Sniper Sustainment

8/22/2019 Sniper Sustainment

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I NTRO TO SNIPER WEAPON

SYSTEM


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Sniper Sustainment

Task: Conduct Sniper Sustainment

Condition: In a class/range environmentwith all required equipment, i.e.. M24SWS,

proper uniform, spotting scope, binos,ammunition and writing material.

Standard: Apply sniper TTPs in order to

successfully engage known and unknowndistance targets to a maximum range of600 meters.


3/84

M24 SWS CONSISTS OF:

Soft Case

System hard case

M 1907 sling

Iron sight/Day sight optic case

TM 9-1005-306-10

The Deployment Kit

The M24 Sniper Rifle

*** Optional Harris Bipod ***


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TM 9-1005-306-10The TM is provided to give the sniper written information concerning

characteristics, operation and maintenance of the M24 SWS.

The Deployment KitSince the M24 SWS is repairable by the sniper, the kit contains everything

the sniper needs to repair and maintain the weapon system. The Deployment

Kit consists of 42 items, the major tools are:

a. 65 inch pound torque wrench

b. 1/2 x 3/8 drive socket

c. Hex head socket 3/8 drive

d. T-handle screw driver

e. 1/2 open end/box end wrench

f. 7 assorted hex-head wrenches

M24 SWS CONT.


5/84

The M24 Sniper Rifleis a 5 shot, bolt action

repeating rifle capable of engaging targets out to 800

meters, shooter dependent. It fires a 7.62 mm NATO or

.308 Winchester round. The muzzle velocity is 2600 fpsshooting M118 Special Ball. The length of the weapon

is 43 inches and the weight with 5 rounds, sling, and the

day sight optics is 14.25 pounds. It has a user adjustable

butt stock to adjust the length of pull.

The M24 Sniper Rif le


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SPECIFICATIONS Ammunition- 7.62mm x 51mm, M118 Special Ball/Long

Range

Barrel Rifling- 5 radials with 1 turn in 11.2 inches

Muzzle Velocity- Approx. 2600 FPS(Special Ball), 2750 FPS

(Long Range)

Max. Effective Range- 800 meters (1000 meters shooter

dependent)

Overall Length- (butt to muzzle)- 43 inches (Butt stock fully

collapsed)

Magazine Capacity- 5 rounds

Rifle Weight With Sling- 12.1 lbs.

Sniper Weapon System- * Total Weight- 64 lbs.*


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SPECIF ICATIONS CONT.

Day Optic Sight Magnification- 10 power with

adjustable focus

AN/PVS-10 Magnification- 8.5 power with adjustablefocus

Combat Weight- (rifle, sling, day optic sight, and full

magazine)- 14.25 lbs. (17 lbs. With the AN/PVS-10)

Deployment Kit With Case- 3.5 lbs.

Bipod Weight- .7 lbs.


8/84

SIGHT COMPONENT

GROUPS

DAY OPTIC SIGHT

Leupold M3A Ultra

10x fixed

MIL dot reticule

Fully coated lenses

Focus from 50 ft. to infinity (adjustment knob is located on

the left side of the scope)

Parallax free from the factoryM118 Special Ball BDC 1 MOA elevation adjustments (adjustment knob is located

on the top of the scope)

1/2 MOA windage adjustments (adjustment knob is

located on the right side of the scope)


9/84

AN/PVS-10 DAY/NIGHT SCOPE

SPECIFICATIONS

WEIGHT- 4.5 LBS.

MAGNIFICATION- 8.5 POWER FIXED

EYE RELIEF- 3 INCHES

MINIMUM RANGE- 25 METERS

EFFECTIVE RANGE DAY- 800 METERS

EFFECTIVE RANGE NIGHT- 600 METERS


10/84

DISASSEMBLE THE

M24 SWS

CLEAR WEAPON:

- pull bolt to rear

- visually and physically inspect

the chamber

- slide the bolt forward

- when clearedsqueeze trigger

*NOTE: The following procedures are authorized atuser level*


11/84

*Before loading, ensure that the weapon is clear*

With the bolt to the rear, place the first round on the

magazine follower and press down. Since the weapon

has a long action, slide the round all the way to the back

of the magazine. Repeat this procedure with the

remaining rounds. Slide the bolt forward and lock it

down, this cambers your first round.IF THE WEAPONS FAILS TO FIRE, THERE

ARE SEVERAL REASONS FOR WHAT COULD

HAVE HAPPENED:

HOW TO OPERATE

THE M24 SWS


12/84

*You squeeze the trigger and the hammer falls, but

nothing happens.

