Spark Will Not Be Stamped!

What is an isotope?What particles are involved with isotopes?Why is the mass on the periodic table a

decimal?

Rubidium has two common isotopes Rb – 85 and Rb – 87. If the abundance of Rb – 85 is 72.2 % and the abundance of Rb – 87 is 27.8%, then what is the average atomic mass of rubidium?

Spark

What is the relationship between electricity and matter?

Why do you think some substances conduct electricity and some do not?

How does the conductivity tester work in solutions of electrolytes?

http://youtu.be/rL1cKb3_ojE

http://youtu.be/seSg_GWj1b0

http://youtu.be/w-XbxSiDQWY

Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model

In 1897, the English scientist J.J. Thomson provided the first hint that an atom is made of even smaller particles.

Thomson Model

He proposed a model of the atom that is sometimes called the “Plum Pudding” model.

Atoms were made from a positively charged substance with negatively charged electrons scattered about, like raisins in a pudding.

Thomson ModelThomson

studied the passage of an electric current through a gas.

As the current passed through the gas, it gave off rays of negatively charged particles.

Cathode Ray Tube

Thomson Model

This surprised Thomson, because the atoms of the gas were uncharged. Where had the negative charges come from?

Where did they come from?

Thomson concluded that the negative charges came from within the atom.

A particle smaller than an atom had to exist.

The atom was divisible!

Thomson called the negatively charged “corpuscles,” today known as electrons.

Since the gas was known to be neutral, having no charge, he reasoned that there must be positively charged particles in the atom.

But he could never find them.

Cathode Rays

Had mass – albeit a very small amount; they pushed a lightweight paddlewheel up an incline.

They could do work!

Had direction – they passed from the negative to the positive electrode

Had charge they bent in an electric field (towards the positive plate) and in a magnetic field

Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

In 1908, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford was hard at work on an experiment that seemed to have little to do with unraveling the mysteries of the atomic structure.

Rutherford’s experiment Involved firing a stream of tiny positively charged particles at a thin sheet of gold foil (2000 atoms thick)

http://chemmovies.unl.edu/ChemAnime/RUTHERFD/RUTHERFD.html

http://chemmovies.unl.edu/ChemAnime/RUTHERFD/RUTHERFD.html

Alpha Particles = He nucleus2p+ + 2no

Most of the positively charged “bullets” passed right through the gold atoms in the sheet of gold foil without changing course at all.

Some of the positively charged “bullets,” however, did bounce away from the gold sheet as if they had hit something solid. He knew that positive charges repel positive charges.

You Try

The radius of a hydrogen atom is 5 x 10-11

meters. The radius of a single proton is 5 x 10-16 meters. Assuming that atoms take the most size – efficient shape, a sphere, determine how much of an atom is truly empty space free of matter.

Vsphere = 4/3 π r3

Rutherford vs Thomson

This could only mean that the gold atoms in the sheet were mostly open space. Atoms were not a pudding filled with a positively charged material.

Rutherford concluded that an atom had a small, dense, positively charged center that repelled his positively charged “bullets.”

He called the center of the atom the “nucleus” The nucleus is tiny compared to the atom as a

whole.

Crammin’ Spark

You will have a quiz on the correct placement of elements on the table from memory.

You Try

The radius of a hydrogen atom is 5 x 10-11

meters. The radius of a single proton is 5 x 10-16 meters. Assuming that atoms take the most size – efficient shape, a sphere, determine how much of an atom is truly empty space free of matter.

Vsphere = 4/3 π r3

Rutherford Rutherford reasoned

that all of an atom’s positively charged particles were contained in the nucleus.

The negatively charged particles were scattered outside the nucleus around the atom’s edge.

Bohr ModelIn 1913, the

Danish scientist Niels Bohr proposed an improvement. In his model, he placed each electron in a specific energy level.

Where did I put my electrons?

Bohr ModelAccording to

Bohr’s atomic model, electrons move in definite orbits around the nucleus, much like planets circle the sun. These orbits, or energy levels, are located at certain distances from the nucleus.

The Wave Model

Today’s atomic model is based on the principles of wave mechanics.

According to the theory of wave mechanics, electrons do not move about an atom in a definite path, like the planets around the sun.

Wave Model

Electrons are defined by 3-D regions of probability where electrons are found “most” often

But where are they when they’re not where we expect?

A final word about Mendeleev’s Table…

Mendeleev’s combining powers or valences

Metals do not form compounds with other metals

Metals and non-metals react as do non-metals with non-metals

How?Why?Who cares?

