Social ThinkingLaura Suddock, Marie Blue, Mikayla Nudelman, Ali Whittles, and Ash Herrild

Social Thinking

Social psychology: the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. Deep strategy/example: when an unexpected event occurs, such as 9/11, social psychology analyzes why people act the way they do in response to the tragedyAttribution theory: the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.Deep strategy/example/objective: a teacher wondering whether a student’s hostility reflects an aggressive personality or a reaction to stress or abuse

Social Thinking

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon: the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply with a larger request. small enough so that they are less likely to refuse the request.big enough so the target person feels they are being kind when they respondExample:

Dad, can I go out for an hour to see Sam? [answer yes]...I just called Sam and he's going to the cinema - can I go with him?...I haven't got money -- could you lend me enough to get in?...Could you give us a lift there? ...Could you pick us up after?

Persuasion strategy

Social Thinking

Role: a set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave. When you adopt a new role, at first your behavior may feel phony because you are acting the role, but pretty soon you adapt. Ex: you change roles when you leave middle school, high school, graduate college,  start a new job, get married. You change from a student to an employee to a husband or wife. Society sets roles for different members of society depending on class, careers, gender, etc.

Social Thinking

Central Route to Persuasion: attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughtsEx: Only acknowledging what people want to hear

Ex: More likely to take a medication when only good side effects are presentedPeripheral Route to Persuasion: attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cuesEx: More likely to agree with a speaker who is attractive or an expert

Ex: More likely to buy Proactive with Britney Spears in commercial

Both explain how attitudes can change.

Social Thinking

Fundamental Attribution Error: The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to over estimate the impact of personal dispositionDeep Thinking/Example: Mikayla was standing by a cliff and someone pushed her off, however, everyone blamed it on Mikayla’s bad personality and pessimistic way of thinking.

Social Thinking

Attitude: Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.Deep Thinking/ Example: Laura has a pessimistic attitude about life. So when Buchli assigned a Lab right up that was due tomorrow, Laura reacted poorly and flung herself off of a cliff. (She didn’t die, just hospitalized)

Social Thinking

Conformity: adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.Individuals respond to expectations of others by conforming usually. Conforming is adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group. Humans naturally like to belong and fit in. This ties in with groupthink because groupthink is the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. In other words, groupthink is the thinking that happens when people want to agree on a subject more than they want to make a logical decision. Obedience to authority is when a person conforms to an authority figure’s way of thinking or acting. Humans have a tendency to obey authority figures to coincide with the expectations they have.An example of conformity is Asch’s conformity experiments in which a group of people are asked the same question but the first few purposefully answer incorrectly. Subjects demonstrated conformity in how they answered an obvious question. The subjects answered the wrong answer to coincide with the opinion of the group. In adolescence there is a lot of value put in fitting in which is why you see so many young girls wearing name-brand leggings and such. Human’s conform to styles all the time.

Social Thinking 2 By: Lauren Lee, Dylan Sherman, Makenzi Hoffine, Eddie Delgado

normative social influence

normative social influence is a type of social influence leading to conformity. It is defined as "the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them

Fashion trends leading to conformity

informational social influence

looking at the behaviors of others who are also in the same or similar situation to see how they behave

In an ambiguous situation, we have choices but do not know which to select

social facilitation

an improvement in performance produced by the mere presence of others

When bae shows up to your basketball game and tells you that if you don’t score 10 points she’ll break up with you….but you end up dropping 30 points, 10 rebounds and 15 assists

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Doing the vocabulary for the social psychology unit by yourself compared to doing a vocabulary collaboration PowerPoint in class

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

A girl feeling as though she does not have to wear makeup around her close friends in order to feel accepted

group think

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

A group of people who believe in one particular political ideal and who only watch news that supports their ideal and who only associate with people who agree with them. The group may come to hate and distrust people who disagree with them and may come to overestimate their power and influence.

group polarization

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within group

When people are placed into a group and these people have to deal with some situation, the group as a whole typically has some overriding attitude toward the situation. Over time and with group discussion, the group's attitude toward that situation may change

cognitive dissonance

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

An environmentalist wants to protect the environment and protect nature but drives a car that gets 8 miles to the gallon

theory

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

The Big Bang theory, how the expansion of the universe began

Objectives

Describe the structure and function of different kinds of group behaviorExplain how individuals respond to expectations of othersDiscuss attitude formation and change

3 Quinn, Griffin, Riley, Ryan

ObjectivesDescribe processes that contribute to differential treatment of group members (e.g., in-group/out-group dynamics, ethnocentrism, prejudice).Articulate the impact of social and cultural categories (e.g., gender, race, ethnicity) on self-concept and relations with others. 

Word Definition Deep Strategy

Culture The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Culture  provides shared and transmitted customs and beliefs that enable us to communicate, to exchange money for things, to play, and to drive with agreed-upon rules and without crashing into one another. Culture differs in different parts of the world.

