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Speaking to Persuade

Speaking to Persuade. Persuasion The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

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Speaking to Persuade

PersuasionThe process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Ethics and Persuasion

Make sure your goals are ethically sound

Use ethical methods to communicate your ideas

Degrees of Persuasion

Persuasion involves any movement by a listener from left to rightPersuasion involves any movement by a listener from left to right

Strongly Opposed

ModeratelyOpposed

SlightlyOpposed

Neutral Slightlyin Favor

Moderatelyin Favor

Strongly in Favor

Mental Dialogue with the Audience

The mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Target Audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

Types ofPersuasive Speeches

Speeches on questions of fact Speeches on questions of

value Speeches on questions of

policy

Question of Fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

Persuasive Speech on a Question of Fact

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on

the Richter scale will hit California in the

next ten years.

Main Points: I. California is long overdue for

a major earthquake.

II. Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen

soon.

III. Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit California any day.

Question of Value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Persuasive Speech on aQuestion of Value

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that

capital punishment is morally and legally wrong.

Main Points: I. Capital punishment violates

the biblical commandment“Thou shalt not kill.”

II. Capital punishment violates

the constitutional ban on “cruel and unusual

punishment.”

Question of Policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Persuasive Speech on a Question of Policy

Specific Purpose:

To persuade my audience that our state should require mandatory recertification of lawyers every ten years.

Main Points: I. Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers.

II. A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every ten years will do much to help

solve the problem.

Fact, Value, or Policy?

To persuade my audience that poaching is threatening the survival of animal species throughout the world.

To persuade my audience that strong international action should be taken to solve the problem of poaching.

Fact, Value, or Policy?

A federal law should be passed requiring that trunk release systems be standard on all new cars sold in the United States.

If trunk release systems were standard equipment on all cars sold in the United States, we could save a number of children’s lives each year.

Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy Speeches to gain passive

agreement Speeches to gain immediate

action

Speech to Gain Passive Agreement

The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement

To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standard on amusement-park rides.

To persuade my audience that school districts should not allow soft-drink companies to stock their products in school vending machines.

Speech to Gain Immediate Action

The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Immediate Action

To persuade my audience to donate time to become literacy tutors.

To persuade my audience to vote in the next presidential election.

Basic Issues of Policy Speeches

Need Plan Practicality

NeedIs there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

PlanIf there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Practicality

Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem?

Will the speaker’s plan create new and more serious problems?

Organizing Speeches on Questions of Policy

Problem-solution order Problem-cause-solution order Comparative advantages order Monroe’s motivated sequence

Problem-Solution Order

Main point I: Documents the existence of a

problem.Main point II:

Presents a solution to the problem.

Problem-Solution Order

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatthe use of antibacterial chemicals in household products is creating health and

environmental problems.

Main Points: I. The use of antibacterial chemicals in household products is a serious

problem.

II. Solving these problems requires a combination of government and

consumer action.

Problem-Cause-Solution Order

Main point I: Documents the existence

of a problem.Main point II: Analyzes the causes

of the problem.

Main point III: Presents a solution to the problem.

Problem-Cause-Solution OrderSpecific Purpose: To persuade my audience that

the age for full motor-vehicle driving privileges should

be raised to 18.

Main Points: I. The number of accidents and death involving teenage

drivers is a serious national problem.

II. There are four main causes of the problem.

III. We can help solve these problems by

raising the age for full driving privileges.

Comparative Advantages Order

Each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other potential solutions.

Comparative Advantages Order

Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that

the U.S. space program shouldput greater priority on unstaffedscientific missions.

Main Points: I. Unstaffed scientific missions

are less costly than staffed space flights.

II. Unstaffed scientific missions provide more practical benefits than staffed space flights.

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

A five-step sequence designed especially for organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action.

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

Provide a solution to the needProvide a solution to the need

Satisfaction:Satisfaction:

Show the need for changeShow the need for changeNeed:Need:

Gain the attention of the audienceGain the attention of the audience

Attention:Attention:

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

Urge the audience to take action in support of the solution

Urge the audience to take action in support of the solution

Action:Action:

Intensify desire for the solution by visualizing its benefits

Intensify desire for the solution by visualizing its benefits

Visualization:Visualization: