SPACE RESEARCH CENTRE

2007

POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ANNUAL REPORT

WARSAW

SPACE RESEARCH CENTREPolish Academy of Sciences

Bartycka 18A, 00-716 Warsaw, PolandPhone: (48-22) 840 37 66

Fax: (48-22) 840 31 31e-mail: cbk@cbk.waw.pl

SUMMARY 2007

In 2007, the 50th anniversary of Sputnik-1 launch - the beginning of space era - was celebrated th

all over the world and in Poland. We commemorated 30 anniversary of the beginning of our mission as the Space Research Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences. This year was significant for space community in Poland for other reason, too. On April 27, Polish government signed the European Cooperating State Agreement with the European Space Agency. Together with other entities SRC took part in the first PECS call and participated in more than 10 qualified projects. Equally successful was our participation in the first FP7 calls, in which in 5 cases the teams with SRC partnership were awarded with the status of proposals accepted for final negotiations.

SRC experts were invited to advise the government on shaping the national space policy by participation in the Commission on Outer Space of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, by sharing their experience in the Foresight Project “The assessment of the perspectives and potential benefits from space technologies development in Poland”, by cooperation with the Parliamentary Group on Outer Space, and by serving as advisors on space applications and technology to public authorities.

SRC was invited to participate in several new space endeavours, among them in the STIX experiment on ESA Solar Orbiter, in which the Solar Physics Division leads the SRC team of scientists and engineers engaged in the instrument design and construction.

Our participation in ESA Venus-Express mission was crowned with a number of discovery papers published in Nature and other renowned scientific journals.

As the main achievements of the Institute in the research activity, three items were chosen from the long list:

Important results on the scintillations of radio signals in the ionosphere have been obtained. A new statistical model of global scintillation distribution have been elaborated based on data from DE-2 satellite. The model allows to predict the position and time of scintillation occurrence and may be helpful in mitigation the potentially deleterious effects of scintillations on accuracy of GPS positioning and reliability of telecommunication. Interesting results were also obtained on physical properties of ionospheric irregularities in dependence on magnetic latitude, magnetic local time, magnetic activity, and the season. A progress has been made toward precise determination of changes of the Earth's gravity field related to mass transport in the atmosphere, ocean, and the land, and due to mass exchange between these regions. A new set of gravity field parameters obtained from GRACE satellite data has been used to determine the polar motion. Results were compared with the prediction based on global models of the atmosphere, ocean, and hydrosphere. Use of GRACE data was shown to be very useful in building more precise models of geophysical fluids.

In the frame of DIAS project within eContent program of the European Commission, SRC participated in the creation of the pan-European digital service on the current ionosphere conditions and its forecast. Contribution of SRC consists of specification of ionosphere characteristics, delivering the space weather parameters for ionospheric and radio-communication services, and disseminating the ionospheric forecasts and warnings. A new ionosonde has been designed and constructed by SRC engineers, fully compatible with ionosondes of European partners, by the same adding in Warsaw a new observation point to DIAS system.

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SPACE PROJECTS

BepiColombo

BepiColombo is Europe's first mission to Mercury. It consists of two orbiters, one for planetary investigation and one for magnetospheric studies. They will reach Mercury in 2019 after a six-year journey towards the inner Solar System to make the most extensive and detailed study of the planet ever performed. The 'Mercury Planetary Orbiter' (MPO), under ESA's responsibility, will study the surface and the internal composition of the planet at different wavelengths and with different techniques. The Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO), under the responsibility of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (ISAS/JAXA), will study the magnetosphere, that is the region of space around the planet that is dominated by its magnetic field. BepiColombo was named after Giuseppe (Bepi) Colombo (1920-84), a scientist who studied Mercury's orbital motion in detail and greatly contributed to the study of orbits and interplanetary travel. Space Research Centre is involved in the MPO-MERTIS experiment.

In the frame of the project: "The pointing sy-stem for orienting of a measurement direction of the MERTIS spectrometer of the BEPI COLOMBO mission for spectral measu-rements of the Mercury surface and calibra-tion" following tasks were performed in 2007: the laboratory model was designed and manu-factured, functional and thermal tests were carried out using EGSE developed for this model. Basing on results of tests a new development model (DM) was designed and is under manufacturing.

(M.. Rataj)

Crossection of the MERTIS Pointing Unit

Chandrayaan

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Chandrayaan-1 is an Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) mission with ESA participation that will study the Moon in great detail. Using a wide range of electromagnetic wavelengths, it will analyse the lunar surface as well as its crust in high resolution, so as to gain a deeper understanding of the origin, evolution and composition of Earth's only natural satellite. The mission will also drop a lunar probe onto the surface, to test the properties of the surface upon impact. Chandrayaan-1 will be launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, in 2008.

In the frame of India/ESA Chandrayaan Project to the Moon the IR spectrometer SIR-2 has been designed and manufactured in MPS/Lindau, University of Bergen and Space Research Centre of PAS. SIR-2 uses a linear InGaAs photodiode array (900 to 2550 nm). It

has 256 pixels with a pixel pitch of 50 um. The SIR-2 detector is clocked with frequencies up to 1.5 MHz and the analogue signal is converted with 16-bits resolution. A two-stage cooling system consisting of the detector's thermoelectric cooler (TEC) and a passive

in 2007. The complete set of environmental tests was successfully performed by the SIR-2 consortium in spring 2007. Full instrument was delivered to Bangalore in India and passed incoming tests. The integration of payload and satellite is ongoing. (P. Orleañski)

Coronas-Photon

The Coronas is the Russian program for studying the solar physics and solar-terrestrial relation using a series of satellites that provides for three solar-oriented spacecrafts to be placed on near-earth orbit. The Coronas-Photon, third spacecraft of this series, will be launched in 2008. Two previous missions of the Program are Coronas-I (launched on 2 March 1994) and Coronas-F (launched on 31 July 2001). The Coronas-Photon is designed to investigate the processes of energy accumulation and transformation into the accelerated particle energy during solar flares, to study the acceleration mechanisms, propagation and interaction of high-energy particles in the solar atmosphere, and to study the correlation of the solar activity with physical-chemical processes in the Earth's upper atmosphere.

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In the Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, the X-ray PIN (Si) spectropho-tometer has been developed, along with spectral analysis methods allowing for diagnostics as regards the elemental compo-sition of hot (million–degree) plasmas. Such plasmas are abundant in the coronae of stars like the Sun, as well as in controlled thermonuclear reactors (Tokamaks). Our SphinX X-ray spectrophotometer is to be launched aboard the Coronas-Photon satellite, in order to study solar spectra in the range 0 – 12 keV with a resolution of 300 eV. Measured spectra will be used to determine the composition of coronal plasma for elements between Mg and Ni. For the first time the measurement's absolute accuracy will be better than 5%. The analysis will yield new information of importance to solar physics. The measurement and analysis methods can easily be adapted for investigations of laboratory hot plasma. The SphinX instrument will be taking measurements of solar X -ray spectra between

2008 and 2014, i.e. during the rise phase of solar activity cycle 24. Over this period, we expect to collect ~200 GB of data. We will investigate the abundance variability (discovered by us using X-ray spectroscopy methods) with the in situ abundance measurements of the solar plasma taken from the other satellites. Similar instrument, named STIX, is considered to be build, with our participation, for the ESA mission Solar Orbiter (planned launch in 2015).

(J. Sylwester, M. Siarkowski, B. Sylwester, S. Gburek, A. Kêpa, M. Kowaliñski)

radiation system is implemented. Digital part of the instrument is based on a LEON processor IP core implemented into Actel anti-fuse FPGA. The SRC group is responsible for the delivery of the 10W Power Supply Unit, the Programmable Current Source for IR the detector cooler and House-keeping System. The Flight Model of SRC block was integrated with the rest of flight electronics in Lindau

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Herschel

Exploring formation of stars and galaxies, ESA's Herschel space observatory will give astronomers their best view yet of the universe at far-infrared and sub-millimetre wavelengths, bridging the gap in the spectrum between what can be observed from ground and earlier space missions of this kind. Herschel will be launched in 2008 on an Ariane rocket. In less than six months, Herschel will reach its operational orbit around a point in space known as the second Lagrangian point (L2), situated at 1.5 million kilometres away from the Earth. Herschel has been designed to perform routine science operations for a minimum of 3 years at L2. The mission will end when the helium used to cool the focal plane of the scientific instruments is depleted. Space Research Centre is involved in the HIFI experiment.

In the frame of ESA Herschel Project HIFI (Heterodyne Instrument for Far Infrared, PI: prof. Thijs de Graauw, SRON, Groningen) Space Research Centre collaborates with Max Planck Institute of Radioastronomy in Bonn, JPL and COM DEV in Toronto. The consortium manufactures the programmable microwave source (Local Oscillator) working up to 2000GHz. The SRC group is responsible for delivering about 100 Watts secondary power that is spread among more than 120 different, floating and programmable (in most cases) rails. The rails supply the 30 GHz synthesizer, microwave amplifiers and bias the microwave multipliers in 14 frequency bands (chains). The 80C32 microcontroller, 32KBytes of RAM, 16 Kbytes of PROM and RTX54SX32S FPGA from Actel comprise the digital block. The software implemented in our unit, written in Assembler, controls the safety operations of the whole Local Oscillator

Subsystem and, critical and difficult tasks of HIFI. In addition, more than 180 analogue channels are monitored by our system with 12 bits resolution. Some of them are used internally in Local Oscillator for self checking, others are distributed in the Herschel telemetry system. The 15 kg heavy Local Oscillator Control Unit (LCU) presents fully redundant system designed according to the ESA requirements. This is the biggest and the most complicated electronics block manufactured up to now in SRC according to the strict ESA rules. At the beginning of 2007 the final version of the software was implemented in PROMs inside the unit. The flight model of LCU passed successfully the vibration, thermal and EMC tests. The unit has been delivered to Herschel Consortium late spring 2007. The integration with satellite has been started in EADS Astrium in Friedrichshafen summer 2007.

(P. Orleañski)

by this, fulfills one of the most

IBEX

The Sun and solar system move through a part of the galaxy referred to as the local interstellar medium. It is built up from material released from the stars of our galaxy through stellar winds, novae, and supernovae. The planned NASA SMEX mission Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) will provide global maps of the interaction between the solar wind and the interstellar medium. IBEX will achieve this purpose by taking a set of global energetic neutral atom (ENA) images that answer four fundamental questions:

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· What is the global strength and structure of the termination shock? · How are energetic protons accelerated at the termination shock? · What are the global properties of the solar wind flow beyond the termination shock and

in the heliotail? · How does the interstellar flow interact with the heliosphere beyond the heliopause?

The IBEX mission design maximizes science viewing time outside of the comparatively bright magnetospheric ENA emissions while maintaining ample performance margins. This is achieved by placing the IBEX spacecraft into a high altitude (50 RE apogee by 7000 km perigee) orbit in 2008.

In the framework of agreement of technical assistance between the Space Research Centre PAS and NASA, the development of software for IBEX has been continued. The initial versions of a software system for simulation of observations by the star sensor of the IBEX_Lo instrument as well as software packets for the identification of scanned stars from these measurements and for determination of the IBEX spin axis orientation were developed. The goal is to develop a program to determine the orientation of the spacecraft spin axis with an accuracy ±0.1 deg during the entire mission. To solve this problem three software packages were prepared (developed in Pascal, Java and C programming languages). The program package for modeling the star sensor response contains procedures for the scanned stars identification from the simulated telemetry signal and for conversion of the SAO-catalog stellar positions to the spacecraft/instrument coordinates at a selected date of planned observations. The procedures include aberration and proper motion effects. To take into account the realistic measure-ments conditions, diffuse sky background (composed of zodiacal light, diffuse galactic light, and integrated starlight) was successfully included into the simulation. The procedures use an algorithm for high-resolution discretization and fast analysis of data distri-buted on the sphere, known in astrophysics as the HEALPix platform.

Simulations of the observations by Star Sensor during the nominal duration of the IBEX mission were performed. They showed that because of a small number of sufficiently strong stars and poor visibility of weak stars against the sky background the stars them-selves might not secure a sufficient infor-mation stream during the entire mission. Therefore, the simulation program had to be extended to monitor the positions of the Moon and bright planets (Mars, Jupiter and Saturn). Although the Moon is an extended object, which changes its visible form (moon phase) and moves fast across the instrument FOV, it has to be relied on and hence included in the software system for spacecraft spin axis determination. The program was extended accordingly with the use of predicted IBEX ephemeris and the (NASA-NAIF) SPICE information/programming platform proce-dures.

Star Sensor Background Level (estimated)

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Limiting Star Magnitude [m]

Ba

ck

gro

un

dL

ev

el

(nu

mb

ers

of

lim

itin

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tars

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Average region near the Galactic Pole

Average region near the Galactic Plane

The sky starlight background level estimated as integrated contribution of all stars fainter than a limiting (observed) star magnitude and expressed as a number of these limiting stars per square degree (adopted from Wertz, 1978).

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The package of procedures for the inverse problem – idenification of scanned stars and determination of their positions from star sensor measurements – was also developed, as well as software procedures for the IBEX spin axis determination based on the positions of stars found in the Star Sensor telemetry signal.

For this task a method known in the literature as the "triad algorithm" was implemented. The spin axis orientation is processed from the known (catalog and spacecraft) position of at least two stars recognized from star sensor measurements. (M.. H³ond, M. Bzowski, M. O'Neill)

IBEX-Lo star sensor simulated telemetry signal for date: 2009 10 01 (00:00:00) (C program version)

International Space Station

The aim of OBSTANOVKA experiment on board ISS station is to monitor and diagnose the electromagnetic radiation and plasma properties around the station, simultaneously in two different localizations. This will enable to develop a theory interaction of near Earth plasma with the station and will serve for application purposes in space technology. To achieve these goals the Plasma-Wave Complex (PWC) was designed and constructed by the scientific group from Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Sweden, UK, Ukraine. The

Obstanovka

Radio Frequency Analyzer developed jointly by the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, and group at IRF in Uppsala. New digital technology of this instrument creates an excellent possibility for monitoring the electromagnetic emissions in space and time domain. The flight version of RFA instrument will be deliverable to IKI in Moscow during 2008. (J. Juchniewicz, H. Rothkaehl, M. Morawski)

(RFA) has been

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ASIM

In ASIM/Columbus/ISS Project Space Research Ccentre PAS collaborates with Universities in Bergen and Valencia in Miniature X-ray and Gamma ray Sensor. SRC group is responsible for instrument's Power Supply Unit (High and Low Voltage) and autonomous (FPGA based) Housekeeping System. The project is actually in phase B – the first documents (requirements and specifi-cations) have been delivered in 2007 to ESA for SRR. The design and manufacturing of the first prototypes have been already started. (P. Orleañski)

Rosetta

International Rosetta Mission is a Cornerstone Mission in ESA's Science Programme; its destination is short-period comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Rosetta was launched on 2 March 2004 by an Ariane-5G rocket from Kourou, French Guiana. The journey to the comet lasts 10 years: first Earth fly-by (November 2005), Mars fly-by (February 2007), second Earth fly-by (November 2007), asteroid 2867-Steins fly-by (September 2008), third Earth fly-by (November 2009), asteroid 21-Lutetia fly-by (July 2010), deep-space hibernation (May 2011 – January 2014), comet approach (January – May 2014), comet mapping/characterisation (August 2014), landing on the nucleus of the comet (November 2014). The orbiter continues to orbit comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, observing what happens as the icy nucleus approaches the Sun and then travels away from it. The mission ends in December 2015.

The Rosetta lander is provided by a European consortium under the leadership of the German Aerospace Research Institute (DLR). The 100-kilogram lander carries a payload consisting of experiments that analyse drilled samples and the surface, sound the plasma and magnetosphere environment, sound the deep interior, study dust production and sedimentation, and take images at different wavelengths and with different fields of view. Three experiments focus on physical properties of the near-surface layers. MUPUS (Multi-Purpose Sensors for Surface and Sub-surface Science) is the only experiment package that penetrates the near-surface layers of the target comet and measures physical properties in situ. Using MUPUS data, we will be able to describe the uppermost 40 cm of a comet in

terms of density, porosity, cohesion, thermal diffusivity and conductivity, and temperature variations. The Space Research Centre PAS is responsible for mechanical and electronic engineering and manufacturing of the MUPUS penetrator (including thermal sensors and densitometer), the MUPUS main electronics, and flight software. On 25 February 2007 Rosetta successfully swung past Mars in the second of four critical gravity assists in its ten-year voyage to comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Closest approach occurred at 03:15 CET at an altitude of 250 km; departure velocity was estimated to be 36 191 km/hour relative to the Sun. The successful passage allowed scientists to switch on several of the spacecraft's instruments as well as the camera onboard the Philae lander to image Mars.

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Results will help calibrate instruments after comparison to parallel observations made by ESA's Mars Express. On 13 November 2007 Rosetta successfully swung by Earth in the third planetary fly-by and its second fly-by of Earth. Rosetta flew directly above 63°46' south and 74°35' west, at 21:57 CET (above the Pacific ocean, south-west of Chile). Rosetta whizzed past 5295 km overhead, at a velocity of 45 000 km/h (12.5 km/s). During its closest approach to Earth, several instruments on the spacecraft were busy taking snaps. The image series was captured by the OSIRIS (Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System) instrument, which includes a wide-

angle camera and a narrow-angle camera to obtain high-resolution images of the destination comet's nucleus and the asteroids that Rosetta passes on its voyage to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The images comprise a view of the Earth's night side (during the swing-by, OSIRIS observed Earth's night-side) including urban regions in Asia, Africa and Europe, and a view of the Earth's limb over Antarctica. As it swung away, the OSIRIS camera also caught glimpses of the Moon. Rosetta will be back in our neighbourhood, and will swing by Earth for the last time in November 2009.

UNAMSATMAI

The Mexican-Russian nano-satellite project UNAMSATMAI is dedicated to monitoring the ionospheric plasma response to the seismic activity and to monitoring the electromagnetic near Earth environment. The satellite will be launch in autumn 2008.

Scientific payload for the nano-satellite, was developed and manufactured by the group from Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Alfvèn Laboratory Centre for Space and Fusion Plasma Physics (KTH), Stockholm, and from Space Research Centre PAS. The nano-satellite body was designed by Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI). The Ø - Space Physics Instrument (PSI) contains three

electric EFVS, Langmuir probe LP, Fluxgate magnetometer, DC/DC module and three orthogonal antenna and deployment systems. The group from Space Research Centre PAS developed and constructed the DC/DC module and designed the ultra light antennas and deployment units.

(H. Rothkaehl, M. Morawski, J. Grygorczuk)

component radio frequency analyzer

DATA ACQUISITION

The Astrogeodynamical Observatory in Borowiec

The Observatory is involved in the following projects:- laser tracking of satellites,- positioning measurements by means of GPS technology in global geodynamic programs,- satellite synchronisation of time and development of measurement technologies.

Satellite Laser Ranging Station

The Satellite Laser Ranging station at Borowiec (7811) in the framework of the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) and EUROLAS Consortium performed 465 successful passes of 20 SLR satellites in 2007. The mean normal point precision of the all passes was at a level of 3 mm, accuracy 10 mm. The results of observations were sent in the near real time to EUROLAS Data Center and Crustal Dynamics Data Information System NASA. The data of the Borowiec SLR station supported scientific programs of the observed satellites and were used for orbits calculations by ESA, NASA and many other institutions and international organizations. The activity of the Borowiec SLR station was limited in 2007 by renovation of the laser building (1.01 – 16.03.2007) and significant modernization of the hardware and software of the SLR system (8.07 – 26.12.2007). The first period of system modernization among other tasks included renovation of the operators and laser rooms with a new air conditioning section for electronics and computers, detailed Nd:YAG laser adjust-ment, installation of a new transmitting telescope with the system of the output beam divergence adjustment. As the effect are the first returns from satellites GIOVE-A (GALILEO) and GPS-35 and significant increase of the number of returns and accuracy

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of the measurements for LAGEOS satellites. In the second period were realized the following tasks: new cover of the main and secondary telescope mirrors, installation of the new dielectric mirrors in Coude path and their regulation systems, installation of a new gating system for stop channel of the time interval counter and photomultiplier photocathode, implementation of the new controller computers and significant modernization of the station software. The time interval counter was tested in Herstmonceux (UK) for determination of the range correction. Orbital analysis of the SLR observations was continued in 2007. The SLR station positions and velocities were determined from the observations of the law satellites Starlette, Stella and Ajisai. The results are in good agreement with the LAGEOS data. The quality comparison between two terrestrial reference frames ITRF2000 and ITRF2005 for SLR stations was realized on the base of five years of LAGEOS data. The new ITRF2005 give significantly better results than ITRF-2000. The automation of the GEODYN-II program was continued providing fully automatic process of the orbits calculation.

(S. Schillak)

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GPS

In the middle of 2007, the old receiver TurboRogue 8000 has been replaced by the Trimble NETRS one and meteorological sensors were established. The data streams from BOR1 station are available through IGS-IP and EUREF-IP projects. The permanent GPS station located at Borowiec and known as BOR1 has been integrated with EUREF network since 1996. The BOR1 station delivers high quality data of outstanding international reputation, hence it makes a valuable contribution to the global geodesy and related research in the frame of IGS (International GPS Service). The data delivered by BOR1 are used for precise orbit calculation by: Center for Orbit Deter-mination Europe, Bern (Switzerland), GFZ – IGS Processing Centre, (Germany), JPL – IGS/FLYNN Processing Centre, Pasadena (USA), Massachutets Institute of Technology, and Scripps Institution of Oceanography (USA). The BOR1 station participates in the project "The Active Geodetic Network – Poland"(ASG-PL). BOR1 is one of the reference stations in the ASG-PL network. Observations are registered every 5 s. In 2007 BOR1 was included into the new Polish geodetic network „ASG-EUPOS”.

(M.. Lehmann)

Time and Frequency Service

In 2007 the work at Time and Frequency Laboratory concentrated on:· Integration of the new active hydrogen maser for time and frequency needs. The CH1-75A, developed by Institute of Electronic Measu-rements “Kvarz” in Niznyj Novgorod is new construction, equipped with the auto-tuning option, which eliminates frequency drift characteristic for H-masers. The time and frequency stability of the new clock is by anorder of magnitude better then best available cesium standards. Based on observ-

ations carried out during the past year, the long -16

term stability is in the range of 1e . · Starting from the end of 2006, international comparisons of atomic time scales are based on the Two Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) method, which limits the uncertainty of measurements to the range of 200 ps. The method allows to fully exploit the stability of the new H-maser. In 2007 the TWSTFT equipment was calibrated using time marks from GPS observations carried out at the Observatory. · Further development of the TTS-3 GPS/GLONASS receivers will include the application of ionosphere-free P3 method for clock comparisons and for experiments with Precise Point Positioning method for timing applications. · The laboratory was completely modernized: The clocks are now working in the air conditioned chamber with temperature stability of 0.2 deg C. The stability of temperature and humidity (3%) allows for using the full capacity of the new clock. - The accuracy of measurements has been improved by moving all equipment for measuring and distributing the time and frequency to the new air-conditioned laboratory.· The work on the Precise Time Facility (PTF) for Galileo has passed from the design phase to realization. In 2007 Matlab models for PTF time transfer were prepared, and from March 2008 on the AOS team will start to write the final version of software in ANSI C language. The work has been continued on: - Two Way Management Software for PTF of Galileo Control Station,- GPS Common View Management software for PTF Galileo Control Station,- Galileo Common View Management software for PTF Galileo Control Station,- Special algorithms were developed for the estimation and prediction of the Galileo-GPS time offset (to be broadcasted by the Gal. satellites),

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- Special algorithms were also developed for the estimation and prediction of the PTF1 –PTF2 time offset (differences of time scales between the two Galileo control centres, Master and Slave). The Laboratory continues its efforts on:?Realization and development of Polish Atomic Time Scale, comprising now about 14 atomic clocks from Polish laboratories and from Lithuania.?Participation in the realization of UTC and TAI in cooperation with BIPM in Sevres.?Baltic Time Project (6th Framework Program)– development of international time stamping – in cooperation with Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Ireland and Italy.?Realization of Harrison Project (6th Framework Program) – application of Galileo for precise time and frequency, as well as legal applications of Galileo Time.

(J. Nawrocki)

The Geodynamic Laboratory in Ksi¹¿

In the Geodynamic Laboratory of SRC in Ksi¹¿ permanent observations of variations of gravity field, i.e. its and direction, are carried out. The following instruments are used: the relative gravimeter LaCoste&Romberg G-648 and several tiltmeters, including the long water tube and quartz horizontal pendulums. The most important scientific results obtained in 2007 are: Elaboration of a two year long series of plumb line variations obtained from the long water tube tiltmeter from 2005 to 2007. This series, the second in row, comprises observations from four ends of the tub measured by four interference units. Such measurements allow to calculate the difference of signals from the opposite ends of the tubes, therefore to reduce errors and to increase the geodynamic signal and reduce the instrumental drift at the same time.

New system of registration of the plumb line variations for the quartz horizontal pendu-lums uses a TV camera and a computer to record momentary positions of pendulum equilibrium. Two special programs have been created in order to determine the sequences of plumb line variations. The registration of signals from both pendulums H74 and H75 is led with the ten-second interval. The tidal adjustment of yearly series (2007) of plumb line variations registered by quartz horizontal pendulums and a new, electronic system of registration was completed. Permanent registration of gravity variations in Geophysical Laboratory of SRC in Ksi¹¿ using the relative gravimeter LaCoste& Romberg G-648 was initiated in the special gravimetric chamber. The chamber was equipped with a system of thermoregulation and two pillars for the relative and absolute gravimetry. In 2007 permanent gravity measurements have been started by means of a special program for recording of measure-ments and remote control of the gravimeter from Warszawa (mechanical reset, nulling of the gravimeter, and setting of measurement parameters – Feedback of the gravimeter). On the pillar for absolute gravimetry (in the underground chamber of the Laboratory) two sessions with the absolute gravimeters Fk15 belonging to the Institute of Geodesy of TU of Warszawa and to the Institute of Geodesy of Finnish Academy of Sciences were performed . Observations obtained from the long water tube tiltmeter, the quartz pendulums, as well as from the relative gravimeter LaCoste& Romberg are in final stage of processing. The processed time sequences will undergo the tidal adjustment process with the Chojnicki's and ETERNA (recommended by the Tidal Research Center in Brussels) programs.

(M.. Kaczorowski)

GNSS Observatory in Warsaw

- EGNOS navigation system,- monitoring the quality of EGNOS

corrections in cooperation with ESA in IMAGE/PERFECT and ESA/ESTEC EXPERT projects,

- positioning measurements and defining the national reference frame with GPS techno-logy,

In Warsaw, one of RIMS (Ranging and Integrity Monitoring Station) stations is located of the EGNOS system designed to broadcast the embedded correction signals in Europe for providing the improved per-formance in positioning with GPS. SRC cooperates with Polish and European insti-tutions in research projects of the EGNOS System. Most interesting are:- ESA IMAGE/PERFECT Project,- ESA/ESTEC EXPERT Project,- dynamic tests of the system using Mobile

GNSS Laboratory.Equipment used for these purposes consists of:- Septentrio PolaRx2 GPS/EGNOS rece-iver,

The observatory is involved in the following projects:

- PC with RxControl software to receiver control and WebUpdate Software to analysis of observations and transferring results to Web Server.