Norm An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior

Norm -- like normal-- is the normal way that people act

Prejudice An unjustified (and usually negative) attitude towards a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition towards discriminatory action

Prejudice is like pre-judging a group of people. Before you’ve actually met them (pre), you form an opinion about them based on stereotypes you’ve heard (judged).

Stereotype a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

A generalization. Ex. All people from the southern U.S states are rednecks.

Discrimination Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Predispositions to actions. Ex. Not serving a certain person because of their race.

Ingroup People with whom we share a common identity People from our school or people who like the same sports team

Outgroup Those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Outgroup -> outside the group

Ingroup Bias The tendency to favor our own group We show favoritism towards our own group when dividing any rewards.

Social Influence Group #4

Raman K., Carina M., Claire G., Jordan C. & Chad H.

Objectives:

● Describe the variables that contribute to altruism, aggression, and attraction

● Articulate the impact of social and cultural categories (e.g., gender, race, ethnicity) on self-concept and relations with others.

Scapegoat Theory

Shallow:A social-psychological problem in which prejudice towards a specific group of people leads to someone unreasonably blaming that group for all of their problems.

Deep:An example of the scapegoat theory is the holocaust, during which the Germans blamed the Jews for all of their country’s problems. Their anger and frustration was completely focused on the Jewish population.

Other-Race Effect hi raman

aka. cross-race effect, own-race biasthe tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.

Example: if you are Caucasian, you are more likely to misidentify someone who is Asian rather than if they were Caucasian. Within a person ’s race they recognize the diversity among members, but when it is a member of another racial group the person does not see any real differences.

Just-World Phenomenon Definition:The Tendency to believe the world is just and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Example: Rich people are considered good and through their good deeds they become rich. Poor people are poor because of their bad decisions.

Aggression

Aggression is behavior that is meant to hurt others; it may be physical, mental, or verbal, and varies according to cultural factors.Example: Claire is a toddler and gets mad at Chad when he takes her cookie.

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Definition: Frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve goals- creates anger, which can lead to aggressionExample: Soccer teams become aggressive when their team is losing

Social Relations 5

Kevin Stewart, Malindi Williams, Morgan Frame, and Julia Nelson

Objectives● Describe the structure and function of different kinds of group behavior

(e.g., deindividuation, group polarization)

● Predict the impact of the presence of others on individual behavior (e.g., bystander effect, social facilitation).

● Describe the variables that contribute to altruism, aggression, and attraction

Mere Exposure Effect

Definition:The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.Example: You’re more likely to like someone with a familiar name (such as your own) rather than someone with a name you’ve never heard of.

Self-Disclosure

Definition: Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.Example: A man tells a woman of a tragic childhood accident that he usually keeps to himself, strengthening the relationship between the two.

Passionate Love

● An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Example:● Xzaiden and Le-a are

still in the honeymoon phase of their relationship and are very sexually attracted to one

another.

Companionate Love

Definition:a deep attachment between people who love

and respect each other. This type of love is not necessarily

between a “couple”

Example: If I have been friends with Garrett for many

years, than I most likely have a deep companionate love for

Garrett even though he is in the friendzone.

Equity

Shallow:A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to itDeep:“Equal” -- give and take equally in a relationship

Examples:● Sharing chores● Being faithful● A happy sexual

relationship● Emotional support

Altruism

● Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Example:● The firefighters who

died in the twin towers to help save people.

Bystander Effect

Definition: the tendency for a person to be less likely to do something in a situation if others are present

Example: If you see a kid who is getting beat up, and has drawn a crowd of onlookers, you are most likely to join the group of onlookers than help the kid getting beat up.

Social Relations By: Sarah Fadler, Adele Morris, Sammy

Johnson, Michaela Baker

Group #6

Social Exchange Theory

● our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize cost

Example- can be seen in the interaction of asking someone out on a date. If the person says yes, you have gained a reward and are likely to repeat the interaction by asking that person out again or asking someone else out.

Reciprocity norm

● An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

● Example- If someone receives a gift for their birthday, they are more likely to give a gift back on their birthday.

Social-Responsibility Norm

Definition- an expectation that people will help those dependent upon themExample- when people see someone getting mugged on the road then they will help them

Conflict

Definition- a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas Example- someone could want to go to their dream school for college but it doesn’t have the major they want to do

Social Trap

● A situation where the conflicting parties, each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

● Ex: Elephant-tusk poachers feel that if they don't take it then someone else will anyway.

Mirror-Image Perceptions

● Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

● Ex: If someone thinks you are mad at them, they may snub you, causing you to act in ways that justify their perception.

Superordinate Goal

Definition: shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.Example: If a group of people are stranded that didn’t previously get along they overcome their differences and work together to survive.

GRIT

Definition: Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. Example: When two or more countries work together to eliminate or reduce tension

Objectives

● · Apply attribution theory to explain motives (e.g., fundamental attribution error, self-serving bias).o Social exchange theory

● Explain how individuals respond to expectations of others, including groupthink, conformity, and obedience to authority. o The norms of social psychology