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Pronghorn Antelope Typical late 1800s building found around Antelope SOME ANTELOPE FACTS & AREA HISTORY The TOWN OF ANTELOPE, OREGON Histories of this area abound… they have similar threads and stories but some emphasize one aspect over another. The Oregon Encyclopedia asserts that the little town of Antelope and the (Big) Muddy Ranch are “closely intertwined,” but such a statement leaves one with the impression that Antelope doesn’t have a real history of it’s own. Though many of the local ranches have had a close, generations-long relationship with the town, Antelope has always been it’s own community and is a functioning town which as of the 2000 census listed 59 residents – a figure which was somehow inflated as it has only around 39 permanent residents and a few vacation homeowners who visit from time to time. Interaction between local area ranchers and the town will undoubtedly remain close as it’s the only functioning community for many miles around. The city limits encompass about a square mile but the urban- growth boundary is much less. The current (2013) commercial focal point is the historic Antelope Café which is much busier during the summer months and fall hunting seasons than during the winter. When traveling Highway 97, which bisects Oregon in a north – south direction, visit Shaniko, a functioning “ghost town” & tourist-stop, then take the short 8-mile scenic detour south to Antelope. Stop at the Café and say “HI” to any locals you find there; we’d love to see you, too. Although many central Oregon communities have undergone rapid changes at times, none has been more profoundly affected by changing events than the tiny town of Antelope. It began as a sheep herding and ranching community on the supply route between The Dalles and the gold fields around Canyon City. The failure of the railroad to extend this far caused a near sudden death of the town’s growth. Years later, the invasion by the followers of the cult established by the Rajneesh literally pushed out every single resident, and resulted in a complete restructuring of the community including the permanent closing of the only functioning school in the area – a building now owned by the City and used as a multi-function Community Center, City Hall, and Fire Department training facility.

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Page 1: SOME ANTELOPE & AREA HISTORYcityofantelope.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Antelope-history.pdf · SOME ANTELOPE FACTS & AREA HISTORY The TOWN OF ANTELOPE, OREGON Histories of this

Pronghorn Antelope

Typical late 1800s buildingfound around Antelope

SOME ANTELOPE FACTS & AREA HISTORY The TOWN OF ANTELOPE, OREGON Histories of this area abound… they have similarthreads and stories but some emphasize one aspectover another. The Oregon Encyclopedia asserts thatthe little town of Antelope and the (Big) MuddyRanch are “closely intertwined,” but such a statementleaves one with the impression that Antelope doesn’thave a real history of it’s own.

Though many of the local ranches have had a close,generations-long relationship with the town, Antelopehas always been it’s own community and is afunctioning town which as of the 2000 census listed59 residents – a figure which was somehow inflatedas it has only around 39 permanent residents and afew vacation homeowners who visit from time to time. Interaction between local area ranchersand the town will undoubtedly remain close as it’s the only functioning community for manymiles around.

The city limits encompass about a square mile but the urban-growth boundary is much less. The current (2013) commercialfocal point is the historic Antelope Café which is much busierduring the summer months and fall hunting seasons than duringthe winter. When traveling Highway 97, which bisects Oregonin a north – south direction, visit Shaniko, a functioning “ghosttown” & tourist-stop, then take the short 8-mile scenic detoursouth to Antelope. Stop at the Café and say “HI” to any localsyou find there; we’d love to see you, too.

Although many central Oregon communities have undergonerapid changes at times, none has been more profoundly affectedby changing events than the tiny town of Antelope. It began asa sheep herding and ranching community on the supply routebetween The Dalles and the gold fields around Canyon City. The failure of the railroad to extend this far caused a nearsudden death of the town’s growth. Years later, the invasion bythe followers of the cult established by the Rajneesh literally

pushed out every single resident, and resulted in a complete restructuring of the communityincluding the permanent closing of the only functioning school in the area – a building nowowned by the City and used as a multi-function Community Center, City Hall, and FireDepartment training facility.

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View overlooking Antelope valley from the

north, about 4 miles south of Shaniko.

The Muddy RanchEstablished in the late nineteenth century by thePrineville Land and Livestock Company, withheadquarters on Muddy Creek, the ranch in itsheyday in the early 1900s supported large herds ofsheep and cattle. Each year, ranch hands trailed theherds to summer range the ranch owned on SummitPrairie in the Ochocos; the herds then wintered-overon the Muddy. When the Summit Prairie range wassold in the 1950s, the Muddy's livestock operationdiminished, as the always-sparse forage on the homeranch was quickly over-grazed.