Results from these experiments show changes of accuracy of the EGNOS corrections dependent on temporary constellation of the GPS satellites. In addition to continuous static mo-nitoring, some periodic dynamic tests were performed. Mobile GNSS Laboratory is equipped with different class receivers:- Precise geodetic, dual frequency receivers:

Trimble 5700 and SPS850, Septentrio PolaRx2,

- Navigation receivers: CSI, Magellan and Garmin.

For testing purposes, the route with minimal obstruction in horizon was selected. Results for most tests show improving the horizontal and vertical accuracy for GPS with EGNOS corrections versus pure GPS observations. SRC also runs in Warsaw the permanent GPS station (CBKA) integrated with pilot project Active Geodetic Network (ASG-PL) for Poland. This station is now included in the

ASG–EUPOS project.

(L. Jaworski)

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INTERPRETATION AND MODELLING

Space Physics

Solar physics

The analysis of spectra observed with the RESIK spectrometer have been carried on. Their reduction and interpretation have been improved. In particular the attention has been focused on the contribution of instrumental fluorescence caused by the Al crystal supports. This previously unnoticed effect causes the additional emission to be observed in channels' 3 and 4 RESIK spectra. The analysis is not finished yet as concerns the modeling, but we were able to determine and apply the semi-empirical method to remove this effect from observations. This determination has been obtained based on the analysis of 7 big flare spectra. Based on the line and continuum fluxes observed in RESIK spectra corrected for fluorescence effects, the physical characte-ristics of the emitting plasma of the individual flares and of the quiet Sun at different level of activity have been investigated. In particular the temperature and emission measure in an isothermal approximation, differential emission measure distributions and thermal energy content have been determined. In the case of quiet corona, the dependence on the level of activity has been investigated (from A8 to B4 GOES-scale levels). The results indicate for prevalence of bimodal distributions of plasma with temperature for the quiet corona conditions. The analysis indicates however for a strong dependence of the results on the chemical composition adopted in calculations. The spectra obtained with RESIK in the range 3.3-6.1 A for selected 312 time intervals (each of 5 min. duration) can be described by adopting the two temperature plasma distributions. The amount of hot (10 MK<T<16 MK) plasma is 4-5 orders smaller on respect with with the amount of cooler (T<4 MK) plasma. However the observed RESIK spectra of quiet

coronal plasma cannot be described satisfac-tory without the presence of this hot plasma component. In the separate paper we present selected methods used in our laboratory for deducing the physical parameters of flaring plasma based on interpretation of the X-ray data. It was shown on the example of selected flare well observed with Polish spectrometer RESIK on Russian CORONAS-F (M4.0 flare on 4th Oct. 2002, max. at 05:38 UT). In addition, the GOES X-ray fluxes and complementary images obtained in the harder X-ray range from RHESSI have been incorporated into this analysis. (B. Sylwester, J. Sylwester)

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The various methodologies of the tempe-rature and emission measure diagnostics, based on Hinode X-Ray Telescope data, have been analyzed. We have compared three various methods of the calculation of the differential emission measure (DEM). We can conclude that all three analyzed methods (namely: Withbroe-Sylwester, genetic algo-rithm and least-square methods) gave similar DEM distributions. (M. Siarkowski, A. Kêpa, R. Falewicz,

P. Rudawy)

Heliosphere

Activities of an International Space Science Institute Working Group Interstellar Hy-drogen, headed by Professor Eberhard Moebius from the Univserity of New Hampshire, have been successfully concluded. The effect of the several years' research is determination of the density of neutral interstellar hydrogen gas at the nose of the solar wind termination shock and, in a broader and a little more speculative perspective, in the Local Interstellar Cloud. The density at the termination shock is equal to 0.11 ± 0.022 at

-3cm , about 20% more than previously thought, and the density of neutral hydrogen in the

-3Local Cloud is equal to 0.2 at cm , also more than previously believed. The density of

protons in the Local Cloud turned out to be -3

surprisingly small, 0.04 cm (so the hydrogen gas in the Local Cloud is almost not ionized!), and consequently a surprisingly large role in the pressure balance at the heliospheric boundary plays the ionized component of interstellar helium whose ionization degree is a few dozen percent. This result was obtained

+based on observations of the H pickup ions onboard Ulysses and on extensive numerical simulations with the use of a hybrid Warsaw-Moscow model of the distribution of neutral interstellar hydrogen in the inner heliosphere. (M. Bzowski, S. Tarnopolski, E. Moebius,

V. Izmodenov, G. Gloeckler)

A SRC portion of interpretation of measu-rements of the Lyman-alpha back-scattered glow from the Japanese spacecraft NOZOMI has been completed. An earlier hypothesis, suggested based on an initial analysis of the Ulysses pickup ion and NOZOMI Lyman-alpha measurements, that the secondary population of interstellar hydrogen (created between the heliopause and the bowshock of the heliosphere) is defelcted by about 20 degree to the side, which would suggest a huge deformation of the heliospheric interface, has not been confirmed. Based on the available photometric observations of the heliospheric backscattered glow, performed between the orbits of Earth and Mars, the direction of inflow of the gas to the inner heliospghere was determined. The result is in agreement within its error bars with earlier results. The magnitude of measurement errors does not allow to verify the result by Lallement et al. (Science, 2005) suggesting that the inflow direction of interstellar hydrogen differs by a few degree from the direction of interstellar helium.

(M. Bzowski, H. Nakagawa)

significant process of deuterium production has been recognized. Hence accurate measurements of deuterium abundances are important for understanding early history of the Universe and chemical evolution of our Galaxy. Since its abundance in the Local Cloud is as much as about 1/20 – 1/30 of oxygen abundance, its presence within the interstellar gas penetrating inside the heliosphere and the inner Solar System should be within detection capabilities in a near future. Neutral atoms from the Local Interstellar Medium enter the heliosphere due to the relative motion of the Sun with respect to the ambient interstellar gas. Some neutral species (like H, D, O) are filtered in the outer heliosheath due to charge-exchange with compressed interstellar plasma, so a deuterium measurement would be meaningful only when compared with measurements of other heliospheric species, in particular hydrogen. The radiation pressure acting on deuterium atoms is quite different than on hydrogen because of atomic mass difference and of the isotope effect, which shifts the deuterium Lyman-alpha wavelength blueward by 0.333 angstrom to the area of the blue peak of the self-reversed solar Lyman-alpha line profile. In effect the radiation pressure acting on deuterium atoms strongly depends on radial velocity and it differs from the radiation pressure acting on hydrogen atoms by a variable factor. We calculate density distributions of interstellar deuterium and hydrogen in the inner heliosphere, especially in the inner Solar System, using the Warsaw test-particle model of heliospheric gas distribution, extended with a newly-developed wavelength-dependent model of solar Lyman-alpha radiation pressure. We point out that D/H ratio increases towards the Sun with respect to the value at the termination shock. We show expected densities and fluxes of interstellar D and H in the inner Solar System and D/H ratios of pickup ions and Energetic Neutral Atoms and discuss perspectives of in-situ detection of neutral interstellar deuterium

Deuterium was produced in considerable quantities within 3 – 15 minutes after the Big Bang and since this time is only destroyed in astration processes – no astrophysically

16

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by the planned Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission.

(S. Tarnopolski)

Magnetohydrodynamic numerical simu-lations of the heliosphere under the influence of the magnetic fields, in the presence of the neutral hydrogen, have been continued. To obtain the distribution of the neutral hydrogen reacting with plasma via charge exchange I have prepared a new version of the hydro-dynamical code. Multi-fluid model of the heliosphere is very much desired for the estimation of the direction of the local interstellar magnetic field due to data from Voyager 1 and Voyager 2. Voyager 2 crossed the termination shock in August 2007. It worth to mention that our MHD model was the first in the world to show that theheliosphere is tilted.

(R. Ratkiewicz)

Multifractality and Intermittency in the Solar Wind. Within the complex dynamics of the solar wind's fluctuating plasma parameters, there is a detectable, hidden order described by a chaotic strange attractor which has a multifractal structure. The multifractal spec-trum has been investigated using Voyager (magnetic field) data in the outer heliosphere and using Helios (plasma) data in the inner heliosphere. We have also analyzed the spectrum for the solar wind attractor. The spectrum is found to be consistent with that for the multifractal measure of the self-similar one-scale weighted Cantor set with two parame-ters describing uniform compression and natural invariant probability measure of the attractor of the system. In order to further quantify the multifractality, we also consider a generalized weighted Cantor set with two different scales describing nonuniform compression. We investigate the resulting multifractal spectrum depending on two scaling parameters and one probability measure parameter, especially for asymmetric

scaling. We hope that this generalized model will also be a useful tool for analysis of intermittent turbulence in space plasmas.

(W. Macek)

Generalized Two-Scale Weighted Cantor Set Model for Solar Wind Turbulence. In order to quantify the multifractality of solar wind turbulence, we consider a generalized weighted Cantor set with two different scales describing nonuniform compression of cascading eddies. We investi-gate the resulting multifractal spectrum of generalized dimensions depending on two scaling parameters and one probability measure parameter, especially for asymmetric scaling. In particular, we show that inter-mittent pulses are stronger for the model with two different scaling parameters and a much better agreement with the solar wind data is obtained, especially for the negative index of the generalized dimensions. Therefore we argue that there is a need to use a two-scale cascade model. Hence we propose this new more general model as a useful tool for analysis of intermittent turbulence in various environ-ments.

(W. Macek, A. Szczepaniak)

Influence of Dynamical Noise on Times Series Generated by Nonlinear Maps. We consider periodic and chaotic dynamics of discrete nonlinear maps in the presence of dynamical noise. We show that dynamical noise corrupting dynamics of a nonlinear map may be considered as a measurement "pseudonoise" with the distribution deter-mined by the Jacobian of the map. The formula for the distribution of the measure-ment "pseudonoise" for one-dimensional quadratic maps has also been obtained in an explicit form. We expect that our results apply to an arbitrary distribution of low-level dynamical noise and hope that these results could help to find a universal method of discriminating dynamical from measurement noise.

(M. Strumik, W. Macek)

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Dynamics of dust in debris disks and gas production by collisional vaporization of dust grains in the disks. Since vaporization of dust material is only possible for collisions above some threshold velocity, only grains accelerated to high speeds ("beta-meteoroids") can participate. This allows relating the gas production in dust disks to the parameters of the disk and the central star.Possibility of observation of the solar vicinity (of the order of 10 solar radii) by means of the neutral solar wind. Neutral solar wind arises from interactions between solar wind components and from interactions of the solar wind with neutral atoms not belonging to it. My aim was to estimate the proportions of different compo-nents of the neutral solar wind. Conclusion: the dominant contribution comes from the so-called "inner source", related to circumsolar dust.Observations of the heliosheath by means of the energetic neutral atoms (measured by HSTOF/SOHO) in combination with the heliosheath ion data (Voyager 1). From the ion spectra observed by Voyager 1 one may deduce how thick must be the heliosheath to explain the energetic neutral atoms flux seen by HSTOF. Conclusion: the thickness is 40 AU if the hydrogen density is

-30.1 cm . (A. Czechowski)

Ionospheric and magnetospheric physics

The possible source of the low frequency plasma waves registered by CLUSTER in the polar cusp has been discussed. These waves have been sometimes registered in the polar cusp as emissions with extremely high intensity below the electron cyclotron frequency by Interball 1. They correlate with strong fluxes of high energetic electrons often observed within the polar cusp by Interball 1 and Magion 4. Similar effects have been registered by Polar satellite. Cluster measu-

rements give new insight of these emissions. The observations of the waves at the freq-uencies close to electron cyclotron frequency done by Cluster satellites associated with strong fluxes of energetic electrons have been studied. Taking into account the plasma and magnetic field parameters in the polar cusp as well as geometry of the waves propagation, one has found that these emissions can be generated by so called “fan instability”, but also horse shoe instability can be a source of these emissions. Both instabilities play important role in the nonlinear wave – particle interactions leading to the isotropisation of the fluxes of the particles and heating of the plasma. Moreover observations suggest that Langmuir turbulence can generate in the polar cusp emissions similar to the kilometric radiation in the auroral zone.

(J. B³êcki)

French satellite Demeter is devoted to study the ionospheric effects associated with the seismic activity. We continued the analysis of the observations of DEMETER satellite for the selected regions over the epicenter of the strong earthquakes. We selected the intervals when the wave form was registered. The wavelet and bispectral analysis of these measurements of the electric fields have been performed. The broad emissions have been found together with three waves interactions in the vicinity of the epicenters. It indicates the possibility of the developing of the turbulence in these regions of the ionosphere. This work will be continued to find some characteristics of this turbulence.

(J. B³êcki)

The mapping of ionospheric electric potential along magnetic field lines is applied to Weimer (2005) electric field model in a dipole magnetic field and TS04 magnetic field model for 7/8 November 2004 strong magnetic storm. The particle motion in field models is studied in order to determine the possible region of aurora occurrence. Comparison of the computed Alfven layers with oval boundaries

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Pulsating Auroral Kilometric Radiation and its Possible Stimulation by Pc1 Pulsations. Some high resolution frequency-time spectrograms obtained by CLUSTER wide-band receivers (WBD) show periodic pulsa-tions of the Auroral Kilometric Radiation (AKR) at frequencies between 1 and 4 Hz, which match the frequency range of geo-magnetic Pc1 pulsations (0.2 to 5 Hz). They occur very rarely as only 16 events have been identified in the WBD data set from 1 February 2001 to 30 September 2006. We show an example (22 June 2003) of the AKR pulsation at Pc1 frequency demonstrating drifts of the pulse emission from low to high frequencies, corresponding to the downward motions of the periodic AKR sources with speeds of the Alfven waves. Auroral cavity extending below 12000 km altitude is inferred from the observed drift-rates of pulsating AKR emi-ssion, if the source velocity is assumed to be that of the associated Alfven wave. In a number of AKR pulses the rapid rise of AKR power for up to 20 dB is observed in time of less than 5 ms, followed by the exponential decay of emission in time of < 0.5 s. If the electron cyclotron maser instability is assumed as a generation mechanism of the pulsating AKR then the unstable electron distribution ('horseshoe' or 'ring') must be organized within the very short rise time of instability. The nature of the

A description of near Earth space plasma behavior is a subject of investigation, both as a constituent of the geophysical environment, and as an element of physical processes in which particles and waves participate. Whistler-mode hiss, chorus, and EMIC waves are now believed to act in processes of electron acceleration and loss in the radiation belts at rates greater than hitherto estimated. The review of feedback between the radiation belt region and the Earth atmosphere was performed in the frame of COST 724 action-“Developing the scientific basis for monito-ring, modelling and predicting Space Wea-ther”. Recent investigations have shown that also human activity can perturb the near-Earth space environment. They indicate that the observed significant enhancements of electro-magnetic turbulence over Europe and Asia are caused by permanent pumping of electro-magnetic waves into the ionosphere by a system of broadcasting stations. This effect can be intensified by precipitation of energetic particles from the radiation belts.

