumulation 453 fixation 452-67

hydrogenase 462 measuring 452-3 new plants 467 nit genes 461, 467 nitrogenase 462-3, 468 nod genes 461 nodulation 461, 466

Nitrogen cont. nodulins 466 non-fixing nodules 463 oxygen diffusion 468 oxygenase reaction 477

genetic variance in 454 innoculation of Rhizobia 436--8,

459,467 plant x Rhizobium interaction

455,458 soil 453, 459 soluble 457

Nodulation 457, 460-1 see also Nitrogen, fixation

'Norin 10' 489 Norway spruce 257 Nucleus 93

O-methyl-inosamines 465 O-methyl-scyllo-inositol 465 Oil

derivatives 510 extraction of 514

Oligophagous 427 Ononitol (4-0-methyl-

myoinositol) 465 Organogenesis 249 Ornamental plants 192 Osmotic potential 93 Oviposition 423 Ovule 250

culture 74, 364 Oxygen 462

diffusion barrier 468 reaction 477

Papillae 424, 426 Para crinkle virus 252 Paradigm of science 520 Parallel spindles 82 Paraquat 359 Parry 257 Parthenogenesis 233, 261, 263-4,

272 chromosome elimination 265 culture methods 263 haploid plants 263 ovule culture 263 see also Androgenesis

Partial least square (PLS) 511 Particle gun 130

see also Transformation Pathotype 427 Patrick Shirreff 10-11 pBR322, pUC 462

Subject index

PCR see Polymerase chain reaction

Pectinase 94 Peroxidases 185 Pest 185, 190, 194 Pesticides 422, 431, 441 Petiole culture 354 Phenolics 185, 190 Phenotype see Variation Phosphinothricin 360 Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI)

90 Phosphorous 409 Photoperiodic response 394 Photosynthesis

dark reactions 476 efficiency of 408, 474 improvement of 475

respiratory efficiency 477 membrane 476 mutants 475 net 408 oxygen

resistant 477 sensitivity 475

photoinhibition 476 photochemical reaction 476 photorespiration 150, 473-7 rate of 403 temperature influence on 476

Phylogenetic studies 193 Phytoalexin 150, 424 Phytosanitary control 441 Plant

architecture 431 fractionation 504-5 Genetic Systems (PGS) 217 growth regulators (PGR) 75,

217 productivity 474 Rhizobium 458

Plasmids 460-2 see also Gene cloning

Plasmolysis 93 Plastome 93 Pollen 64

assay 343 culture see Androgenesis competition 340, 349 germination 336

mentor 65, 67, 207, 341 physiology 335 quality 345 RNA 209

sporophyte associations 343 sterility 148, 213 tube pathway 128 see also Male gametophobic

selection (MGS) Pollination 64-8

bud pollination 64-8 mentor 65, 67, 207, 341 stigma barriers 64-5 stylar 65-6

barriers 66-7

547

use of plant growth regulators in 67

Polycross 293 Polyethylene glycol 94 Polygenic systems 18-20 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

111, 187, 189, 195, 327, 365 genetic mapping 115 inverse 114 primers 189, 327 sequencing with 114

Polymers 507 Polymorphism

DNA 194 frequency dependent 24, 314

Polypeptide 461 Polyphagous 426 Polyploid

allopolyploid 12, 81, 84-5, 285 induced 84

amphiploid 85 autopolyploid 22, 81, 84

bridge 80 induced 84 origin of 81

effects of 79, 206 embryogenesis 249 polysomic inheritance 22, 81 tetraploidy 285 triploid 80