Joseph Sherar apparently named Muddy Creek in1862 when he was packing supplies to the John Day mines. He must have come upon the creekduring spring runoff or after a cloudburst; ordinarily its flow is minimal, and in summer it oftenseems to dry up during the day, only to resume flowing at night.

Long-time owners of the Muddy Ranch included Leo Hahn and his son Dick, and Reub Evans. As with other big Oregon ranches, in the hard times of the 1960s and 1970s, the ranch wasperpetually for sale. In 1991, Dennis R. Washington's firm, Washington Construction, ofMontana (or a subsidiary), bought the ranch for $3.65 million. In the 1990s, Washingtonattempted to run the ranch for profit and also tried unsuccessfully to negotiate with the State ofOregon to turn the land into a state park. Since 1999 the property has been operating as a YoungLife Christian camp, Washington Family Ranch (formerly WildHorse Canyon Camp), supportedin part by the Dennis and Phyllis Washington Foundation.

One reason many people associate the MuddyRanch with Antelope is because of the 1981-1985 invasion of the area by the Rajneeshees, aquasi-religious community established by theBhagwan Shree Rajneesh and his cult, whopurchased the ranch for $5.75 million in 1981. (It was never “The Big Muddy” to locals; theredundant adjective seems to have enteredpopular usage with the Rajneeshees). Theyestablished a large commune on the Muddy’s64,000 acres and began a systematic effort totake over the local government, beginning withthe town of Antelope. By 1984 the cultists had,

through coercion, bribery, and some outright threats, taken over the town, driving out most of theoriginal residents. On Sept. 18, 1984, by a vote of 57 to 22, the charter was amended to changethe name from Antelope to Rajneesh. This received considerable publicity throughout the statebecause feelings about the Bhagwan and his followers were sharply divided.

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Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh

Oregon Public Broadcast documentaryshows Rajneesh controlled Antelope CityCouncil with only non-Rajneesh memberJohn Silvetooth-Stewart, center

The Bhagwan, as he was popularly known, was born MohanChandra Rajneesh on Dec. 11, 1931, in Kuchwada, India. Aftera career of study and teaching, he founded a cult in India and in1981 moved, with a number of followers to Montclair, NewJersey. When the facilities there were not to his liking, hepurchased the 64,000 acre Muddy Ranch near the John Dayriver, where his followers immediately began constructing thelarge commune; it was incorporated in 1982 as Rajneeshpuram. Friction developed at once between the red-clad disciples andWasco County residents. In 1983, Oregon Attorney GeneralDavid Frohnmeyer filed suit to invalidate the city. Meanwhile, the commune had grown to over

4000 people and expanded to take over thetown of Antelope – the cult took overeverything – Antelope, the town council,store, school, all but the post office by simplymoving into town and out-voting the fifty orso natives. The town was renamed Rajneesh;

the store/cafe became Zorba the Buddha. Most of the non-Rajneesh residents left as a result.

In an effort to garner sympathy for their heavy-handed control of the town, in 1983, the“Rajneesh Times” newspaper headlined threats made against the only non-Rajneesh member ofthe Antelope City Council, John Silvertooth-Stewart. The reported threats were made, accordingto John Silvertooth-Stewart, because of his perceived cooperation with the cultists who by thencompletely controlled the City Council.

In 1984, members of the commune introduced Salmonella organisms into salad bars atrestaurants in The Dalles and 750 people were taken sick. In October of that year, busloads ofhomeless people were brought to the commune from various parts of the United States andregistered to vote, apparently in an attempt to take over the county government. This wasthwarted and subsequent investigation brought matters to a head in 1985. On Sept. 13, 1985,

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Howard Maupin’s grave in theMaupin Cemetery, which is locatedon the Friend family ranch in north

Jefferson County, Oregon, is onprivate land and has two different

local names.

Anand Sheela, the Bhagwan's general factotum, resigned and fled to Germany where she waslater arrested on a variety of charges ranging from theft to attempted murder. The Bhagwan wasalso being pursued by the U.S. Immigration authorities and on Oct. 27, 1985, while attempting toflee, was intercepted at Charlotte, North Carolina on his way to Bermuda. In due course he wasdeported to India where he settled on his original commune at Pune, where he died on Jan. 19,1990. In 1988, Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, the mortgage holder, filed torepossess the ranch property and title passed to them in 1989. For more information on thisbizarre bit of Oregon history, see an Oregonian series of articles in July 1985 and the Oregonian,Jan. 20, 1990, pp. A1, 16 and 17.

On Nov. 6, 1985, the remaining residents, both original and Rajneeshee, voted 34 to 0 to restorethe original name. The Post Office Department, relying on the efficiency of Zip Code, 97001,had never changed the name from Antelope.