The correlation between earthquakes and anomalous bursts of trapped particles, preci-pitating from the lower boundary of inner radiation belt was observed as an intensi-fication of HF wave activity by in-situ topside experiments. It seems that changes of the magnetic flux tube topology, correlated with seismic activity, can lead to an increase in the precipitation of energetic electron fluxes and, as a consequence, lead to an excitation of the HF whistler mode.

Theoretical investigations and some space-borne and ground-based experiments show that natural whistler waves generated by a lightning discharge in the Earth's atmosphere

observed by TIMED/GUVI is a test for applicability of the models for the extremely disturbed storm-time conditions. Qualitative agreement with expectations is obtained, with the indication of penetration electric fields. Prediction of the oval equatorward boundary position is not achieved so far. Additionally, we have found that the TS04 model predicts strong partial ring current and probably unrealistic near-Earth X-line. Magnetic field measurements by GOES-12 show the tail current to be much more variable than the modeled one, with instant maximum values significantly larger than the model predicts.

(R. Nowakowski, M. Bojanowska)

exciter is discussed. It can be short pulses of strong parallel electric fields with a time scale of 5 ms, traveling along auroral magnetic field lines with the speed of Alfven waves (the order of 10,000 km/s). Their identification with the Alfvenic solitary structures is proposed.

(J. Hanasz, R. Schreiber)

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The inter-scale coupling in the dynamics of the magnetic field in the Earth's magnetospheric cusp is studied with the technique of transfer entropy. This is a novel non-linear data analysis technique conceived to determine which is the process that plays the role of 'dynamical driver' between two interacting processes. It has been found that, in the analyzed cases, both direct and reverse turbulence cascades can occur. In September 2007 three specially designed GPS scintillation receivers have been installed at the Polish Polar Station on Spitsbergen. The receivers will monitor ionospheric scintillation, drift velocity and shape of ionospheric irregularities responsible for scintillation. Postprocessed data are transferred on-line to the SRC in Warsaw . The project is part of the Polish contribution to IPY.

(A. Wernik)

PHYSICAL AND GEODESIC STUDIES OF PLANETS AND

EARTH

Planetology

analyzed. The total radiance spectra of the soils and atmospheres in the spectral region 0.2-6.0 microns were calculated. Two geometries of remote sounding of the atmosphere were taken in considerations: “near nadir view” and “limb view”. The possible ranges of optical depths and temperatures of clouds were examined. The day side spectra were simulated first of all. In this case the scattering and absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere loaded with gases and aerosols/dust is most important. The results of our modeling were compared with the most recent VIRTIS Venus data. Very good fit was obtained in the case when Venusian atmosphere was loaded with aerosols mixed with basaltic dust.

(M. B³êcka)

in cooperation with the French group from the University Pierre and Marie Curie in Paris detailed calculations of Titan's ionosphere were performed, in which the altitude profiles of ion densities were obtained as depending on ion-neutral reaction rates. It is assumed in the model that the ions are in chemical equilibrium, i.e. the production and losses of each ion species balance each other. The transport terms are neglected because of their much slower time constant than these of ion molecular reactions. The ion production processes taken into account in the model comprise photoionization and ionization by magnetospheric electrons as well as reactions with neutral components. The ion losses result from recombination and, again, from ion neutral reactions. In total more than 600 reactions are included in the model. In simulations, a statistical approach has been taken, in which each reaction constant is randomly chosen from a probability distribution (log-normal or log-uniform). In the case of reactions with many reaction channels, the Dirichlet distribution is employed. As the result of calculations for about 10000 models, a set of ion concentration profiles is obtained that allows deriving the

Modelling of Titan Ionosphere

can accelerate the trapped radiation belt electrons.

The community of users potentially benefiting from these investigations is found in the civilian and the defense sectors and include the aviation industry, the satellite industry, the HF equipment manufacturers, the HF broadcast and communication services, and the trans-ionospheric radio operation (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo).

(H. Rothkaehl)

In 2007 the works on planetary spectrometric measurements of VIRTIS (Venus Express mission) and OMEGA (Mars-Express mission) in the VIS-IR spectral range were continued. The influence of dust/aerosols on the radiative transfer equation was carefully

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mean profile and the density dispersion for each ion. It has appeared that the obtained model is quite stable, i.e. the ion con-centrations of main components show 10-15% dispersion, sometimes significantly smaller than the dispersion of log-normal distribution of reaction rates. The model was compared with the experimental data obtained from the ion mass spectrometer INMS on board the CASSINI mission. The spacecraft passed through Titan's atmosphere at the altitude of 1250 km on the night side of Titan and measured atomic spectra of ion components up to atomic number of 100. These spectra were compared with our models. A good agreement was obtained for the first 5 ion groups corresponding to the increasing number of carbon atoms (from one to five) in the molecules. For ions with more than 5 carbon atoms we have found significant differences with the model, which we interpret as the effect of not taking into account certain reactions in the model. In general, however, model seems to very well describe the experimental spectrum.

(M. Banaszkiewicz)

Two-source activity of comet 81P/Wild 2 in the non-gravitational acceleration model. The orbital motion of comet 81P/Wild 2 was investigated applying a two-source model of outgassing. The model parameters such as the nucleus orientation, the locations and sizesof the active regions are derived from numerical fitting of the non-gravitational acceleration model to the positional observa-tions of the comet. The non-gravitational perturbations was used to constrain the mass of the comet nucleus. Two different classes of the orbital solutions are discussed based on orbital linkages of the successive three or four apparitions of the comet. The derived spin axis

0 0orientation (I ~ 60 , Ö ~150 ) as well as the

location of two active regions, the northern 0 0

(~ 84 ) and the southern one (~ -43 ) are agreed with the observational determinations provided by other authors. The modeled two-source water production curve is consistent with the activity data represented by the observed water production curve and the brightness curve. (S. Szutowicz, M. Królikowska, H. Rickman)

Comet 9P/Tempel 1: sublimation beneath the dust cover. In the work we analyzed properties of the dust mantle, its thickness and thermal conductivity, necessary to reproduce observed rate of water production of comet 9P/Tempel 1. The shape of the comet nucleus was approximated by the symmetric prolate ellipsoid with smooth surface. We have performed simulations, using models with dust mantle of the thickness either constant, but nonuniform (Model A), or evolving (Model B). The simulated profiles of water production versus time were compared with observations. In addition, we compared the calculated surface temperature with the real temperatures derived from IR observations (the Deep Impact mission). This new double-stage verification procedure, shows that the dust mantle thickness on the nucleus of comet 9P/Tempel 1 is nonuniform, and does not change significantly with time. We show, that reproducing observed high temperatures of the nucleus requires dust mantle, that is almost everywhere thick and has extremely low thermal inertia. The latter should be close to zero as already predicted by others. Theagreement between the simulated and measured water production can be obtained when the dust is regionally thin and has the thermal inertia higher than average, according

1/2 -1 -2to our simulations about 100 W s K m . Such regions should be located in the south hemisphere of the nucleus.

(K.J. Kossacki, S. Szutowicz)

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Investigations of co-orbital motion of small bodies associated with the Earth have been performed and possible transitions between different types of orbits have been analyzed. The analyzed bodies were: Cruithne, 2002 Aa20, 2003 YN107, 2004 GU9, 2006 Fv35. The equations of motion have been integrated in barycentric coordinates using the reccurent power series method taking into account the perturbations of all planets and the Moon. Based on over two year arc of positional observations the detailed time orbital evolution of the 2002 AA29 asteroid as well as its 100 clones was performed within a few thousand years backward and forward. The integrations of motion of the nominal and 100 cloned orbits show very similar behaviour in the time interval of [-2500; 7000], while outside this time interval dynamical evolution starts to be unpredictable. The restricted circular three body problem approach have been used to show the general properties of the motion of this object. Particularly, horesehoe-quasisatellite transi-tions and stability of this orbit were analyzed. These solutions were compared with the numerical results.

(P. Wajer)

Experimental determination of the thermal conductivity of granular materials (analo-gues of lunar and asteroidal regolith and of cometary nucleus subsurface). The SRC group forms a part of the international teams that carry out thermal experiments onboard CASSINI and ROSETTA missions. For the later mission, SRC developed 16 thermal sensors that are hidden inside the MUPUS penetrator. Thesensors will measure the temperature profile down to a depth of 35 cm under the surface of the comet as well as thermal conductivity in 16 subsurface layers. The method of thermal conductivity measurement consists in heating ring-like sensors that are in contact with the cometary material and in observing the rate of temperature increase. If the increase is fast the

thermal conductivity will be small. Already after launching the mission it has appeared that the construction of the sensors and their electronics can be improved. The new sensors have been tested first in materials with well known thermal conductivity (teflon, delrin – kinds of plastic) and then immersed in material samples similar to the asteroidal (mixture of plagioklaz and olivine) and cometary (mixture of olivine and ice crystal) materials. The experiments have been performed in a thermal chamber, where the atmospheric convection plays an important role, and in a vacuum-thermal chamber in which transport by radiation gives a significant contribution to the thermal conduction. In order to interpret the experimental results, a serious of numerical models based on the finite element method has been constructed. The results for heat transport in granular material for the cases with and without convection, has been interpreted on the basis of a two phase models, taking into account possible appearance of gas (atmosphere) in the intergranular gaps. (M. Banaszkiewicz, K. Seweryn, R. Wawrzaszek)

Navigation of a group of autonomous lunar vehicles. The Moon will soon become an object of intensive exploration carried out by space agencies of the USA, Europe, China, India, Japan and Russia. Autonomous, therefore relaying on themselves and not remotely controlled on the Earth, vehicles will have to move on their own in not too well known environment. The classical odometry methods (determination of vehicle position by counting the revolutions of their wheels and the increment of the yaw angle of the vehicle axis),when applied to a single vehicle leads to large position errors connected with systematic and random (wheel slippage on the ground) errors of odometric parameters. Already after covering a few hundred meters the vehicle can be lost in the terrain, i.e. not be able to determine its position with a reasonable

23

accuracy. In the study a new method employing several cooperating vehicles is proposed, in which each vehicle carries out its own odometric navigation that is however corrected through continuous measurements of the distance and the mutual orientation of the vehicles. In that way the average error of the position and orientation is greatly reduced. The error can be made even smaller if, from time to time, the absolute position of the vehicle group can be determined, for instance by means of astronomical observations or by using the signal from a lunar satellite. With such additional information the whole vehicle formation can navigate on the surface on the Moon for weeks, without a significant loss of the accuracy of its position determination. In the study, a detailed architecture of the system is presented together with a number of simulations showing the propagation of odometry errors as a function of the number of vehicles in the formation, the accuracy of inter-vehicle distance measurements and availability of additional navigational information.

(B. D¹browski, M. Banaszkiewicz)

Earth rotation studies

Perturbations in Earth rotation excited by the dynamically coupled system atmosphere-oceans. We performed detailed analysis of the new high resolution atmospheric and oceanic angular momentum (AAM, OAM) data (sampling interval 6 and 0.5 hours, respectively) provided by Maik Thomas from the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam. The purpose of this research was a determination of the corresponding pertur-bations in polar motion, nutation and universal time UT1, and comparison with earlier results based on different AAM and OAM data sets. Significant part of my work was devoted to the atmospheric thermal tide S1 occurring at exactly the frequency of 1 cycle

per solar day, causing diurnal variation of the AAM. The corresponding surface atmospheric pressure variation induces mass redistribution in the oceans, the S1 ocean tide, which is also manifested by the diurnal component of the OAM. The S1 signals in AAM and OAM contribute at measurable level to all components of Earth rotation: to nutation – contribution to prograde annual term with amplitude larger than 100 microarcseconds, to prograde polar motion and to UT1, in both cases the 24-hours harmonic with amplitude up to 40 microarcseconds. I extended own earlier estimation of the S1 influence on Earth rotation by using the available alternative solutions of AAM and OAM with subdiurnal resolution. I also used the hydrodynamic model of the S1 ocean tide developed by Ray and Egbert (2004). The estimated geophysical contributions were compared to the S1 parameters derived from the geodetic observ-ations of Earth rotation.

(A. Brzeziñski, A. Korbacz)

Current status of the Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Campa-ign (EOP PCC), which started in October 2005 was presented. The ultra-short term, short term and medium term EOP predictions submitted since then by different groups were evaluated by means of the same statistical analysis. The mean prediction errors of the EOP with respect to combined IERS data for each proposed algorithm were computed to show the performance in each prediction category.

(M. Kalarus, W. Kosek)

The combination of least-squares (LS) extrapolation and multivariate autoregressive prediction was used to predict length of day and UT1-UTC data using axial component of atmospheric angular momentum. It was shown that prediction errors of this prediction algorithm are less than prediction errors of the combination of LS extrapolation and

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univariate autoregressive (AR) prediction, denoted as LS+AR. The LS+AR prediction was applied to predict gridded sea level anomalies data in the east-equatorial Pacific region obtained from altimetric measurements of TOPEX/ Po-seidon and Jason-1. This prediction method gains significantly higher accuracy of forecasts than the LS technique. In particular, this improvement is well seen during El Nino events.