Potassium 437 Potato spindle tuber viroid 252 Potato multiplication 254 Primary selection hypothesis 504 Probes 189, 194-5

heterologous 117 oligonucleotide 116

Progeny testing 27, 299 Proline 394 Protein quality 146-7 Protoplasts

isolation of 93-4 culture 95-6 electro fusion of 94

548

Protoplasts cont. fusion 14, 93-5

cytoplasmic exchange 99-100 genome recombination 100 product selection 96-7

micropropagation from 247, 249,253-4

Pure lines 294

Qualitative versus quantitative traits 285

Quality 194 Quantitative traits 163

loci (QLTs) comparison marker classes

322 flanking marker loci 321, 323 genetic models 319 individual marker loci 319 location on genome 324 LOD 324 see also Biometrical genetics;

Molecular markers; Polygenic systems

Quarantine 431

R factors 460-1 Recessive NMS 215 Recombination 9, 11, 13-14, 20,

296 Reference genotypes 375 Regression analysis 379-80, 412,

455 Relational balance 22 Relative growth ratio 473 Reproductive system see Breeding

system Resistance to antibiotics 96 Resource allocation 528 Respiration

dark 474 growth and maintenance 478

Restriction enzymes 187--8, 194 Restriction fragment length

polymorphism (RFLP) 115, 182, 185, 187--8, 270, 314, 366

see also Molecular markers Reverse genetics 326 Rhizopines 465 Rhodamine 96 Ri plasmid (T -DNA) 466 Ribonucleases 208-9, 217 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-

Subject index

carboxylase-oxygenase (rubisco) 476--8

Risk efficiency 375 RNA

isolation of 109 interfering complementary

(micRNA) 144 poly(A) + mRNA 109 viral satellite 144-5

Root 485-99 ideotype 487 morphology 490 pull resistance 491-2 study of 487 traits 489

genetic control 492 heritability 492-3 manipulation 490 selection 493

Rubber 43

Safeners 409 Salinity 409 Sampling see Biometrical genetics Second cycle hybrids 180

inbred 164 Second division restitution (SDR)

82 Secondary selection hypothesis

510 Seed

development abnormalization 71 barriers to hybridization 70 maternal tissue 70

synthetic 247--8, 257 dessication in preparation of

255 maturation phase 251, 254 technology 256

Selection 22 backcross 529 combined S2 and full sib 432 direct 495 directional 22-3 disruptive 22-5 divergent 36, 489 ear-to-row 301 early generation 377 ecotype 236 efficiency 495 factors affecting 283 family 164, 298-9, 528

full-sib 175-9, 302, 432

half-sib 175, 299 genetic

architecture 24 gain 282, 290 variance in 307

grid 298 haploid 315 heterosis 284 honeycomb design 299 indices 182, 495 in vitro 346, 353-67, 439

abiotic stress resistance 362 aluminium tolerance 362 biotic stress resistance 360 disease resistance 357-9 embryo culture 364 frost tolerance 362 gametophytic cells 363-4 herbicide resistance 362 metal tolerance 359 microspores 363-4 molecular markers in 364 primary products 365 salt tolerance 359 secondary products 365 selective agent 356 single cell systems 360-3 sporophyte 353

index 495 indirect 494-5 individual plant 298 intrapopulation recurrent 286,

297,302-3 intensity 290 line development 294

single seed descent 296 see also Selection, pedigree

marker assisted see Molecular markers

mass 164, 297-9, 528 methods 292, 528

problems of partial allogamy 292

parental control 298 pedigree 164, 223, 294--6, 528-9 phenotypic 457

half-sib 530 full-sib 530 recurrent 299

population improvement 297, 325, 528-9 size 292

reciprocal recurrent 432 full-sib (FSRRS) 305

Selection cont. S! modified 303

response 182 correlated 11, 164, 493

sites 376 stabilizing 22-4, 430 stress environments 377

tolerance see Stress strategies 281, 493 testcross 304 topcross 293 trait-based 377, 402 units 290 see also Biometrical genetics;

Gene(s), action Sequencing 195 Shade plants 478 Shikonin 365 Shoot tip culture see