It’s the electrons, baby!Nic Assssscencio

The nucleus does not change.The number of electrons do change

Atoms become “ions” and they are attracted to oppositely charged particles

Ions are named according to Faraday and his study of electrolytes (salt water) and conduction

The combining powers that Mendeleev found reflect the amount of negative charge lost or gained during a reaction

The oxidation number of an element indicates the number of electrons gained or lost when forming compounds.

Elements with positive oxidation numbers lose electrons. (cation)

Elements with negative oxidation numbers gain electrons. (anion)

+1

+2

+1, +2, +3

+3

+4 or -4

-3

-2

-1

Electron energy levels, from 1 to 7

Electron energy sublevels

Electron energy sublevel s

Electron energy sublevel p

Electron energy sublevel d

Electron energy sublevel f

Each "pair" of boxes in a sublevelindicates an orbital. Each orbital can hold up to 2 electrons…

How many electrons fit in the 3rd energy level? What about the 4th?Count the boxes to find your answer…

3

4

8

18

An Electron Configuration showsthe exact location of every electronin an atom.1s2 2s2 2p6 = Configuration for Neon

With very few exceptions, theelectron configuration of an atomcan be read directly from the Table.

S block

P block

D Block

F block

Electron Energy Levels Match Up with the Rows of the Periodic Table

Spark

Using the oxidation numbers from your periodic table, write the correct formula for compound made of an alkaline earth metal and any p block nonmetal.

Explain how the compound forms using electrons

Spark Hmmmmm…Think about 2 compounds:

Salt aka sodium chloride

and The greenhouse gas carbon dioxide

Look on the periodic table for the elements and develop instructions for how you think a compound is named.

How are the names of elements changed when they make a compound?

Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas

Chemical Nomenclature

No men clate churIt is a grown up word!

I think my name is now Nate Nomenclature! Nar, nar ,nar

Chemical Nomenclature

What is in a name?Elements involved and sometimes more.

What is a formula?Elements involved and their ratio to one

another

First: Given the formula, name the compound

MgO

Na2S Ba3P2

KI Al2O3

MgO – magnesium oxideBa3P2 – barium phosphide

Na2S – sodium sulfideKI – potassium iodideAl2O3 – aluminum oxide

Rules for compounds made of metals and nonmetals

1. Metals are first Metals tend to be positive and are attracted to the negative electrode

2. Nonmetal nonmetals follow with “ide” ending

Nonmetals are attracted to the positive electrode

Next set of Compounds

CO2 CO SO3

SF6 N2O5

CCl4H2O

CO – carbon monoxide

CO2 – carbon dioxide

CCl4 – carbon tetrachloride

SF6 – sulfur hexafloride

SO2 – sulfur dioxide

N2O5 – dinitrogen pentoxide

H2O – dihydrogen monoxide WATER!

Rules for nonmetal compounds

1. Name the first element in the formula (usually furthest left)

2. Name the second element with “ide” ending3. Prefixes – tell how many are there

1. Mono2. Di3. Tri4. Tetra5. Penta6. Hexa7. Hepta8. Octa9. Nona10. deca

MgO

MgCl2 H2O

NH3

CaO AlN

Mg3N2

HCl

NaCl

Al2O3

CO2

CH4

SiO2

CCl4

FeO

Fe2O3

KF

K2O

NaCl

AgCl

H2SC2H6 C3H8

Li2S

CuCl

CuCl2

SiF4

HF

Ca3P2

PbO2

Na2O

Writing Formulas…It’s like spelling and math together

Magnesium oxideFormulas: Mg and OLook at the charges, valences, oxidation

numbers if we have metals and nonmetals:

Mg+2 O-2 Formulas are neutral so the charges must

cancel out.

+2 + -2 = 0 so formula = MgO

Writing Formulas…It’s like spelling and math together

Aluminum chlorideFormulas: Al and ClLook at the charges if we have metals and

nonmetals:

Al+3 Cl-1 Formulas are neutral so the charges must

cancel out.

+3 + -1 = +2 so formula is not AlCl

How can we cancel out Al+3 charge?