Check and correct:

Did you push the rounds all the way back in the

magazine?

Did you pull the bolt all the way to the rear?

Is the primer indented adequately? If not, this is a sign

of a worn firing pin spring. If the primer is indented to

normal depth, this is a sign of a bad round of ammunition.

ACTIONS TO TAKE FOR A

MISFIRE


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MISFIRE

*Difficulty chambering or extracting?

You cant lock the bolt forward. Two things couldcause this. First your chamber could be dirty. Clean it!

Second, your chamber could be defective. If this is

the case report it to your supervisor so that it can be

turned in for maintenance.


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MISFIRE

If you can unlock but not pull the bolt to the rear easily,

your chamber is probably dirty. Keep the weapon pointed

in a safe direction and have your observer hold the weapondown on your support. You should be able to pull the bolt to

the rear now.

*MOST DIFFICULTIES CHAMBERING OR

EXTRACTING CAN BE PREVENTED BY KEEPING

YOUR AMMO AND WEAPON CLEAN!!!!


15/84

AMMUNITION FOR THE

M24 SWS

Snipers should use 7.62x51mm NATO M118 Special

Ball, M118 Long Range, or M852 National Match

ammunition with the M24 SWS.

Snipers should always attempt to use match-grade

ammunition because of the greater accuracy potential and

lower sensitivity to environmental conditions.

You must reconfirm zero every time the type or lot #

is changed. The lot # is printed on the wooden crate,

metal can, and each cardboard box.


16/84

CLEANING THE M24- You clean the weapon by removing thebolt and opening the floor plate of the magazine. Attach a bore

brush to the cleaning rod, then apply cleaning solvent. Never use

carbon-cleaning compounds on any component of the system.

Insert the bore guide. Lay the weapon on a table or weapon cradle

with ejection port down and the barrel lower than the receiver. Push

the brush through the chamber end of the rifle into the bore. Ensure

you push the brush all the way down the bore, then remove the brush

before pulling the rod back. Repeat this process 6-8 times. Remove

brush and attach the jag with clean patch. Push the rod through thebore until patches come out clean. Clean the bolt face with small

brush and cleaning solvent. Wipe bolt clean and dry. Apply a light

coat of grease to the locking lugs, replace bolt in receiver and close

it. Place weapon on fire and squeeze the trigger.

CLEANING PROCEDURES FOR THE M24


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BALLISTICS

IS CLASSIFIED INTO THREE CATAGORIES: INTERNAL BALLISTICS: The study of the effect the round has on the

internal operation of the weapon. Includes everything that happens

from the time you squeeze the trigger until the projectile exits the

muzzle of the weapon

EXTERNAL BALLISTICS: The study of the flight of the projectile

from the time it leaves the muzzle (or crown) until target impact.

TERMINAL BALLISTICS: The study of the projectiles effect on thetarget and what happens after, including everything that happens

from the time the projectile impacts with target until it stops.


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INTERNALBALLISTICS


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SHOULDER

NECK

CARTRIDGE COMPONENTS

POWDER

PRIMER

BULLET

HEAD

CASE


20/84

BOATTAIL

LEAD CORE

COPPER JACKET

HOLLOW TIP, BOAT TAI LED BULLET

M852 MATCH AND M118 LONG RANGE

HOLLOW TIP


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BALLISTIC INFORMATION

M118 Special Ball 173 gr. FMJBT

M118 Long Range 175 gr. HPBT

M852 National Match 168 gr. HPBT

M80 Ball 147 gr. FMJFB

HPBT: Hollow Point, Boat Tail

FMJBT: Full Metal Jacket, Boat TailFMJFB: Full Metal Jacket, Flat Base


22/84

BALLISTIC COEFFICIENT

A perfect bullet, or the Standard Bullet,

would have a coefficient number of 1

M118SB has a coefficient of .446

M118LR has a coefficient of .505

MK211 MOD 0 has a coefficient of .647


23/84

BARREL HARMONICS

The vibrations of the barrel caused by the

bullet being propelled down the lands and

grooves of the bore and out the muzzle.

Causes an undulating motion of the barrel

within the stock or barrel whip.