(T. Niedzielski, W. Kosek)

The time-frequency analyzes techniques were applied to determine wideband dominant oscillations as well as variable amplitudes and phases of the monochromatic dominant oscillations in the Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) data. Next, the model EOP data were constructed using monochromatic oscillations with constant amplitudes and phases computed by the LS method and monochromatic oscillations with variable amplitudes and phases. Another EOP data model consist of dominant wideband oscillations and monochromatic oscillations with constant amplitudes and phases. The EOP data model and the original EOP data were then predicted by the LS+AR technique. Comparison of the predictions errors of the EOP data and the model EOP data, computed at different starting prediction epochs has enabled examination of the influence of wide band oscillations as well as monochromatic oscillations with variable amplitudes and phases on the EOP prediction errors. Prediction errors of the EOP data are caused mostly by dominant wideband oscillations. Variable amplitudes and phases of dominant monochromatic oscillations cannot explain big prediction errors of the EOP data.

(W. Kosek, A. Rzeszótko, W. Popiñski).

(atmosphere, oceans, continental hydrology) is needed to explain the observed polar motion. We have explored a method to derive the excitation functions of polar motion ÷ , ÷ due 1 2

to variantions of geophysical mass distri-bution using the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) gravity solutions, as a substitute for deriving such excitations from direct observations and modeling of geophysical fluids. Three different sets of degree-2, order-1 harmonics of the gravity field, derived from the GRACE data processed at the Geoforschungs Zentrum (GFZ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and Center for Space Research (CSR), were used to compute the gravimetric polar motion excitation functions. Comparison of these functions with the mass terms derivable from inde-pendent geodetic observations and from the geophysical excitation functions of polar motion ( mass terms of atmospheric, oceanic and continental hydrology excitations) in seasonal time scales shows differences up to 20 mas in the years 2004 - 2005.

(J. Nastula, D.A. Salstein, R.M. Ponte, B. Ko³aczek)

Comparisons of mass terms of geodetic excitations functions (G-WC) with the mean GRACE excitation function (Rl04) derived from the three solutions (GFZ, JPL, CSR) and the total geophysical excitation functions (PAOH).

Understanding changes in the global balance of the Earth’s angular momentum due to the mass redistribution of geophysical fluids

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The study of the modes of atmospheric regional variability that drive polar motion was carried out. From atmospheric surface pressure fields in the NCAR-NCEP reanalysis atmospheric-mass polar motion excitations on a fine-resolution network of sectors over the extended 60-year period 1948-2007 were calculated (J. Nastula, D.A. Salstein, B. Ko³aczek)

First time atmospheric excitation functions of Earth rotation/polar motion with hourly resolution based on the NASA Goddard Earth Observation System (GEOS-4) atmospheric model were calculated. Such excitations are based on model forecasts at five of the six hours, and a mixture of model and observations at the sixth hour.

(J. Nastula, D.A. Salstein)

Earth gravitational field

Possible detection of the speed of the gravity signal with help of gradiometers on the GNSS orbit and higher. Currently two well established physical theories describe the fundamental interactions: quantum field theory – Standard Model and theory of gravity – General Theory of Rela-tivity. Many theoretical works are conducted to combine these two theories to one "Theory of Everything". Experimental data are in agreement with Einstein theory of gravity, from the Mercury perturbation motion to time corrections of GPS satellites clocks. However, a number of questions still

remains open. Gravity waves and gravitons are, till now, not observed. Another question is how fast the curvature of spacetime can change. Our proposal of the experiment can contribute to the discussion of these problems. Space technology provided the mankind with new possibilities and tools for the new frontiers in experimental science. One of these is the Global Navigation Satellite System; the particular realization of GNSS is Galileo. Another one is the gradiometry, the modern technology which allows the measurement of the gravity field variations as function of position as well as time. The best example of the application of this technology is the project GOCE. The gradiometer applied for this mission is probably the top achievement of the space technology. The possibility of application of the gradiometry for the determination of the velocity of propagation of the gravitational signal in space has been elaborated. We consider the theoretical possibility of such an experiment and we discuss the constraints related to the accuracy of the solution. The GNSS satellites provide a convenient tool for the realization of this experiment.

It seems that the concept for the determination of the velocity of the gravitational signal, using the rotating Earth as the signal generator, and GNNS plus gradiometry as detector, is realistic, but of course not easy. It should provide the motivation for the development of the gradiometry technology and could widen the spectrum of scientific applications of GNSS.

(J.B. Zieliñski, R.R. Ga³¹zka, R. Peron)

APPLICATIONS

Heliogeophysical prediction service

Heliogeophysical prediction service of the Space Research Centre, operating within the global ISES system, is responsible for measurements and predictions of solar activity and related Earth phenomena.

ISES

The International Space Environment Service, is an international organisation co-ordinating quick exchange of data on the Sun, Earth, and Earth's environment parameters between the participating observatories. The Warsaw Centre has a special status of the ISES' Regional Warning Center (RWC) (http:// www. cbk.waw.pl/rwc). Space Rese-arch Centre exchanged data with other Warning Centers: in Boulder, USA; Tokyo, Japan; Sydney, Australia; Brussels, Belgium; Moscow, Russia; and Prague, Czech Republic. A large portion of data is received directly from various national and international observatories, such as observatorio de l'Ebre. Data on terrestrial magnetic field activity are supplied by the Central Geophysical Observatory PAS in Belsk, Poland. Solar radio flux at 10 frequencies is supplied by Observatory of Cracow. Both are available on the home page in near-real time. SRC publishes a special daily bulletin URSIGRAM Warsaw on the basis of the continuous flow of data from Poland and abroad, and it broadcasts within the ISES.

Continuations

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The impact of various space weather phenomena is studied. Methods and algorithms linked directly to the radio-communication prediction and forecast domain are developed and continuously improved. The RWC/IDCE (The Ionospheric Despatch Centre in Europe) web service (http://www.cbk.waw.pl/rwc/idce) provides on line access to data base of the critical

frequency of F2 ionospheric layer forecast for all available sites.· Daily plots for 30 stations from all over the

world are presented along with their digital version. 24-hours ahead forecast for every station is supplied.

· Continuous now-casting of regional ionospheric conditions over Europe, East Asia and Australia area is presented.

Space Research Centre provides forecast service for the governmental and commercial communications-HF radio signal intensity. The work is carried out using software packages HELGEO and Ray-Route developed at SRC. The HELGEO is an automatic system of solar-geophysical data processing for analysis and forecast of solar-geophysical and the Ray-Route is a system of forecasting of HF communications conditions, including signal to noise ratio at recommended frequencies. It organizes proper data base for operational data-driven models and runs the subroutines based on such models creating at the end a set of messages and files addressed to different users requirements. New, fifth - generation version of the system Ray-Route has been prepared. The major change, required by the users has been was implemented.

European Cooperation. RWC Warsaw participates in European SW cooperation; in COST Actions and funded grants. The overall issue of the aim of COST is cooperation among different institutions of different countries in Europe. RWC worked actively in COST 296 and 724 Actions in both scientific and organization structures.

COST Action 296 'Mitigation of Ionospheric Effects on Radio Systems' (MIERS). The main objective of the Action is to develop an increased knowledge of the effects imposed by the ionosphere on practical radio systems, and for the development and implementation of methods and techniques, algorithms and models to mitigate the deleterious effects of the ionosphere on such systems. SRC participates in the construction of 3D electron concen-tration model and further development of the automatic service for specification, forecast and prediction of the state of the ionosphere and radio-communication conditions. A useful by-product is the European ionospheric weather related web pages Navigator containing the COST 296 related web pages addresses – http://www.cbk.waw.pl/cost296.

One of them is participation in one of the main goals - preparation of the European Space Weather Portal. SRC responsibility is the construction of the European space weather related web pages Navigator http:// www.cbk.waw.pl/sw_europe/ that contains all entitles' addresses in the Internet. Addresses are selected according to different categories as Regional Warning Centres, near-real-time and historical collections of the ground based and satellite observations, operational parameter and indices solar, geomagnetic, cosmic rays, ionospheric and telecommunication, their forecast, addresses of observatories and organizations involved in the generation of digital information, available in the Internet computer programs, educational pages, and international projects and organisations. Main constrains heeded are user-friendly, balance between number of categories, easy access to required information, timely updating, easy and time-saving to navigate.

(I. Stanis³awska)

COST 724 Action 'Developing the scientific basis for monitoring, modelling and predicting Space Weather' continues the next year of activity. SRC works in many directions.

27

GMES

TANGO (Telecommunications Advanced Networks for GMES Operations) is a three-year long European Commission (EC) 6th FP project to develop, integrate, demonstrate and promote new satellite telecom services dedicated to GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) requirements. TANGO is focusing on the use of Satcom to serve the needs of the whole GMES program that is related to environment and security applications in such domains as emergency response including risk and crisis management and humanitarian aid. Coordinated by EADS Astrium, the project gathers 24 research and industrial partners including GMES service providers, GMES data providers and end-users representatives as well as Satellite Commu-nication's leading expertise in the area. The TANGO consortium develops and provides operational telecommunication solutions to

the immediate needs of GMES services and prepares the proposal about how to optimize Satcom infrastructures in order to expand the future GMES services.

Space Research Centre participates in three work packages:

- Risk & Crisis Management Platform Requirements,

- Security Platform Requirements,

- Cost Benefits Analysis (CBA). SRC contributes to specific requirements for telecommunication services using the experience gathered during the ASTRO +(Advanced Space Technologies to Support Security Operations) project in testing space capabilities (such as Earth Observation, Reconnaissance, Navigation and Telecom-munication) and their integration and imple-mentation into services and infrastructures. SRC defined different scenarios for Risk &

The objective of the SRC-managed Land Border Monitoring activity within FP6 LIMES project is to define, develop and verify a pre-operational service that brings support in controlling the EU eastern land borders. The service, which makes use of EO techniques integrated with other surveillance methods, aims at providing the EU Member States Border Guards and Warsaw-based FRONTEX Agency with a clearer view of their geogra phical area of responsibility and with information assisting in the decision making process. In 2007 potential end users were thoroughly consulted on their requirements, available EO techniques reviewed and the service in question preliminarily defined. The main benefits of the service, still to be tested and further developed in 2008 are: - improved level of harmonisation of cross-border cartographic data for the interest of border surveillance and intervention activities as well as for cross-border economic develo-

28

Crisis Management Platform necessary to allow the end-users to express their needs concerning information expected in the field. This type of information can be provided by an operational centre linked to SatCom. It has been demonstrated in application to gas pipeline control system, where the pipeline operational centre monitors its own infrastructure using imagery information as well as SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) information and processes it on their own. The centre can provide the information to such authorities as ministries ,security agencies, etc. This example shows a new GMES approach to security service requirements which can be extended to other segments (data collection, data dissemination …). Another case was related to electrical power system control. To perform this part of work SRC organised two seminars with users in Warsaw and several bilateral discussion with institutional users in Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania and Latvia.

(Z. K³os)

ESA's Mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) is currently the only one Earth observation mission entirely dedicated to investigating the water cycle on Earth, by means of global monitoring soil moisture (SM) and sea surface salinity (SSS). SM and SSS are two most important environmental climate variables (ECVs) recommended for obser-vation in global scales by GCOS. The Space Research Centre contributes to the global Cal/Val program serving calibration and validation of the SMOS data. The mission SMOS shall start at the end of 2008, giving unprecedented opportunity for long term global water related observations over next 3-5 years. Soil moisture over lands bounds approximately amount of 0.001% of global planetary water resources and is equal to part of water contained in the atmosphere. Therefore, the task of relating exchange of water between soil and atmosphere, is worth investing in SM global observation system, located on the ground and on the orbit as well. SRC contributes the ground data on SM, to SVRT (SMOS Validation and Retrieval Team) and prepares ability of assimilating SMOS observations in the near future. SRC develops the program SWEX (Soil Water and Energy eXchange), oriented on investigating hydrological conditions in the country on possibly large scales. The program is driven by investigating conditions of energy exchange between soil and atmosphere. The program SWEX is performed by the national consortium of several institutes in Poland, which conduct their own measurement campaigns over wetland and forest areas. Other efforts, undertaken recently by SRC, aim engaging a new partner from Institute of

pment and aid in case of emergencies;- increased efficiency in dispatching of border troops based on travel time, travel distance and position of other (cross-border) troops; - automatic warning of possible changes occurring in the border area.

