Space ExplorationSpace ExplorationLogistics WorkshopLogistics Workshop

Prof. Olivier L. de Weckdeweck@mit.edu

Prof. David Simchi-Levi (MIT), Dr. RobertShishko (JPL), Andy Evans (USA), Joe

Parrish (PSI)

January 17, 2006Washington, D.C.

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures

Inte

rpla

neta

ry S

upp

ly

Chain Management & Log

istics A

rchite

cture

s

2005-2007

MIT

JPLUSA

PSI

Project OverviewProject Overview

Advanced Studies, Concepts and TechnologyProject Phase 1: April 27, 2005-April 30, 2006Sponsor: NASA ESMD (ESR&T)COTR: Dr. Martin Steele, NASA

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 2

Previous Space Exploration Paradigms

• Apollo Program– 6 Lunar Surface Missions

(1969-1972)– Each Mission self-

contained (no spacelogistics network)

– Carry-along allconsumables & supplies

• “backpack model”– Optimized for short-term

lunar stays ~ 3 days

• Space Shuttle & ISS– Shuttle Operations 1981-– ISS is a single facility at

LEO node (since 2000)– Logistics based on regular

re-supply• Shuttle• Progress/Soyuz• Planned: ATV, HTV

– Actual up and down masscapacity currently differentthan planned

“Carry-Along” “Scheduled Resupply”

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 3

Simple Graphs

Apollo

11 12 14 15 16 17

KSC

ISS

RSA KSC

ISS VSE LOPS1 S2

LLO

RSA ESA JAX KSC

MRSISS

LEO

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 4

The sustainable system is this …

PolicyExploration Value Delivery System

Scientific-Economic-Security

Exploration System

Flight Systems

Ground Systems

Implementing and

Building Training andSkill Development

Maintainingand

Supplying

Exploration Enterprise

Hardware Software

Humans

Hardware Software

Humans

Exploration Value Delivery SystemScientific-Economic-Security

Exploration System

Flight Systems

Ground Systems

Implementing and

Building Training andSkill Development

Maintainingand

Supplying

Exploration Enterprise

Hardware Software

Humans

Hardware Software

HumansCEV

Money

DeliveredValue

Risk

Sustainable Space Exploration

Consider Interplanetary Exploration as a Supply Chain Problem !

Not this

Crew ExplorationVehicle

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 5

What is an Interplanetary Supply Chain?

Network of material and informationflows to enable human/robotic spaceexploration: - nodes, arcs, elements (vehicles/modules)- crew, cargo - probabilistic supply/demand - pre-positioning, carry-along, re-supply - effects of ISRU - use of orbital & surface depots

Three domains:-Terrestrial-In-Space-Planetary Surfaces

Source

Sinks

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 6

Why is designing the ISCM challenging?• Three domains

– Earth, In-Space, Planetary Surfaces• Network characteristics

– Tradeoff between time-of-flight and mass (DV)– Time-varying arcs (mild for Moon, strong for Mars)– Discrete nature of mass flows/chunking of cargo– “small quantity logistics” (< 5 missions/year)– consumption rates uncertain, spares demand uncertain

• Multiple Levels of Nesting– Stacks– Elements (Modules)– Carriers– Cargo (Crew & Supplies)

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 7

Nomenclature Challenge• Pocket• Container• Carrier• Module• Segment• Compartment• Element• Pallet• Assembly• Facility*• Node• Vehicle

• Item• Drawer• Kit• Locker• Unit• Rack• Lab• Platform• MPLM• Payload Bay• Fairing

• Component• Subsystem• System• SRU• LRU• ORU• CTB• M-01• M-02• M-03

* In-Space Facility (e.g., the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF)

Source: Martin Steele

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 8

Project GoalsTo help create a new discipline and field of studyTo help create a new discipline and field of studycalled called ““Interplanetary Supply Chain ManagementInterplanetary Supply Chain Management””as a critical enabler for sustainable spaceas a critical enabler for sustainable spaceexplorationexploration

1.1. By By developing an integrated capability for guiding thedeveloping an integrated capability for guiding thedevelopment of the interplanetary supply chaindevelopment of the interplanetary supply chain(nomenclature, methods & models, software tools, trade(nomenclature, methods & models, software tools, tradestudies)studies)

1.1. By By building of a community and the education ofbuilding of a community and the education ofprofessionals skilled in the art and science of spaceprofessionals skilled in the art and science of spacelogistics.logistics.(workshop, executive course, web forum, course(workshop, executive course, web forum, coursematerials)materials)

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 9

Impact•• Network LevelNetwork Level

– Help optimize crew & cargo flows for ISS/Moon/Mars campaignsbased on technical/economic Measures of Effectiveness (MOE)

– Provide quantitative analysis to help develop ExplorationSystems Supportability Strategy

•• Operational LevelOperational Level– Conceptualize information architecture for element, cargo asset

and crew tracking– Suggest opportunities for commercial space logistics providers:

help size market, example: fuel depot in LEO•• Element LevelElement Level

– Provide design recommendations for CEV (stowage, cargocapacity, internal arrangements) and CLV, HLLV