Howard Maupin

Howard Maupin established thetown of Antelope in 1863, (hedied in 1887) and the town ofMaupin, about 35 miles to thenorth, is named in his honor. Antelope was initially about oneand a half miles northeast of thepresent town, as a stage stationon The Dalles-Canyon CityRoad. When the road was re-routed in 1881, the town movedalong with it, and today lies along Hwy 218, which isits official MAIN ST. Antelope grew rapidly as thetraffic of freight wagons carrying wool out of theregion increased, in and around 1900, whenhomesteaders arrived. By 1911, the town's brief boombegan to decline with the coming of railroads to centralOregon and the decline of sheep raising.

Brief note about the town of and the man, Maupin:

Maupin bears the name of one of the most celebrated ofOregon pioneers. Beside being applied to the postoffice, the name is also used for several geographicfeatures in the central part of the state including twoMaupin Buttes. Howard Maupin was born in Clay Co.,Kentucky in 1815, and when he was about 15 years oldmoved to Missouri. He came to Oregon in 1863 and after spending a short time in the

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Chief Paulina

Willamette Valley, went to central Oregon. He first settled in Antelope Valley. Maupinestablished a stopping place for travelers and in 1871 was the first postmaster of the town ofAntelope. Maupin also lived and operated at other points in central Oregon. He had a farm atthe forks of Trout Creek and it was near that location that Paulina (see below) stole more of hisstock. Maupin was a veteran of the Mexican War and was said to be a crack shot. Later he hada ferry on Deschutes River near the mouth of Bakeoven Creek, which was subsequently ownedby W.E. Hunt. The place was then called Hunts Ferry. W. H. Staats bought the townsite whenthe railroads were built up Deschutes Canyon and named the place Maupin Ferry, but the postalauthorities cut off the last word and since about 1909 the place has been called Maupin.

– Source: Oregon Geographic Names, Sixth Edition, 1992, Lewis L. McArthur, OregonHistorical Society Press, ISBN O-87595-237-2.

H.L. Davis:

As a boy in 1906-1908, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist H.L. Davis worked as a typesetter for theAntelope Herald, and his impressions of freighters, horse-traders, Indians, and improvidenthomesteaders passing through town figure vividly in his novel Honey in the Horn and in severalof his essays. Another notable (and life-long) Antelope resident was John Silvertooth, who inaddition to running his “Idle Hours” saloon, was variously mayor, barber, justice of the peace,and town clerk from the 1920s to the 1970s.

HOWARD MAUPIN AND CHIEF PAULINA

Mr. Wheeler had lost 89 horses and other property to Indianraiders, some led by the renegade Chief Paulina. The CentralOregon Shopper of Prineville (Aug. 4, 1949) at the OregonState Library on the killing of Chief Paulina says:

Chief Paulina was killed in 1867 by Howard Maupin, keeperof a stage station on The Dalles to Canyon City stage route atAntelope. In 1866, at another stage station in Trout Creeknear Ashwood Chief Paulina's band stole some horses, used onthe stage line, from him and the stage company and fromJames Clark, a driver on that section of the run betweenAntelope and Mitchell. Thus both of these employees were onthe lookout for Paulina and his band who were freely stealinghorses and cattle whenever and wherever they could. On thateventful morning in 1867 when Mr. Clark spotted the Indiansin the Burnt Ranch section of the run, which took its name

from a fire set by the Indians to James Clark's property there1; he (Clark) turned the stage aroundand drove back to Maupin's place and told him the Indians were passing through from Clarno,where they had stole some cattle from Andrew Clarno, and were headed toward the Deschutesriver, and that was the opportunity to give the raiders a dose of their own medicine. Clark andMaupin, and one other man, started out on their saddle horses, with rifles, to find and follow the

1 See: http://www.historyhunters.net/brntrnch.htm

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raiders. The Indians had a band of 25 head of cattle and horses so were not hard to follow. Theytrailed them to their Trout Creek camp, eluding the Indian lookouts. They dismounted in asecluded location and crawled up as close to the camp as they could and opened fire with theirrifles. One Indian fell mortally wounded. The rest scattered into the nearby bushes and fled tothe hills on foot leaving everything behind. Coming into the camp Clark pumped some morelead into the Indian until he was dead and went on to search for more as likewise Maupin did. Being unsuccessful they returned to Camp, scalped the Indian, rounded up the livestock anddrove them back to the Antelope ranch station. It was not until later, after examining articlespicked up in the Indian camp that they determined that Chief Paulina was the Indian they hadkilled and scalped. This was later confirmed by other Indians at Warm Springs where some ofPaulina's followers took refuge."