1 aluminum and 3 chlorine +3 + -3 = 0

AlCl3

Name the 3 compounds below:

RaBr2

CaI2

Li4C

Spark

Examples:

RaBr2 Radium bromide

CaI2

Li4C

Chemical Names

Examples:

NaCl Radium Bromide

CaI2 Calcium iodide

Li4C

Chemical Names

Examples:

RaBr2 Radium bromide

CaI2 Calcium iodide

Li4C Lithium carbide

Chemical Names

Next Set of Compounds to Name

NaNO3 ZnSO4 K2CO3

Ca2PO4 (NH4)3N

Cu(OH)2 KClO3

KClO4 (NH4)2CO3

Spark

A sample of the element Bhatonium contains 92 atoms with a mass of 13.00 and 8 atoms with a mass of 15.00. Calculate the average atomic mass of element Bhatonium.

Bhatonium will give you a painful rash. Beware!

Let’s Review Ions

An atom (or atoms)

with a charge.http://youtu.be/aELPrWzixeU

http://youtu.be/bsFwK6IIxXY

http://youtu.be/i9xS9t-KMpc

IonMeaning the numbers of

protons and electrons

are no longer equal.

IonChemists cannot change

an atom's protons,

so it must be the

electrons that change.

H+ O-2

Mg+2 P-3

IonThis atom has

lost __ e-

H+ O-2

Mg+2 P-3

IonThis atom has

gained __ e-

H+ O-2

Mg+2 P-3

Ion

This atom has lost __ e-

H+ O-2

Mg+2 P-3

Ion

This atom has gained __ e-

A group of non metal elements held together and have an overall charge.

Look at your handout!

Polyatomic Ion

NEVER change the

subscripts in a

polyatomic ion.

Polyatomic Ion

If more than one is

needed in a formula,

put parenthesis

around the ion...

Polyatomic Ion

and add the subscript

outside the parenthesis.

Polyatomic Ion

(NH4)2SO4

Polyatomic Ion

What is the formula of the

compound formed when

calcium combines with the

nitrate ion?

Example:

What is the formula of the

compound formed when

calcium combines with the

nitrate ion?

Example:

Ca(NO3)2

What is the formula of the

compound formed when

zinc combines with the

sulfate ion?

Example:

What is the formula of the

compound formed when

zinc combines with the

sulfate ion?

Example:

ZnSO4

What is the formula of the

compound formed when the

ammonium and phosphate

ions combine?

Example:

What is the formula of the

compound formed when the

ammonium and phosphate

ions combine?

Example:

(NH4)3PO4

Compounds

Containing

Polyatomic Ions

Chemical Names

First:

Write the name of the positive element or ion.

Chemical Names

Then:Write the name of the

negative part...

Chemical Names

Then:If the negative part is a

polyatomic ion, write the

name with no changes...

Chemical Names

Then:If the negative part is an

element, write the name

with an ide ending as

usual.

Chemical Names

Examples:

MgSO4

CaCO3

NH4Cl

Chemical Names

Examples:

MgSO4 Magnesium sulfate

CaCO3

NH4Cl

Chemical Names

Examples:

MgSO4 Magnesium sulfate

CaCO3 Calcium carbonate

NH4Cl

Chemical Names

Examples:

MgSO4 Magnesium sulfate

CaCO3 Calcium carbonate

NH4Cl Ammonium chloride

Chemical Names

Next Set

NaNO3 ZnSO4 K2CO3

Ca2PO4 (NH4)3N

Cu(OH)2 KClO3

KClO4 (NH4)2CO3

NaNO3 Sodium nitrate

ZnSO4 Zinc sulfate

K2CO3 Potassium carbonate

Ca2PO4 Calcium phosphate

(NH4)3N Ammonium nitride

Cu(OH)2 Copper(II) hydroxide

KClO3 Potassium chlorate

KClO4 Potassium perchlorate

(NH4)2CO3 Ammonium carbonate

Spark

Review the horrors of DHMO and think about how you can help get DHMO awareness out to the ignorant souls who know not of its DANGERS!

with

Transition Metals

(Roman numerals)

Chemical Names

Next Set

FeCl2 FeCl3 Cr2O3 CrO

CuCl CuCl2

AgCl HgO Hg2O

If the positive element has

more than one possible

oxidation number...

Chemical Names

or if it is out of character,

its oxidation number

is shown...

Chemical Names

with a Roman numeral in

parenthesis after its name.