– Quantify effects of parts commonality and reconfigurability onsparing requirements and functional availability of elements

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 10

Project Development Approach

Project ManagementWBS 1.0

WBS 2.0Terrestrial

Supply Chain

Analogies

WBS 3.0Space LogisticsNetwork Model

WBS 4.0Exploration Supply& Demand Models

WBS 5.0InterplanetarySCM Trade

Studies

WBS 6.0Public

Education &Outreach

+

Civilian

Military

Space

Phase IDeliverables

Year 1

Phase IIDeliverables

Year 2

ReportHMP 2005

a-prototype softwareSpaceNet I

Space Logisticsevaluation of

11 CE&R architecturesand ESAS Architecture

Space LogisticsWorkshop I

SCM Short Course

b-version software =integrated space logisticsmodeling & simulation tool

SpaceNet II

In-depth tradestudy results

Workshop IIMIT OCW course

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 11

HMP 2005HMP 2005

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 12

HMP Expedition 2005

1. “Complete” Inventory of Research Base2. Transportation Network Analysis3. RFID Experiments (Agent and Asset Tracking)4. EVA Logistics (m logistics around camp)

- 56 researchers on site- 683 crew days total- 2300 items inventoried- over 400 items tagged-8 EVA’s observed

Cumulative Cargo Flow HMP 2005

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

0 2 4 6 810

12

14

16

18

19

21

23

25

27

Flight Number (according to log)

Ca

rgo

/Cre

w M

as

s [

lbs

]

cum in

cum out

cum at HMP

Comparison by Supply Class

(Full Data Set)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Propellants and Fuels

2. Crew Provisions

3. Crew Operations

4. Maintenance and Upkeep

5. Stowage and Restraint

6. Exploration and Research

7. Waste and Waste Disposal

8. Habitation and Infrastruc ture

9. Transportation and Carriers

10. Miscellaneous

Thousands

Total [kg]

Lunar Long Lunar Short .HMP Est HMP Ac tuals

Inventory:20,717 kg

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 13

Processes and Objects of Exploration

MediumLength

Missions(14-180 days)

ShortMissions

(< 14 days)

Long TermMissions

(>180 days)

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 14

Terrestrial Simulation/Optimization Tool: LogicNet

supply chain design: placewarehouses, consider potential w/hand manufacturing plants optimally,given customer distribution

supply chain analysis: estimatetransportation costs, availability, shippingtimes, inventory levels…

Can we create a similarly sophisticated planning environment for space logistics ?

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 15

• Initial Condition: Spacecraft Starts at LEO, Final Condition: LOI• Can find a family of trajectories with different ΔV and flight time• Time dependency severe for Mars (26 month launch windows)• Developed concept of Time-Expanded Networks for Space Logistics

-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Units (Earth-Moon Distance)

Units (Earth-Moon Distance)

LEO - LLO1 Trajectory

Moon

Earth

EM-L1

3.3 3.35 3.4 3.45 3.5 3.55 3.6 3.65 3.7 3.75 3.8830

835

840

845

850

855

860

865

870

tf (Days)

!V at LLO (m/sec)

! V at LLO vs. Time of Flight

ΔV @ LEO around 3100 m/s

Time Dependency: LEO - LLO

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 16

SpaceNet Block Diagram (simplified)

User InputGUI

•Physical Nodes

•Astrodynamics

•Element Data

•Crew Data

•Supply/ Demand Data

• Scenario Data

Scenario Simulation

NetworkOptimization

Model

Supply/DemandModels

SimulationVisualization

Batch Mode NEXioM I/F SCMMoEs Tradespace

Visualization

CostModelIntegrated Database

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 17

SpaceNet Visualization

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 18

Accomplishments to date• Completed MIT HMP 2005 Expedition

– Gained real data and insights from field observation– Final report issued

• Space Logistics Lessons Learned– Extracted over 300 logistics lessons learned from past programs– Distilled down to top 7

• Network Modeling– Identified Time-Expanded Networks as key modeling concept

• Developed Integrated Space Logistics relational database– Based on functional Classes-of-Supply (COS)– Benchmarked against ISS & other organizations

• SpaceNet– Alpha prototype of space logistics discrete event network simulator– Provides visualization and output to assess Measures of

Effectiveness (MOE) and Exploration Operations Cost Model input

Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architectures 19

Current/Future Work• Further Develop Simulation Capability (SpaceNet)

– Create a range of scenarios (ESAS focused)– “What-If” Trade Space Analyses

• Implement Logistics MOEs• Demonstrate Optimization Capability

– Network Optimization, Bin Packing, Launch Scheduling, StackFormation working together

• Examine what are the key logistics strategies for NASA– Pre-positioning (where, what, how much?)– Carry-along, On-demand re-supply– Caching (orbital buffers/supplies – where, what, how much?)