(B. Buszke)

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Geophysics PAS, with the program extending the research of Biebrza wetlands, conducted by IGiK, on the upper watershed of Narew. Large scales of observation are needed for catching relevance to the global scale of SMOS data. Other else initiative is to engage the human research potential of the GMES, the organizational structure built by efforts of SRC in recent years. The program SWEX is to provide ground data on effects of changing climate, not prejudging about reasons of the climate change. The program aims also to disseminating engineering and scientific experience and expertise in the thermal research, gained in SRC by our contribution to the German-led cometary experiment MU-PUS, on observations of Earth. This is the spin-off effect of our activities in the area of space experiment for planetology. SRC participates in the European project PEARL. PEARL is a Specific Targeted Research Project funded by the European Commission under the 6th Framework Programme in the Aeronautics and Space activity area. The primary objective of PEARL (Port EnviromentAl infoRmation colLector) is the development of a Port Environmental Management System Platform capable of optimal exploitation of space and in situ data products and models. PEARL aims at providing, for the first time, a platform focusing on Ports and their environmental problems, for user friendly access to in situ, airborne and space data and models, and their efficient combination. The in-situ meas-urements of the sea level and water chemistry can be the indirect information about global sea level change and CO change around all 2

ports with PEARL system. The measurements can be also used as an input to the models of the global climate change. The project is run by a consortium of seven partners, from Spain, UK, France, the Netherlands and Poland (SRC) under the leadership of Atos Origin (Spain). SRC is responsible for dissemination and exploitation, i.e., is responsible for presen-

Foresight

The Foresight project on the Polish space sector is scoped to assess the perspectives and potential benefits derived from the space sector development in Poland. A conference “Satellite Techniques of Today and Tomorrow” took place in January 2007. The invited guest speakers presented their perspectives on the expected benefits of future development of satellite and space technologies (the horizon of the year 2012 and 2020). They also tried to look at the space sector in a wider scope of information society, state innovation policy and challenges related to Polish long-term development strategy. Organized in June, the Warsaw Space Days combined a number of expert-level discussions on the future of the space sector in Poland and state policy in the field, along with exhibitions and demonstrations (targeted on general public and media). The plenary and panel discussions provided for an opinions exchange forum between business, science and public administration. The discussions focused on the role of space applications in efficient functioning of public sector and in a modern economy. The public open days, which followed the official part, were fulfilled with various space lectures, multimedia presenta-

tation the results of the PEARL project, promotion of the PEARL system and for preparation of a market analysis and a business plan. Right now the PEARL project is in the platform development stage. In the Planetary Geodesy Department of SRC, the long-term experimental research program has been undertaken on relative and absolute sea level changes. This theme is a very important element of global climate change studies, as it is related to water circulation and balance, and ocean-atmosphere interaction.

space policy, its priority areas of development, the areas of most needed public support and the major barriers for the space sector development in Poland including possible ways of their overcoming. Acting in a partnership with the Agency for Development of Mazovia major steps towards a setting up a Space Cluster Mazovia were undertaken. The Cluster gathers regional enterprises and R+D institutions, those acting in the field of space technologies and applications development. The Cluster will undertake joint and coherent activities in this domain, providing for a useful tool of promotion of its partners within the country and abroad. The initiative was welcomed by the Polish Agency for Enterprise Develo-pment.

(A. Badurska)

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tions, 3D shows, information films, computer animations, models, posters and special guests answering for frequent inquires of the event visitors. On the Vistula shore, nearby the exhibition site a number of field demon-strations took place in parallel. The visitors could watch a space-supported simulated rescue action, a miniature UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) Hobbit, space exploration robots, etc. Furthermore, in the framework of the Foresight project a multimedia „ A Catalogue on Space Applications in Poland” was elaborated and published, amongst others comprising information on the Polish potential in the area of space. Moreover, a wide-scoped Polish space community inquiry was undertaken. The inquest concerned the future aims of the Polish

PUBLICATIONS

* Total number of publications in 2007: 244 (including 46 in the journals from SCI list)* Papers in refereed international science journals, books, and proceedings: 73* Articles, referee reports, monographs, reviews in international and national publications: 30* Papers delivered at international science conferences and meetings: 141 (including 21 invited talks)* Papers in press or submitted for publication in 2007: 32

Papers in refereed international

science journals and proceedings:

Aguilar ED, JAWORSKI L, KO£O-DZIEJCZAK M, Accuracy Analysis of the EGNOS System Durin Mobile Testing. In: TransNav'2007, Advances In Marine Navigation And Safety Of Sea Transpor-tation, pp. 115-119, 2007

BANASZKIEWICZ M, SEWERYN K, WAWRZASZEK R, A sensor to perform in-situ thermal conductivity determination of cometary and asteroid material. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 40, pp. 226-237, 2007.

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Baranets NV, Sobolev YP, Ciobanu M, Vojta J, Smilauer J, K£OS Z, ROTH-KAEHL H, KIRAGA A, Kudela K, Matisin J, Afonin VV, Ryabov BS, Isaev NV, Development of Beam-Plasma Instability during the Injection a Low-Energy Electron Beam into the Ionospheric Plasma, Plasma Physics Reports, Vol. 33, pp. 995-1013, 2007 (also in Russian: Fizika Plazmy, Vol. 33, pp. 1086-1106, 2007).

Belehaki A, Cander L, Zolesi B, Bremer J, Juren C, STANIS£AWSKA I, Dialetis D, Hatzopoulos M, Ionospheric specification and forecasting based on observations from European ionosondes participating in DIAS

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Published in the SCI journals total

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project. Acta Geophysica, Vol. 55, pp. 398-409, 2007.

B£ÊCKI J, WRONOWSKI R, Parrot M, Savin SP, Nonlinear, plasma wave processes observed in the polar cusp. Acta Geophysica, Vol. 55 pp. 459-468, 2007.

BRZEZIÑSKI A, A simple digital filter for the geophysical excitation of nutation. Journal of Geodesy, Vol. 81, pp. 543-551, 2007.

BRZEZIÑSKI A, Bolotin S, Retrieving diurnal and semi-diurnal signals in Earth rotation from VLBI observations. In: Highlights of Astronomy, Vol. 14, p. 484, doi:10.1017/S1743921307011581, 2007.

Bulik T, M. DENIS, R. Marcinkowski, P. Goldoni, P. Laurent, L. Osuch, GRB spectra in the MeV range: hints from INTEGRAL. AIP Conference Procee-dings, Vol. 921, pp. 277-279, 2007.

Carrasco N, Dutuit O, Thissen R, BANASZKIEWICZ M, Pernot P, Uncertainty analysis of bimolecular reactions in Titan ionosphere chemistry model. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 55, pp. 141-157, 2007.

Chifor C, Del Zanna G, Mason HE, SYLWESTER J, SYLWESTER B, Phillips KJH, A benchmark study for CHIANTI based on RESIK solar flare spectra. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 462, pp. 323-330, 2007.

Coradini A, Capaccioni F, Drossart P, Arnold G, Ammannito E, Angrilli F, Barucci A, Bellucci G, Benkhoff J, Bianchini G, Bibring JP, B£ÊCKA M, Bockelee-Morvan D, Capria MT, Carlson R, Carsenty U, Cerroni P, Colangeli L, Combes M, Combi M, Crovisier J, Desanctis MC, Encrenaz ET, Erard S, Federico C, Filacchione G, Fink U, Fonti S, Formisano V, Ip WH, Jaumann R, Kuehrt E, Langevin Y, Magni G, Mccord T,

Mennella V, Mottola S, Neukum G, Palumbo P, Piccioni G, Rauer H, Saggin B, Schmitt B, Tiphene D, Tozzi G, VIRTIS: An imaging spectrometer for the Rosetta mission. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 128, pp. 529-559, 2007.

CZECHOWSKI A, Hilchenbach M, Kallenbach R, Diagnostics of the Heliospheric Interface: High Energy ENAs. In: The Physics of the Heliospheric Boundaries, eds. V. Izmodenov, R. Kallenbach, ESA Publication Division, ISSI SR-005, pp. 311-334, 2006.

CZECHOWSKI A, Mann I. Collisional vaporization of dust and production of gas in the beta Pictoris dust disk, Part 1. Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 660, pp. 1541-1555, 2007.

Czechowski L, LELIWA-KOPYSTYÑSKI J, Density distribution in medium-sized icy satellites of giant planets. Earth Planets and Space, Vol. 59, pp. 1047-1054, 2007.

Czechowski L, LELIWA-KOPYSTYÑSKI J, The Iapetus's ridge: Possibile expla-nations of its origin. Advances on Space Research, doi.:10.1016/j.asr. 2007.08.008, 2007.

D¥BROWSKI B, BANASZKIEWICZ M, Multi-rover navigation on the lunar surface. Advances on Space Research, doi:10.1016/ j.asr.2007.05.024, 2007.

De Franceschi G, Alfonsi L, Romano V, Aquino M, Dodson A, Mitchell CN, Spencer P, WERNIK AW, Dynamics of high-latitude patches and associated small-scale irregularities during the October and November 2003 storms. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar–Terrestrial Physics, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.05.018, 2007.

Drossart P, Piccioni G, Adriani A, Angrilli F, Arnold G, Baines KH, Bellucci G, Benkhoff J, Bezard B, Bibring JP, Blanco A,

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B£ÊCKA MI, Carlson RW, Coradini A, Di Lellis A, Encrenaz T, Erard S, Fonti S, Formisano V, Fouchet T, Garcia R, Haus R, Helbert J, Ignatiev NI, Irwin PGJ, Langevin Y, Lebonnois S, Lopez-Valverde MA, Luz D, Marinangeli L, Orofino V, Rodin AV, Roos-Serote MC, Saggin B, Sanchez-Lavega A, Stam DM, Taylor FW, Titov D, Visconti G, Zambelli M, Hueso R, Tsang CCC, W i l s o n C F , A f a n a s e n k o T Z , Scientific goals for the observation of Venus by VIRTIS on ESA/Venus express mission. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 55, pp. 1653-1672, 2007.

Drossart P, Piccioni G, Gerard JC, Lopez-Valverde MA, Sanchez-Lavega A, Zasova L, Hueso R, Taylor FW, Bezard B, Adriani A, Angrilli F, Arnold G, Baines KH, Bellucci G, Benkhoff J, Bibring JP, Blanco A, B£ÊCKA MI, Carlson RW, Coradini A, Di Lellis A, Encrenaz T, Erard S, Fonti S, Formisano V, Fouchet T, Garcia R, Haus R, Helbert J, Ignatiev NI, Irwin P, Langevin Y, Lebonnois S, Luz D, Marinangeli L, Orofino V, Rodin AV, Roos-Serote MC, Saggin B, Stam DM, Titov D, Visconti G, Zambelli M, Tsang C, A dynamic upper atmosphere of Venus as revealed by VIRTIS on Venus Express. Nature, Vol. 450, pp. 641-645, 2007.

Falewicz R, SIARKOWSKI M, On the causes of hard x-ray asymmetry in solar flares. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 461, pp. 285-293, 2007.

Ferrigno C, Segreto A, Santangelo A, Wilms J, Kreykenbohm I, DENIS M, Staubert R, INTEGRAL observation of the accreting pulsar GX 1+4. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 462, pp. 995-U71, 2007.

GBUREK S, Mrozek T, SIARKOWSKI M, SYLWESTER J, Spectroscopic analysis of the solar flare events with the use of RHESSI and RESIK data. Advances in Space Research , doi:10.1016/j.asr. 2007.05.053, 2007.

GBUREK S, SYLWESTER B, SYLWES-TER J, Cycle 23 flare temperatures and emission measures as derived from GOES X-ray data. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Special issue, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.014, 2007.

Grigoryan O, Kudela K, ROTHKAEHL H, Sheveleva V, The electron formations under the radiation belts at L-shells 1.2–1.9. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 41, pp. 81-85, 2008.

GRYGORCZUK J, BANASZKIEWICZ M, SEWERYN K, Spohn T, MUPUS insertion device for the Rosetta mission. Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Vol. 1/2007, pp. 50-53, 2007.

GULYAEVA TL, Configuration of the upper boundary of the ionosphere. Acta Geophysica, Vol. 55, pp. 253-266, 2007.

GULYAEVA TL, Variable coupling between the bottomside and topside thickness of the ionosphere. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 69, pp. 528-536, 2007.

Hathi B, Daniell PM, BANASZKIEWICZ M, Hagermann A, Leese MR, Zarnecki JC, Thermal conductivity instrument for measuring planetary atmospheric pro-perties and data analysis technique. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 87, pp. 585-590, 2007.

Hippler R, Wolfgram M, Glover A, Jansen F, Kokowsky M, Schmieder B, Poedts S, STANIS£AWSKA I, Stelmach J, Kudela K, Reis R, Nakamura R, Denne W, Gausa M, Beck P, Tulunay Y, Rayabov B, Space Weather and Europe – an education tool with the Sun. In: COST 724 Final Report, pp. 417-422, 2007.

Izhovkina NI, Prutensky IS, Pulinets SA, K£OS Z, ROTHKAEHL H, Wave emission during a plasma density jump in

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the auroral zone of the topside ionosphere according to the APEX satellite data. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, Vol. 47, pp. 739-749, 2007.

KACZOROWSKI M, Prel iminary investigations of long lasting non-tidal signals observed by horizontal pendulums and long water tube tiltmeters in Low Silesian Geodynamic Laboratory of PAS in Ksi¹¿. Acta geodynamica et geomaterialia, Vol. 4, No. 4(148), pp. 1-11, 2007.

Kallenbach R., CZECHOWSKI A, Hilchenbach M, Wurz P, Turbulence and Ion Acceleration in the Outer Heliosphere. In: The Physics of the Heliospheric Boundaries, eds. V. Izmodenov, R. Kallenbach, ESA Publication Division, ISSI SR-005, pp. 203-244, 2006.

KÊPA A, SYLWESTER B, SIARKOWSKI M, SYLWESTER J, Differential emission measure distributions in X-ray solar flares. Advances in Space Research, doi:10.1016/ j.asr.2007.05.054, 2007.

Kömle NI, Bing H, Feng WJ, WAW RZASZEK R, Hutter ES, He P., MAR CZEWSKI W, D¥BROWSKI B, Schroer K, Spohn T, Thermal conductivity measurements of road construction materials in frozen and unfrozen state. Acta Geotechnica, Vol. 2, pp. 127-138, 2007.

KRASZEWSKA K, RUTKOWSKA M, Investigation on influence of the number and localization of station on estimation accuracy of the plate motions, Acta geodynamica et geomaterialia, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 1-7, 2007.

KUCHARSKI D, Kirchner G, SCHILLAK S, Cristea E, Spin determination of Lageos-1 from kHz laser observations. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 39, pp. 1576-1581, 2006.

Kuznetsov EA, Savin SP, Amata E, Dunlop M, Khotyaintsev Y, Zelenyi LM, Panov

EV, Buchner J, Romanov SA, B£ÊCKI J, Rauch JL, Nikutowski B. Strong space plasma magnetic barriers and Alfvenic collapse. JETP Letters, Vol. 85, pp. 236-241, 2007.

