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Importance of Instruction
“When educators do succeed at educating poor, minority, and at-
risk students up to national standards, they invariably use instructional methods that are radically different and more
intensive than those employed in most American public schools.” (Paul Tough, “What it Takes to Make a Student,” New York
Times Magazine, 2006)
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10 Instructional Strategies to
Engage Students
Handout on Conference Website
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Scott Warren Current
Director of State Initiatives for HSTW
Former Math Teacher/PE Teacher/Coach Assistant Principal/Principal Band Booster Club President
What I believe Adapt, don’t adopt Something you can use
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This Session
Ten strategies you can take and use tomorrow with little extra planning
My added twist to focus on boys Focus on academic vocabulary in all
content areas Quick overview of each one Full handout on the SREB Conference
website 1 Bonus Strategy at the end Focus on Marzano’s Strategies
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Four Types of Engagement
Engaging students: 1.1. Intellectual Intellectual engagementengagement
- engaging in active problem solving, logic, and meta-cognitive strategies
2.2. EmotionalEmotional engagement engagement- interest, enjoyment, and choice
3.3. BehavioralBehavioral engagement engagement- behaviors, habits and rituals
4.4. SocialSocial engagement engagement - attachment to school and community
5
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Intellectually – I CAN
Engaging schools promote student’s confidence in their ability to learn and succeed in school by providing challenging instruction and support for meeting high standards.
Committee on Increasing High School Students’ Engagement and Motivation to Learn, 2004.
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High-performing, high-poverty schools organize instruction around a “short feedback loop of formative assessment, and further adapted instruction.” A number of studies (Chenoweth, CPE/Caliber Associates, Marzano) cite this type of feedback-based instruction as having a profound impact on student achievement.
The Turnaround Challenge, Mass Insight, 2007
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Intellectual EngagementIntellectual EngagementSurvey ItemsSurvey Items
1. Students have used knowledge and skills from different courses to complete assignments weekly.
2. They have used math in other classes than mathematics weekly.
3. They have used computer skills or programs weekly.
4. They have used the internet to retrieve information for a project or report weekly.
5. Their teachers often clearly indicated the amount and quality of work necessary to earn a grade of A or B at the beginning of a project or unit.
6. Most of their teachers often encourage them to do well in school.
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Intellectual EngagementIntellectual EngagementSurvey ItemsSurvey Items
7. They read an assigned book outside of English class and demonstrated understanding of the significance of the main ideas at least monthly.
8. They analyzed works of literature in English class at least monthly.
9. They used graphs, charts and diagrams to interpret and explain scientific phenomena at least monthly.
10.They used formulas and equations to solve questions in science at least monthly.
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Intellectual EngagementIntellectual Engagement
235239
236
252 252 252
264 262 263
Reading Mathematics Science
Low (23%) Moderate (35%) High (34%)
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A key element of dropout prevention and college readiness is to improve
teaching and learning to make schools more relevant and engaging and
enhance the connection between school and work. Four out of five high school dropouts said there should be more
opportunities for real-world learning.
(The Silent Epidemic: Perspectives of High School Dropouts, Civic Enterprises, 2006)
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Emotionally – I WANT TO
“Even if students believe they can do the work, they won’t put forth the effort unless they see some reason to do so.”
National Research Council, 2007
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Multiple Studies Have Shown:
Engagement in schoolwork involves both behaviors
(persistence, effort, attention) and emotions (enthusiasm, interest,
pride).
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14
What Science Topics Would You What Science Topics Would You Like to Learn About?Like to Learn About?