Free floated, thicker barrels are moreconsistent as long as nothing touches the

barrel when fired.


24/84

VELOCITY DATA

FOR 7.62MM (SB or LR)

RANGE

(METERS)

RETAINED VELOCITY

(FEET PER SECOND)

MIDRANGE

TRAJECTORY

(INCHES)

BULLET DROP IN 100-

METER INCREMENTS

(MINUTES)

TIME OF FLIGHT

(SECONDS)

100 2,407 0.7 NA 0.1

200 2,233 3 1.5 0.2

300 2,066 7.3 3 0.4

400 1,904 14 3.5 0.5

500 1,750 24 4 0.7

600 1,603 37.6 4.5 0.9

700 1,466 56.2 5 1

800 1,339 80.6 5 1.3

900 1,222 112.5 6 1.5

1,000 1,118 153.5 7 1.8


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EXTERNAL BALLISTICS


26/84

BALLISTICS TERMINOLOGYPage 3-25 & 3-26, para 3-9

Line of Sight - an imaginary straight line between the eye,through the sights to the point at which you are aiming.

Line of Departure - an imaginary straight line that represents

the path the projectile would take from the muzzle if the

velocity remained the same and there was no gravity present.

Trajectory - the actual path a projectile takes as it slows and

gravity pulls it down.

Midrange Trajectory or Trajectory Apex - the most elevated

point a projectile achieves in its trajectory.

Bullet Drop - the distance a projectile drops below its line of

departure at a given point. The distance can be computed fairly

accurately, given all the variables involved.


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Line of Sight / Point of Aim


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Midrange Trajectory or TrajectoryApex



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FACTORS THAT EFFECT

TRAJECTORY

GRAVITY

DRAG

TEMPERATURE

HUMIDITY

ALTITUDEWIND


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GRAVITYPage 3-26, para 3-10a

Applies a constant, downward pulling

force on the projectile, eventually pulling it

to the ground.

Since this factor is constant, it can be

compensated for fairly accurately through

the use of a Bullet Drop Compensator(BDC).


33/84

DRAGPage 3-26, para 3-10b

Defined as: The atmospheric resistance to a

projectile moving through the air.

Changes with temperature, humidity, altitudeand barometric pressure effect the density of

the air. Thus creating varying amounts of

drag on the projectile.


34/84

TEMPERATUREPage 3-36, para 3-16

Changes the amount of drag on the projectile

by changing the density of the air.

Affects the elevation setting required to hitthe center of the target.

One MOA adjustment for every 20 degreeFahrenheit change.


35/84

HUMIDITYPage 3-36, para 3-17

Changes the amount of drag on the projectileby changing the density of the air.

Only adjusted for when there is over 70%change and at altitudes over 2500ft.

High humidity air full of Hydrogen

molecules

Low humidity air full of Nitrogen molecules

Nitrogen molecules are more dense then


36/84

DRAG FACTORS

Temperature:

Increase 20 degrees = Drop elevation 1 MOA

Decrease 20 degrees = Raise elevation 1 MOA

Altitude: (Pg 3-26, Para 3-10a.(2) & Table 3-1)

Increase in altitude = Drop elevation setting

Decrease in altitude = Raise elevation setting

For every 2500 ft change in altitude


37/84

WINDPage 3-29, para 3-12

Wind is the atmospheric condition which has

the greatest effect on ballistic trajectories.

The amount of effect depends on:

Time of Flight

Wind Direction

Wind Velocity

Length of Wind Channel

Will normally have the most effect on the

projectile from the midrange point to the

target.


38/84

WIND ESTIMATIONPage 3-32, para 3-13

0-3 mph - Felt lightly on the face

3-5 mph - Causes smoke to drift

5-8 mph - Keeps leaves in constant

movement

8-12 mph - Raises dust and loose paper

12-15 mph - Causes small trees to sway


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40/84

MIRAGEPage 3-32, para 3-13d

The preferred method of wind estimation is

the use of optics to observe mirage.

Mirage is the reflection of light through

layers of air that have different temperatures.

These layers are blown by the wind and can

be monitored to detect direction and speed.