LEJBA P, SCHILLAK S, Wnuk E, Determination of orbits and SLR stations' coordinates on the basis of laser observations of the satellites Starlette and Stella. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 40, pp. 143-149, 2007.

Lilensten J, Candidi M, Belehaki A, STANIS£AWSKA I, Heyndericks D, Gille P, Amata E, Messerotti M, Jansen F, Tulunay Y, Synthesis of Working group 4 activities. In: COST 724 Final Report, pp. 359-366, 2007.

Lilensten J, Zolesi B, Behaki A, STANIS£AWSKA I, Perlone L, Colla boration among COST actions. Ionosphere and space weather. In: COST 724 Final Report, pp. 409-416, 2007.

Lundstedt H, Windtoft P, STANI-S£AWSKA I, Belehaki A, European space weather forecasting service. In: COST 724 Final Report, pp. 373-378, 2007.

MACEK WM, Multifractality and Intermi-ttency in the Solar Wind. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, Vol. 14, pp. 695-700, 2007.

Mann I, Murad E, CZECHOWSKI A, Nanoparticles in the inner solar system. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 55, pp. 1000-1009, 2007.

Materassi M, WERNIK A, Yordanova E, Determining the verse of magnetic turbulent cascades in the Earth's magneto-spheric cusp via transfer entropy analysis: preliminary results. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, Vol. 14, pp. 153-161, 2007.

Mogilevsky MM, Romantsova TV, HANASZ J, Burinskaya TM, SCHREI-BER R, Ob istochnike avroral'nogo kilo-

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metrovogo izlucheniya. JETP Letters - Pisma v Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol. 86, pp. 819-821, 2007.

Mrozek T, Tomczak M, GBUREK S, Solar impulsive EUV and UV brightenings in flare footpoints and their connection with X-ray emission. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 472, pp. 945-955, 2007.

NASTULA J, Ponte RM, Salstein DA, Comparison of polar motion excitation series derived from GRACE and from analyses of geophysical fluids. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, art. no. L11306, doi:10.1029/2006GL02893, 2007.

NASTULA J, KO£ACZEK B, Spectral Characteristic of Polar Motion in the 2005-2006 and 1999-2000 Winters Seasons. Artificial Satellites, Vol. 42, pp. 1-7, 2007.

NIEDZIELSKI T, A data-based regional scale autoregressive rainfall-runoff model: a study from the Odra River. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, Vol. 21, pp. 649-664, 2007.

NIEDZIELSKI T, KOSEK W, Prediction of UT1–UTC, LOD and AAM x3 by combination of least-squares and multi-variate stochastic methods, Journal of Geodesy, doi:10.1007/s00190-007-0158-9, 2007.

NIEDZIELSKI T, KOSEK W, A required data time span to detect sea level rise. In: TransNav'2007, Advances in Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transpor-tation, ed. A. Weintrit, pp. 367-371, 2007.

NOWAKOWSKI R, BOJANOWSKA M, Storm-time dynamic Alfven layers: Testing electric and magnetic field models. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.08.062, 2007.

OBERC P, Organics-glued dust aggregates in Halley's coma and some implications of

the snow line inward motion for the formation of comets. Icarus, Vol. 186, pp. 303-316, 2007.

Piccioni G, Drossart P, Sanchez-Lavega A, Hueso R, Taylor FW, Wilson CF, Grassi D, Zasova L, Moriconi M, Adriani A, Lebonnois S, Coradini A, Bezard B, Angrilli F, Arnold G, Baines KH, Bellucci G, Benkhoff J, Bibring JP, Blanco A, B£ÊCKA MI, Carlson RW, Di Lellis A, Encrenaz T, Erard S, Fonti S, Formisano V, Fouchet T, Garcia R, Haus R, Helbert J, Ignatiev NI, Irwin PGJ, Langevin Y, Lopez-Valverde MA, Luz D, Marinangeli L, Orofino V, Rodin AV, Roos-Serote MC, Saggin B, Stam DM, Titov D, Visconti G, Zambelli M, South-polar features on Venus similar to those near the North Pole. Nature, Vol. 450, pp. 637-640, 2007.

PIETRZAK R, Wawer P, WAWRZA-SZEK R, GRYGORCZUK J, JUCHNIE-WICZ J, Mankiewicz L, Wrochna G, Mechnical strukture of the Pi of the Sky robotnic telescope. In: Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 6937, 693708, 2007.

ROTHKAEHL H, Bergman JE, Thide B, K£OS Z, Topside HF wave diagnostics on board COMPASS satellite and ground-based LOIS radar facility as a novel tools of ionospheric plasma diagnostics. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2007.05.016, 2007.

ROTHKAEHL H, Kudela K, Bucik R, Grigoryan O, The response of ionospheric plasma to the physical processes in the radiation belt. In: Developing the scientific basis for monitoring, modelling and predicting Space Weather, COST 724 final report, pp. 209-219, 2007.

RZESZÓTKO A, Wavelet transform application for polar motion recon-struction. Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computer Algebra Systems in Teaching and Research,

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eds. L. Radomski, M. Jakubiak, A.N. Prokopenya, pp. 262-271, 2007.

SEWERYN K, BANASZKIEWICZ M, Interception of free-rotating satellite: an autonomous rendezvous scenario. Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Vol. 1/2007, pp. 59-62, 2007.

Spohn T, Seiferlin K, Hagermann A, Knol-lenberg J, Ball AJ, BANASZKIEWICZ M, Benkhoff J, GADOMSKI S, Gregorczyk W, GRYGORCZUK J, HLOND M, Kargl G, Kuhrt E, Komle N, KRASOWSKI J, MARCZEWSKI W, Zarnecki JC, MUPUS - A thermal and mechanical properties probe for the Rosetta Lander Philae. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 128, pp. 339-362, 2007.

STRUMIK M, MACEK WM, Influence of Dynamic Noise on Times Series Generated by Nonlinear Maps. Physica D. doi:10. 1016/j.physd.2007.10.002, 2007.

SYLWESTER B, SYLWESTER J, X-ray study of compact flare kernels. Central European Astrophysical Bulletin, Vol. 31, pp. 77-86, 2007.

SYLWESTER B, SYLWESTER J, Phillips KJH, Landi E, He-like Ar XVII triplet observed by RESIK. Advances in Space Research, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.04.060, 2007.

SYLWESTER J, SYLWESTER B, Imba-lance of forces in the corona, Central Euro-pean Astrophysical Bulletin, Vol. 31, pp. 229-243, 2007.

SYLWESTER J, SYLWESTER B, Landi E, Phillips KJH, Kuznetsov VD, Determi-nation of K, Ar, Cl, S, Si and Al flare abundances from RESIK soft X-ray spectra. Advances in Space Research, doi:10.1016/ j.asr.2007.05.060, 2007.

STANIS£AWSKA I, Belehaki A, The state of the art in space weather observational activities and data management in Europe. In: COST 724 Final Report, pp. 423-430, 2007.

SZCZEPANIAK A, MACEK WM, Unsta-ble Manifolds for Hyperchaotic Roessler System, Physics Letters A, doi:10.1016/ j.physleta.2007.12.009, 2007.

SZCZEPANIAK A, MACEK WM, Stabi-lity of the Lorenz and Rössler system using Hurwitz and Routh methods. Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Computer Algebra Systems in Teaching and Research, 2007.

Trichtchenko L, Zhukov A, van der Linden R, Stankov SM, Jakowski N, STANI-S£AWSKA I, JUCHNIKOWSKI G, Wilkinson P, Patterson G, Thomson AWP, November 2004 space weather events: Real-time observations and forecasts. Space Weather, Vol. 5, Issue 6, ID S06001, 2007.

WAWRZASZEK R, BANASZKIEWICZ M, Control and Reconfiguration of satellite formations by electromagnetic forces. Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology. Vol. 1/2007, pp. 54-58, 2007.

Webb GM, Zank GP, Kaghashvili EK, RATKIEWICZ RE, MHD act ion principles and wave interactions in non-uniform flows. AIP Conference Procee-dings of the IGPP-UCR 6th International Astrophysics Conference: Turbulence and nonlinear Processes in Astrophysical Plasmas, pp. 400-405, 2007.

WERNIK AW, Alfonsi L, Materassi M. Scintillation modeling using in situ data. Radio Science, Vol. 42, art. no. RS1002, 2007.

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Articles, referee reports, monographs,

reviews in international and national publications:

BRZEZIÑSKI A, Diurnal and semidiurnal signals in polar motion and UT1: comparison of space-geodetic observations with geophysical models. Supplement to EOS Transactions, AGU Fall Meeting 2007, Vol. 88, G42A-07, 2007.

BRZEZIÑSKI A, A. KORBACZ, M. Thomas, Geophysical excitation of the free core nutation: comparison of results from two different models of the atmospheric and oceanic angular momenta. Geophysical Research Abstracts EGU, Vol. 9, 09875, 2007.

HANASZ J, SCHREIBER R, Pickett J, de Feraudy H, Obserwations of Pulsating Auroral Kilometric Radiation and its Possible Sti,mulation by Pc1 Pulsations. Supplement to EOS Transactions, AGU Fall Meeting 2007, Vol. 88, SM51A-0270, 2007.

GURGUREWICZ J, Kostylew J, Basaltic Martian analogues from the Baikal Rift Zone and Mongolian terranes. European Planetary Science Congress 2007, EPSC 2007-A-00260, 2007.

KALARUS M, KOSEK W, Schuh H, Current Results of the Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Campaign. Geophysical Research Ab-stracts EGU, Vol. 9, 02779, 2007.

K£OS Z, Technologiczny matrix. Fabryka Wiedzy, No. 1(3), pp. 9-13, 2007.

K£OS Z, STANIS£AWSKA I, Zwi¹zki S³oñce-Zemia i ich wp³yw na kszta³towanie siê pogody kosmicznej. In: Aktualne i perspektywiczne problemy nauk o Ziemi i Nauk Górniczych, Polska Akademia Nauk, pp. 21-42, 2007.

K£OS Z, ZIELIÑSKI JB, Program badañ Europejskiej Agencji Kosmicznej i wspó³-

praca z Polsk¹. Kosmos, Vol. 55, pp. 399-404, 2006.

KORBACZ A, Estimation of the atmospheric and oceanic contributions to the Earth's polar motion and nutation. Proceedings of the 7 International Congress SHP, pp. 99-102, 2007.

KORBACZ A, BRZEZIÑSKI A, Thomas M, Atmospheric and nontidal oceanic excitation of polar motion estimated from the output of the models ERA-40 and OMCT, Geophysical Research Abstracts EGU, Vol. 9, 09625, 2007.

KOTARSKI A, Space Traffic Management System for Futuere Space Transportation. Postêpy Astronautyki, Vol. 30, pp. 178-188, 2007.

KOTARSKI A, Kosmiczna Spedycja. Wiedza i ̄ ycie, Numer specjalny: Kosmos, 3/2007, pp. 28-31, 2007.

Krankowski A, ROTHKAEHL H, STA-NIS£AWSKA I, B£ÊCKI J, Parrot M, Berthelier J-J, Lebreton J-P, Simultaneously detecting of signature of main ionospheric trough by GNSS and in situ waves measurements during strong geomagnetic disturbances. Geophysical Research Abstracts EGU, Vol. 9, 04921, 2007.

Luzum B, Wooden W, McCarthy D, Schuh H, KOSEK W, KALARUS M, Ensemble Prediction for Earth Orientation Parame-ters. Geophysical Research Abstracts EGU, Vol. 9, 04315, 2007.

MARCZEWSKI W, SWEX-gleba, woda i wymiana energii w naturalym œrodowisku glebowym na Ziemi. In: Kalejdoskop nauki 2007, Partners Polska, p. 5, Warszawa 2007.

ORLEAÑSKI P, Opracowanie serii zasilaczy dla zastosowañ satelitarnych. In: Kalejdoskop nauki 2007, Partners Polska, p. 42, Warszawa 2007.

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Panchenko M, SCHREIBER R, HANASZ J, Mogilevsky MM, Rucker HO, Deter-mination of source location of the Auroral Kilometric Radiation using two-spacecraft observations. European Planetary Science Congress Abstracts, Vol. 2, EPSC2007-A-00121, 2007.

RICKMAN H, Piskunov N, Lypa W, Regandell S, Valsecchi GB, Ice migration in the early solar system: From Jupiter to the Earth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 71, pp. A841-A841 Suppl. S, 2007.

ROTHKAEHL H, Krankowski A, B£Ê-CKI J, Parrot M, Berthelier J-J, Lebreton J-P, Dynamic and fine structure of main ionospheric trough-unique boundary layer, recent new in situ measurements and GNSS diagnostics, Geophysical Research Ab-stracts EGU, Vol. 9, 07146, 2007

SEWERYN K, Florczuk W, Kindracki J, Wolañski P, Obliczenia Numeryczne Lotu Rakiety. Postêpy Astronautyki, Vol. 30, pp. 133-145, 2007.

SYLWESTER J, Okreœlanie sk³adu chemicznego gor¹cej plazmy. In: Kalejdo-skop Nauki 2007, Partners Polska, p. 4, Warszawa 2007.

SYLWESTER J, Our Unsteady Sun. Academia, No. 3 (15), pp. 4-7, 2007, (also in Polish: Niesta³e S³oñce, Academia, No. 3(11), pp. 4-7, 2007).

SYLWESTER J, The COSPAR Commu-nity – Janusz Sylwester, bibliography note. COSPAR's Information Bulletin, No. 169, p. 38, 2007.

STANIS£AWSKA I, Ernst T, Pogoda kosmiczna w ¿yciu codziennym. In: Cywi-lizacja i ¿ywio³y, Monografie Instytutu Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej, pp. 213-222, 2007.