BoysBoys
1.1. Explosive chemicalsExplosive chemicals2.2. How it feels to be How it feels to be
weightless in spaceweightless in space3.3. How the atomic bomb How the atomic bomb
functionsfunctions4.4. Biological and chemical Biological and chemical
weapons and what they weapons and what they do to the human bodydo to the human body
5.5. Black holes, supernovae Black holes, supernovae and other spectacular and other spectacular objects in spaceobjects in space
GirlsGirls
1.1. Why we dream when we Why we dream when we are sleeping and what the are sleeping and what the dreams may meandreams may mean
2.2. Cancer, what we know Cancer, what we know and how we can treat itand how we can treat it
3.3. How best to perform first-How best to perform first-aid and use basic medical aid and use basic medical equipmentequipment
4.4. How to exercise to keep How to exercise to keep the body fit and strongthe body fit and strong
5.5. Sexually transmitted Sexually transmitted diseases and how to be diseases and how to be protected against themprotected against them
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Emotional EngagementEmotional Engagement
244 245 244
253 252 252
261 260 261
Reading Mathematics Science
Low (32%) Moderate (40%) High (23%)
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Behaviorally – I HAVE HABITS
Habits of Success Classroom procedures/processes I display behaviors that have a positive impact on my
learning Note-taking Completing homework Attendance Organization Goal setting
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Behavioral EngagementBehavioral Engagement
Source: HSTW Assessment, 2008
239242 241
255 253 254
264 262 262
Reading Mathematics Science
Low (30%) Moderate (42%) High (22%)
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Frayer Model / Concept Cards
Strategy #1
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Frayer Model
Definition Characteristics
Examples Non-Examples
Term
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Process
Foldable Activity Give specific term (or terms for jigsaw) Assign reading Have students or groups complete their
model diagram for term (s) Teach others
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Definition
An animal that at some point in its life
has dorsal nerve cord
Characteristics
Backbone
Endoskeleton (that grows) to support
weight
Examples
Humans
Fish
Mammals
Non-Examples
Jellyfish
Sponges
Flatworms
Chordates
Sample - Biology
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Two Strategies Aimed at Boys
Taking advantage of their desire for competition
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2. ReQuest – Using a Student’s Desire to Prove you WRONG
Requires teachers to model reading and be willing to have students prove them wrong
Works well with science, health, social studies and technical materials
Students and teachers both read a portion of text
Teacher closes book and students ask questions
When students run out of question or time limit is met, students close their book and teacher asks questions
May alternate process for future text Ideal way for administrators to model reading!
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3. Interactive CLOZE
Looks like fill-in-the-blank with students anticipating answers.
Another method of prediction. Useful for reading , video, and lecture
situations (i.e. Church, Staff Development)
One word blanks Key points
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Math Examples
A ______ is a relationship in which only one value of the dependent _____ for each value of the _____ variable exists.
In mathematics, you can use an _______ pair of numbers to describe where a ______ is on a coordinate plane.
The three statements below concern ______ of real numbers.
Reflexive Property a = ___ ________ Property a= b, the b = a Transitive Property If a = b, and b =__, then a = c.
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Math Example - Answers
A function is a relationship in which only one value of the dependent variable exists for each value of the independent variable.
In mathematics, you can use an ordered pair of numbers to describe where a point is on a coordinate plane.
The three statements below concern properties of real numbers.
Reflexive Property a = a Symmetric Property a= b, the b = a Transitive Property If a = b, and b =c, then a = c.
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A Tough One
Competition between pairs!
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CLOZE
The problems that confront p____ in raising c____ from i____ to adult life are not easy to s____. Both f____ and m____ meet with many d____ in their concern for satisfactory p____ from the e____ stage to later life. It is important that young c____ should have plenty of s____ and good f____ for healthy growth. B____ and g____ should not occupy the same b____ or sleep in the same r____. They are often afraid of the d____.
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The problems that confront poultrymen in raising chickens from incubation to adult life are not easy to summarize. Both farmers and merchants meet with many difficulties in their concern for satisfactory promotion from the egg stage to later life. It is important that young chicks should have plenty of sunshine and good feed for healthy growth. Banties and geese should not occupy the same barnyard or sleep in the same roost. They are often afraid of the dark.
CLOZE
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Steps
Select a reading – section of a textbook, article, etc.
Scan it into a computer Delete key terms and replace with
blanks Have competitions Discuss with students if they found
other key terms Have students create a CLOZE
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4. WordSplash
Using a Literacy Strategy to help students learn specific facts/terms from content areas.
Vocabulary development is best learned in the context of reading, writing, speaking and listening, not through arbitrary lists of terms and definitions.
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WordSplash
Teacher creates a WordSplash with a collection of key terms from a passage
Display words at angles and randomly on an overhead or chart
Students generate complete sentences using the words to predict the relationship between each term and the broad topic. May expand to be entire papers.
Students read to check for accuracy Can become competitions Have students work in teams and have to
physically line up their sentences.
