Sociolinguistics- 3B

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Ana Shofia Amalia 10211141037•Nadya Sivanya Rheisa 10211141038English Language and Literature 3B



The study of how language and socialfactors such as ethnicity, social class, age,gender, and educational level are related.

Sociolinguistics is a branch of bothlinguistics and sociology.



Communicativecompetence

Language and dialect Accent Idiolect Mutual intelligibility Speech community Speech varieties

Regional and socialdialects Phonological variation Semantic variation

Variation in syntax Language variation Language and gender Power vs solidarity Multilingual

communities Language and culture Pidgin and creole

Lingua franca Language planning



The ability of each person to interact wellwith others.



Language Dialect

- Language is collection of dialects - A dialect is an inferior form of

language

- Language cannot be defined by themutual intelligibility of its speakers

- Dialect can be defined by themutual intelligibility of its speakers

- Language cannot be definedgeographically

- A dialect is usually associated witha particular geographical area



If two forms of speech are mutuallyintelligible, this means that speakers of bothvarieties can understand one another.

If mutual intelligibility exists between two

types of speech, they can usually beconsidered dialects of the same language.

Example:- The American can understand the

Englishman American English and BritishEnglish are dialects of the same language.- Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are

mutually intelligible.



When the ordinary speech of two socialgroups is different enough to notice, wecan say they speak different speechvarieties.

Example:- Parisian French or the Florentine variety of

Italian



Phonological differences from a differentlanguage spoken elsewhere.

Example:- Indian English- English English



The language variety unique to a singlespeaker of a language

Each person has an idiolect.



REGIONAL DIALECT SOCIAL DIALECT

A variety of language that isspoken in a geographical

area for many hundred ofyears as seen in differencesin pronunciations, in thechoices and forms of words,and in syntax.

Example: Ngapak Javanese,Yogya Javanese.

A variety of speechassociated with a particular

social class or occupationalgroup within a society.

Example: Black English,Javanese speech level



A group of people who live, work, socialize,and communicate together.



Phonological variationSemantic variationVariation in syntax



Phonological variation the way in whichwords are pronounced differently.

Example:

• Do you [pak yə ka] or [park yər kar]? Thedeleted /r/ is characteristic of the Bostonarea.

• Do you say [dɪs] instead of [ðɪs], [tɪŋk]instead of [θɪŋk]? The substitution of [d] for[ð] and [t] for [θ] is characteristic of speechin the Bronx, New York.



Systematic syntactic also distinguish dialects.Example: In US, southerners distinguish between you

(singular) and you all (plural).- Southerners: It‟s nice to see you all. How are

you all doing?- People in other parts of the country: It‟s nice to

see you. How are you doing? The use of was in Northern England has beenreplaced by were.

- I were a student.

- He were living at school.



One of the most colorful ways in whichdialects vary is semantically. Manylexical items vary according to region.

Example:• Pail or bucket? Pancakes, johnnycakes, or flapjacks? Itdepends on whether the speakers

live in northern states or southernstates.



Lingua franca is language of widercommunity.

Lingua Franca is a language used forcommunication between 2 people whomthe 1st language is different.

English is a lingua franca.



PidginSimplified languages developed for use inspecific interactions, such as business, service,

and trade. They developed when people whohad no common language came into contact.



Tok Pisin which is spoken in Papua NewGuinea, is based on English:

- Mi go long taun I go/went to the town- Yu wokabaut long rot You walk/walked

along the roadBut, there are plenty of words that cannot

predicted from English.Example: diwai „tree‟, susu „milk‟, lotu

„church‟



CreoleIt is a pidgin that has become the firstlanguage of a new generation of speakers.

Creoles arise when Pidgin become mothertongues.



StylesRegistersSlangJargon



Style deals with language variations informality.

Example:CASUAL : Coming down the pub? INFORMAL : Would you like to go to the

pub?FORMAL : You are cordially invited to

accompany me to the pub.



Registers are styles of speech that areappropriate to the situation, the level offormality, and the person being spoken to.

Example:- When speaking with our family and friends we

speak differently than when we speak to a

clerk in a store.- When we speak to someone who has thesame technical knowledge as we have, wespeak differently than to someone outside.



Slang is a label that is frequently used todenote certain informal or faddish usagesof nearly anyone in the speech community.

Example:- blingin

Shining because you are wearing so much jewelry. "Check you out David, you blingin tonight.“

- dogs eyes = pies



Jargon is the technical terminology orcharacteristic vocabulary of a specialactivity or group.

It may be used as a barrier to keepoutsiders from understanding something,but not always.



Example:- business jargon words include: "bean

counter", "bearish", "brain dump", "bullish",

"buzz", "change agent“.

- newspaper jargon words are "cut",

"dateline", "ears", "flag", "lead", "stringer","strip", "teaser", and "zone".



Another way in which people differ in howthey use a language is according to theirgender.

Some languages have formal rules foreach gender about the use of pronouns,verb conjugations, word pronunciation, and

levels of formality



Verb conjugations. Hebrew:

Pronouns. Hebrew:

Males say Females say

“ I say” [ani omɛr ] [ani omɛrɛt]

“I love” [ani ohɛv] [ani ohɛvɛt]

Said to male Said to female

“you” [ata] [at]

“I love you” [ani ohɛvɛt otxa] [ani ohɛv otax]



Word Pronunciation. Language of theCarib Indians:

Levels of formality. Japanese:

Females says Males says

“rain” [kuyu] [kunobu]

“canoe” [kuriala] [ukuni]

Mr. Sujishi/ Mrs.Sujishi

Male say Female say

Polite Sujishi-san Sujishi-san

Familiar Sujishi-kun Sujishi-san



Power Solidarity

• Requires some kind of asymmetricalrelationship between entities such as

status, money, influence.

• A feeling of equality that people havewith one another. They have interest

around which they will bond.

• A language has more power than any

of its dialect. For example: StandardEnglish and Parisian French.

• A feeling of solidarity can lead people

to preserve a local dialect on anendangered language to resist power,or to insist on independence.



Multilingualism is an individual‟s ability to

use many languages.Multilingual community is a group of

people who speak many languages.



The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis proposed thatpeople of different cultures think andbehave differently because the languages

they speak influence them to do so.



Examples of how language influencesculture are:

- Color terminology = the words with which a

language describe colors.- Classify items by number, length, and

rigidity (Athabascan language)



Examples of how culture influenceslanguage are:

- Kinship terminology = the words that a

language uses to express familyrelationship.

- Involve the subsistence activities of the

society.



Language planning refers to various ways ofinfluencing the way a language is used

It comprises corpus planning, text analysis

and status planning. Language planningaims to describe and issue appropriateguidelines on standard language usage.

Language planning provides detailedinformation on how language is used inspecific contexts and how it is changing, aswell as issuing related guidelines.

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Sociolinguistics- 3B