Peter Crossley PHD, CEng Director Joule Centre Smart Grids

Peter CrossleyDirector of Joule Centre

Why does E = mc2 ?because Energy requires measurement, control &

communications

What supplies our energy today

Renewable

Time of Day – 24hr cycle

Demand on Network

Capacity Limit

Nuclear

Coal/Gas

Can renewables, clean coal, gas, nuclear, storage & dispersed generation deliver the energy when we require it at a cost we can afford ?

How do we ensure the lights stay on in 2030?

Renewable

Demand on Network

Capacity Limit

Nuclear

Clean Coal

Time of Day – 24hr cycle

Gas

Demand profile

Storage

Dispersed Generation

Demand increases above local network capacity?

Growth in demand due to electric vehicles and domestic

electric heating

Demand on local distribution network

Capacity Limit

Current Demand

Future Additional Demand

Time of Day – 24hr cycle

Dynamic Demand, Storage &Dispersed Generation lowers demand below capacity limit.

Capacity Limit

Future Demand without

load shifting

Future Demand with load shifting

Time of Day – 24hr cycle

Can we shift demand from times of peak energy use to periods of low use?

or can we match demand to availability of low cost, low carbon energy

Demand on ENWs Network

UK Electrical Energy in 2009How much electrical energy is used in the UK?– peak power consumption 58 GW (population = 60M)– average power consumption 40 GW (670W/person)

– Energy req’d per person per day 16 kWh £1.70– Energy req’d per person per year 5.8MWh £620– How do we generate the electrical energy?– Coal=42%, Gas=38%, Nuclear=14%, Renewables=6%

• How much energy does the average “Mancunian” use?– 1.5kW per person on transport– 1.6kW per person on heating– 0.67kW per person on electricity

UK Future Electrical Req:• Assume:

– electricity used for most types of “land” transport– efficiency improvements means transport EE power =

0.7kW/person (70M people = 50GW).– electricity used for most types of heating/cooling– Efficiency/insulation improvements means thermal EE

power = 0.8kW/person (70M people = 60GW).• Total electricity power demand = 150GW average.• Total electricity energy demand = 1300 TWh/year• Annual cost (10p/kWh) = £130B = £1900/person • +3% per year EE cost increases = £2600 by 2020.

How can UK obtain 150GW without CO2?• Renewable Energy Resources (by 2030)

– Wind (10,000 @ 6MW delivers 15GWaverage (10%))– Biomass (1,000 @ 10MW delivers 7.5GWaverage (5%))– Solar (10k@1MW + 1M@1kW delivers 3GWaverage (2%))– Waves/Tidal (1k@1MW + 6@1GW delivers 3GWaverage

(2%))– Hydro (1k@100kW + 20@100MW delivers 1.5GWaverage

(1%))

• Total renewables = 30GW (20% of total EEaverage demand )

• Non-renewable “clean” energy – nuclear (fission) = (25 @ 2GW = 45GWaverage (30%))– Coal with CCS = (10 @ 2GW = 15GWaverage (10%)

delivers 90GW of “clean” energy (60%). Also requires 60GW of “dirty” energy

How can UK cope with intermittency of supply ?

• Need to match demand to intermittency of supply• Assume:

– “clean energy” base supply of 70GW – “time varying” energy supply of 0 to 60GW (renewables)– expensive “dirty” energy supply of 60GW

• In 2040: – average electricity costs = 25p/kWh– actual costs vary 10p/kWh to 100p/kWh.

• How does the consumer “minimise” energy costs ?

Intermittency

“smart” UK domestic consumer ?(cost depends on time of day, date and weather)

• Consider:– person with average home weekly EE demand of 1.0kW

(47% of total demand associated with all aspects of life)– daily home EE energy demand = 24kWh – cost = 10p/kWh for 8 hours on a windy, mild April night– at night, energy computer turns on car charger, smart

appliances, hydrogen electrolyser, thermal & electrical storage etc.

– Energy used at 10p/kWh = 16kWh = £1.60

– If average day time cost = 30p/kWh, 8kWh = £2.40

Total 24 hour energy cost = £4.00

“destroy the planet” domestic consumer

Consider:

– person with no thermal insulation, no time switches, no energy controller, no energy store, instant water and thermal heaters, latest ultra-fast entertainment system, halogen spot lights, electric hummer car.

– Assume average personal weekly power demand of 2.0kW, i.e. daily home EE energy demand = 48kWh

– cost = 50p/kWh from 8am-8pm on a cold, still January day.

– consume all 48kWh at peak time:

Total 24 hour energy cost = £24

Future

?