The killing of the renegade Chief Paulina by Howard Maupin and James N. Clark put an and tomost of The Dalles to Canyon City Stage station and stage stock robberies and taught the Indians“to leave the property of the white men's stages alone or he would trail them down and shoot tokill with his high power rifles.” The elimination of Chief Paulina and his followers made thecountry more safe for settlement, between The Dalles and Canyon City and for that reason weclassify Howard Maupin and James N. Clark among the most outstanding men in the 100 yearsof Wasco county history; and Henry H. Wheeler is given the same classification because hepioneered stage and freight service by wagons also helping to settle the country. The Dalles toCanyon City stage line service produced 3 of the most outstanding men in our history, a veryremarkable record for one business or organization. Howard Maupin died at Ashwood, OregonJan. 4, 1887 and is buried not far from the grave of the Indian Chief Paulina. Henry Wheeler isburied at Mitchell where he engaged in the stock raising business until his retirement in 1904.

Mr. Wheeler used the “Lever coaches” rather than the famous Concords which were used later. He left the Umatilla House, as stated above, on his first trips every Monday and Wednesdays. Later the service became daily and Wells Fargo gold stage coaches were put on the run, whichhauled nothing but gold and the one or more guards besides the driver. These were the faststages and some drivers preferred them in place of passenger, mail and express stages, for theyonly stopped long enough to change horses, grab a bite to eat and were off again in a cloud ofdust or a splatter of mud. The winter time stations were Pratt's 12 mile house (Wasco aboveBoyd); Nansene, up Long Hollow; Sherar's Bridge on the Deschutes; Bakeoven; HowardMaupin's at Antelope; James N. Clark's Burnt Ranch stage stop on the John Day; Mitchell;Mountain on Murder's Creek; Dayville and Canyon City. There were ordinarily 8 changes orhorses during good weather but weather, Indians, road conditions all made alternate stage stopsas conditions varied. From The Dalles to Bakeoven was the first days run. The second day wasMitchell and the third day Canyon City but even this schedule varied. S.L. Brooks was agent inThe Dalles in 1867 with headquarters at the Umatilla House. Mr. Wheeler's first mail contractwas for $12,000 a year. He sold to Ad Edgar in 1868, retiring to his stock farm at Mitchell. In1864 Edgar Jones operated a stage and express line over this same route to Canyon City but itwas a slower service and merged later into a freight line.

Chief Paulina and other headmen of the Hunipuitöka Paiute agreed to sign a treaty in the springof 1865 after U.S. Army forces captured a group of Paiute hostages in the fall of 1864. Paulina’swife and son were among those captured. Despite the treaty ceeding their lands in the Blue

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Mountains, Paulina and his band left the Klamath Reservation in April 1866 as they consideredthe treaty unfair. One year later, he was killed during a retaliatory attack by early Antelopesettler Howard Maupin who headed a posse which left from the Antelope Stage Stop. Paulina’slast engagement took place at a cove later named Paulina Basin, located in northeastern JeffersonCounty. Maupin scalped Paulina and first paraded the scalp in the streets of the Dalles andCanyon City and the brought his scalp back to his Antelope homestead and nailed the scalp tohis barn as a trophy. When his band heard of this the medicine men came to the old city oneevening and cursed Maupin and his land forever.

CHIEF PAULINA'S GHOST

In the Year of Our Lord 1906March 16th Antelope, Oregon

I swear before God to tell this story true just as it happened tous boys Percy Davis and Willie Silvertooth.

It started snowing this morning when we went to school. OldUncle Amos took sick last night and us boys had to start thestoves and lamps. Some of the older boys were there and BenTaylor swore he had been out by the old town grave yard onhis horse and saw Chief Paulina's ghost and that we should gotonight and get a look. My Father told me not to go and toldBen Taylor to quit scaring us. Willie and I we were notscared. At recess we decided we would go right after dark andsee for ourself. Chattie Silvertooth and Gertie Hastings heardus so they can tell you that it is true. It was snowing awful hard but we set out to go about 6O'Clock from in back of the Silvertooth's saloon on a couple of ponies that belonged to somesheep herders who had been drunk on whiskey since Wednesday. Willie went to see his Fatherwho was not there because he was up at Shaniko but Sim Browder saw us and he could tell youit is true as we told him we were head to see Chief Paulina's ghost. We reckoned Ben Taylormay be playing a trick on us so instead of going out the road we went down to the creek and upbehind Lilac Hill. Up in the hills some pack of coyotes were howling and screeching like theyhad a fresh kill. It spooked the ponies real bad and they took off at a full gallop and Willie'stried to buck him off. The ponies took us for a mile or so along the creek. It was still snowingright badly and us boys had lost our true bearings being taken from our route. We thought wewas at Maupin's homestead but we could not swear to that part. The ponies both came to a deadstop and were spooked. Then a light across the creek came towards us and we could see it was aglowing silver Apaloosa Indian pony. Then it came right besides us and we knew then in was aghost one of the ponies from Paulina's tribe. She looked at us and said she was protecting goodlife in the canyon and that we were too young to go into that place and we should get on the roadand ride back to town before we were killed by the curse Paulina's medicine men put on theMaupin place. The ponies followed him to the road and he sent them at a gallup towards thelights of town. We got back to the saloon and tied the ponies up at the water trough. We peeked