41/84

MIRAGE

Focus optics on an object from 1/2 to 2/3 the

distance to the target, then look back at the

target, or

Focus optics on the target, then turn the

focus knob counterclockwise until target

appears a little fuzzy, but mirage should be

clear

This will also aid the sniper in observing

bullet trace

Wind from left to r ight


42/84

Wind from left to r ight

Wind from right to left


43/84

Wind from right to left


44/84

Wind - boil ing


45/84

BULLET TRACEPage 3-14, Note

Defined as: the visible wake of a supersonicprojectile as it flies through the air.

It is caused by a high pressure front of

compressed air in front of the bullet and turbulencearound the sides. It is very similar to and looksmuch like the wake of a boat. However, it is onlyvisible for as long as it takes the bullet to reach thetarget and can only be seen with an optical devisewith a high degree of magnification. The ability tosee bullet trace is important because if impact is notseen, trace is what the observer will use as a basisfor corrections to subsequent rounds.


46/84

MINUTE OF ANGLEPage 3-33, para 3-14

Defined as: a proportional unit of measure

equal to 1/60th of a degree.

1 minute of angle (MOA) is equal to

approximately 1 inch for every 100 yards of

range.

M3A and the PVS10 is graduated in 1 MOA

increments for elevation and 1/2 MOA

increments for windage.


47/84

TERMINAL BALLISTICS

The study of the actions of a projectile from

the time it strikes the target until it comes to

rest.

Useful in shot placement.

Know your target!


48/84

ELEVATION/WINDAGEHold-off


49/84

What is hold-off?

Shifting the point-of-aim ( POA ) to

achieve a desired point-of-impact (

POI ).

or

Kentucky Windage


50/84

When to use hold-off?

Multiple targets at various ranges

Rapidly changing winds

Limited exposure of targets


51/84

MIL hold


52/84

MIL hold

1 MIL@100200

300400500600700800900

1000

=Inches37

11141821242831

35

1 MIL = 3 MOA


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MIL hold

Range100200

300400500600

700800900

1000

Inches @37

11141821

24283135

MILs- 3.5- 3

- 2.1- 1.10

+ 1.25

+ 2.8+ 4.1+ 5.9+ 7.9

Trajectory

+ 12+ 21

+ 22.5+ 16

0

- 27- 66- 116- 186

- 275


54/84

Windage hold-off

Reasons to use

aiming into varying winds

wind estimation

moving target leads

rapid re-engagement


55/84

Windage hold-off contd.

Techniques used

MIL hold most precise

vertical line hold great for squared targets line-of-white

lead/trail edge

inside edge

point of reference hold fastest, usually

used when ranges are closer and during rapid

re-engagement


56/84

Windage estimation

The sniper observes the point of impact and

notes the lateral distance of his error and re-

fires, holding off that distance in the oppositedirection.


57/84

RANGE ESTIMATION

The process of determining the distance

between two points. In most situations, one of

these points will be the observers position,

while the other may be the target or a

prominent feature. The ability to accuratelydetermine range is the key skill needed by the

sniper to accomplish his mission.


58/84

RANGE ESTIMATION METHODS

Map Estimation (paper strip)

100 Meter unit-of-measure Appearance-of-objects

Bracketing

Range Card Laser Range Finder

Combination Method

Mil-Relation formula


59/84

MAP ESTIMATION

Used by placing an edge of a strip of paper

adjacent to both points, then pencil in a tickmark at both locations, and measure the

distance between them on the maps bar

scale.


60/84

100 METER UNIT-OF-MEASURE

Must visualize 100 Meters on the

ground

Accurate to 500 meters

Past 500 meters, use halving method

Requires constant practice


61/84

APPEARANCE OF OBJECTS

Determine range by the size and

characteristics of an object

Depends on visibility

Requires constant practice


62/84

APPEARANCE-OF-OBJECTS

METHOD

200m--Clear in all detail, i.e. color of skinequipment, etc.

300m--Clear body outline, face color good,remaining detail blurred.

400m--Body outline clear, remaining detailedblurred.

500m--Body tapers, head becomes indistinct. 600m--Body now a wedge shape, no head

apparent.

700m--Solid wedge shape of outline of body.


63/84

BRACKETING METHOD

Used when the sniper assumes the target

is no less than X meters away, but no

more than Y meters away. Then the sniper

uses the averages of the two distances as

the estimated range.


64/84

RANGE CARD METHOD

The sniper team can also use a range

card to quickly determine ranges

throughout the target area. Once thetarget is seen, the team determines

where it is located on the range card,

and then reads the proper range to the

target.