Webb GM, Ko CM, RATKIEWICZ RE, Zank GP, The Lagrangian Map and Lie Symmetries in MHD and Gas Dynamics.

Supplement to EOS Transactions AGU 2007 Fall Meeting, Vol. 88, No. 52, 2007.

ZIELIÑSKI JB, My Personal Consequences of the 1st Sputnik. In: 50 Year of Space Age, Moscow 2007.

ZIO£KOWSKI K, Niekoñcz¹ca siê opo-wieœæ. Dobry Magazyn, czêœæ 1: Gdzie wzrok nie siêga, No. 1(28), pp. 22-23, czêœæ 2: Wielki Wybuch, No. 2(29), pp. 26-27, czêœæ 3: Narodziny, ¿ycie i œmieræ gwiazdy, No. 3(30), pp. 14-15, 2007.

ZIO£KOWSKI K, Nawigacja miêdzy-planetarna. Wiedza i ¯ycie, Numer spe-cjalny: Kosmos, 3/2007, pp. 66-69, 2007.

ZIO£KOWSKI K, Micha³ Kamieñski (1879-1973). Urania-Postêpy Astronomii, Vol. LXXVIII, pp. 268-271, 2007.

ZIO£KOWSKI K, 50 Years in Space. Aca-demia, No. 4(16), pp. 8-11, 2007 (also in Po-lish: 50 lat w kosmosie, Academia, No. 4(12), 2007).

Papers in press or submitted for

publication:

Bradley PA, STANIS£AWSKA I, JUCHNIKOWSKI G, Options for map-ping foF2. Advances in Space Resesearch.

BRZEZIÑSKI A, On the influence of diurnal atmospheric tides on Earth rotation, Proceedings of the Conference "Journées 2007, Systèmes de Référence Spatio-Temporels".

BZOWSKI M, Möbius E, TARNO-POLSKI S, Izmodenov V, Gloeckler G, Density of neutral interstellar hydrogen at the termination shock from Ulysses pickup ion observations, Astronomy & Astro-physics.

CZECHOWSKI A, Hilchenbach M, Hsieh KC, Kota J, Comparing the ENA data to Voyager 1 ion measurements in the heliosheath: the puzzle of the H/He ratio. ICRC Proceedings.

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Dzifcakova E, Kulinova A, Chifor C, Mason HE, Del Zanna G, SYLWESTER J, SYLWESTER B, Nonthermal and thermal diagnostics of a solar flare observed with RESIK and RHESSI. Astronomy & Astrophysics.

Falewicz R, Rudawy P, SIARKOWSKI M, Interaction Between Non-thermal Ele-ctrons and Plasma In the Chromosphere and Transition Region During Solar Flares. Energetic Balance of Solar Flares. Annales Geophysicae.

GULYAEVA TL, STANIS£AWSKA I, Differential planetary index of ionospheric activity deduced from GPS-TEC IONEX . Geophysical Research Letters.

GULYAEVA TL, STANIS£WSKA I, Tomasik M. Ionospheric weather: Cloning missed foF2 observations for derivation of variability index. Annales Geophysicae.

Hilchenbach M, Kallenbach R, CZECHO-WSKI A, Hsieh KC, Energetic neutral atom observations and their omplications on modeling the heliosheath. ICRC Procee-dings.

KALARUS M, KOSEK W, Schuh H, Current results of the Earth Orientation Parameters Prediction Comparison Cam-paign. Proceedings of the Conference "Journées 2007, Systèmes de Référence Spatio-Temporels".

Kierulf HP, Plag HP, Bingley RM, Teferle N, Demir C, Cingoz A, Yildiz H, Garate J, Davila JM, Silva CG, ZDUNEK R, JAWORSKI L, Martinez-Benjamin JJ, Orus P, Aragon A, Comparison of GPS analysis strategies for high-accuracy vertical land motion. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth.

KORBACZ A, BRZEZIÑSKI A, Thomas M, Geophysical excitation of LOD/UT1 estimated from the output of the models ERA-40 and OMCT. Proceedings of the

Conference "Journées 2007, Systèmes de Référence Spatio-Temporels".

KOSEK W, KALARUS M, NIEDZIELSKI T, Forecasting of the Earth orientation parameters – comparison of different algorithms. Proceedings of the Conference "Journées 2007, Systèmes de Référence Spatio-Temporels".

Kossacki KJ, SZUTOWICZ S, Comet 9P/Tempel 1: sublimation beneath the dust cover. Icarus.

Laštovièka J, STANIS£AWSKA I, COST 296 WG-1 “Ionospheric monitoring and modelling”, Advances in Space Research.

MACEK WM, SZCZEPANIAK A, Gene-ralized Two-Scale Weighted Cantor Set Model for Solar Wind Turbulence. Geo-physical Research Letters.

Nakagawa H, BZOWSKI M, Yamazaki A, Fukunishi H, Watanabe S, Takahashi Y, Taguchi M, Yoshikawa I, Shiomi K, Nakamura M, UV optical measurements of the Nozomi spacecraft comparing with two-component LIC-flow model. Astrono-my & Astrophysics.

NASTULA J, Salstein DA, KO£ACZEK B, Comparison of hydrological and GRACE-based excitation functions of polar motion in the seasonal spectral band, Proceedings of the Conference "Journées 2007, Systèmes de Référence Spatio-Temporels".

NIEDZIELSKI T, KOSEK W, Forecasting irregular variations caused by ENSO in LOD and UT1-UTC time series. Procee-dings of the Conference "Journées 2007, Systèmes de Référence Spatio-Temporels".

Pryor W, P. Gangopadhyay, B. Sandel, T. Forrester, E. Quemerais, E. Möbius, L. Esposito, I. Stewart, W. McClintock, A. Jouchoux, J. Colwell, V. Izmodenov, Y. Malama, K. Tobiska, D. Shemansky, J. Ajello, C. Hansen, M. BZOWSKI, Radia-

40

tion transport of heliospheric Lyman- from combined Cassini and Voyager data sets. Astronomy & Astrophysics.

RATKIEWICZ R, Ben-Jaffel L, GRY-GORCZUK J, What do we know about the orientation of the Local Interstellar Magnetic Field? Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Numerical Modeling of Space Plasma Flows ASTRONUM-2007.

RZESZÓTKO A, KOSEK W, Popiñski W, The influence of variable amplitudes and phases of the most energetic oscillations in the EOP on their prediction errors. Proceedings of the Conference "Journées 2007, Systèmes de Référence Spatio-Temporels".

SIARKOWSKI M, R. Falewicz, A. KÊPA, P. Rudawy, Diagnostic of Temperature and Differential Emission Measure (DEM) based on Hinode/XRT data. Annales Geophysicae.

SKIRGIE££O M, Long-lasting differences between the eastern and western CME populations. Astrophysical Journal.

STRUMIK M, MACEK WM, Testing for Markovian Charakter and Modeling of Intermittency in Solar Wind Turbulence. Physical Reveiew E.

SYLWESTER B, SYLWESTER J, Phillips KJH, X-ray studies of flaring plasma. Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy.

SYLWESTER J, Kuzin S, Kotov YD, Farnik F, Reale F, SphinX: a Fast Soft X-ray Spectrophotometer for the CORONAS Solar Mission. Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy.

ŒWI¥TEK A. Ionospheric trough in GPS signal. Acta Geophysica.

TARNOPOLSKI S, BZOWSKI M, Neutral interstellar hydrogen in the inner heliosphere under influence of wavelength-

dependent solar radiation pressure. Astro-nomy & Astrophysics.

Treumann R, K£OS Z, Parrot M, Physics of atmospheric electric discharges: an informal introduction. Space Science Reviews.

WOLKENBERG P, JUREWICZ A, For-misano V, Retrieval of atmospheric temperatures on Mars. Journal of Quan-titative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer.

ZIELIÑSKI JB, Ga³¹zka RR, Peron R, Possible detection of the speed of the gravity signal with help of gradiometers on the GNSS orbit and higher. ESA Conference Proceedings.

Invited papers delivered at the international science conferences and

meetings:

BANASZKIEWICZ M, The solar system - planetary research. International Work-shop on Astrophysics and Space Research, Serock near Warsaw, 27-30 June 2007.

BANASZKIEWICZ M, Cosmic Vision and Space Research in Poland. International WISER Alfvén Workshop on Space Environment Turbulence, 17-21 September 2007, Warsaw, Poland.

BANASZKIEWICZ M, D¥BROWSKI B, GRYGORCZUK J, SEWERYN K, WA-WRZASZEK R, Subsurface probing of pla-netary bodies. International Conference “Space Science and the Problems of XXI Century”, Moscow, Russia, 2-5 October 2007.

B£ÊCKI J, Savin S, Parrot M, WRONO-WSKI R, The low frequency plasma waves in the polar cusp associated with strong fluxes of the energetic particles. Inter-national WISER Alfvén Workshop on Space Environment Turbulence, 17-21 September 2007, Warsaw, Poland.

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B£ÊCKI J, Savin S, Klimov S, KOSSACKI K, WRONOWSKI R, Plasma waves observed in the active regions of the Earth's magnetosphere by Polish - Russian instru-ments in the frame of the international program STEP. International Conference “Space Science and the Problems of XXI Century”, Moscow, Russia, 2-5 October 2007.

BRZEZIÑSKI A, Diurnal and semidiurnal signals in polar motion and UT1: com-parison of space-geodetic observations with geophysical models. American Geophysical Union Joint Assembly 2007, Acapulco, Mexico, 22-25 May 2007.

BZOWSKI M, Need for precision modeling in interpretation of in situ measurements of neutral interstellar H atoms and pickup ions in the inner heliosphere. International Heliophysics Year Conference “The Sun, the Heliosphere, and the Earth”, Bad Honnef, Germany, 14 –18 May 2007.

BZOWSKI M, Möbius E, TARNO-POLSKI S, Izmodenow V, Gloeckler G, Ulysses observations of pickup ions and their interpretation. ISSI Workshop “From the outer heliosphere to the Local Bubble: comparison of new observations with theory”, Bern, Switzerland, 15–20 paŸ-dziernika 2007.

CZECHOWSKI A, Dust dynamice and the Lorentz force. ISSI Workshop “Dust-Plasma Interactions:Observations in the Interplanetary Medium and in the Environ-ment of Solar System Objects”, Bern, Switzerland, 7-11 May 2007.

KACZOROWSKI M, Long water-tube tiltmeter in Geodynamic Laboratory in Ksiaz, Poland. European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 15 – 20 April 2007.

K£OS Z, MilSatCom-Polish Space Activity Perspective. Next Generation MILSA-TCOM Workshop - Technology Day at EDA, Brussels, 3 April 2007.

K£OS Z, RYZENKO J, Spatial Innovation for Civil Crisis Management. Altran Innovative Conference, Brussels, 4-6 Febru-ary 2007.

MACEK WM, Multifractal Models for Solar Wind Turbulence, International WISER Alfvén Workshop on Space Environment Turbulence, 17-21 September 2007, Warsaw, Poland.

MACEK WM, Chaos and Multifractals in the Solar Wind, International Conference on World Space Environmental Forum (WSEF 2007), 20-25 October 2007, Ale-xandria, Egypt.

ORLEAÑSKI PW, Nost-effective space in-strumentation in Space Research Centre of the PAS, UN/Russian Federation/ European Space Agency Workshop on the Use of Micro-Satellite Technologies for Environmental Monitoring and Impact to Human Health, Kaluga, Russia, 3-7 Sep-tember 2007.

Savin S, B£ÊCKI J, et al., Alfvenic collapse and plasma jets: impacts on the Sun-Earth connections. International WISER Alfvén Workshop on Space Environment Turbulence, 17-21 September 2007, War-saw, Poland.

STRUMIK M, MACEK WM, Markovian Modeling of Intermittent Solar Wind Turbulence. International WISER Alfvén Workshop on Space Environment Turbu-lence, 17-21 September 2007, Warsaw, Po-land.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Staff

At the end of 2007 the Space Research Centre employed 123 persons of whom 13 professors, 16 habilitated doctors and 18 PhD research associates. Jan HANASZ received professor title from the President of the Polish Republic, and 2 persons (R. GABRYSZEWSKI and M. KALARUS) were awarded with PhD degree.

Finances

The major source of financing of the Space Research Centre comes from the state budget (ca. 75%). The SRC budget in 2007 was 12370 thousand PLN. The budget structure was following: basic allocation – 48.2%, national grants – 26.3% , EU grants – 12.6%, contracts (national and international) – 9.1%, other sources – 3.8%.

Grants and Contracts

In the Space Research Centre 38 grants (31 national and 7 international) and 40 contracts (13 national and 27 international) were carried out in 2007.

International cooperation

In 2007 the Space Research Centre was involved in cooperative projects and grants with 33 organizations from 15 countries, and 3 new agreements on international cooperation were signed. In 2007 SRC organized 10 international conferences, meetings and workshops; they gathered ca. 550 participants from abroad. During the report year the SRC scientists made 264 trips to abroad.

Educational and promotional activity

The number of students registered at 2007 in the Doctoral Studies carried out in the Space Research Centre was 21, and 3 students (K. KRASZEWSKA, M.WACHOWICZ, P.WOLKENBERG) were awarded with PhD degree. SRC cooperates with universities and higher schools in student training (e.g. academic lectures by 3 SRC scientists in 2007) and makes its laboratories available for their practice and graduation works (e.g. 8 students worked on their graduation thesis in 2007). SRC participated in the 11th Science Picnic in Warsaw (June 2007) and in the XI Science Festival in Warsaw (September 2007) and in similar events in Wroc³aw, Poznañ, Wa³brzych, etc. Participation in European project SWEETS (Space Weather and Europe – an Educational Tool with the Sun) gives possibility to present in Warsaw and Zielona Góra mobile exhibition of space weather. SRC was co-organizer of Polish Edition of the Europlanet Competition “2007 – a very 'spatial' year”.

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