SOUTH AMERICA(CHAPTER 5: 222-233)

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES

PHYSIOGRAPHY IS DOMINATED BY THE ANDES MOUNTAINS S AND THE AMAZON BASIN.POPULATION IS CONCENTRATED ALONG THE PERIPHERY.CULTURAL PLURALISM EXISTS IN MOST COUNTRIES AND IS EXPRESSED REGIONALLY.REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTERACTION HAS BEEN MINIMAL IN THE PAST.

PLATE TECTONICS

PHYSICALENVIRONMENT

PRECIPITATION

THE INCA EMPIRE

CULTURE HEARTH-INTERMONTANE BASIN AROUND CUZCO (1200-1535 A.D.)ALTIPLANOS WERE KEY TO SETTLEMENT PATTERNS.20 MILLION SUBJECTS AT ITS ZENITHTRANSPORTATION NETWORKS AND INTEGRATION EFFORTS WERE MOST IMPRESSIVE.A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED STATE

INDIGENOUS PEOPLES&

COLONIAL DOMAINS

SOUTH AMERICA’SCULTURE SPHERES

CULTURE SPHERES

Tropical-plantation

Resembles Middle America’s RimlandLocations, soils, & tropical climates favor plantation crops, especially sugar.Initially relied on African slave labor

CULTURE SPHERES

European-commercial

The most “Latin” part of South AmericaIncludes the Pampas - temperate grasslandsEconomically most advancedTransportation networks and quality of life are excellent.

CULTURE SPHERES

Amerind-subsistence

Correlates with the former Inca EmpireFeudal socioeconomic structure persistsIncludes some of South America’s poorest areasSubsistence agriculture must contend with difficult environmental challenges.

CULTURE SPHERES

Mestizo-transitional

Surrounds the Amerindian-subsistence regionA zone of mixture- culturally & agriculturallyTransitional -- economic connotations

CULTURE SPHERES

Undifferentiated

Characteristics are difficult to classify.Sparsely populatedIsolation and lack of change- notable featuresDevelopment of Amazonia may prompt significant changes.

SOUTH AMERICA’S CULTURE SPHERES

Tropical-plantation

European-commercial

Amerind-subsistence

Mestizo-transitional

Undifferentiated

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

MERCOSUR LAUNCHED IN 1995 A SOUTHERN CONE COMMON MARKET INCLUDES BRAZIL, ARGENTINA, URUGUAY,

AND PARAGUAY

ANDEAN COMMUNITY INITIALLY FORMED IN 1969 (ANDEAN PACT) RESTARTED IN 1995 MEMBERS ARE VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA,

PERU, ECUADOR, AND BOLIVIA

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION(CONTINUED)

GROUP OF THREE (G-3) FORMED IN 1995 INCLUDES MEXICO, VENEZUELA, AND

COLOMBIA A FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION WHICH AIMS

TO PHASE OUT ALL TARIFFS BY 2005

NAFTA LAUNCHED BY THE US, MEXICO, AND

CANADA IN 1994 SEEKING TO EXPAND INTO SOUTH AMERICA

TO INCLUDE CHILE

POLITICAL MAP

URBANIZATION

THE MOVEMENT TO AND CLUSTERING OF PEOPLE IN TOWNS AND CITIESTHE PERCENTAGE OF A COUNTRY’S POPULATION LIVING IN CITIES79% - CONTINENT-WIDE IN SOUTH AMERICASOUTH AMERICA’S INCREASE BASED ON RATE OF “NATURAL INCREASE” AND INTERNAL MIGRATIONTHE “LATIN AMERICAN CITY” MODEL

GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

CBD

CommercialSpine

GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

Elite Residential Sector

CBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

Elite Residential Sector

Zone of MaturityCBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

Elite Residential Sector

Zone of Maturity

Zone in Situ Accretion

CBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

Elite Residential Sector

Zone of Maturity

Zone in Situ Accretion

Zone of peripheralsquatter settlements

CBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OFTHE LATIN AMERICAN CITY

Commercial/Industrial

Elite Residential Sector

Zone of Maturity

Zone in Situ Accretion

Zone of peripheralsquatter settlements

CBD

Disamenity Disamenity

POPULATIONCARTOGRAM

SOUTH AMERICA(CHAPTER 5: 222-233)