65/84

LASER RANGE FINDERS

LRFs provide an extremely accurate

and fast method of range estimating a

target.

Requires extra equipment (i.e., extra

batteries, tripod, etc.)

You must not rely on this only.


66/84

LASER RANGE FINDER

AN-PVS 6 (MELIOS) Mini Eye-safe Laser

Infrared Observation Set.

MAGNIFICATION - 7x

FIELD OF VIEW - 7 (degrees)

WEIGHT - 6.5 lbs. ACCURACY - + or - 5 meters (from 50M-

9995M)

COMBINATION METHOD


67/84

COMBINATION METHOD

Perfect conditions rarely exist in combat. Therefore,

only one method of range estimation may not be

enough. Terrain with a lot of dead space limits the

accuracy of the 100-M method.

Poor Visibility limits the appearance of object

method. But by combining 2 or more methods a

team can arrive at a range estimation that is close tothe actual range. Do not limit yourself!!


68/84

MIL-RELATION FORMULA

Requires you to know the size of the target

(in inches)

(in x .0254 x 1000) = Constant

or size in inches x 25.4 = constant

Divide constant by Number of mils read

Round answer to the nearest meter

Mil-Relation Formula


69/84

Mil Relation FormulaSIZE OF OBJECT IN INCHES X

25.4=CONST.EXAMPLE

67 inches X 25.4=1701.8 rounded=1702

(const)SIZE OF OBJ. IN INCHES X 25.4

SIZE OF OBJ. IN MILS

=RANGE TO TARGET

CONST 1702 divided by 2.5 Mils= 681M


70/84

M3A/PSV10 RETICLE

.9 m

1.0 m

1.1 m

2.0 m

2.1 m 1.9 m

.9 m

1.0 m

1.9 m

2.1 m

1.1 m

2.0 m

M3A/PVS10 RETICLE


71/84

M3A/PVS10 RETICLE

M22 BINO RETICLE


72/84

M22 BINO RETICLE

3 2 1

1

2

3

{

10 Mils


73/84

STEADY POSITION

While using the mil-relation formula, the

key element is a steady position.

Your position must be as steady as whenyou fire at a long-range target.

If you are not steady, you cannot get an

accurate mil reading.


74/84

RANGE ESTIMATION

Range can be determined by measuring or

by estimating. Below are the three main

factors that affect the appearance of objects

when determining range by eye.

Nature of the target

Nature of the terrain

Light conditions


75/84

NATURE OF THE TARGET

A target will appearcloserif:

The object has a regular outline

An object contrasts with its background


76/84

NATURE OF THE TARGET

A target will appearmore distant if:

The object has an irregular outline

An object blends with its background

The object is only partially exposed


77/84

NATURE OF THE TERRAIN

A target will appearcloser:

When observing over smooth terrain

When observing across a depression, when most ofwhich is hidden from view

When looking uphill

When looking down a straight, open road, or alongrailroad tracks

O


78/84

NATURE OF THE TERRAIN

A target will appearfarther:

If the observers eye follows the contours of the terrain

When observing across a depression, all of which is

visible

When looking downhill.

When field of vision is narrowly confined

LIGHT CONDITIONS


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LIGHT CONDITIONS

The target will appearcloser:

When a target can be clearly seen

When a target is viewed in full sunlight

When the sun is behind the viewer

LIGHT CONDITIONS


80/84

LIGHT CONDITIONS

The target will appearfarther:

When a target is viewed during limited visibility

When the sun is behind the target

SNIPER DATA BOOK


81/84

(cheat sheet)

The sniper team should keep a sniper data book

complete with measurements.

1) Vehicles:

A) Height of road wheels

B) Vehicle dimensions

C) Length of main gun tubes on tanks

D) Lengths/sizes of different weapon

systems

Cheat Sheet (cont.)


82/84

Cheat Sheet (cont.)

2) Average height of human targets in A.O.

3) Urban Environment:

A) Average size of doorways

B) Average size of windows

C) Average width of streets and lanes

(avg.. width of a paved road in the

U.S. is

10 feet)D) Height of soda machines

RANGE ESTIMATION


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RANGE ESTIMATION

The majority of misses are due to an incorrect

range estimation. To rectify this, constant

practice and applications will ensure that you

are proficient and give you the best chance

to achieve

One Shot, One Kill


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Documents

Sniper Sustainment