Micropropagation Sink tissues 478 Sirodesmin 361 Sodium-2,2-dichloropropionate

363 Solar radiation 408 Somatic

embryogenesis see Embryogenesis

hybridization 93, 101, 240, 242 nuclear hybrids 97-9 see also Protoplasts, fusion

mutation 254 Sorbitol 93 Southern analysis 127 Sporophyte 250 Sports 10, 52 Stability

assessment of 37~8 biological 374 cultivar effects 454 see also Genotype x

environment interaction Starch

cereal 514 derivatives 506-7

Stay green 409 Stigma 64

see also Pollination Stoma-penetrating fungi 426 Stomata 393-4, 403 Storage proteins 185-6, 193-4 Straw

composition of barley 508 fibre 508

Subject index

fractionation 514 hydrolysis 509 lignocelluloses 507-9, 517, 519 sugars 509

Stress abiotic 346, 412, 414 drought 415

membrane stability 416 genetic engineering of

resistance 151-2 heat resistance 416 low pH 409 micronutrient deficiencies 409 post-anthesis 415 resistance 411-12

screening tests 414 simulation models 414

Style function 66 RNases 209 structure 65

Sucrose synthase 466, 475 Sulphonylurea 362, 364 Supercharacter 17 Super slurper 507 Surveys

environment 501 ethnographic 502 plant resources 502-3 satellite 501

Symbiosis competence of 454

improving general 454, 460 specific 454, 456

legume, Rhizobium 452, 459, 466

molecular improvement 460 N fixation see Nitrogen fixation phenotypic variation in 451-2

see also Nitrogen fixation Synaptonemal complex 90 Synthetic varieties 287, 293 Synthetic seed see Seed

Tapetum 208, 217 Tarwi36 Temperature 406,436 Thionins 150 Tissue culture techniques 239,

309,439 see also Androgenesis;

Embryogenesis Tolerance 424 Transformation 14, 126-34,439

Agrobacterium 129-30, 142, 466

549

biolistics 127, 130 electroporation 128, 133, 462 integrative 128, 130 injection

macro- 128 micro- 127, 131, 132

microlaser 128 microtargeting 131 monocotyledons of 129 protoplast-directed 127, 130 Rhizobium

introducing genes to 464 insecticidal activity 464

particle gun 130 vectors 110

Transgenic 126, 159 crop plants 127, 138-53 maize 131 tobacco 477

Transposable elements 13, 118-19, 151, 462, 464, 467

Trifolitoxin polypeptide (tfx) 465 True potato seed 25--8, 241, 255

Ultrasonication 128, 133 Ultraviolet light (UV) 53 Unreduced gametes 81 Unreduced egg cell 240 Uricase 466

Variability control of 16 enhancement of 308 free 18 genetic 18, 184, 191 natural 35 potential

heterozygotic 18 homozygotic 19

Variation developmental 171 environmental 165, 171 genetic 172, 249, 253 heritable 10 homologous series 4 phenotypic 163, 451, 454 somaclonal193, 247, 249, 356,

439 sources of 9 see also Gene(s), action

Varietal development 528 Varieties

commercial 34 development 528

550

Varieties cant. uniformity 193

Vavilov 3, 36 Vegetative

propagation 25, 57-8, 246--58, 284

reproduction 83 Vilmorin 4, 11 Viral

coat proteins 144, 433 infections 144, 247 vectors 128

Viruses 144, 252, 424, 430, 433-4

Water 406 absorption 488

Subject index

relations 411 stress 476 see also Stress

Winter hardiness 394, 403 Wound response 128

X-rays 53 Xylem vessels 490

Yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC) 111

Yellow spike 417 Yield

biological 473 ceiling 407 components of 394, 399, 403

cultivar comparisons 395 maturity related 399 nodal roots and grain 492 potential 406--7, 430, 527 selection

based on 391-404 versus roots 495

traits 393, 402 see also Ideotype

Z-scheme 476 Zygote 250 Zygotic

development 79 embryos 248, 250

see also Embryogenesis