Chemical Names

Examples:

lead (IV) oxide

nitrogen (III) fluoride

copper (I) chloride

Chemical Names

Examples:

lead (IV) oxide PbO2

nitrogen (III) fluoride

copper (I) chloride

Chemical Names

Examples:

lead (IV) oxide PbO2

nitrogen (III) fluoride NF3

copper (I) chloride

Chemical Names

Examples:

lead (IV) oxide PbO2

nitrogen (III) fluoride NF3

copper (I) chloride CuCl

Chemical Names

Next Set

FeCl2 FeCl3 Cr2O3 CrO

CuCl CuCl2

AgCl HgO Hg2O

These metals carry multiple oxidation numbers…

FeCl2 – iron(II) chloride

FeCl3 – iron(III) chlorideCuCl – copper(I) chloride

CuCl2 – copper(II) chlorideAgCl – silver chlorideHgO – mercury(II) oxide

Hg2O – mercury(I) oxideCrO – chromium(II) oxide

Cr2O3 – chromium(III) oxide

SpeedySpark

Write the formulas for the following binary compounds:

Chromium (VII) oxide

Ammonium dichromate

Strontium phosphide

Molybdenum (V) oxalate

What about acids and oxyacids and huge organic molecules like…

HClH2SO4

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acidTNT – trinitrotolueneMethyl Ethyl KetoneCaffeineHeroineDinabol (steroid)There are “rules” for naming every compound in

chemistry!

The "Big 3" industrial acids:

Chemical Names

The "Big 3" industrial acids:

Chemical Names

The "Big 3" industrial acids:

Chemical Names

Little Aiden was a good boy, Little Aiden is no more.

Little Aiden mistook H2O for H2SO4

PRACTICE MY NEOPHYTE CHEMISTS!

Advanced Stuff!

The sum of the oxidation

numbers in a polyatomic

ion is equal to the

charge on the ion.

Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic Ion

What is the formula for the sulfate ion?

SO4-2

Polyatomic Ion

The Sulfate Ion

SO4-2

Polyatomic Ion

This oxidation numbermust be positive.

SO4-2

Polyatomic Ion

This oxidation numbermust be negative.

SO4-2

Polyatomic Ion

The total of the oxidation numbers

must equal this charge.

SO4-2

oxygen -2 X 4 = -8

+ sulfur = ?

= -2

Polyatomic Ion

SO4-2

oxygen -2 X 4 = -8

+ sulfur = +6

= -2

Polyatomic Ion

What is the formula for the compound formedwhen zinc combineswith the perchlorate ion?

Zn(ClO4)2

Zn(ClO4)2

What is the oxidationnumber of chlorine inthis compound?

Zn(ClO4)2

Zn is +2 X 1 = +2

Zn(ClO4)2

Zn is +2 X 1 = +2O is -2 X 4 X 2 = -16

Zn(ClO4)2

Zn is +2 X 1 = +2O is -2 X 4 X 2 = -16Cl's total must be +14

Zn(ClO4)2

Zn is +2 X 1 = +2O is -2 X 4 X 2 = -16Cl's total must be +14There are 2 Cl's, each one = +7

Spark

Please get out a clean sheet of paper and neatly make a Bingo Card with 25 squares.

SPARKThermite is cool! It is also very simple to make and use – but dangerous!

It involves Iron (III) oxide and aluminum mixing and reacting to produce aluminum oxide and molten iron and a lot of energy in the form of heat and light!

Write the chemical formulas for the two oxides and one other oxide using a metal of your choosing.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=908rjHQ5mmc&feature=related (making sodium)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faorfmRkCv0&NR=1 (making sodium)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx5JJWI2aaw&NR=1 making salthttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1p3-sAJffM&NR=1 100 gram flashhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92Mfric7JUc&NR=1 40 gallon trash canMythbusters sodium http

://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_XdOmShVhI&feature=related School pond sodium http

://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTcgo46nxNE&feature=fvsr How to thermite http://youtu.be/S84UMbF0s2k School thermite

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3ZkoNF2ybg&feature=related Mythbusters Thermite

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPAYZMzGMwQ&feature=related Thermite and Ice

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BnHR4cMXiyM&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uj9D3mc7tVg&p=A7D3D7E6C6ED72DF&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

GB Death

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUensqImzXM&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

http://youtu.be/D45ZolCqPzg

http://youtu.be/5uxsFglz2ig

http://phet.colorado.edu/

phetsBalloons and static electricity

Build an atom

Build a molecule

Isotopes and Atomic Mass

Models of the Hydrogen atom

Rutherford Scattering

States of Matter

Sugar and Salt Solutions

Acid-Base Solutions

For each phet you do…

Write the title of the phet.

Write down the purpose/objective.

Diagram or describe the experiment and variables involved.

Write down what you did in detail.

Write down what you observed. (labeled diagrams are okay).

Write what you learned – about chemistry, nature, etc. and how you will use it.