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through the back door and saw on the clock it was after 11 O'clock. We did not see how wewere gone that long. We saw Sim Browder again and he can swear to it we told him the wholestory and he accused us of stealing whiskey and getting drunk we were so crazy. I came homemy brother pulled me in the window and I am now writing this accounting of this story and mybrother said he would ask old man Luddeman to print this in the paper. We saw the ghost of theold Indian pony and we know Chief Paulina's ghost must be true./s/ Percy DavisAge 11

Today Central Oregon is known for wide open spaces and cattle ranches. Not much sheepranching is done these days, although the Imperial Stock Ranch, north of Antelope is a notableexception. See their website: http://www.imperialstockranch.com/, run by a truly remarkablecouple, Dan and Jeannie Carver. Also see:http://www.imperialstockranch.com/ranch/history.html

Central Oregon Sheep ranchingA brief overview of the original industry in north Central Oregon

In the years following the Civil War, large, open tracts of land became available to Euro-Americans as the federal government progressively instituted the long-standing policy of Indianremoval, whereby Native groups were forcibly re-settled onto reservations. As a result, sheepraising on the open range expanded throughout the American West, including Central Oregon. Central Oregon was a choice area for sheep raising. Sheepmen would graze their animals on theslopes of the Cascades and Ochoco Mountains during the spring and summer, moving the bandsto the lower elevations during the cold winter months. In addition, the sheep proved particularlyadapted to the changing plant life of the Central Oregon range. Sheep preferred the annual non-native “weeds” (or forbs) such as pigweed and quack grass that took root after cattle had grazedon native species such as bunchgrass and giant wild rye.

Routine, isolation, and an attention to detail – especially the health of the sheep – marked thelives of the sheepherders on the open range. Also known as tramp sheepmen, these sheepherderswere not always well-liked by either farmers or cattlemen. This stemmed from a general view ofsheepherding as a less reputable occupation than farming or stock raising and from growingconflicts over land use and natural resources. Despite these difficulties, young immigrant men,particularly those from countries with sheepherding traditions, sought out these positions, whichprovided opportunities for economic advancement. Upon receiving their annual pay,sheepherders might purchase their own small flocks in order to become independent operators.http://ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=890DBA63-F86F-2F29-C139104972E6D61B

Central Oregon Range WarsOregon Historical Society

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The range wars in Central and Eastern Oregoninitially involved threats and scattered propertydamage. In the late 1890s and early 1900s, theseincidents escalated to the burnings of sheep camps,and direct violence, including the clubbing,poisoning, and shooting of sheep. Violenceperpetrated by groups of vigilante cattlemen reacheda climax in the years 1904-1906. In April 1904,2,300 sheep were killed in a single night in LakeCounty. In May 1904, a delegation of sheepmenfrom Antelope in eastern Wasco County traveled toCrook County in an effort to reach an agreement with the cattle ranchers of central Oregon. Thisattempt was unsuccessful and a few days later, 150 sheep were shot near Mitchell, located fiftymiles southeast of Antelope. Additional incidents of sheep shooting occurred in Central Oregonthat summer. The region’s sheepmen continued to advocate a non-violent resolution to theconflict, calling on state officials to act in order to stem the violence. In response, a group ofcattlemen calling themselves the Crook County Sheep-Shooting Association urged the governorand state officials not to meddle in the affairs of “our province.”http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=8A032B61-99BB-85F8-059105E03E7F13D6

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8/13/2003

Dedication of Oregon History memorial in Antelope celebrating Antelope's role opening upEastern Oregon as transportation hub along the Dalles Military Road and earlier as minersmoved in John Day Baker area gold fields.

Roy Forman, left, Till Forman andCarolyn Forman in front of theAntelope sign. In the background is theAntelope City Park.