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Amelia Earhart’s Life
55 years
39
Equator
under prepared
George Putnam
23
Social Worker
water
weary
Kansas
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2008 Election
War in Iraq
bin Laden
Healthcare
Bailout
Iran
Mortgage Industry
Terrorism
Fuel Prices
Immigration
Vice Presidents
Environment
Economy
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5. Competitive Summarizations – My Favorite
Cooperative Learning Activity All groups read selection
25 words to give the best summarization of the article; use complete sentences
Competition between groups No abbreviations or lists
Each group posts their summarization Each group votes for 2 best
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Group Reads Article
On chart paper put 25 blanks. Rules:
Full sentences No bulleted lists All participate in presentation
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Teaching Summarization
one word to describe the topic two words to describe subheadings of the
topic three words to describe what you already
knew about the topic four words to describe what you learned One sentence that summarizes the most
important information from the reading:
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6. Metaphorical Thinking (four-corners)
A teacher’s classroom is most like a …. Farm Bank Clinic Circus
Now group like thinkers Share why Pick spokesperson to share with large
group Add writing piece?
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Science Example
Using the scientific process is like…. Fixing a car Building a house Solving a math problem Playing an instrument
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Social Studies
The Republican party is most like a…. 18 Wheeler Mercedes 500SL Ford Focus Land Rover
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Four Corners
Agree Disagree Strongly Agree Strongly Disagree
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Making it a Literacy Strategy
Option #1 – Writing After students meet in groups to develop
their brainstorm list for each item. Students write a brief paper supporting this term.
Select students to share their writing. After examples of each, ask if any will change
their mind.Option #2 – Reading After students select their term, they must
read a selection and find support for their opinion.
Students present to others with a different term.
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7. Cubing
Different Levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy
Helps students prepare for SAT/ACT and other rigorous exams
Can make them into large dice for competitions.
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Six Levels
Describe it Compare it Associate it Analyze it Apply it Argue for or against it
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Pencil Describe it: A pencil is a long cylindrical (sometimes
hexagonal), device used to write on paper. Compare it: It is different from a pen because you can
erase what you have written, which you cannot do with most pens.
Associate it: It makes me think of drawing because I like to draw with one.
Analyze it: Pencils are generally made of wood surrounding and supporting a thin piece of graphite, which is the substance that marks the paper. It usually has a metal cylindrical clasp at the top, which holds an eraser.
Apply it: It is used by rubbing the graphite tip onto a piece of paper….When an error occurs, the pencil is inverted in the hand, and…
Argue for or against: An argument in favor of the pencils is that they are efficient tools for the taking of notes or writing a rough draft of something. It is easy to make corrections if you make a mistake, simply by inverting the pencil and using the attached eraser to rub out the error. They are also light weight and convenient to carry.
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Theme Describe the theme of your poem in a
paragraph. Check fortopic sentence,
supporting detailsand conclusion
Figurative Language Using a graphic
organizer, list all thesimiles and metaphors
in your poem. If you need help finding
metaphors, consult With your group members
Line Describe the way
the lines are arranged
Rhyme Figure out the rhymescheme of the poem.
Be prepared toteach it to the
class.
Setting Illustrate the setting ofyour poem. Use color (markers, pencils) andgive your picture a titlethat is connected to the poem but not the
title of the poem
Speaker Describe the speaker
of this poem. Beprepared to share
orally.
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8. Riddle Me – Using Academic Vocabulary
Specific list of terms Students create a riddle for the term
rather than just defining it Based upon the idea that students
must apply the terms to learn them
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Sample - Economics
Prices go up
Wallets get thinner
Parents don’t have enough money
To provide for the family dinner
Note: Other great examples in Harry Potter
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9. Jigsaw/Paired Reading
Jigsaw is divided into THREE rounds. Students are grouped in fours.
Each individual in a group reads and summarizes a different selection.
Students are re-grouped by their numbers and discuss their section to become experts in that part.
They return to their group and teach the section to the others. Each of the four have an opportunity to teach.
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Paired Reading
Students work in pairs. Each reads the same section and takes two-column notes.
Both stop after a set period of time or length of reading.
Partner #1 discusses what he/she learned in the reading. Partner #2 takes any additional notes WITHOUT talking.
After a set amount of time or if #1 finishes, the two exchange roles with #2 sharing any information not already discussed or clears up any errors.
The students read another section and take notes. This time #2 begins after the section is read or time ends.
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10. Learning Buddies
Use at the beginning of the year Have students keep in their book to
make for easy grouping Cheat
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Thank youAll schools want to improve.
However, few want to change. The fact remains that to improve, one
must change.
Session #:
